hg;a; hq.fha my;rg ls|shkaf.a rpkd ;=<ska fy<sjk isxy, ia;s%hf.

a
fjkiajk iudc ;;a;ajh yd ia;S% [a[dKh
rfId chfk;a;s" b;sydi wOHhk wxYh" fmardfoKsh Yaj oHd,h

zia;S%jdohZ hkq fmdf j;auka YS% ,xldf ljr ;rd;srul

mqoa.,fhl= jqj;a Nd;d lrkd tfiau O w:l:k imhkd we.hS j,g fukau
wmydi j,go tlfia ,lajkd ixl:khls' ia;S%kaf.a wju" Tjqka wd:sl" iudc"
foaYmd,k wdoS wxY uska n,uq .ekau kQ;k ldka;djdoS jHdmdr Tiafia lD;s%uj
ia:dms; lrkq ,nkakd jQ hqfrdamSh wdNdihla we;s l;jHhla f,i iudch i,lkq
,nhs' fmr. rgj, ldka;d m%fndaOfha uQ,h hqfrdamhg noaO lsug ;e;alrkd fuu
jEhu j;udkfha muKla we;s jQjla fkdf' 1936 oS u,,.u '' kkaodj;S k
;eke;a;sh iska zldka;d m%fndaOhZ k l=vd fmd;a msxpl m< l< my; mdGfhka ta
hq.h jk g;a ,xldf ia;S%kaf.a iudc fjkial j, f.!rjh wmros. ia;s%hg ,nd ka
nj fmkS hkafkah'
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jeoS ysi mgka fom;=, olajd jid f.k is yska" uqia,s" ;=ls wdoS ldka;dfjda
wo

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is;s'''''W;am;a;sfhkau Yd, ksoyila wh;a lrf.k iskakdjQ wmros. ia;s%h

wkq.ukh lsfuka fun jQ ksoyfila fmros. ia;s%hg o ys hehs is;sh
yelZZ^kkaodj;S 1936(2&
fuf,i ldka;djdoSka f,i ldka;d jHdmdr j, ls%hdldrS jk
fndfyda msia tod fukau wo o ldka;d m%fndaOfha yd ksoyfia Wreuh fmros. ldka;djg
fkdjQ nj lshka weh ngysr ldka;dj wkqlrKh lsrSu ;=<ska kj ;;a;ajhka ,nd .;a
njg lrkd ;l b;sydih jrojd jgyd.ekSula nj uQ,dY% uiSf fmkS hhs' h
iudchl fjkia yd iu.dj we;s jk O .dul n,f.hkaf.a fm<U u;
1

fkd;ld y< iudc fldgia wj u" iajlSh iudc ;;a;ajh ms<sn|j h<s uYkh lsrSu
fiau" ykd .;a iudc mSvkhkag reoaOj lghq;= lsu b;sydifha ljr hq.hl jqj
we;sjk iajdNdl ixisoahls' ia;%sh ;uka lghq;= lrk iudch ;=< ;udg we;s
wkkH;djh ykd .ekSu hq.fhka hq.hg m%foaYfhka m%foaYhg fjkia jk kuq;a
fkdlvjd isjkakls' tneka iajdNdlj ish hq;= ldka;djkaf.a wNsjOkh lD;s%u
u;jduh ;ajrKhlska hq;=j ia:dms; lsu w;jYH ke;'
ldka;dj ;=< mj;sk ma,h ilH;d ta ta hq.,j yd ta ta iudc
j, wjYH;d fukau ;;a;ajhkag wkqrEmj boshg tk nj by;oS mjikq ,eKs' th
Odldr f,i m%ldY uo oelsh yelsh' jfrl l=gqNh w;yer jk.; jk NslAIqKh
s l
f,i;a ;j;a jfrl cd;sl wr., j,g yd ksoyia jHdmdr j,g noaO jk ldka;d
kdhsldjka f,i;a im%odh wNsNjd hEf ksNh nj ldka;dj ;=< u;= jkafkah'
wdpdh fi,a ;srepkaka th my; mos fmkajd fohs'
zzia;S%jdoh wmros. ixl,amhla fkdf' th m%ldYhg
m;a we;af;a ixialD;sl yd N+f.da,Sh iSudjka iys; fkdfhla iajrEm
j,sks' th m%ldYhg m;a lr we;s wkaouo wfkal Oh' iuyreka th m%ldY
fldg we;af;a fldamhlsks' l fofkl= uOHia: Ndjhlskao" ;j;a lSm
fofkl= jvd Yf,aIKd;aulj o th m%ldY fldg we;' m%ldY lrk
wdldrh uQ,sl jYfhka r|d mj;skafka Tjqka ,o w;aoels u;h' tfy;a
iudc wd:sl yd iudc foaYmd,k moaO;Ska ;=<

