Ban th k U hi sng M Cng Chng trnh o to mi trng

qun l tng hp

ti nguyn nc v mi trng

Phnom Penh 10/2001

Qun l Tng hp Ti nguyn nc v Mi trng

Mc lc
Bi 1: S dng ti nguyn lu vc sng M Cng..................................................................2

Nng nghip ................................................................................................................2 Thu sn ......................................................................................................................4 Rng ............................................................................................................................7 ng vt hoang d v a dng sinh hc ......................................................................8
Bi 2: Tng quan v ni dung qun l ti nguyn nc v mi trng tng hp ..11

Qun l mi trng theo phng thc c truyn.......................................................11 Qun l tng hp ti nguyn nc v mi trng .....................................................12
Bi 3: Nhng cn tr i vi qun l ti nguyn v mi trng tng hp trn lu vc sng M Cng...........................................................................................................................17

Khoa hc v k thut .................................................................................................17 Kinh t .......................................................................................................................18 Th ch.......................................................................................................................19 Vn ho - x hi ........................................................................................................20

bi 4 : Nhng quy nh pht trin QLTN&MTT c Hiu qu............................................23

S Hp php...............................................................................................................23 S tham gia rng ri/ Phi hp c hiu qu...............................................................25 Xy dng nhng chnh sch h tr ............................................................................25 Truyn thng C hiu qu .........................................................................................26
bi 5 : Chnh sch l cng c Bo v Mi trng ................................................................27

Cc quy nh ..............................................................................................................27 Tnh nguyn ...............................................................................................................29 Chi ph ca Chnh ph ...............................................................................................30 Cng c Kinh t v nhng s khuyn khch Ti chnh..............................................32
bi 06 : cc cng c qun l ti nguyn nc tng hp (IREM) trong thc t .......33

Quy hoch s dng t ..............................................................................................33 nh gi Tc ng Mi trng .................................................................................34 Nhng h thng Qun l Mi trng ........................................................................36 Bo co hin trng Mi trng ..................................................................................40
ti liu tham kho ...........................................................................................................................43

U hi sng M Cng - Chng trnh Mi trng

Qun l Tng hp Ti nguyn nc v Mi trng

Bi 1: S dng ti nguyn lu vc sng M Cng

Lu vc sng M Cng (MRB) c ti nguyn phong ph. C, rng, nc, ng vt hoang d v t mu m trn lu vc tng tc vi nhau hnh thnh nn mt mi trng t nhin phong ph v n nh Cc ti nguyn ny c gi tr ln i vi nhn dn sng trn lu vc. Ti nguyn thin nhin l c s kinh t cho a phng, khu vc v quc gia.

Nng nghip
Lu vc sng M Cng c mt s lng ln t canh tc, tng s ln ti gn 18 triu ha thuc tiu vng M Cng (trong bao gm c Min in v tnh Vn Nam ca Trung quc). Nng nghip chim u th trong nn kinh t ca cc nc h lu lu vc sng M Cng (LMB). Mt vi nc c s lng t canh tc tnh theo u ngi ln hn nc khc. V d Cambodia c din tch canh tc tng i nh, v t c cht lng xu. Cambodia cng gp phi vn v bom mn, trong s 40% t c th trng trt c, cn li l t tng i khng thch hp cho cy trng. Cc vng thuc h lu lu vc sng M Cng c t t ph hp cho cy trng cn phi cn thn trong thc hin vic qun l t trng hoa mu v nguy c thiu lng thc. La l cy lng thc ch yu trong lu vc sng M Cng. Mt vi nc trng cc loi hoa mu khc nhau trong nm. Vit Nam a dng ho nng nghip trong vng 30 - 40 nm qua, hin ang trng nhiu loi hoa mu nh cc loi u v ma xen vo la. Cc nng dn vng ng Bc Thi Lan trng ng v sn. Trong khu vc c ba vng nng nghip chnh: Cc loi cy trng quanh Bin H thuc Cambodia, c trng l la c ti nh nc ma hoc l theo ma. Vng t phng thuc pha Nam Cambodia v ti ca cc sng nhnh ca sng M Cng ti Lo thng b ngp l. Trong vng ny, nc lc l ln c ti la trong ma ma. Trong ma kh cc loi hoa mu khc c trng v t c kh nng gi m cao. cc chu th sng Hng v sng M Cng ca Vit Nam trng hai v la, cc knh lch c s dng cho c hai mc ch l ti v tiu.

U hi sng M Cng - Chng trnh Mi trng

Qun l Tng hp Ti nguyn nc v Mi trng

S bin ng v cc iu kin thu vn c th gy ra nhiu vn cho nng dn, v d ma khng trn ng bng trong thi k ma kh, ngp lt su v ko di trong ma ma, l, nc chua, v s xm nhp mn vo cc vng t thp ca Chu th. H thng thu nng khng ti trong nhiu vng nn ch c th trng mt v trong nm. Thiu lng thc thng xy ra trong vi thng trong nm. Trong khi nhiu vng thuc H lu lu vc sng M Cng c t canh tc, vic qun l bn vng t nng nghip l cn thit gim bt s thoi ho mi trng t nhin. Cc hot ng nng nghip hin nay c nh hng ln ti mi trng ca h sinh thi t nhin c xem xt vn tt trong cc phn di y. Nng nghip du canh du c Nng nghip du canh du c nhanh chng chuyn rng thnh t canh tc. Vic khai thc g thng to nn t trng nhng khng ph hp cho cy trng. Thc t tng i ph bin trn lu vc sng M Cng l xi mn cc vng t cao v bi lng vo cc sng h. t trn sn dc, vi kh nng xi mn cao v ngho dinh dng s c a vo canh tc ngay sau khi pht quang. Nm th nht hoa mu c th tt, nhng cn phi s dng nhiu phn bn nu nh l t xu. t s nhanh chng bi ra tri t trn sn t dc, v th nhiu phn bn c s dng b sung cht dinh dng. S ph dng, hay d tha dinh dng, v vic bi lng trong sng h l tt yu, dn n tnh trng thoi ho cht lng nc v mi trng sng ca c. S dng cc ho cht trong nng nghip Cc loi su b l vn ln cho cc nng dn h lu lu vc sng M Cng, c bit l cc cnh ng la c nng sut cao. Vic s dng qu mc thuc tr su l tnh hnh chung trong vng, v cc loi ho cht s dng cng l vn cn quan tm. Cc nng dn trng la thng s dng thuc tr su pht pht v cacbonat; Nhng cht ny c xu th kh phn hu trong mi trng, nhng cht ny l cc c t i vi chim, c v cc cn trng thu sinh, cc cht Clo nh 2-4, D cng c s dng. Nhng cht ho hc ny l cc c t v tn ng trong mi trng, v e do cc sinh vt thu sinh, nng dn, v nhng ngi tiu dng lng thc. Nhng c t nh Clo hydrocarbon nh DDT b cm cc nc pht trin, vn cn c s dng trong khu vc v chng r, c sn, v rt hiu qu. Mc nh hng ca thuc tr su trn lu vc sng M Cng rt kh nh gi, nhng nh hng lu di ca n n mi trng thu sinh l trm trng. Cc ri ro c th xy ra do: Cc cht kch c, lm cht c v cc ng vt khng xng sng Cc cht c lu s dn n gim nng sut hoc s bin dng ca cc th h mai sau S tch lu cc ho cht trong cc vt th, dn n ri ro cho sc kho con ngi v cc ng vt n tht khc.

U hi sng M Cng - Chng trnh Mi trng

Qun l Tng hp Ti nguyn nc v Mi trng

Vic gia tng s dng thuc tr su trn lu vc sng M Cng cng ng gp vo vic suy gim cht lng nc trong khu vc. Dng chy t cc h thng tiu nc nng nghip gy nn s ph dng, l qu trnh lm giu dinh dng (thng l Nitrat v pht pht) trong h sinh thi thu sinh. Rc thi v tiu nc th cng gy nn ph dng. S gia tng nhanh ca cht dinh dng s tc ng ln s ra hoa ca to. Vic cht i v phn hu ca cc vi khun do s lng qu nhiu to s gy nn s gim nghim trng lng xy, v vy s lm gim lng xy cung cp cho c v cc loi thu sinh khc v gy nn cht c.

Thu sn
H lu vc sng M Cng l mt trong nhng vng c nhiu c trn th gii, vi hn 1,300 loi c xc nh. Tuy nhin, sinh vt hc, chu k sng, s di c v ngun thc n ca cc loi ny l hu nh cha c bit. C sng M Cng l ngun sng cho hng triu ngi dn; c l ngun cung cp cht m ng vt ch yu cho mt vi vng v c cng l c s kinh t cho kinh t a phng. nh bt thu sn. nh bt thu sn c th chia thnh ba giai on: 1. nh bt mc ln v hon ton mang tnh cht thng mi, da trn cc hp ng ln. M rng cc ng tre v lp t cc lng (kch thc 25 m rng X 12 m su v 80-100 m li) l phng php nh bt u tin ca thu sn thng mi. 2. nh bt quy m thng mi trung bnh da vo ng k nghip v. Phng php nh bt bao gm li ko, li tri, li st, li cu, cc loi by, li nng v li xc. 3. nh bt quy m nh, bn thng mi, v phc v cho gia nh. Cc vng nht nh trong cc l thng mi c th d tr cho vic nh bt cho gia nh. Nhng li st nh v cc loi by l phng php nh bt ch yu. Cc loi c quan trng trong c nh bt bao gm: Cc loi c lin quan n cc sui nh v cc sng nhnh ca M Cng, cng nh vi Bin h. Nhm ny bao gm cc loi c ngun gc t bin di c t vng nc l n nc ngt. Cc loi bao gm: Clupeids, Sciaenidae, v Soleidae. Cc loi lin quan n sui ln v sng M Cng. Thng chng c gi l C trng v di c gia sui v vng ngp l trong ma ma. H ca chng bao gm:: Cyprinidae, Siluridae v Notopteridae. Cc sinh vt c th tn ti trong nhng iu kin mi trng bt li, nh lng xy ho tan thp hn v axit cao hn. Chng c khuynh hng sng trong cc m ly v cc ng bng ngp l trong nm v gi l c en. Thnh vin ca nhm ny l cc loi ng vt hoc l cc loi n cc mn b, v mt vi nhm c th di

U hi sng M Cng - Chng trnh Mi trng

Qun l Tng hp Ti nguyn nc v Mi trng

chuyn ln cn v chng c cc b phn ly xy t khng kh . Cc h ca chng bao gm: Clariidae, Bagridae, Ophicephalidae v Anabantidae Cc loi sinh vt nh hn, pht trin nhanh hn, mn . Chng s dng thi gian l pht trin v sinh si ny n nhanh. Nhm ny ch yu bao gm cc Cyprinidae nh. Do tnh cht sinh hc ca chng, chng c th hin s phong ph ca chng theo ma. Nhng loi c ny thng c s dng lm thc n cho c nui trong lng, hoc lm bt c hay nc mm.

Mi nguy him i vi c da trn ln C da trn ln (Pangasianodon siamensis), c ngun gc t Chu th sng M Cng, ang c quc t quan tm v s tip tc tn ti ca chng. Trong khi nh bt c Cm Pu Chia l vi phm php lut, th vic thu hoch c da trn vn cn tip tc. Nm 1999, V Thu sn ca Cm Pu Chia a ra chng trnh mua v th trong vic nh bt c da trn ln xc nh s phong ph ca loi ny. Vic tm kim c da trn ln din ra hng nm ti Chiang Khong, vng gip ranh gia Lo v Thi Lan. Tinh trng v trng c ly t c nh bt c phc v cho chng trnh sinh sn ca V Thu sn ca Thi Lan. Nm 1992-1993, hn na triu c bt da trn ln c th vo sng, cung cp cho cc nng tri v thm vo cho cc th nghim sinh sn. Gn y, khang 100,000 c bt ra i t mt cp c da trn ln b bt ngay truc khi trng. S sinh sn ch yu ph thuc vo sn lng nh bt t nhin, v sn lng c ging t to l cha th c c. S pht trin lai tp do cc nng tri c, gi l Big Sawai, hay "Big Y", cng l vn cn quan tm. S pha tp gia c da trn ln v loi c tng t Pra Sawai. S pha tp c hi nh xy ra sng Chao Phraya. Cho n nay, s pha tp cha xut hin trn lu vc sng M Cng, ni vn cn s lng c da trn ln. Tuy nhin, vn ch cn l thi gian s lai tp xy ra trn lu vc M Cng m thi. Vic lai tp s xy ra vi c da trn ln. Cho n nay chng ta ch c th xem xt v hu qu ca vic lai to c da trn ln vi loi tp. S tinh khit ca cc ging c da trn ln t nhin s b thay i hoc mt i vnh vin

Cc mi e do i vi c trn h lu vc sng M Cng bao gm vic ph hoi mi trng, s nhim ho hc v sinh hc, Ngn cn s di c ca c, cc loi c ngoi lai, nh bt qu mc hoc cc phng php nh bt c bt hp php. Cn quan tm hn na do s gia tng p lc i vi c, mt vi loi ang b gim (c v kch thc v s lng). Nui trng thu sn Nui c trong lng ni l mt thc tin lu i trn h lu lu vc sng M Cng. C t nhin c nui trong cc bi ro tre hoc lng. Lng c s dng chuyn c ra ch. Ni chung, c c nui trong bi trong ma kh, khi mc nc trn lu vc sng l thp. C c chuyn ti lng ni ln khi ma ma bt u. Nui c trong ao cng rt hiu qu v thnh cng trn lu vc. C da trn thng c nui trong cc ao, c bit l cc ch tri nh. Nc c thay thng xuyn qua mt li chn, ngn chn loi c n tht. Loi hnh nui ny l tng t nh nui trong lng, nhng mt c thng l thp hn. Nn cng nghip thu sn phn thnh mang n s e do i vi c t nhin trong

U hi sng M Cng - Chng trnh Mi trng

Qun l Tng hp Ti nguyn nc v Mi trng

khu vc. S thoi ho cht lng nc l vn thng xy ra trong qu trnh hot ng thu sn. H x i khi c lm trn ao c, v c thng n nc thi. Nc thi t cc hot ng thu sn quy m ln bao gm c nhng thc n tha, phn v nc tiu. Ho cht s dng x l bnh tt cng c thi vo mi trng t nhin. Cc cht nhim bn ho hc v sinh hc c th dn n s suy gim lng xy ho tan, tng nhu cu xy sinh hc (BOD), iu ny dn n gim lng xy cho c, c cao, v lng dinh dng tng. Cc loi c ngoi lai thng c nui cng nghip. Nguy c trn thot ca cc loi ny l rt ln, nhiu nc ang ng u vi vic c ngoi lai i vo mi trng t nhin, thay th cho cc loi bn a v lm gim nng sut sinh hc ca h sinh thi. Mt cch kinh t l cn phi c h thng nui c lp i vi cc loi bn a trn h lu vc sng M Cng. Tuy nhin vic nui cc loi bn a cng s e do s a dng sinh hc ca khu vc nu nh n khng c qun l tt. Vic th hoc trn thot ca cc trng c khng theo k hoch c th nh hng n s lng c t nhin ca a phng do s pha tp v gen. Vic gy ging c v mc ch kinh doanh c th lm mt i nhng c tnh cn thit sng trong nhng iu kin hoang d. C m v c hoang trong cc vng khc nhau ca lu vc c th sinh sn to nn mt s lng c lai tp khc bit hon ton. Vic th c m vo cc ao c th gy tng p lc nh bt c, trong tng lai l nguy him i vi ngun gen t nhin ca a phng. Nui tm vng bin Rng c ven b bin ca lu vc sng M Cng thng b cht ph cho cc hot ng nui tm. Vic mt rng c cng vi cc hot ng nui trng mnh m lm gim tm t nhin th vo cc ao. Vic mt i ngun tm v s thoi ho cht lng nc cng l do cc hot ng thu sn. Ngoi ra, cc nh hng mi trng phi c gii quyt khi tin hnh nh gi cc hot ng trong tng lai ca thu sn: Nhim bn nc do nc thi vo ao Bi lng do thi cc vt liu rn t cc ao S gin on dng chy S tc ng mnh ca bnh tt do s di chuyn ca tm b hn ch S lng t vong ca tm t nhin v c do thi cc vt liu c nhim sn xut do s dng ba bi cc ho cht.

S di c ca c S di c ca c trn sng M Cng l yu t c ngha i vi sinh thi ca lu vc. Chng cng c quan h mt thit i vi cuc sng v vn ho ca nhn dn a phng, nhiu cng ng ph thuc vo s di c theo ma ca cc loi sinh sng v thu nhp. V d, Trei Riel (Henichorynchus siamensis) l mt loi c nh rt quan trng cho ngun thc n ca Cm Pu Chia. Gn 60% li c (li ln dy mt) l

U hi sng M Cng - Chng trnh Mi trng

Qun l Tng hp Ti nguyn nc v Mi trng

bt c Trei Riel. Loi ny c nh bt t thng mi hai n thng mt khi chng di c ra khi Bin H. Loi Trei Riel trng thng ngun Bin h v di c vo Bin h vo thng 5-7, ti thi im bt u ma ma. Nh bit th c ny di chuyn ln Lo v Thi Lan, v v Vit Nam, vi chiu di c 1000km. Chng s di chuyn vo cc sng nhnh, knh, v cc vng l v hnh thnh nn ngun c khu vc. Cc hot ng ca con ngi trn lu vc sng M Cng c nh hng nghim trng hay ngn chn ng i ca c. Tuyn di c ca c trn lu vc phi thng cho cc loi c c th bi ln thng ngun, sng Tn L Sp v Bin h. Cc hot ng nh xy dng p hoc h cha, nn dng v xy dng cc knh ti c th hn ch hoc gim dng chy dc ng i ca c. S lng c di c s b gim nhiu nu khng c y cc khu vc sinh sng c hon tt vng i ca chng.

Rng
Rng l phng k sinh nhai chnh cho nhn dn sng trn lu vc. Rng trn lu vc cung cp nhiu chc nng sinh thi quan trng v c li. Rng bo v lp t nhit i mu m, n nh lu vc, v iu tit dng chy v h thng thi tit a phng. Rng cng gip phng l v hn, l nhng vn h trng trn lu vc. Rng l nh ca s lng ln cc loi ng gp vo bo v a dng sinh hc phong ph ca khu vc. Rng cng l vn ho v tinh thn quan trng i vi nhn dn trn lu vc. Mc d cc gi tr ny ca rng trong lu vc c bit n, loi ti nguyn ny ang b cn kit nhanh chng. Rng trn lu vc l mt trong nhng ti nguyn c bn c thu hoch bn. Rng ang phi i chi vi s thoi ho mi trng ang gia tng cha tng thy, do cht n g bn, a s l bt hp php. Du canh, du c, chy rng khng kim sot c v nhu cu cht t ca nhn dn a phng ang tc ng ln rng. Thu nhp t cht n g c hp php v bt hp php trong khu vc l rt ln. c tnh tin bn g ti Cm Pu Chia l hn US$130 triu/nm vo cui nm 1990. Danh sch cc tc ng mi trng do cht ph rng l rt di v c tim nng ph hu con ngi v ng vt hoang d trn lu vc. Trt t ang gia tng ti rt nhiu v tr mt ct ca sng v sui, thng ph hu nh ca v gy thit hi v tnh mng. Vic cht ph rng nhanh chng lm lng ng ph sa trong cc ao h. iu ny dn n gy ngp lt cho cc vng m trc khng b ngp. Ngoi ra, vic cn i ca sng v sui lm cho chng kh cn nhanh chng; lng tr b gim, v khng cn rng na lm chm vic mt nc. c nhng bo co v s xut hin ca nhng cn bo trong cc vng nm su trong t lin trn khu vc, v rng khng cn c tc dng nh mt ro cn t nhin chng li gi mnh. Mc che ph rng trn lu vc c nh gi l vo khong 50% vo nhng nm 1970; hin nay th cn t hn mt na con s c tnh trn. S mt i ca rng

U hi sng M Cng - Chng trnh Mi trng

Qun l Tng hp Ti nguyn nc v Mi trng

Trm (Melaleuca) ti m ly U Minh (l ngun c nc ngt ln Vit Nam) v s tn ph rng c dc theo b bin chc chn s nh hng tiu cc n ngun c khu vc. S xi mn v bi lng do cht ph rng ti cao nguyn Korat v cc vng cao ti Lo v Thi Lan cng nh hng n c h lu. Vic cht g quanh khu vc Bin H v dc sng M Cng dn n mt vi tc ng i vi c a phng. Trong thi gian ma ma, vng rng ngp l thng cung cp ni tr n v ngun thc n phong ph cho nhiu loi c. Khng c nhng cy ny th s lng loi c s suy gim dn. Vic gim s lng loi c th gy ra hu qu nghim trng i vi nhn dn a phng, ngi sng da vo thc n l c. Vic cht ph rng cng gy ra tnh trng thiu nc nghim trng ti mt vi vng trn lu vc. Vic thiu nc s e do n la, rt nhiu vng phi tng cng ti.

ng vt hoang d v a dng sinh hc

S a dng ca cc ng thc vt t nhin trn lu vc sng M Cng ang cng ngy cng phi chu p lc gia tng t cc hot ng nh n g, tip tc cht ph rng lm nng ry v th ho. Cc tc ng t ngnh nng nghip gy nn s thay i c cu s dng t c truyn, cc hot ng thng mi trong nng nghip v vic s dng ho cht trong nng nghip. Cc loi thuc tr su trong nng nghip s c nhng tc ng ln h sinh thi t nhin ca khu vc, v v vy s gy hi cho cc loi c tr. Mt vi loi ho cht, v d nh metylen parathion, b cm Lo, nhng vn cn c sn xut Thi Lan v bn tri php sang cho nng dn Lo. Nh nu trn, DDT vn ang c s dng mt vi vng trn lu vc, ch yu cho cc nng dn trng la. Nhng ho cht ny c s dng m khng c hun luyn s dng, khng ch cho hoa mu, m chng cn c dng nh bt thu sn. Trong rt nhiu lng vng cao, t canh tc nm k cn hoc lin h vi chui thc n ca ng vt trn cn v di nc. Khng c nhng bin php bo v thch ng, vic tip tc s dng cc c t ho hc s gy nn s thoi ho nghim trng mi trng sng v s mt i s a dng ca cc loi c tr. Cc tc ng t th ho lin quan ch yu n tc pht trin th v h thng nc thi khng m bo. Rt nhiu sui v sng nhnh ca sng M Cng v Bin H chy qua vng th, ti i nhng rc th hay c x l cha ng cch. S thoi ho cht lng nc c th gy nn vic gim ng k s lng loi cy v c t nhin, m ng cho cc loi t nhy cm v ngoi lai xut hin. Sn bn v hi lm cc sn vt hoang d cng ang gia tng trn lu vc, cng c th gy ra vic gim a dng sinh hc t nhin. c truyn thng lu i v sn bn trong khu vc, cc cng ng thng sng ph thuc vo sn bn v hi lm cc sn vt hoang d b tr cho vic gt hi ch theo ma. Mt s cc loi ng vt hoang d cng c s dng lm thuc v bun bn.

U hi sng M Cng - Chng trnh Mi trng

Qun l Tng hp Ti nguyn nc v Mi trng

Bun bn cc ng vt hoang d ang gia tng khi m gi c ang tng ln v ng giao thng n cc vng su v xa ang c ci thin. Cc loi ngoi lai trn lu vc sng M Cng: Bo lc bnh (Water Hyacinth) S xm chim v thnh cng ca bo lc bnh (Eicornia crassipes) trong lu vc sng M Cng nh l mt s nhc nh li cc tc ng ca cc hot ng ca con ngi lm ri lon h sinh thi thu sinh. Bo lc bnh c ngun gc t Nam M, nhng chng xm nhp vo rt nhiu h sinh thi nhit i trn th gii. Loi ny xm nhp vo ng Nam Chu vo cui th k 18 v u th k 19. Bo lc bnh c xem nh l mt trong nhng loi cy di ti t nht trn th gii, v chng sinh trng nhanh v rt dy c, hu nh khng xuyn qua c, gy tr ngi cho giao thng thu, ti v pht in. Vic bn cht loi tr cc loi thc vt t nhin ngp nc v thc vt l ni. Nng xy thp di cc vng bn, to nn mi trng khng ph hp cho c. Gim lng dng chy do s bn cht ca bo to nn mi trng sinh sn l tng cho mui. Bo lc bnh mc khp ni trn cc vng t t v cc mi trng thu sinh, bao gm, h, ao, knh, mng v cc vng nc vt. Loi cy ny c xu hng chim ch cc vng b con ngi can thip, ni m ch thu vn t nhin b thay i, hoc l cc vng nc c lng cht dinh dng cao. Ni b bo lc bnh xut hin nhiu l ch th cho vng nc giu dinh dng v v vy y l ni thi nc nng nghip hoc l rc thi th. Cc mi e do i vi ti nguyn thin nhin v np sng c truyn ca lu vc sng M Cng khi s pht trin gia tng, nh tho lun trong bi hc ny, c tm tt trong bng 1.

U hi sng M Cng - Chng trnh Mi trng

Qun l Tng hp Ti nguyn nc v Mi trng

Bng 1 Cc ti nguyn thin nhin v h sinh thi tnh trng nguy him trn lu vc sng M Cng
Ti nguyn vt l Ti nguyn sinh thi Cht lng cuc sng Pht trin

S thoi ho cht lng nc mt t cc ngun thi im v din S thay i ch thu vn do cc d n pht trin Bi lng xy ra trm trng v mnh m

H sinh thi thu sinh ang b xung cp do cc hot ng pht trin. C ang chu nhng tc ng bt li do cc hot ng pht trin v nh bt qu mc Rng ngp l ang b e do do gia tng s khai thc cc ti nguyn sinh hc v cc hot ng pht trin ng vt hoang d, c bit l chim nc, ang chu tc ng bt li do cc hot ng pht trin v vic khai thc ba bi.

i sng kinh t trong vng c t ti nguyn e do ln cht lng mi trng v cht lng cuc sng

Pht trin ng thu, ng b, t cc tuyn ng ng, v chuyn ti in c th gy nn cc nh hng tiu cc trong s dng bn vng ti nguyn.