jk ;u

fYaI kS;s

iu;hka yd im%odhhka iys;j mj;akd Odldr jHqyhka yd idrOu

moaO;Ska flfrys olajk m%;sls%hd jYfhka ia;S%jdofha oDIah wmros. jqj;a
fmros. jqj;a ish rgj,a yryd osf'

^ksfokS"1995 foien(30&

f wkqj ldka;djdoskshka zia;S%jdohZ kka fmd w:l:khg

.ekSug ;e;a lrkd ldka;djkaf.a iudc ;;a;ajh kd isgqug .;a O m%h;akhka
tla tla N+f.da,Sh l,dm j, yd tla tla iudc j, ;;ald,Sk ;;a;ajh yodrka
iqfYaIlrKhlska i,ld ne,Su jvd;a m%dfhda.sl nj fmkS hhs' tysoS ldka;dj O
2

hq.j,oS rmdk N+ld uYkh lsu jvd;a W; jk w;r f wkqj b;sydifha uyd
wdLHdkhg tk mqreI flakaSh b;sydih ;=< wiamY jQ ldka;djkaf.a b;sydih
yeoEu w;HjYHh' b;sydifha uyd wdLHdkh ;=< fuu fjkia jk iudc ;;a;ajhka
yd noaOj ia;S%kaf.a iudcuh m%ldYkh fjkia jk wkaou t;r wjOdkhg fkd.kS'
iudch iska wu;l l<" fndfyda b;sydi{hka iska wu;l l< ldka;dj h<s;a
judk lru kQ;k b;sydi ixl:kfha ke;sk mYapd;a kQ;k b;sydi ixl:kfha
tla m%jK;djhls' YS% ,xldj i,ld n,k g tys iudch mlD;sl fjkilg ,la l<
hg;a ; hq.h ;=< ia;S%kaf.a ;;a;ajho mlD;sl fjkilg Ndckh h' kuq;a ta
ms<sn|j iqmqre mos b;sydih ijkq ,nkafka Tjqka

uyd wdLHdkhg Tfnka .sh

wm%lg (Subaltern) fldgila jk neks' tneka i%m%odhsl b;sydilrKfhka .s,syqKq

,xldf ldka;djf.a iudc ;;a;ajh fia u ldka;d [a[dKh o hg;a; hq.fha
YS>%fhka fjkia jQ wdldrh wOHhkhg nka lsu kQ;kfha wjOdkhg fhduq we;'
tu ia;S%kaf.a [a[dKuh .;sl;ajh wOHhkh lsfoS wod< lr.; hq;=u kuq;a
fndfyda b;sydi{hka t;r Nd;d fkdlrk wu;l lrkd uQ,dY% mdYjhla we;af;ah'
hg;a ; hq.fha oS iudkH .sys iudch w;r wOHdmkh m%j,s;j;a u ldka;djka iska
rpkd lrk f,aLk o m%lg jkakg mgka .;af;ah' Tjqkaf.a oDIah Wlyd .; yels
b;d fyd| uQ,dY%hla f,i isxy, ls|shkaf.a l jeo.;a fjhs' mqreI uQ,sl l,d
im%odhg wNsfhda. lrkd fuu ls|shka mqreIdm;Hhg k;= jQ iudcfha we;e wx.
oe fia fpkh lr we;' lh hkq m%nkaOhlah i,ld bj; ,k fndfyda msia tys
ia;S%kaf.a ,N [a[dKuh ,K ta ;=< ie we;s nj wu;l lrkafkah' mqreIhka
iska r; ldjH .%ka: j, mqreI oDIafhka weh foi n,d weh m%nkaOhla" l,ams;hla
fyda w;sYfhdala;shla fia oefkk m ksudKh l< wjia:d jeh' ldka;djg ksfoaYs;
ixialD;sldx. iy wej;= mej;= mqreIdm;Hfha ksfoaYmd,s; fohla ksid mqreIhska
wfmalaId lrk mrudoYS ldka;dj yqjd oelau fyda bka mndysr jk ldka;dj
fpkh lsu fuys oel .; yelsh' tysoS fndfyda g ia;S% Yrh jKkd lrka ri
3