Cc bnh theo S gia tng n g v xm ln t lm ng nc lm lu vc xung cp, v nh hng n gim sc kho cng vic s dng bn vng ti nguyn ng

Ph n trong cc Cc hot ng pht trin nh hng vng nng thn c n mi trng ca c v vic gia tng vai tr thp trong x lng tiu th lm gim mt c. hi, t k nng, v thiu nhn thc v s dng bn vng ti nguyn thin nhin. .Di sn vn ho v mi trng trong sch, ng gp vo s n nh v kinh t x hi v sinh thi ang b mt dn. Rc thi cng nghip v th e do vic s dng bn vng ti nguyn h lu Pht trin ti trn t mui v khai thc mui khng ng cch ti cao nguyn Korat v ng bng Vin Chn c tc ng bt li i vi vic s dng bn vng ti nguyn h lu. Vic tng ma v nng nghip v s dng khng ng cch cc cht ho hc nng nghip lm thoi ho cht lng nc. Vic kim sot mnh m s xm nhp mn Chu th M Cng gy ra nh hng bt li n vic s dng bn vng ti nguyn. S gia tng ti trong nng nghip v vic m rng cho cc mc ch s dng khc trong khi lng nc sn c ang gim.

Cht lng t s suy gim trong tng lai

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Qun l Tng hp Ti nguyn nc v Mi trng

Bi 2: Tng quan v ni dung qun l ti nguyn nc v mi trng tng hp

Trong bi trc, mt s cc vn mi trng cp bch trn h lu lu vc sng M Cng c c kt. Cc loi ti nguyn ca lu vc c xc nh v tc ng ca con ngi s dng cc ti nguyn c nhn mnh. Trong khi cc hot ng s dng ti nguyn c th hon ton khc nhau, nhng trong s th c nhng tc ng i vi mi trng l nh nhau. V d, s thoi ho cht lng nc, c th l kt qu ca cc hot ng khc nhau, v d nh hot ng nng nghip hoc l thu sn. S lng ng ph sa trong sui hoc dng nhnh ca sng M Cng c th l kt qu t cc hot ng khc nhau v s dng t. Vy th lm th no qun l ti nguyn mt cch hiu qu, lm chm hoc trit tiu cc tc ng bt li v mi trng? Vic chuyn phng thc qun l ti nguyn c truyn sang mt phng thc khc l cn thit, phi tp trung vo qun l phm vi h sinh thi hn l qun l cp cc ti nguyn ring r.

Qun l mi trng theo phng thc c truyn

Qun l ti nguyn thin nhin theo phng thc c truyn c ci g cn b hn ch v quan im mi trng. Cc ti nguyn c nhn di gc ring r hoc theo ngnh kinh t, cc thnh phn ca mi trng hu nh c xem xt trong s c lp vi nhau. Nc, rng, v c thng c qun l vi rt t suy ngh so vi hiu qu v tnh ph thuc ln nhau ca chng. Mt vi thiu st trong qun l ti nguyn theo phng thc c truyn l: Tp trung vo qun l cc thnh phn sinh hc ring r, nh t v nc, hn l cho mt qu trnh ca h sinh thi, nh chu k thu vn hoc l chu trnh dinh dng. Mc tiu ch l nhng loi c th, c bit l cc loi c gi tr thng mi. B qua mi quan h hu c trong h sinh thi. Quyt nh qun l i vi mt loi c th gy vn cho cc loi khc. B qua cc thnh phn kh xc nh hay kim nghim, v d nh nc ngm. S mu thun v lut php. Chnh sch ca mt nc c th khc vi nc khc, v cn nhiu ti nguyn khng nm gn trong vng a l hay a gii hnh chnh. nh hng lu tch t nhiu ngnh khng trng tm thng b b qua. Ngoi ra, Ton b trng tm ca phng thc qun l ti nguyn c truyn l duy tr tnh trng hin thi, ngn chn s thoi ho ca ti nguyn hay sn lng bnh qun d l mc no thu c trong thi gian gn y. Vic qun l nh th c xem l

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Qun l Tng hp Ti nguyn nc v Mi trng

chng li s suy thoi ti nguyn. Qun l theo phng thc c truyn v th tm kim xc nh v bo v sn lng bn vng ti u, hoc l nh con s o gia kho ti nguyn hoc kch thc qun th v tc c th thu hoch n nh.

Qun l tng hp ti nguyn nc v mi trng

Qun l tng hp ti nguyn nc v mi trng l mt quan im thay th vic qun l ti nguyn nhm gii quyt mt cch tng th cc yu t kinh t x hi v mi trng xung quanh cc vn qun l ti nguyn. Qun l tng hp l chin lc qun l da trn quan im h sinh thi, tp trung vo mi quan h gia cc yu t khc nhau, v ghi nhn ng thi, s thay i ca cc h sinh thi t nhin. Bng 1 tm tt s khc nhau gia qun l tng hp v qun l theo phng thc c truyn, hay theo tp qun. C l s khc nhau ln gia qun l theo tp qun v qun l tng hp l qun l tng hp thin v phng chng hn l cha. Trong khi qun l theo tp qun mang tnh phn ng li (c ngha l cc quyt nh c a ra ng ph vi s c). Qun l tng hp mang tnh n u (c ngha l cc quyt nh c a ra ngn chn s c). Cc ch li ca qun l tng hp bao gm: Bo v di hn ti nguyn Tng cng kh nng khng xung cp ti nguyn do s dng a mc ch Gim chi ph v nng lng v ti chnh vo gii quyt cc mu thun do cnh tranh trong s dng ti nguyn. Khi phc nhanh chng v hiu qu cc h sinh thi b h hi.

K hoch qun l ti nguyn hiu qu khng th tin hnh c khi khng c kin thc rng m v lin tc v tnh trng ca h thng ang qun l, bao gm c cc hp phn quan trng ca n.

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Qun l Tng hp Ti nguyn nc v Mi trng

Bng 1 S khc nhau gia qun l ti nguyn tng hp v qun l ti nguyn theo c truyn

Qun l tng hp

Qun l theo c truyn

T L

Da trn h sinh thi: Bo v sinh thi v qun l cn thn ton h sinh thi c th ngn chn hoc lm chm s xung cp ca tt c cc ti nguyn trong phm vi h sinh thi. Qun l tng hp c th tp trung vo qu trnh sinh thi cng nh cc hp phn

Thng l qun l theo cc loi ring bit: cc loi thng c qun l theo gi tr kinh t i vi con ngi. Qu trnh ca h sinh thi thng l khng c bit n, lm cho vic qun l cng thm kh khn

Thi gian

Di hn: Thi gian di, vt qu Ngn hn: Chnh sch qun l ti thi gian ca ch chnh tr, cn nguyn c th bin i hoc mt i khi nhc n th h mai sau ch chnh tr thay i

Ranh gii

T nhin (theo a l): Ranh gii T to (theo chnh tr): khng th gii thng v dc theo ng chia quyt cc vn xuyn bin gii. nc t nhin. c th gii quyt cc vn xuyn bin gii nh s di c ca c hoc mt nc ny lm thoi ho cht lng nc ca nc khc. n u v thch ng: on trc i ph: Xy dng cc chnh sch i hoc ngn chn trc. ph vi cc s khng hong v ti nguyn. Khng hong c th xy ra trc khi bo v chng.

Chin lc

Qun l phi lm c nhiu hn vic sa cha nhng thiu st v d nhn thy, v d nh nc thi chy vo h cha nc sinh hot. Qun l tt ti nguyn yu cu phi xc nh sm cc vn v sa cha nhng vn trc khi n tr nn trm trng nh lm nhim bn ngun nc cp. Trong qu kh, ti nguyn thin nhin c nhiu ngi xem nh l ti sn tri cho. Cc nh kinh t c quan im c in v ti nguyn l ti nguyn l v hn v lun c sn cung cp v tn. Tuy nhin, nhng chng c trn th gii ch ra rng ti nguyn thin nhin khng phi l v tn v nhu cu i vi chng l nhiu hn kh nng s dng bn vng. Ti nguyn thin nhin khng cn l ti sn tri cho na. iu thch thc l lm th no qun l chng s dng ti a li ch ca chng cho x hi v

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Qun l Tng hp Ti nguyn nc v Mi trng

mc tiu bn vng. V iu quan trng ca x hi l cn phi quyt nh ngi no s phi tr ph qun l. Qun l thch ng Mt trong nhng ch mnh ca qun l tng hp l, khi chng p dng tt trong thc t, th chng c s thch nghi tt. S bt ng l, tnh trng khng chc chn v khng mong i li l tiu chun. Qun l tng hp ghi nhn rng con ngi v h sinh thi l chuyn ng theo mt hng s v s di chuyn l khng th cng li c. Khng th d on trc c tt c cc s thay i v s lun c s khng chc chn. Tuy nhin, qun l tt ti nguyn khng s dng s khng chc chn nh l mt l do khng hnh ng. Qun l tng hp thay vo l s linh hot v ng ph vi s thay i v nm bt cc kin thc mi. Phng php thc nghim, hay l vic kt hp gia thu thp s liu v tin hnh cc nghin cu mi, l vn quan trng trong qun l ti nguyn v mi trng tng hp. Chnh sch hay chin lc qun l s c iu chnh khi m c thm s hiu bit khoa hc v cc iu kin kinh t x hi thay i. Lin lc v trao i gia nhng ngi thit k, la chn v sng vi cc chnh sch mi trng cng rt quan trng. Cc nh ra quyt nh, cc cn b ca c quan chnh ph v cng cng phi c tham gia vo cc giai on xy dng chnh sch qun l ti nguyn. V c bn, qun l ti nguyn v mi trng tng hp l mt chu trnh lin tc v nh gi, sa i v hc tp. Bng 2 a ra phc tho v chng trnh qun l ti nguyn v mi trng tng hp.

T b truyn thng u tranh vi thin nhin Con ngi tri qua chin tranh trong sut chiu di lch s. Trong thi k tin s, con ngi u tranh chng li s n tht ca nhng ng vt n tht ln. Trong thi i gn y, con ngi u tranh chng li ng vt, nh cc loi gm nhm v su b, kim sng, ngn chn s ph hoi hoa mu, v ngn chn s h hoi ca nh ca v vt nui. Mt vi loi sc vt cnh tranh vi con ngi v thc n v v ch n nu. V con ngi pht trin nhng phng php u tranh hiu qu i vi nhng sc vt ny. Ngoi ra, con ngi c mt n lc phi thng trong vic o knh v ci to cc th lc t nhin ca tri t phc v tt hn cho cc nhu cu c th ca con ngi. Mt h thng knh dy c, thy in v cc cht ha hc bn cho t lm tng nng sut mang nng lng ca tri t phc v con ngi.

D rng su b, ng vt v cc sinh vt hi cy trng vn cha c kim sot, k thut v my mc tn tin ph hy ti nguyn mc rt ln v vi s tn ph cha tng c trong lch s loi ngi. Thm vo , chng ta v ang pht trin cng ngh chng ta c th chng li sc mnh thin nhin mt cch hiu qu ngn chn s ph hy i vi tri t v sinh k. Trong khi con ngi khng th chin u ni vi cc loi sc vt, th con ngi thng trong cc cuc chin tranh vi thin nhin thng qua ph hy quy m ln mi trng v cht lng nc. Th l hc cch sng chung vi thin nhin m b qua quan im u tranh ny vi thin nhin..

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Qun l Tng hp Ti nguyn nc v Mi trng

Cui cng, qun l thch ng trong qun l ti nguyn v mi trng tng hp l quan im thc tin m chng ta c th hc c. Trong khi chng ta s dng ti nguyn sng, th chng ta thng khng hiu sng vi ti nguyn hn ch nh th no. Qun l thch ng xem xt vn mt cch nghim tc, con ngi can thip vo h sinh thi t nhin nh l mt c gng th nghim. Cc nh qun l mi trng v ra quyt nh phi xy dng cc phng php thu thp thng tin v s liu m h cn. Cc s liu thu thp c c th s dng so snh iu kin ca h sinh thi thc ti vi iu kin mong mun. Cui cng, nhng so snh ny c th c chuyn i thnh vic hc tp, sa cha cc sai st, nng cao s hiu bit v s thay i cc chnh sch ph hp v qun l ti nguyn. S khng chc chn trong Qun l Ti nguyn v Mi trng Tng hp S khng chc chn, hoc l thiu kin thc, l vn c tha nhn trong Qun l Ti nguyn Mi trng Tng hp. S khng chc chn xut hin do s phc tp ca a s cc vn mi trng.
Bng 2 Th d v quy trnh qun l Ti nguyn v Mi trng Tng hp Xc nh: Bc 1 Cc c trng c bn ca h sinh thi Ranh gii a l Cc iu kin hin ti v trong qu kh v vic s dng ti nguyn trong tng lai. Xc nh: Bc 2 Tt c cc t chc s s dng ti nguyn trong tng lai. Cc tc ng c th ca vic d kin s dng ngoi vng qun l Thng bo cho cc bn lin quan, bao gm c qun chng, cho tt c cc t chc Bc 3 mong mun s dng ti nguyn. Yu cu cc t chc d kin s dng ti nguyn hy ch ra vic s dng ca h s Bc 4 nh hng nh th no n ti nguyn. Gi cc thng tin ny n tt c nhng ngi s dng ti nguyn v xc nh cc Bc 5 mu thun hay thit hi ca vic s dng. Xy dng phng php gii quyt cc tnh trng mu thun, bao gm cc hot Bc 6 ng khng mu thun vi vic s dng bn vng Thit lp tiu chun kim tra cht lng (v d nh tiu chun hay chun) m Bc 7 bo cho ti nguyn khng b ph hoi do cc d kin s dng. Thc hin chng trnh gim st bo m c th t c vic kim tra cht Bc 8 lng.