ckkh lsu wfmas; ksid tu ksudKhkays wka;.;fha ksrjoHNdjh b;sydi{hka

iska iel lsu tla wf;lska idOdrKh' kuq;a irKxlr yshkaf.a uQ,sl;ajfhka we;s
lrk ,o Wvrg Ydiksl m%fndaOh iu Wv md; forg me;sr hk kj idys;Hh
m%fndaOh yq m%nkaO j,ska Tng .sh ldjH im%odhla we;s lsug iu;au iu`. fuu
;;a;ajh fjkia fjhs' fYaIfhka ldjH Ydia;% yod, msia w;r ud, l" ry l" r;s
ldjH" ixjdo ldjH fukau wfkl=;a f,!lsl osh yd noaO jQ ldjH im%odhka
m%pdrhj;au iudcfha tosfkod f;dr;=re j,g inkaO iajdNdl rpkd t<soelaug
mgka .;af;ah' ta yereKq g idudkH ck;dj w;r m%p,s; jQ ixjdo l yd ysjk l
iudcfha ugu iamY lrka fndfyda g ft;sydisl wLHdk ;=<ska bj;g fyE
yqoS ck;dj ms<sn| ,N o;a; wvx.= lrf.k mn|d we;' ud;ka ysjk ysmekafka
Our;k jeks ysjrekaf.a l fuu Ydia;S%h ugu;a ck ldjH ugu;a tlg .el<
Wmydi rih uqiq jQ h:d:jdoS im%o dhlg wh;a m%lg ksoiqkls' ^fyajdji 1966 (433444& idudkH .e ck;djg f.dapr jk tfkod is tys .e fjhs' th pQ,
im%odfha l,d ksudKj, tla mK; Ndjhla f,i ie,lsh yelsh'
fuf,i uykqjr hq.h jk g .e ck;dj w;r m%p,s; pQ,
im%odfha iudchla we;s u;a tys m%;st,hla f,i pQ, im%odfha iudc wNsjdr yd
l,d ksudK we;s u;a tla ieKskau is jQjla fkdj rcrg YsIAgdpdrh | jegqKq miq
,dxflah foaYmd,k" wd:sl" iudc ixia:dj, l%l ldYfha m%;st,hla f,i is jQjls'
ud;r hq.fha ldjHhka ksudKh jk g iudch lemS fmfkk f,i fjkia ;snQ
nj;a tysos Wvrg fn!oaO mqkjkh yryd uq,als., ydrh flaka fldg f.k
jHdma; jk fye,af,a mrmrdf kj Ydiksl lghq;=;a ol=fKa mD;=.Sis yd ,kafoais
n,mEfuka we;s jQ kj iudc ;;a;ajhkq;a noaO fuka ksmka l,d im%odhka oDYHudk
fjhs' my;rg isjk fuu idys;H mj;kfha m%;sM,hla f,i ud;r hq.fha lka
w;r WoaoSma; ls|shka lsysm fofkl=f.a rpkdjka oelsh yelsh' ta ;=< ia;S%ka |s
Ialr;d wmjdo fukau iudc wNsfhda. j,g weh fok iDcq m%;spdr yd weh iska
4

mj;sk iudchg is lrk m%;swNsfhda. o igyka jkafkah' tfiau ud;r hq.h blaujd
oykujk ishjfia w. Nd.hg mefKk isxy, ia;s%hf.a iudc ;;a;ajh o< jYfhka
1850 isg werfUk ngysr hg;a;jdohg tfrysj f.dkq jQ

fn!oaO mqkjk

jHdmdrfha fojk woshf wdNdihg ,la fuka fjkia jk wkaou tl, ldjH ksudK
;=<ska m%lg fjhs' fuu moH ksudK ;=< ksfhdackh jkafka mqreIhskaf.a ldjH
ksudKj, jk iqrEmS" ird.S" wdlIKSh" fnd<| .eyeKsh fkdf' tu talmdYh
jKkhkaf.ka ia;S%kaf.a ienE ;;a;ajfha mj;sk m%;snfhka u ldka;djkaf.a
cSjk .eg fndfyda rg ksjerosj igyka lr we;'
.cuka fkdakd" rxpdf.dv <uhd" rEKq ydfka yd .cuka
fkdakdf.a fidhqh jQ fodak wfkda,shd fmreud,a o wehf.a jl jk fodak m%ekaiskd
fmreud,a o ud;r hq.h ksfhdackh lrk ls|shka w;r YsIag WodyrK h' fodak
wfkda,shdf.a nd, j jk mqx l;skd jeks msia fuu mrmrdf fojk mqrel
ksfhdackh lrhs' f yereKq g uykqjr l im%odh ksfhdackh lrka ry
ldjHhka rpkd l< zn,j;a;, uy;a;fhdZ k ;eke;a;shf.a zwkqrd.ud,hZ o f
hq.fha wdrNl ksudK w;rg .; yelsh'^fifkr;ak 1989 (61-63&
kamiq hq.h jk 1850ka bla;s moH rpkd l< lldhka
ms<sn|j f;dr;=re imhd .ekSu Ialr we;af;a Tjqka r, ksid fkdf' Tjqkaf.a
nyq,;djh yd uqK hka;% j, iq,N nka we;sjQ O fmd;am;a rdYshla m< u;a tu
ls`hka kula fkd;nd b;sydifhka w;=reoykaj mej;Su ;ah' Tjqkaf.a ksudK fndfyda
g imhd .ekSu b;d wiSreh' kuq;a 1894 weka' le;ka is,ajd ydfka iska r;
zwk.=KomKZ k ldjH ix.%yh wiSrefjka imhd .; yels" mYS,kh l< yels fmd;a
w;ka b;d YsIag ldjH lD;shla f,i y`kd.kq ,eKs' miqld,Sk l fndfyduhla
;=<ska ud;r hq.h ksu fn!oaO mqkjk jHdmdrfha fojk Nd.h ;= < jOkh jk
mrudoYS OIag iudchla ;ekSf jHdmdrh ;=< ia;s%h w:l:kh jQ wkaou uekka
meyeos,s fjhs' zwk.=KomKZ jeks lD;s tl, lD;%suj frdamKh lrkakdjQ zl=,
5

ldka;djZ k ixl,amhg wNsfhda. lrkd wjidk whf lD;sh fjhs' f wkqj hg;a
; hq.fha ys jk O iudc n,f. yuqf ia;s%h iajlSh wkkH;dj fjkia fjkia
mrs rpkd lr ;eu ie,ls,a,g .; hq;= b;d jeo.;a ixisoahls' ud;r ls|shka ;=<
jk m%fndaOhg tl, m%p,s; fn!oaO wOHdmkh fiau ngysr wOHdmkh;a Y%j n,md
;sf' ta jk g f,!lsl idys;H Ifhys jQ wiS; ksoyi o jk .eg j, ksrej;a
Ndjh m%ldY lsug Tjqkag wjia:dj ,nd kafkah' wOHdmk jHdma;sh i,lk g
,kafoais hq.fhaoS ngysr l%uhg mQcljreka hgf;a wOHdmkh m%pdrh lsrSu f jk g
wrUd ;snqK's 1722 jk g .d fldudkavfha mdi,a 38la o fld<T fldudkavfha
mdi,a 55la o meje;ajQ w;r b.ekau fkdf,a is h' ^fyajdji 1966 (10& kuq;a mdie,a
j,g iyNd.S jQ fn!oaO isiqkaf.a ixLHdj i;=gqodhl ugul fkdjQ nj fmfka' ud;r
m%foaYfha Wiia mjq,a j, <uqka mjd mdi,a j,g fkdmeK fn!oaO NslaIQka f.ka b.ekqu
,enq nj 1759 oS jd;d we;' ^fyajdji 1966( 11&
we;e my;rg ls`hka mjd fuu im%odhsl fukau ixlr
wOHdmkfha Y% wdNdih w;a`o we;' uykqjr hq.fha je,sg irKxlr ys Wvrg
fn!oaO mqkjk jHdmdrh wdrN l< miq th my; rgg m%pdrh l< fye,af,a
mrmrdfjka" fYaIfhkau iskduf Oufcda;s yshkaf.a f.da,fhl= fukau je,sg
yshkaf.kao Ys,am ,;a fye,af,a Ouoskak ysf.a mrmrdf NslaIQkaf.ka we;e
ud;r ls|shka Ys,am ,o nj oelsh yelsh' f wkqj ta jk g;a jHdma; jk NslaIq
wOHdmk wdh;k ngysr l%ufha wOHdmk wdh;k yd noaO wmQre iY%Khla .sys
wOHdmkh ;=< we;s l< nj jegfya'
.cuka fkdakd kka m%p,s;j ish fodak bifn,d fmreud,a
fldfKa,shd fujeks Y% wOHdmkhla ,enQ ;eke;a;shls' ,kafoais wdKavqj yd wkqnoaO
ks,hla fyn jQ .cuka wdr wef.a mshd h' ls|shf.a uj ,d.s m,a,sfha
f;danqjNdr uq,doEkslu bis fld,amsfha cfhka;= f.%frda keue;a;df.a j jQ
fkdaknnd h' wl=re ,sh yels mkakldhl f,i wE .ek i|yka fjhs' .cuka fkdakd
6