Thng thng nhiu yu t sinh thi c tnh n, v d s thoi ho cht lng nc, s xi mn lp t mt, v gim s a dng ca cc loi c l u do cc hot ng s dng t. Cc vn mi trng cng l a chiu, cc vn kinh t v x hi l mt phn ca cc vn . Cc vic lm thng xuyn v u n l cn thit trc khi thu nhn c kin thc khoa hc tho ng. Mt chnh sch tt v qun l ti nguyn v mi trng tng hp

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Qun l Tng hp Ti nguyn nc v Mi trng

cho khi c s e do v s ph hoi nghim trng khng th o ngc. Khi c s e do nghim trng, vic thiu kin thc khoa hc khng th l l do chp nhn c cho vic lm chm tr trong cc k hoch hnh ng.

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Qun l Tng hp Ti nguyn nc v Mi trng

Bi 3: Nhng cn tr i vi qun l ti nguyn v mi trng tng hp trn lu vc sng M Cng

Cc ni dung v yu cu ca qun l Ti nguyn v Mi trng Tng hp (QLTN&MTTH) l iu l tng m tt c cc nc c th hy vng vo mt ngy no h c th t c trong cc chin lc qun l ti nguyn. Trong thc tin, c rt nhiu cn tr cn tn ti i vi vic thit lp v thc hin QLTN&MTTH trong cc nc thuc h lu vc sng M Cng cng nh cc nc khc trn th gii. Nhng cn tr ny c th di dng s khng chc chn v khoa hc, cc rng buc v kinh t, rng buc v th ch hoc cc rng buc v vn ho v x hi.

Khoa hc v k thut
Cc quan im khoa hc v chuyn gia l tin ra nhng quyt nh qun l bn vng v mi trng. Tuy nhin, tp trung qu hp vo kt qu ca cc s th nghim cc gi thuyt v phn tch s liu c th nh gi thp cc cng c quan trng khc, v d nh cc quan im ca cng chng hay kin thc c truyn v h sinh thi v ti nguyn. Nh chng ta tho lun trong phn khng chc chn, chnh sch qun l ti nguyn tt phi nhn thc c v phi c gii php khc phc cc hn ch v khoa hc. Khoa hc c mt vi hn ch quan trng m cn c xem xt trong ton b qu trnh thc hin v nh gi k hoch qun l ti nguyn tng hp. K thut hin nay ca th gii ang tng nhanh v chuyn mn ho, c khoa hc v k thut l nhng lnh vc c n gin ho, v chng l tin cho a s cc k thut tin tin. Vic n gin cho php tch cc vn phc tp thnh cc bin ring r, v mi mt bin c th c kim nghim. Trong khi c th t c nhng hiu bit chnh xc v c tnh ca mi mt bin, th tng nh hng ca tt c cc bin v nh hng qua li ca cc bin i khi b b qua. S tin cy thun tu vo khoa hc cng gy ri ro l lm cho cng ng khng ng h phng thc qun l thch hp. Trong khi ly gi tr khoa hc l c s, vic thc hin thnh cng cc chnh sch ti nguyn ph thuc rt nhiu vo s ph hp ca chng vi tnh cm ca cng chng. Tuy nhin, vic m rng v i cng chng s dn n kt qu l thiu t tin trong gii k thut chuyn mn v nhu cu ln hn cho s tham gia ca cng ng trong qu trnh ra quyt nh. V th, s h tr ca khoa hc s khng cn c s tn thnh ca cng chng. Nhng thc tin khoa hc c truyn cng c nhng hn ch trong gii quyt cc vn mc h sinh thi ch xt n gc k thut. Th d, vic chn on khoa hc tuyt i v sc kho ca h sinh thi l khng c ha hn cao, c bit l trong cc vng nc phc tp v rng ln. Phng php k thut c truyn nh gi tnh trng

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Qun l Tng hp Ti nguyn nc v Mi trng

mi trng ca mt vng bng cch so snh cc iu kin ti khu vc quan tm vi cc iu kin ca cc khu vc cha chu s tc ng hoc cc vng tng t. Nhng k thut ny rt hu hiu trong vic nh gi s pht trin ca mt v tr c th ring bit, v d nh s vn hnh ca xng ca, v khai khong. Tuy nhin, k thut ny rt kh s dng trong vic nh gi cc vng nc hoc l cho cc loi h sinh thi khc, do mt s l do di y: Kh tm c cc khu vc m cha b con ngi chi phi hot ng dng lm tham kho C rt nhiu kh nng c nhiu ngun gc gy tc ng n s thay i ca h sinh thi t nhin Hiu bit hn ch v h sinh thi v nh hng ca con ngi. Phng php nh gi th hai l s dng cc loi ch th nh mt bin php i din nh gi tnh trng mi trng, v d nh nc. Tuy nhin, bng vic o c cc thnh phn ring r ca h thng, v th chng c hn ch trong vic nh gi h sinh thi mt cch tng th. Vic thiu s liu quan trc trong thi gian di lm cho rt kh gii on cc kt qu v xc nh khi no th cc nh hng l ng k. Khoa hc tng hp l cn thit trong qun l ti nguyn a nhng kin thc mi vo trong nhng bi cnh ln hn, mt trong nhng vn l cc hng dn trong ra quyt nh s dng ti nguyn. i khi s kt hp gia cc b mn khoa hc khc nhau rt kh c th t c, v cc chuyn gia trong mt b mn (v d nh nh ho hc) cm thy khng thoi mi khi lm vic vi chuyn gia ca b mn khc (v d nh thu sn hoc sinh thi). Ngoi ra, i khi cc chuyn gia ca mt lnh vc c th gp phi vn trong vic xc nh bng chng t cc ngnh khc l ng tin cy hay khng. Trong QLTN&MTTH, phi bao gi cng c th t c s hi ho ton din cho tt c cc b mn k thut, nhng chng phi l mc tiu khi xy dng chin lc qun l ti nguyn.

Kinh t
Nhng cn tr i vi QLTN&MTTH l rt nhiu, v QLTN&MTTH cn thi gian di, v thi gian c ngha l tin. Nhiu c quan chnh ph v cc t chc trn lu vc sng M Cng khng th c thi gian cn thit pht trin mt chng trnh qun l ti nguyn tng hp di hn. Ngoi ra, cc nc ang pht trin trn lu vc mong mun t ti nhng tiu chun cuc sng hin c nh trong nhng nc pht trin, nh Chu u v Bc M. y l mt mc ch kinh t c th hiu c hon ton. Tuy nhin, s khai thc ngn hn, vi cng cao cc ti nguyn t nhin khng th c xem l phng thc duy nht t c mc tiu ny. Bc M v Chu u chc chn c nhng cam kt v ti nguyn thin nhin m khng nhm bo v s phong ph v bo tn gen ca nhng ti nguyn. Ngoi ra, s nhim ca vi ti nguyn vt qu kh nng t lm sch cht

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Qun l Tng hp Ti nguyn nc v Mi trng

thi d lm xung cp lu di ca nhng ti nguyn . Nhiu vng ca lu vc sng M Cng cn cha b xung cp nghim trng. Nhn dn trn lu vc nn thn trng hn v nhng bi hc kinh nghim ca cc nc pht trin v khng lp li nhng sai lm trong vic s dng ti nguyn ca mnh. Tng t nh nhiu nc pht trin, cc nc ven sng c th nhn thy rt kh t c li nhun cao t vic thu hoch nhiu trong thi gian ngn. Li tc trong khai thc rng chc chn s cao hn nhiu nu nh c th thu hoch trong thi gian di v cho h sinh thi c thi gian hi phc do tc ng ca cht n g. Ngoi ra, cc bin php bo v nh kim sot xi mn v trng rng cho cc vng b cht n cng s tn km. Cc chnh ph, nhng nh qun l mi trng v nhn dn cc nc ven sng cn phi quyt nh rng vic b sung vn trong qun l ti nguyn t nhin khn ngoan l iu m h t nguyn lm.

Th ch
Nhng hng ro th ch i vi QLTNN&MTTH trn h lu vc sng M Cng thng l do s khng tng thch v chnh tr v quy trnh v u tin ca chnh ph. Trn thc t, cc hn ch v mt th ch ny l ph bin i vi nhiu chnh ph, cho d l nc pht trin hay nc ang pht trin. Lut php thng l manh mn, vi nhng c quan chnh ph v cc V khc nhau qun l nhng khu vc ti nguyn khc nhau, nh ng vt hoang d, c hoc rng. Vic phn chia ca chnh ph theo lnh vc ti nguyn, lnh th, v mc tp trung nghing hn v nhim v chnh tr m t lin quan n cc nhu cu sinh thi. Xem xt mt cch c lp di nhng nhim v tng i hp, mi c quan chu trch nhim gii quyt nhng kha cnh nht nh ca mt vn . V cc vn mi trng c th nh hng ti hn mt loi ti nguyn mt cch trc tip hoc gin tip, ng ph vi nhng vn trong nhng th ch truyn thng thng dn n kt qu l chuyn vn t mt kha cnh ny ca mi trng n mt vn khc, v to nn nhng vn mi. Cng xy ra tng t cho nhng lnh vc qun l khc. Khng c c ch no tn ti gii quyt nhng vn c bit nm ngoi khung xc nh hoc l gii quyt nhng vn lin quan rng hn vt qu mt vng ti nguyn n l hoc nh hng nhiu vng qun l. Hn na, mt chin lc qun l nh vy thng thiu mt quy trnh gii quyt cho cc nh hng tch lu hoc cng hng. Vi vic qun l ti nguyn manh mn, vic thu thp s liu c th l tha, c ch thch hp cho vic chia s thng tin c th khng tn ti. Kt qu l mi ti nguyn c qun l tng i c lp. Bt k nhng vn hoc nhng qu trnh sinh thi no m nm bn ngoi nhng vng qun l chun c th b l i. Ngoi ra, mt c quan chnh ph c th c giao nhim v thc thi lut php mi trng, nhng c th c quan ny khng c cung cp ti chnh hoc k thut tho ng. Nh vy, trong khi nhng chnh sch v lut php bo v mi trng c th tn ti, nhng cc c quan thc hin c th khng c hiu qu. Nhng mi quan tm rng hn l vic qun l vt qu mt loi n l hoc ti nguyn thng b l i. V d: Nc thi ca mt nh my giy thi vo sng vi nng thnh phn Clo hu c nh dioxins v furans c th mc thp hn tiu chun cht

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Qun l Tng hp Ti nguyn nc v Mi trng

lng nc thi ca quc gia. Trong tnh hnh ny cc nh qun l mi trng c th ngh rng lu lng nc thi s khng gy ra bt k nhng tc ng mi trng c hi no. H c th ngh sai. cung cp mt cch y hn s hiu bit ca nhng tc ng tim tng, t bo ca cc cht hu c nh c trong mi trng ny cn phi c ly mu xc nh liu c phi chng b nhim dioxin. Mt chng trnh ly mu nh vy yu cu s n lc ca cc chuyn gia khc nhau, c th l t vi c quan qun l mi trng ring bit. Nhng s rng buc v th ch, tuy nhin, c th lm cho chng trnh gim st c hoc l ng vt khng xng sng s khng bao gi c thc hin v s hiu bit khng y do cc tc ng vn cn .