Wm; ,nkafka 1746 oS fld,amsfha hs' wehg ujf.a wdNdih uq,ald,Sk wOHdmkhg
,enqKq nj fmfkkafkah' fld,amsh jeks hg;a;jdoSkaf.a myig ks;r .efgk
m%foaYhl isu;a ixlr jk hg;a ; iudcfha n,mEu ls|shg ,enqKq njg ;l l<
yelsh' weh ud;r fjfyr.msg g meK miq m;a;dhf f,al k ish uduKahf.ka
m<uq jrg isxy, jHdlrK yd ldjH Ydia;%h yeoErejdh' m;a;dhf f,al ud;r
idys;Hfha wdfKsl wx. /.;a rpkd t<soelajQ b;d m%isoaO mjrfhls'^m%kdka 1917( i&
Tyq ta jk g;a ckms%h ;snQ r;sldjH .Kfha ldjH rpkd l<d fiau fi;a l wdosh o
rpkd lr ;sf' lhd iska r; zfhdj.r;akud,hZ b;d m%isoaO r;sldjH m%nkaOhla
we;' fhdj.r;akud,fha lj, ; yd .cuka fkdakdf.a we;e m%nkaO j,
f;ys we;s iduHh fuu uduKaf.a f,a,shf.a yuqfjka is jQ Ydiaf;%daoa.%yKh ms<sn|
iejqKq bs m< lrhs' ^fidaudkkao 1980 (211-225& tfiau .cuka fkdakdf.a iudc
;;a;ajh uik g by; lS ,kafoais wdKavqj yd ,kafoais m,a,sh iu`.;a fn!oaO
wOHdmk wdh;k iu;a in|;d meje;ajQ mjq,la u fiau wef.a l=,h rdj l=,h u;a
jeo.;a fjhs' f jk g fjkia fuka mj;sk kj wd:sl wjia:d m%fhdackhg .;a
l=,hka fia rdj yd lrdj l=, fukau i,d.u l=, h o ie,lsh yelsh' .cuka fkdakdf.a
mshd ls%'j' 1800 oS urKhg m;a we;s w;r weh fojrla jdmd;% jQjdh' weh fojrla
jdy u m%;slafIam lr we;s kuq;a lKjeka .eyeKshlg tl, iudcfha ,nd fok
;;a;ajh yd mjqf,a o;djh i,ld fofjks

jdyh o is h' m<uq jrg .d,af,a

wdr flfkl= jQ ;,fma fufrxf.hs .osfha wdr iu jdy jk weh fojk jrg
ud;r Whkaj;af;a fodka fykasla isjOk ch u,fialr k uqykaosr flfkl= yd
jdy ;sf' ^m%kdka 1917( ii& fuf,i jdm;a mqoa.,hkaf.a ;k;=re ;rd;sr uik
g;a Tjqka hg;a ; md,kh ;=< ms<s.;a ks, oerE msia nj fmfkhs' ,kafoais
md,kfha isg bx.S%is md,k wjh olajd t<fUk ixl%dka;s iuhl is wE ,kafoais
iudcfha h;dla rlg WiiA hehs ms<s.;a iudc ia:rhlg we;=<;a jQ nj thska fy<s
fjhs' wef.a W.;alu;a" weh wka;.; jQ iudc ia:rh;a" weiqr ,enQ m%N+kq;a ta jk g
7