Vn ho - x hi
Mc d c s nhp nhng v mt l thuyt v thiu r rng trong nhng m hnh vn hnh, rt nhiu c quan mi trng gii thiu nhng cch tip cn qun l h sinh thi. Phn tch nhng c gng ny ch ra rng nhng cn tr v vn ho v x hi c th l nhng tr ngi ng k i vi nhng c gng trong qun l. iu ng ch l s thiu mt s nh gi cao i vi s pht trin v k nng a lnh vc. iu ny minh ho cho s khc bit r rng gia khoa hc t nhin v khoa hc x hi. V th s dng cc nguyn tc x hi, thng l khng c xc nh r rng v ch khoanh li trong nhng vn ring r v nh l mt vn kinh t hay vn c. Thiu s thnh tho a lnh vc hn ch n nn tng kin thc v nhng cng c sn sng c gng c c nhng cch tip cn chnh thng nh qun l h sinh thi. Nhng vn cng thng khng c xc nh mt cch ph hp do s qu tin cy ca x hi vo quan im khoa hc v chuyn gia. Kiu qun l da vo khoa hc, trng tm l chuyn gia ny cn tn ti nh mt khi cho n tn hm nay trong qun l mi trng. Tuy nhin, tuy l mt thnh phn quan trng, quan im khoa hc v chuyn gia mt mnh th khng lm v thc hin nhng quyt nh qun l h sinh thi. Mt trong nhng h qu chnh ca vic qu mc tin cy vo khoa hc l xu hng qun l ch thu hp li trong nhng vn mi trng vi nhng kha cnh k thut. Khng c kh nng gn ngha hoc gi tr, khoa hc khng th t n nh ngha c cch thc qun l, nh gi s hn thit hoc phn bit gia cc phng thc . Qu trnh gn ngha khoa hc ph thuc vo con ngi. V d, khi khoa hc ghi nhn rng mt thng 500ml c 250 ml cht lng, cu hi l liu thng y, y ch l da hon ton vo s nh gi v gi tr. Cng mt l l c s dng trong vic tr li cc cu hi mi trng, v d nh, nhim bao nhiu th chp nhn c? Nhng biu hin ca sc kho sinh thi v ton vn h sinh thi cui cng ph thuc vo nhng quan im ca c nhn v nhng mi quan h ca t nhin v con ngi. Chm bim thay, trong khi qun l hng ti hn ch nhng vn mi trng vo ch trong nhng kha cnh sinh thi, nhng gi tr x hi thng thng li ti mc cao v s bn ci vy quanh nhng vn mi trng. Mc du c s quan tm ng k v s xung cp ca mi trng, c rt t tho thun v nhng loi gi tr t hng dn cho ngi ra quyt nh. Qun l Ti nguyn thin l phn nh con ngi ngh nh th no v nhng ti nguyn. Mt vi thut ng chung minh ho cho

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Qun l Tng hp Ti nguyn nc v Mi trng

nhng quan im tn ti v nhng mi quan h gia con ngi v thin nhin, bao gm: Khai thc - thin nhin trong mu thun khit nht ca n th khng c my gi tr v ch c gi tr khi tr thnh i tng vn ho thi thng ca con ngi bng nhng nguyn liu th gn nh v hn. S dng Tt c cc qu trnh t nhin cung cp cc ti nguyn hu ch v qu trnh t lm sch cc cht thi l rt c gi tr v phi c bo v.

Ton vn - Tt c cc hin tng t nhin l quan trng v vn ho ca con ngi phi thch nghi c vi nhng qu trnh t nhin bo m s lin tc ca nhng qu trnh ny. C hu - thin nhin c nhng gi tr vt qu bt k s s dng no ca con ngi. Nhng phm tr ny biu din s a dng v nhng mi quan h a dng gia thin nhin v con ngi. Vic ho gii nhng s khc nhau ny thng l thch thc c bn ca qun l mi trng. V th, khi nhng vn mi trng c xc nh n c di dng khoa hc k thut, nhng gii php v nhng chin lc thng l ri vo cc gii php tnh th hn l bn cht ca nhng vn mi trng v nh vy th c hn ch trong hiu qu ca n. Qu trnh chnh tr ca nhiu nc trn lu vc sng M Cng (v ca nhiu nc pht trin cng vy) l c xu hng phn chia cc vn , nh qun l cc loi ring l, hn l QLTN&MTTH. Thi gian s ngn hn v nhng u tin c th b thay i khi xu th chnh tr hay ngi ng u thay i. S thay i nhanh trong chnh ph thng gim bt s lin tc ca nhng chng trnh qun l ti nguyn v c th dn n s thay i chnh sch v kt qu l cc u tin vn mp m trong mi trng thng c xem l t quan trng hn. Mt quan im v mt phng php qun l di hn cho mi trng trong tng lai l hai thnh phn c bn ca QLTN&MTTH, nhng chng ta rt kh t c. X hi ca nhiu nc pht trin ni chung chuyn ng v pha pht trin, hn l s bo tr. C p lc ln trong vn gii quyt ngho nn, thm ch phi tr gi cho mi trng v x hi trong mt thi gian di. Thi Tng lai s lm g cho ti? l rt ph bin trong nhiu nc, c nc pht trin ln nc ang pht trin. Ti sao sng bo v tng lai trong khi th h hin thi chng nhn bt k li ch trc tip no? Vic mong mun qun l v bo v nhng ti nguyn t nhin ca t nc cho vic s dng ca th h mai sau v con chu phi c thm nhun trc khi QLTN&MTIH c thc hin c hiu qu. Cui cng, mt thi ton b ca x hi li nghing v pha s thay i c th khng thch hp vi vic thc thi qun l ti nguyn tng hp. Chnh sch mi trng truyn thng v nhng lut l bo v tip theo thng c pht trin ng ph vi cc cn khng hong. Thay i trong qun l mi trng v trong nhng li sng ca c nhn cn phi t ra ngay khi nhng vn mi trng cn d qun l, khng phi ch cho

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Qun l Tng hp Ti nguyn nc v Mi trng

n khi tnh trng xu v mt x hi ang gp nguy him do vic mt ti nguyn hoc tr nn yu ui do kt qu ca vic qun l ti nguyn km mi c.

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bi 4 : Nhng qui nh pht trin QLTN&MTT c Hiu qu

Nhng kinh nghim qua cho thy mi c gng phi c nh hng vo pht trin bi cnh cn thit theo cch tip cn qun l tng hp s c ng dng. Nhng kim nghim ca chng ta i vi nhng cn tr chung trong qun l h sinh thi trong bi hc trc y cung cp nhng s hiu thu o v nhng c trng qun l v th ch h tr v nui dng vic qun l ti nguyn v mi trng tng hp. Nhng c trng chnh l: C cc cam kt v php l da trn cch tip cn h sinh thi Mt cu trc qun l phi bao trm v kt hp S xy dng chnh sch chung C c ch hiu qu to iu kin cho truyn thng v gii quyt xung t.

Cc bin php thnh phn cho tt c nhng quy nh ny c tng kt trong Bng 1 v s c bn lun tip chi tit trong nhng mc sau.

S Hp php
S hp php t c gia cc bn lin quan c v l nhn t kh nht thc hin thnh cng nhng chin lc v nhng chnh sch qun l tng hp. S hp php n gin l s cng nhn ca mt phng hng qun l mi trng bi tt c cc thnh vin ca x hi. Cam kt v cch tip cn h sinh thi phi thm nhun trong cc c quan qun l, cc bn lin quan v qun chng. S hp php cng yu cu phi c s h tr chnh tr. Mc du kh th o trc tip, cam kt qun l v chnh tr c th c nh gi thng qua mt s ch tiu. Sc mnh ca tnh tin phong l mt bin php quan trng. Ci thin cht lng mi trng v theo ui s pht trin kinh t v x hi, c xc nh nh l kim ch nam ca thi i ngy nay, v chng thng l nhng mc tiu tng phn trong c cc nc pht trin ln cc nc ang pht trin. S on nhn gii hn sinh thi thc t v s cng nhn trch nhim trong nhng iu kin kh khn yu cu phi c nhng quyt nh tin phong hiu qu. Nh vy, nhng i din ca cc c quan qun l cn phi lm nhiu hn l ni s quan trng ca vic t ti nhng mc tiu pht trin x hi v mi trng. S tin phong bt u mnh m t chnh ph (c ngha l c chnh tr ln qun l) c thc t tha nhn l rt kh kt hp. Mt s chp nhn thoi mi ca nhng tc ng mi trng khng th trnh c i vi nhng ti nguyn nht nh thng l b phn ca nhng s kt hp kh ny.

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Mc m qun l ng c vi nhng khi nim ca qun l h sinh thi l mt bin php th hai ca cam kt. Sc p truyn thng kim nghim cc chnh sch mi trng n c da trn c s ca nhng kt qu ngn hn v nhn thy l khng tng thch vi nhng c tnh ca QLTN&MTTH. Bng 1: Quy nh th ch v cc bin php nh gi QLTN&MTTH Quy nh Hp php S tham gia iu phi hiu qu Bin php Cam kt ca cng chng v qun l a chnh ph a chnh ph a ngnh Tham gia cng ng Xy dng cc chnh sch h Pht trin cc nh ngha vn chung tr Pht trin cc mc tiu chung Theo ui qun l tt h sinh thi Lin lc hiu qu Trao i v pht trin thng tin hiu qu C ch gii quyt xung t

S tht hin nhin nht l khng ch n nhng yu cu sinh thi v nhng nhu cu ca th h mai sau. Nhng mong i c tnh truyn thng cng khng ch mt cch tho ng n nhng thnh qu kh nhn thy, chng hn nh s phi hp v truyn thng tin tin c th gip cho vic qun l h sinh thi. Vic cp vn v nhn s khng l biu hin thm vo cho cc cam kt v qun l v chnh tr, c bit trong thi k c s khng chc chn v ti chnh. Tnh hp php cng yu cu cc cam kt cng ng. Kiu truyn thng v qun l ni chung gi thit rng khoa hc hin nhin l nhng iu kin lm c s cho cc chng trnh qun l. Tuy nhin, v nhng i tng qun l thng pht sinh t x hi v rt kh cn bng, qun l ti nguyn cp tin yu cu s h tr thch hp ca cng ng. y l s tht cho bt k cc phng thc qun l no. Trong qun l mi trng truyn thng, s tham kho cng ng thng xut hin trong giai on sau ca vic lp k hoch tip n l xy dng nhng chin lc hot ng c bit. Cch tip cn qun l cng chnh thng cng thu ht qun chng tham gia vo tt c cc giai on ca quyt nh qun l ti nguyn. Tht v ch tip tc nhng n lc xc nh k hoch qun l thch hp nht nu bt ng tn ti lin quan ti o c qun l chung. V vy, iu quan trng cho cc nh qun l mi trng l i li mt bc v bo m rng cch tip cn qun l d nh nhn c s h tr ca cng ng a phng.

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S tham gia rng ri/ Phi hp c hiu qu

S tham gia ca tt c cc bn lin quan l mt iu kin quan trng th hai thc hin qun l tng hp. S tip nhn mt cch chnh thc, vin cnh trn nn h sinh thi yu cu s hp nht ca nhiu lnh vc t nhng c quan qun l mi trng. c bit l, s tham gia c m rng ra ngoi cc c quan qun l c xc nh mt cch truyn thng theo cc lnh vc khoa hc t nhin. Cc c quan lo v mt x hi (th d sc kho con ngi) cn phi c i din thng tin v nhng vin cnh quan trng trong cc lnh vc lp k hoch ca cng ng, cng bng x hi, vn ho v s pht trin di sn v doanh nghip x hi. pht trin chiu su nh vy yu cu phi c trao i thng tin gia cc c quan. Tuy nhin, nhng s kt ni phi m rng ra ngoi cc c quan chnh ph. S thng nht ca nghin cu, quy hoch v qun l th hin s phi hp v iu phi vi c nhng nh nghin cu v thc hnh bn ngoi. S tham gia rng ri cng c ngha l s tham gia ca cng ng v ngi lin quan. Nh bn lun trc y, s chp nhn ca cng ng l quan trng hp php ho qun l tng hp v bo m rng cc chin lc d kin phn nh nhng gi tr v nhng u tin ca a phng. Nhng nh qun l cn phi gi ra cho qun chng cho h tip nhn cch tip cn n u tng gi tr v gii quyt nhng h qu x hi do quan im k thut ca h. S tham gia cng ng l quan trng v chng nhn mnh v m rng cc quan im v nhng gi tr, do gip bo m rng cc vn nng bng c a ra l ton din. Cc kin t nhng cng ng a phng cng cn phi c m rng c v s lng v s a dng ca thng tin sn c cho qu trnh ra quyt nh. iu ny gip gii quyt tt hn nhng vn phc tp v pht trin nhng gii php c hiu qu hn.

Xy dng nhng chnh sch h tr

Mt iu kin quan trng th ba ca qun l tng hp l s thnh lp mt nn tng chung cho vic ra quyt nh. Cn phi nhn mnh vo vic thit lp nhng vn chung cho cc bn tham gia. nh ngha dng chung ny c th s dng pht trin nhng mc tiu qun l tp th v xy dng chnh sch chung gii quyt nhng yu cu h sinh thi. S ch c bit phi c hng vo nhng vn khng chc chn, m bo lp y cc l hng kin thc x hi, khoa hc, v kinh t. S thiu vng mt nh ngha chun xc v qun l tng hp c dng chung cho tt c cc bn c th lm cn tr s s dng ca n trong thc tin qun l. Nhng khi nim m nh sc kho, cng l v gio dc s hng dn nhiu ngh nghip khc. Ci g l cn cho nhng nh qun l mi trng tha nhn mt cch r rng s thay i ca cc nh ngha v cng chng, v phi lm vic cng nhau xy dng s hiu bit ph hp cho khu vc v cc vn cn quan tm. Ngi qun l khng nn mi m vi cc tranh lun v nh ngha, m phi tp trung mi n lc ca h vo vic a n tho thun v nhng nguyn l qun l h sinh thi tt. Nhng ngi qun l mi trng phi cng khai bn lun v nhng l do ng sau nhng quyt nh ca h v trnh din lm th no cho cc hot ng d kin phn nh vic qun l h sinh

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thi tt. Cc chin lc qun l d kin khng phi bao gm tt c cc yu t ca qun l tng hp. Tuy nhin, mi yu t phi c xem xt v mt phng php phi c xy dng gip cng chng quyt nh. Cch tip cn ny lm tng thm ng k trch nhim qun l.