hg;a ; iufha we;s jk O iudc le< Tiafia we;s jk ;;ajhka yd noaOj

.cuka fkdakd wuq;=u udos,sfha ls|shl njg m;alr ;sf'
fodak bifn,a iqm%isoaO fldrf;dg yshkaf.ka fiau iskduf
Oufcda;s yshkaf.kao wOHdmkh ,nd m;a;dhf f,al o weiqre lr isxy, ldjH
;sh il=" u.O ni iu Tmj;a lrka ldjHlrKhg msfihs' wehf.a lh jvd;a
oeuqKq wkkH;djhlg f.k tkafka by; lS ysjrekaf.a weiqr iusks' ls`h m%isoaO
iudchg j.lSfuka ,shQ ldjH" tk f'' m%kdka iska ixialrKh l< .cuka
m%nkaO lD;sfha uquqkskau wka;.; ldjH wef.a Ydiaf;%daoa.%yKfha fuu ixhuh m%lg
lrhs' zoe;rfidalud,hZ thg tla ksoiqkls' ^m%kdka 1917& zmshdf.a urKh w<,d ,shQ
lZ" zfoksmsfha kq. relZ ;reK fha wE is l< fujeks YsIag rpkd fjhs'
^m%kdka 1917(16-18&

ta yereKq g ;fha ueosfha jekaoUqjl f,i

os f.jk

.cuka fkdakdg ish o;djh uev .ekSu i|yd Wiia ks,Odkag fi;a m;d men` l"
wdOdr wdhdpkd lr mene` l ^zfcdaka fvdhs,s m%nkaOhZ& fiau mskal jKkd wdosh
jeo.;a fjhs' f yereKq g zp;=rY% cd,dZ jeks wiSre ldjH l%u wdosh weh w;ska
ksudKh jkafka ud;r hq.fha lfha wdfKsl ixlSK wx. .%yKh lsug ;r weh
o YsIHdjl jQ nj m< lrks' ^m%kdka 1917 (15&
.cuka fkdakd fldrf;dg Oudrdu ys weiqka by; lS m%nqoaO
ldjHlrKhg msis w;r weh NslaIqjl fj;ska bf.kqu ,eu ud;r jeks im%odhsl
iudc we.hq mej;s m%foaYhl t;r m%idohg md;% fkdjQ nj oelsh yelsh' weh
fldrf;dg yshka fj; bf.kqug hkafka msfhl= fia fjia j,df.khs' NslaIqjla
fj;ska bf.kqu ,eug wE .;a fuu ;ks ;SrKhg ,d.sh m,a,s mdif,ka wOHdmkh
,nd wE ,enQ mph n,mdkakg we;ehs Wml,amkh l< yelsh' flfia jqj;a ms fjia
f.k fn!oaO mkai,l wE l< tu ma,jh we;euqkaf.a woyi mos fjfyr.msgg
muKla iSud fkdh' iuyr f,aLlhska fmkajd fok m u,aj;= ydrhg hEug mjd
weh wjldYh ,nd.;a;dh' ^.=Kfialr 1991( 17& kuq;a f ms<sn|j ksYa; ids ke;s
8

neka th ia:sr ft;sydisl lreKla fia olajkq fkdyelsh' fuf,i .cuka fkdakd
ia;s%hl f,i im%odhsl iudcfha ,enQ wiu; wOHdmkh ;=<ska ia;s%hf.a iu;
iodpdruh ;;a;ajh /l,ajdj wNsfhda.hg ,la lsrSu tl, iudcfha t;r hym;a
m%;spdr j,g ,la fkdjqK's ta nj b;du ixf.h Wmojk mos wE iska fldrf;dg
ysg ,shd hejq my; moHfha .e lr we;' ^.=Kfialr 1991(49&
ieiS

nih ii`.h ls wms

hkafka

iS

wh fhda uo la

jkafka

jiS

k wru n, wms

oeiS

bka fuTn olskg ke;

wys;kafka
tkafka

ienE Nla;su;a .=re f.da, in`o;djla jer w:l:k yd wmydi ksid mSvkhg m;a u;a
ls`h i;= im%odhsl Ydia;%hg ;snQ wd,h;a ka m%lg fjhs' zoeiSZ fyj;a odish hk moh
fuu Nla;su;aNdjh ;Sj% lrhs'
f yereKq g iskduf Oufcda;s ys iu`. .cuka fkdakd meje;a jQ Ydia;S%h
ugf ;% .Kqfokq o iudc mydihg ,laj ;sf' fn!oaO .e iudcfha im%odhsl
mskam ms<sn`o wdl,am yd noaO fjka weh fujka ;ekaj, lfha l.m; ieyeis f,i
fukau Wmydid;aul f,io fhjdh'
jkd

lshk fuuf.a ;=reKq ;=Kq

iskd ufj i`g mqo lf<

fnd,

iskd fu.u iy ok wjg .