Truyn thng C hiu qu

Truyn thng c hiu qu l yu t th t cn thit thc hin qun l tng hp. S trao i nhng tng v thng tin l quan trng cho vic nui dng vic qun l c hiu qu. Tuy nhin, thng th l tht bi trong vic thit lp nhng knh thng tin m. Truyn thng tt l quan trng bo m cho s di chuyn thng tin ng lc v thch hp gia nhng c quan chnh ph v cc bn lin quan khc. Nh vy, cc c quan cn phi thit lp nhng c ch tng cng truyn thng khng chnh thc v khuyn khch s trao i thng tin t do. Xung t c th cng l mt cn tr chnh ti qun l tng hp. Xung t thng xut hin nh mt kt qu ca nhng nhn thc sai v khng thng tin hoc s khng nht qun trong nhng chnh sch v nhng mc tiu ca cc c quan qun l v cc chng trnh khc nhau. gii quyt nhng s khc nhau, nh qun l mi trng v ra chnh sch mi trng cn phi c nhng i thoi hu ch v khi cn th hp nht qu trnh gii quyt xung t mt cch chnh thc. to c s hi ho nhng n lc ca h, nhng c quan qun l cng phi c mt s hiu bit chung lm sao gii quyt cc vn cn cha chc chn trong khoa hc. Nhiu cuc tranh lun quay quanh liu l nhng ri ro v mi trng c tht s tn ti hay khng. Thc t cho thy thng khng bng chng khoa hc c th thay thay i chnh sch. Tuy nhin, hin nhin rng thiu bng chng khoa hc khng c ngha rng mt mi nguy him khng tn ti. Trong vi trng hp nghin cu c th rt hn ch hoc thm ch l khng tn ti, khin cho nhng ngi qun l mi trng khng chp nhn s thay i. iu cp bch l s thn trng v mi quan ngi khng th c dng nh li xin li cho vic khng hnh ng, v nhng chng trnh qun l c m ra khi c s thay i v c thm hiu bit. V th, iu quan trng i vi nhng nh qun l l tha nhn s khng chc chn nh l nguyn nhn su xa gy ra nhng bt ng. ng thi, nhng nh qun l phi chia s gnh nng ca cc bng chng v tp trung vo gii quyt nhng yu cu thng tin.

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bi 5 : Chnh sch l cng c Bo v Mi trng

Bi hc trc y c xem xt cc yu t cn thit qun l ti nguyn tng hp c hiu qu, v cc cn tr c th ngn tr s thi hnh QLTN&MTTH. By gi l lc ngh v nhng kiu chnh sch m cc chnh ph sn c c th gip h t c nhng mc ch qun l mi trng v ti nguyn ca h. Mc ch ca chnh sch mi trng l thit lp phng hng s dng, pht trin v bo v mi trng t nhin. Nhng chnh sch mi trng l nhng chin lc quan trng qun l s s dng ti nguyn v p dng cc bin php phng nga v lm gim nh cc vn nh nhim nc, nhim khng kh, v qun l ph liu. Mt chnh sch mi trng l mt nguyn tc ch yu, hoc tp hp ca nhng nguyn tc, do nc hoc chnh ph xc nh nhng mc ch v nhng mc tiu ca n. Nhng chnh sch th thng thng c ban hnh di dng hng dn trong ch r l lm sao nhng mc tiu chnh sch cn phi t c. Tt c cc nc ven sng thuc lu vc sng M Cng xy dng cc chnh sch bo v mi trng. Cc chnh ph ca lu vc c mt s chnh sch. Nhng i tng l cng nghip v c nhn bao gm: cc qui nh, nhng sng kin tnh nguyn, nhng chi ph ca chnh ph, v nhng cng c kinh t v khuyn khch ti chnh. Mi chnh sch c trnh by vn tt trong nhng mc sau.

Cc qui nh
Nhng qui nh bao gm lut, cp giy php, cho php v cc tiu chun. Cho n nay, cc qui nh l bin php thng dng bo v mi trng. Ngh v nhng qui nh nh mt cng c thi hnh mt lut c th, v php lut l c s hp php cho chnh sch ca chnh ph. V d, lut Bo v Mi trng ca Vit Nam ch r nc thi, cha ng cc cht c hi, cc ngun gy dch bnh, d chy hoc nhng cht d n, cc cht thi khng phn hu c, phi c x l trc khi x. Nhng qui nh ph chun bao gm nhng tiu chun, gii hn kiu v s lng cht nhim c th thi vo nc. Nhng tiu chun cht lng nc cn phi c thit k b sung nhng mc tiu qun l mi trng ca c quan chnh ph hoc c quan bo v mi trng. Nhng mc tiu qun l bao gm: Nhng mc tiu bo v i vi cu trc ca sinh vt (c ngha l, thnh phn loi, mt , qun th, h sinh thi) Cc im ra ch cht - Cho cc loi v mt , c th l s lng b cht, tng trng, hoc sinh sn.

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Mc bo v xc sut c chp nhn bo v s phn trm no ca vng sinh vt Kh nng d bo - iu ny c th l nhng tiu chun c th d on nhng tc ng nghim trng hoc phc v nh nhng c ch cnh bo sm.

Nhng phng php lun m chnh ph xy dng hoc hoc p dng i vi tiu chun cht lng nc l ph thuc vo cc yu t nh: nhng mc tiu v l thuyt qun l nc, s liu sn c, ti nguyn sn c (th d: thi gian, tin v iu kin k thut) v khung php l ca tng nc. Mt vi phng n chung sn c cho cc nh qun l mi trng trn lu vc sng M Cng l: Chp nhn nhng tiu chun cht lng nc ca nhng khu vc hoc nhng nc khc Xy dng mt phng php xy dng nhng tiu chun c th xy dng tiu chun Chp nhn mt phng php xy dng tiu chun sn c, hoc cho tt c hoc tng phn, v xy dng cc tiu chun cho cc cht ring l. Vic t nhng tiu chun cng phi k tha mt s c quan ca chnh ph kim sot nhng ngi gy nhim bn, c quyn lc bt pht, chng hn pht tin hoc cc hot ng php l. Nu c quan gim st khng c sc mnh cng ch, th lng tm ca x hi l ng lc khin nhng ngi gy nhim phi tun theo nhng tiu chun quy nh. Vic cp php kim sot nhim cng thng l mt bin php bo v mi trng, v c th rt c hiu qu iu chnh c s nhim nc ln khng kh. Hai loi h thng cp php chung nh sau: 1. H thng cp php x vo mi trng xung quanh - h thng ny lm vic trn c s cp php xc nh theo tc ng ca pht thi ln cc i tng thu nhn c th. Nhng tiu chun cht lng c th thay i theo i tng thu nhn, v vy cn thit rng mi i tng thu nhn c cng tiu chun cht lng mi trng xung quanh. Hy tr li vi v d ca nhng tiu chun cht lng nc lm r h thng cho php ny. Cc chnh ph c th chn t lu lng nc thi khc nhau ph thuc vo cht lng ca i tng nhn thi. Nu vng nhn nc thi l khu vc dng cung cp nc cho a phng hoc c bit l khu vc sinh sng ca c c gi tr, th tiu chun bo v c th l rt ngt ngho (c ngha l nng cht thi l thp). Tuy nhin, nu vng nc nhan cht thi khng phi l qu gi c bit i vi con ngi hoc mi trng cnh quan, tiu chun bo v khng cn phi qu ngt ngho (c ngha l chp nhn nng cht thi cao hn). 2. H thng cp php ngun nhim bn - h thng ny l n gin hn, v h thng ny c s dng rng ri hn h thng cp php x vo mi trng. N ch n gin l cho php da trn c s ca s pht t ngun v l i nhng tc ng ca nhng s pht thi ny ln cc i tng thu nhn v d nh c. i vi mt vng no , c th quy nh tng lng cht thi hng nm. Tiu chun nm l khng c vt, v t quan tm n i tng thu nhn cht thi.

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Tnh nguyn
Nhng c nhn v cc c s cng nghip c th t hnh ng bo v mi trng theo ca h, m khng cn c s p buc ca lut php. Nhng v d ca ngi tnh nguyn bao gm thu gom rc gia nh v ngoi ra, dn sch cc vng cha rc cng ng, hoc nhng vng t m nhn dn dng rc theo truyn thng. C l mt trong nhng c ch tnh nguyn quan trng nht sn c i vi cng nghip l s chp nhn mt h thng qun l mi trng (EMS). Mc d ch ny c cp rt chi tit trong kho hc F, vic gii thiu vi khi nim y c th l c gi tr. Cc h thng qun l mi trng l mt cng c qun l mi trng tng i mi kim sot nhng tc ng mi trng tim tng mt cch c cu trc v c h thng. EMS thng thng c p dng nh mt h thng qun l trong cc c s cng nghip gip h qun l phng chng nhim v nhng tc ng mi trng. S hp dn ca vic ci tin qun l, vi hiu qu v ci tin hn vic s dng ti nguyn, thc y mt khuynh hng hu ch t ci tin mi trng cho cc c s cng nghip. Cch tip cn tnh nguyn ny rt thnh cng khi theo phng php tip cn khen ngi truyn thng. Trn th gii, nhng ngi qun tr cng cng chu trch nhim qun l s pht trin, c s h tng v s dng, cng ang nhn thy EMS l mt cng c hu ch t chc vic lp k hoch v thc hin nhng sng kin mi trng. M hnh EMS c v thch hp cho vic bo v mi trng quc t v quc gia tng cng qun l ti nguyn. Hin ang c khuynh hng v pha chun ho cch tip cn h thng qun l mi trng vi s ra i ca ISO 14001. Tiu chun quc t d kin cung cp nhng yu t ch yu cho qun l, trong khi vn bo v c nhng iu kin kinh t v x hi, vn ho, v a l. Nhng phn chnh ca tiu chun ISO 14001 hnh thnh nn EMS trong cng nghip l: Xem xt mi trng ban u Xy dng t chc, ra chnh sch mi trng da trn nn tng ca c s sn xut Xy dng mt h thng php lut nh gi v tun th cc kha cnh mi trng Xc nh cc quy trnh kim sot vn hnh (gim st vic tun th v thc hin, qun l ri ro, v cc trng hp khn cp) Xy dng chng trnh qun l mi trng h tr s ci tin lin tc

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o to xy dng nng lc mi trng cho cc nhn vin c trch nhim v mi trng. Qun l ngi u thu v nh cung cp Nghin cu mi trng, kho st v s phn tch mi trng Kim ton mi trng Xc nh mt phng php nh gi qun l c hiu qu t c nhng kt qu thc t.

Chi ph ca Chnh ph
Cc chnh ph c th chn s dng cng qu cho vic bo v mi trng. Nhng s tr cp v b gi cho nhng t chc hoc cng nghip gip h t c mc tiu mi trng lnh mnh. Cc chnh ph c th cng xc nh nhng khong t rng dnh ring cc vng bo tn. Mt vi s s dng c hiu qu nht ca cng qu trong kh nng ca chnh ph l xy dng v v ti tr cc d n nghin cu di hn hoc gim st mi trng. Nhng nhng v d v cc chng trnh mi trng quan trng ang c thc hin ti cc nc ven sng di s bo tr ca U hi sng M Cng c trnh by vn tt di y. Chng trnh qun l v hp tc pht trin ngh c Chng trnh ny thc y cc mi quan tm v ti nguyn c ca sng M Cng. S quan trng v x hi v kinh t ca c i vi nhn dn trn lu vc khng th c nhn mnh qu mc, v cng khng c nhu cu theo di sc kho ca nhng ti nguyn ny. S sn xut v li tc t ngh c c th b e do bi s thoi ho mi trng v qun l pht trin ngun nc lm chn ng di c ca c, cng nh do vic tng nh bt c trn lu vc. Mc tiu ton b ca chng trnh l qun l bn vng v kt hp cho ngh c trn h lu vc M Cng (LMB), bao gm s pht trin tim nng dinh dng v kinh t ca cc ti nguyn thu sinh trong lu vc. Chng trnh nhn mnh s hp tc khu vc v tp trung vo hai lnh vc chnh: nh bt thu sn v ti nguyn thu sinh Thit lp cc h thng qun l ngh c m bo cho s pht trin kinh t bn vng v a dng sinh hc ca khu vc. S pht trin thu sn vi quy m nh - thu nhp ca nng dn c nng ln thng qua s pht trin kinh t v sn lng c quy m nh bn vng.

Chng trnh bao gm nhng nghin cu tp trung vo s pht trin qun l ngh c cp khu vc, k c vic xc nh cc ch quan trng, m t s di c ca c v nh gi cc tc ng xuyn bin gii do cc d n pht trin qun l ti nguyn nc ln s di c ca c. Nhng thnh phn c th ca chng trnh c trnh by trong bng 1.

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D n h thng gim st cht lng nc Chng trnh Gim st Cht lng Nc trong bn nc ven sng ca LMB c bt u vo nm 1985. Chng trnh c bt u vi s h tr ca cc nh ti tr, nhng chng trnh c l l s chuyn dn n mt s kt hp gia cc nh ti tr v s h tr t bn quc gia trong LMB trong tng lai. Nhng mc tiu ca chng trnh l: Gim st xc nh nhng iu kin c bn ca sng M Cng v theo di s thay i ca cht lng nc trn dng chnh v mt s sng nhnh ca n. Thit lp nhng h thng d on sm v nhng vn cht lng nc xut hin t nhng hot ng pht trin trong tng lai v hin thi. Pht trin cc cng c d bo v chin lc gim nh nhng vn mi trng lin quan v phc tp do con ngi v t nhin gy ra trn MRB. Bng 1: Chng trnh thu sn ca MRC Cc lnh vc Hp phn nh bt c v ti nh gi c M Cng s di c v sinh sn ca c v s nh nguyn thu sinh hng ca qun l nc (ton lu vc) Qun l nh bt c nc ngt Campuchia Qun l c h cha lu vc sng M Cng Tng cng h thng thng tin v c trn lu vc sng MCng Thu sn quy m M rng s pht trin thu sn trong vng chu th M Cng. nh nh bt cc loi thu sn bn a ca M Cng (ton lu vc) Pht trin c vng cao (ton lu vc) H tr v th ch (ton lu vc)

Mt mng li 102 trm ly mu c thit lp v gm c: 18 trm dc theo dng sng chnh (14 trn sng M Cng v 4 trn sng Bassac) 35 trm trn sng nhnh ca sng M Cng 44 trm thuc vng Chu th M Cng Vit Nam 5 trm thuc cc vng t t ca sng M Cng.

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Cng c Kinh t v nhng s khuyn khch Ti chnh

Phng cch khc ng vin s bo v mi trng l thng qua s s dng nhng cng c kinh t, y l hnh thc khuyn khch theo ngha th trng. C nhiu v d v nhng cng c kinh t v y l mt bc tin i vi cc nc pht trin. V d thng xuyn c cp ti nht ca mt cng c kinh t l nguyn tc ngi gy bn phi tr . iu ny ko theo s thit lp mt tp hp v tin t np i vi cng nghip do x cht thi. Ni dung c bn l tin s phi tr nhiu nu nh thi ra nhiu cht thi. Tin y l s c li v kinh t i vi c s cng nghip t nhn khi h c gng gim bt cht thi v bo v mi trng.

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bi 06 : cc cng c qun l ti nguyn nc tng hp (IREM) trong thc t

Vic p dng khi nim pht trin bn vng l rt kh. N t ra nhng yu cu v mi trng mi cho chnh ph v cc ngnh cng nghip. Vic tip cn v pha pht trin bn vng s yu cu tip tc thay i su sc trong thi v nhng nguyn vng c nh hng ti chnh ph, cc nh cng nghip v nhng ngi pht trin ti nguyn khc. Chng ta xc nhn mi trng phi l mt b phn ca qu trnh pht trin kinh t v x hi nu nhng ti nguyn t nhin c bo v. C chnh ph ln cc nh cng nghip c nhng vai tr sng cn nu nh vic s dng bn vng ti nguyn t nhin s tr thnh mt iu g hin thc hn l ch mt khi nim l tng. Vi cng c thc hnh sn c gip cc chnh ph v cng nghip t c s pht trin bn vng s c kho st trong bi hc ny.

Quy hoch s dng t

Quy hoch s dng t cho php cc chnh ph ra cc k hoch trnh s xung cp ca cnh quan ang b xung cp, khng bn vng v, i khi, rt kh xem xt. Chnh ph cng chp nhn quy hoch s dng t theo quan im sinh thi hc th h cng c th quy hoch pht trin hiu qu v cc c s h tng km theo nh h thng cng rnh v x l rc thi thch hp. Cc quy nh v phn vng c th gii hn hoc cm nhng pht trin gn cc vng nc v vng c nhy cm sinh thi hc. Chnh sch quy hoch mi trng bt buc ni no l pht trin thnh th, cng nghip, nng thn v khai thc ti nguyn v bt buc phi c cc quy tc pht trin. Khi lp chnh sch th c gng h tr s pht trin bn vng bng cch t cc vn pht trin v xy dng c s h tng trong nhng vng thch hp nht, v p dng nhng quy tc nghim khc cho s pht trin gii hn cc tc ng mi trng ca chng. Quy hoch s dng t l mt trong nhng bin php ngn nga chnh bo v mi trng (tc l h thng thit k ngn nga s xung cp ca mi trng hn l gii quyt n sau khi s kin xut hin). Ni chung, cn c giy php trong h thng quy hoch s dng t trc khi bt k s pht trin no c th c tin hnh. Vic s dng khng hp php t dn ti cc nh chc trch phi mi ngi pht trin ti trnh by k hoch s dng v vic s dng phi c php. Nu n xin php b bc b m vic xy dng vn tip tc, th vic nh ch l cn thit. Nu nh chc trch nhn thy c s vi phm cc qui nh, th hc c th yu cu ngi pht trin cung cp thng tin c th v d n. Theo cch ny nhng tc ng mi trng tim tng c th c ngn nga.

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Vic chp thun quy hoch thng t c sau khi c nh gi tc ng mi trng (EIA). Thng thng trong quy hoch, cc d kin pht trin c nhm li cho cng nghip v nhng vng dn c s c tch bit ra. Cc giy php cho cc d n khai thc ti nguyn l phi hn ch, cho ti nguyn trong mt vng khng b tc ng i vi cc tn hi v mi trng. Cc iu kin c th km theo trong quy hoch, tm kim gii php hn ch cc tc ng mi trng do pht trin. Nhng iu kin nh th c th yu cu v mt cnh quan, hoc mt qu trnh ch c hot ng vo mt s gi nht nh trong ngy, hoc theo di hng ngy s pht thi vo khng kh.

nh gi Tc ng Mi trng
Mt EIA bao gm s phn tch nhng tc ng tim tng ca cc d n hoc cc hot ng d kin, thng l cng nghip, mi trng x hi v t nhin. N bao gm s nh gi tc ng di hn - v ngn hn v mi trng vt l, nh khng kh, nc v ting n, cng nh nhng tc ng v vic lm, mc sng v nhng cng ng a phng. EIA v s p s dng cho lu vc sng M Cng s c tho lun k trong bi ging D v E. Tuy nhin lc ny, vic gii thiu v EIA s c ch trong vic hiu bit v qun l tng hp. Chnh sch quy hoch thng thng l bt buc phi c EIA trong cc ngnh cng nghip v cc pht trin khc. V cc hot ng ny ni chung c tim nng gy tc ng ln v mi trng. Cc chnh ph cc nc ven sng trn lu vc sng M Cng xy dng hoc hin ang xy dng nhng danh sch ca nhng loi d n cn phi c EIA nh l iu kin cho php thc hin d n. Sau y l nhng v d v mt vi loi d n yu cu c nh gi tc ng (danh sch do t chc Bo v Mi trng ca M c s dng minh ho rng hn cho cc d n pht trin): 2. Nhng nh my lc du v nh my ho kh v ho lng c cng sut ln hn 500 tn ngy m ca than hoc nha ng. 3. Nhng nh my nhit in v cc nh my t khc vi mt lng nhit to ra l 300 Mgaoat hoc ln hn v nhng nh my in ht nhn v nhng l phn ng ht nhn khc 4. Nh my c thit k ch sn xut hoc lm giu nhin liu ht nhn, x l li cc nhin liu phng x hoc lu tr, thu gom v x l cc cht thi phng x. 5. Nh my luyn thp v sn xut cc vt liu khng c cha kim loi st 6. Cc nh my ch bin ho cht 7. Xy dng cc ng cao tc, ng st ng di, v sn bay vi ng bng chnh c di 2,100 m hoc di hn 8. Nhng ng dn du v kh ng knh ln 9. Cng thng mi v cng ng sng cho php tu ln hn 1,350 tn i li 10. Lp t thu gom t rc, x l ho hc hoc nhng bi ph liu nguy him.

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11. Nhng p nc v nhng h cha ln, v nhng hot ng khai thc nc ngm trong nhng trng hp c lng nc c khai thc ln hn hoc bng 10 triu mt khi. 12. Cc nh my sn xut giy sn xut 200 tn kh hoc nhiu hn trong mt ngy 13. Khai m ln, khai thc v x l ti ch qung kim loi hoc than v sn xut hyr-cac-bon gn b hoc xa b. 14. Nhng kho cha du m, nhng sn phm ho du v ho cht 15. S ph rng ca nhng vng rng ln. Cc thng tin thng thng c a vo bo co EIA bao gm : M t cc hot ng d kin v mc ch ca chng M t, khi c iu kin, cc phng n la chn hp l khc (v d, nhng v tr khc hoc nhng cng ngh khc) cho cc hot ng d kin. M t mi trng c th s b tc ng mt cch ng k do cc hot ng v cc phng n la chn d kin. M t nhng tc ng mi trng tim tng do cc hot ng d kin v cc phng n la chn, v c lng mc ca nhng tc ng . M t nhng bin php gim nh hoc loi tr hoc gim bt nhng tc ng mi trng Ch nh chi tit v cc gi thit v thit k mu cho vic thu thp cc d liu mi trng cn phi thu thp Xc nh s ri ro v nhng ch trng trong kin thc s gp phi trong bin tp thng tin cn thit. Khi c iu kin, phc tho chng trnh gim st v qun l v nhng k hoch cho s phn tch sau d n. Bo co tm lc khng nng v k thut, bao gm s trnh din trc quan khi c iu kin.

Hon thnh EIA to ra nhng u vo quan trng cho cc nh quy hoch v nh ra quyt nh. S chun b cc tuyn b v mi trng l mt b phn ca qu trnh EIA v song song vi thit k d n cung cp mt khung qu gi m vi khung ny cc mi quan tm v mi trng v pht trin c ho vi nhau. Vic phn tch mt thit k hoc mt cng d n s dng tiu chun mi trng thng m ra cc cch thc m d n c th c sa i trnh nhng tc ng bt li (c ngha l vic ngn nga th tt hn v r hn l iu tr). N c th cng ch ra nhng qu trnh vn hnh tt hn, hoc ch ra nhng qu trnh thay th, m c hiu qu kinh t hn trong khi cc tc ng mi trng s c gim bt.

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Qu trnh EIA tr thnh mt cng c qun l ngy cng quan trng vo gia n cui nhng nm 1990. L do l do nhng kt qu tm kim t u cho ti gia nhng nm 1990 thc tin nghin cu p dng EIA xc nh nhng tc ng lu tch c xem l nhng vn gay cn trong vic quy hoch hiu qu v di hn d n. Hn na, trong khi phm vi ca cc nghin cu tc ng m rng hn v nhng vn c quy m ln nh a dng sinh hc, pht trin bn vng, thay i kh hu ton cu, nh gi mi trng chin lc v xuyn bin gii, s quan trng ca nhiu cch tip cn chnh th hn bao gm tc ng tch lu c ghi nhn. Nhng tc ng lu tch l nhng tc ng ln mi trng do nhng tc ng gia tng ca mt xut d n hoc hot ng cng thm vo cc d n khc trong qu kh, hin ti, v nhng d n d on s c trong tng lai hoc nhng hot ng trong vng ln cn ca d n hoc cc hot ng khc. Phi nhn thy rng nhng tc ng lu tch c th t cc d n nh ring r, nhng tc ng gp li l ng k, nhng hot ng xy ra trong c mt thi k. Nhng tc ng lu tch s c tho lun chi tit hn trong bi G.

Nhng h thng Qun l Mi trng

Tt c cc t chc ang c nhng n lc ngy cng tng t c v chng t rng h ang c hot ng tt v mt mi trng thng qua vic kim sot cc tc ng ca nhng hot ng ca h ln mi trng. H lm nh vy trong ng cnh ca ngy cng tng v lut php, s pht trin ca nhng chnh sch kinh t v nhng bin php khc c v s bo v mi trng, v ton b mi quan tm ang tng ln trong bo v v pht trin mi trng bn vng. Nhiu t chc thc hin vic kim ton, EIAs, v xem xt li cng ngh. Tuy nhin, nhng iu ny c th l cha bo m rng hot ng v mi trng l t c, m s tip tc s t ti, theo yu cu ca chnh sch v php lut. Cc cng c ny c sc mnh ca ring n, nhng nu c kt hp cng nhau, chng tr thnh c h thng v c cu trc, hay cch tip cn h thng c qun l i vi hot ng mi trng. Bng vic kt hp nhng yu t qun l mi trng ring l vo trong mt H thng Qun l Mi trng (EMS) chng tr thnh c cu trc v tch hp vi cc hot ng qun l chung. Nhng phn t ca mt EMS l nh sau: Cam kt ca cc c quan cp cao l cha kho dn ti thnh cng ca vic ng dng EMS nh gi ban u, hoc kim ton, s thit lp nn mt nn mng cho hot ng mi trng, nhng vng u tin ca nh hng, v nhng c hi ci thin. Mt tuyn b v chnh sch mi trng bao gm tng hp cc cam kt v phng hng cho qun l mi trng trong mt t chc.

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Hnh 1: Cc yu t ca mt h thng qun l mi trng c bn

Continual Improvement

Mana

geme

nt R e view

Envir o

nme Polic ntal y

Plann in

C he Corre cking and ctive Actio n

Imple ment a Oper tion and ation

ISO 14001 Tiu chun ISO 14001 ca T chc Quc t Tiu chun ho i vi EMS c thit lp c v cch tip cn kim sot cht lng trong qun l mi trng. Vic tun th nhng tiu chun ny ngy cng tng gi tr trong thng trng quc t v nhng tiu chun ISO hin nay c chp nhn rng ri trong nhiu nc. Mt s nhng im mnh v nhng im yu ca ISO 14001 c tng kt trong Bng 1. Nhng t chc c chng ch ISO 14001 chng t cc cam kt v mi trng ca h i vi quc t. Mt s ngnh cng nghip Thailand v Vit Nam t c chng ch ISO 14001. Ti thiu, nhng cng ty ny ang chu trch nhim vi: Chp nhn mt vn bn chnh sch mi trng Xc nh tt c cc kha cnh v nhng tc ng mi trng do s vn hnh ca h t th t u tin, mc ch v mc tiu cho vic ci tin ang din ra trong vic hot ng mi trng.

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Gn nhng trch nhim r rng v vic thc hin, o to, gim st v cc hot ng hiu chnh. Lp t liu v nhng phng php v cc kt qu t c nh gi v ci tin vic thc hin theo thi gian, t c s ci tin lin tc c trong vic t c mc tiu mi trng v c trong bn thn ca EMS. Bng 1 Nhng im mnh v yu ca EMS ISO 14001 Nhng im mnh Nhng im yu ISO 14001 c v s tham gia ca ISO 14001 l tiu chun qun l mi cc nh lnh o cp cao. Cc nh trng, ch khng phi l cc tiu qun l cp cao xem ISO 14001 nh chun thc hin hay tiu chun tun l yu t thc y cnh tranh hn l th. N khng t mc tiu cho vic ci vn tun th. thin mi trng. ISO 14001 tip cn mt cch c h ISO 14001 khng c nhim v tun th thng, chnh thng, i vi qun l theo cc lut mi trng, v th chng mi trng. khng th xo i trch nhim ca cc t chc nhm kim sot t c Cc cng ty c khuyn khch xem tiu chun nhim bn a phng hoc xt vn mi trng mt cch nghim tc. quc gia. ISO 14001 yu cu cam kt t ISO 14001 thit lp khung cho vic cc t chc tun theo cc lut lin quan, nhng cc cam kt ny khng c xc tip tc ci tin h thng qun l nh c th. mi trng ca cc t chc. ISO 14001 cho s tham gia ca cng Kim ton nh k l cn thit ng l theo ca t chc. S tham gia nh gi s ci tin quy trnh v xc ca cng ng l bt buc, nhng mc nh nhu cu ci tin trng h thng thng tin lin lc th li cho t chc EMS ca t chc. quyt nh. ISO 14001 khuyn khch s i mi cp x nghip i vi tt c ngi lao ng. Nng cao nhn thc mi trng c thm nhun trong ngi lao ng, cho php t chc khai thc k nng k thut ca ngi lao ng sng to ra nhng phng php gim tc ng mi trng ISO 14001 khuyn khch nng cao nhn thc quc t v vn mi trng. Vic a ra cc tiu chun thc y cc t chc trn th gii xem xt cc vn mi trng. ISO 14001 cng c th tr thnh yu cu ca nhiu khch hng/nh cung cp cc dch v thng mi. ISO 14001 khng ch ng yu cu cc k thut ngn nga nhim bn. Vic tun th cc tiu chun nhim bn l bc tuyt diu u tin trong trch nhim qun l mi trng, nhng vic p dng cc k thut s trit tiu hoc gim tng lng pht thi thm ch s c li ch ln hn cho mi trng.

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Kim ton Mi trng nh ngha ca ISO 14001 v kim ton l Mt qu trnh kim chng mt cch h thng v c bng chng v vic t c v nh gi mt cch khch quan cc chng c xc nh liu c phi mt EMS ca mt t chc c tun theo vi tiu chun kim ton EMS do t chc t ra (c ngha l ISO 14001), v trnh nhng kt qu ca qu trnh ny n cp qun l. C hai phm tr rng ca kim ton mi trng. Trc ht, c nhng kim ton m mc tiu ch yu l v thu thp thng tin. Thut ng thng c dng l xem xt mi trng, kim ton nhng vn mi trng v kim ton ti thc a. Trong nhng trng hp ny, qun l yu cu nhng thng tin lm c s cho vic ra quyt nh Hai l, c nhng kim ton m mc tiu l s xc minh s tun th vi mt tp hp nhng yu cu v nhng iu kin. V d nh kim ton s tun th cc qui nh v kim ton s kim sot mi trng. S hiu bit v cng ngh v cc qu trnh l vn sng cn cho qun l mi trng bn vng c th t c. Kim ton v nh gi tc ng l nhng cng c rt c hiu qu xc nh nhng vn , nhng trong nhiu trng hp nhng gii php k thut l cn thit ci thin s pht thi kh v pht thi nc. Cht thi lng, rn v kh c c pht sinh trong sn xut sn phm hoc nhng hot ng khc nh xy dng ng cao tc. Ngoi vic to ra nhng vn mi trng, nhng ph liu khng nhng ch lm mt nguyn liu qu gi t qu trnh xy dng hay sn xut m cn i hi nhiu u t vo kim sot nhim. Trong phn gii thiu ngn gn ny kh c th tho lun ht nhng phng n k thut sn c qun l nhng tc ng mi trng t cng nghip v nhng hot ng pht trin khc. Tuy nhin, chng ta c th da vo khun kh chung chn nhng phng n v gii php cng ngh i ph vi vic sn sinh ph liu nh c lit k di y: Ti thiu ho cht thi Gim cht thi Nhng cng ngh sch / k ngh sch / x l sch Phng chng nhim / gim nhim Nhng k thut kim sot nhim Nhng cng ngh khng c ph liu v t ph liu.

Tt c cc cng ngh hin i v truyn thng v nhng cch tip cn cng ngh c th c m t da theo bng phn cp v qun l ph liu nh c trnh by trong bng 2.

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Qun l Tng hp Ti nguyn nc v Mi trng

Bo co hin trng Mi trng

S pht trin bn vng yu cu thng bo cc la chn da vo thng tin tt v mi trng. S hiu bit v tnh trng hin ti v xu hng ca cc iu kin mi trng l mt thnh phn cn thit trong vic ra quyt nh mi trng bn vng. S hiu tt v nhng iu kin mi trng cho php x hi ra nhng quyt nh tt hn v nhng s la chn trch nhim hn, cui cng l a li li ch mi trng v cho th h mai sau. Bo co v hin trng mi trng ( SoE) l mt cng c thng tin quan trng tng thm s hiu bit v nhng h qu sinh thi do nhng hot ng ca con ngi . Bo co SoE cung cp mt cng c nh gi tt c cc kha cnh ca mi trng ti mt thi gian v cho php x hi theo di s tin b v nhng mc ch xc nh. N tm kim tr li cc cu hi: Ci g ang xy ra trong mi trng? Ti sao n ang xy ra? Ti sao n quan trng?

Chng ta ang g i vi n? Nhng xu th mi trng no ang din ra? Bng 2: A Phn cp nhng u tin v qun l cht thi (Nhng hot ng c lit k t u tin cao nht n u tin thp nht) Hot ng Gim ngun Kt qu Trnh, gim hoc loi b ph liu, ni chung l trong gii hn ca mt n v sn xut, qua vic thay i quy trnh v phng thc sn xut S dng, s dng li v ti ch cc ph liu cho cng mc ch hoc nhng mc ch khc v nh cc nguyn liu, thu hi cc vt liu hoc dng sn xut nng lng Ph hu, gii c hoc trung ho ph liu thnh nhng cht t c hi hn. X cht thi vo nc, khng kh hay t phi c kim sot tt hoc an ton tun th cc qui nh. Vic chn rc c lin quan n vic lm gim th tch, khng thm v km cc k thut gim st.

Ti s dng

X l Thi

Bo co SoE cng l mt cng c c hiu qu ch ra nhng vng u tin v hng dn xy dng chnh sch. C l ngha ng k nht, l bo co SoE khuyn khch s tho lun v tho thun v nhng iu kin no l c gi tr, nhng iu kin no th chp nhn c v nhng xu th no l gy lo lng.

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Qun l Tng hp Ti nguyn nc v Mi trng

Bo co SoE l mt qu trnh khp kn bao gm su bc: 1. Xc nh nhng vn v nhng khu vc quan tm. 2. Xc nh cc vt ch th 3. Tp hp thng tin sn c 4. nh gi cc kt qu; xc nh nhng chun nh gi v nhng mc tiu 5. Lp bo co v trnh by cc kt qu 6. Gim st gii quyt vic thiu s liu quan trng v tin hnh nh gi cho tng lai. Khi nim v cc ch th mi trng - i khi gi l nhng ch th sinh thi hoc ch th bn vng - c gii thiu trong bi ging B. Nhng ch th l nhng thnh phn quan trng trong s nh gi ton b l sao cho nhng mc ch qun l mi trng tt c thc hin. cho c hiu qu, nhng ch th cn phi: Lin quan n cc vn quan tm C tin cy v khoa hc p ng li vi s thay i C th th hin c nh " bn di" hoc " trn" mt ch no D liu i din v h tr cho vic nh gi nhng kiu ca khu vc ln nhng xu th theo thi gian Da trn cc s liu c hiu ch kinh t D truyn thng v d hiu C th so snh c vi nhng vng khc.

Nhng ch th c th o c: Cc p lc (v d: pht thi kh cc b nch, ti lng thi) Cc iu kin (v d: nhit khng kh, nng kim loi trong bn ct) S phn ng ca mi trng (v d: sn xut c, phong ph v cc loi hoang d, s phn trm nc khng ph hp ung) S phn ng ca x hi (v d: s lng cc khu bo tn).

Ni chung nn la chn mt s cn bng gia nhiu kiu ch th. Vic chun b mt bo co SoE l mt thch thc. Mt lng thng tin v d liu ng k cn thu thp v gii thiu mt cch chnh xc v y ngha. Bo co SoE khng

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Qun l Tng hp Ti nguyn nc v Mi trng

th thc hin c hiu qu vi s thiu vng tho thun no v nhng iu kin v nhng xu th ng ch . Tng t, cng phi tho thun v ci g s c s dng nh mt thc o, mc nh gi no v ci g c xem xt nh l mt thay i quan trng. Vic t n tho thun v nhng kha cnh ny c th nh nhng tr ngi chnh trong vic chun b bo co SoE. Mt tr ngi chung cho cc bo co SoE trn MRB l thiu d liu v mc hiu bit v qu trnh sinh thi v x hi. Trong hu ht cc nc ven sng trn lu vc, nhng ch tiu c cp nhng cc s liu gim st cn thit nh gi cc iu kin v khuynh hng li khng c. C ni d liu c thu thp, nhng li khc nhau v phng php lun, v nh ngha, v v tiu chun c th cn tr s phn tch so snh gia cc nc vi nhau. S thiu h thng trong gim st theo di thng lm cho vic nh gi cc iu kin ang c ci thin hoc l ang xung cp l rt kh. Trong nhng trng hp khc, nh gi khoa hc v sinh thi khng bit c nhng tham s lin quan l g hoc lm sao o c chng. Thng c s thiu thng tin c bn sn sng thit lp nhng chun nh gi mi trng thch hp. y l trng hp c th vi nhng n lc nh gi nhng mi lin kt ca h sinh thi v sc kho ton b mi trng. Thng thng, s hiu bit v nhng mi lin kt ni ti sinh thi v mi lin h gia x hi v l sinh ca mi trtrng l kh hn ch. Kt qu l, nhng ch tiu c gi tr v im mc nh gi sc kho h sinh thi vn cha c xy dng. Bt chp nhng thch thc to ln, bo co SoE l mt bc quan trng cho vic hin th nhng iu kin hin thi v ch ra nhng xu th trong qu kh v tng lai.Trong khi vn cn c nhiu vn nghin cu v thu thp, bo co SoE l mt s khi u tt. iu quan trng l qu trnh bo co mi trng trn MRB c duy tr v xem xt nh mt khi hp nht ci thin bo co trong tng lai.

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ti liu tham kho

CEARC. 1988. The Assessment of Cumulative Effects: A Research Prospectus. Canadian Environmental Assessment Research Council. Hull, Quebec, Canada. Law on Environmental Protection. 1993. Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Jensen, J. G. 2000. Fish, Flood Plains, and Food Security in the Lower Mekong Basin. Paper Prepared for 3rd International River Management Symposium, Brisbane, Australia. MRC. 1997. Mekong River Basin Diagnostic Study. Final Report. Mekong River Commission, Bangkok. Thailand. Selected Excerpts.

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