j,

;=kd tmska wkqfudao fj

ish,

weh ksn|ju fpdaokdjg ,la jQ fn!oaO NslaIQka jykafia,d iu

we;s fuu in|;djhka wjOdrKh lsrka we,md; jeks fndfyda .sys lsjreka o wef.a
p; >d;khg lsug ;e;a lsu ks;r is lr we;' ^m;srK 1990( 36&

zzuqks mq;=ka weiqre ismai;a o;a

.c kka m;< wkla < u
ieu l;=kaf.au is;la f,i
fydr yska .ekqu w; kEru

reje;s
we;s
mej;s
lr;sZZ

.cuka fkdakd wNsfhda.hg ,la lf<a im%odhl iudch muKla fkdf'

weh

im%odhsl l=gqN ;ho m%Yak l< wjia:d fjhs' kuq;a weh tajd m%Yak lr

we;af;a lhg Wreu jHx.d: jks; jk wdldrfhks' .cuka fkdakdf.a iehdf.a

my; lh . m%foaYfhka msg;g hk wjia:dfoS lshQ nj ckm%jdofha i|yka jkakls'
^m;srK 1990( 35&
zzhk f .uka is jqKs k

mrudo

tk;=re wka foi fkdn,k is;=

mEo

w,m; meka jels ,iska fkdj

ydo

isysj boska <f`o ud ka

wjjdoZZ

.cuka fkdakd f wjjdohg ka ms<s;=r wef.a ia;S% [a[dKfha

mq,a nj Yo lrhs'
zzys hk .j, wkqka fkdj

ido

tkq .iska tys fkdjka

mrudo

yshks oeka Tn ug ka

wjjdo

uu bji uo ro bjiq

foao ZZ

weh tla w;lska iehdg wNsfhda.hla lr we;' mshdo .eyeKsh

fiau m;sKj
s ; iqrs; l< hq;= hehs wE ;=< Yajdihla jQ njg bs fokakSh' .Dy
;fha j.lSj, iy wfkHdakH Yajdifha mej;sh hq;= iudkd;au;dj ms<sn`o weh i;=
m%n, Yajdihka ka ye`.fjhs' .cuka fkdakd fndfyda g iudcfha o.aO lka w;r
wmydihg" Wmydihg nka jQfha wef.a jQ fuu t;r l;ajh ksidh'
10

f yereKq g .cuka fkdakd ia;s%hl f,i uqyqK ka wNsfhda.

w;r ;djh u; jekaoUq ;hla f.jka ore is fofkl= rd lsru
S o jeo.;a fjhs'
f ;;a;ajh w.h lrka f'' m%kdka ;u ye|skaf .cuka fkdakd .ek
mjikafka lkjekafhlaj ore i;r fofkl= iu l,ahjk w;r mqreI ffOhfhka
hqla;j ls%hdlr ;sfnk njhs' ^m%kdka 1917 (iii& wE ;u Ys,amfhka m%fhdackhla .kq
msKi
s ud;r m%foaYfha jeo.;a mjq,aj, .eyeKq <uhskag jHdlrK b.ekaj Q njo Tyq
fmkajd fohs' fuf,i fjkiajk iudc wl wjia:d fj;ska m%fhdackhla .kska hg;a
; iudcfha idudkH ia;s%hla f,i cS;fha yuq jQ wNsfhda. j,g fuu .eyeKsh ;ksj
uqyqK oSug W;aidy l< nj fmfkhs' wef.a jekaoUq nj iudch bosfha fpkhg ,la
jQ w;r wks;a w;ska wE fj; whq;= fhdackd /ila .,d tkakg h'

fuu fhdackd

m%;sfam lsrSug wE iska fhdok ,o NdIdj" jfrl l<lsrSulskao" jfrl Wmydihlskao"

jfrl fkdaofhkao" ;j;a jfrl b;d m%pKav wdldrfhka o l ;=< .e fjhs'
lf,l wehf.a ;%fhl= f,i is we<md; uqo,s .cuka fkdakdf.a
fuu Ialr wjia:d fndfyda g ydiHhg ,la l< nj fmfkkafkah' ld,h wkqj
ixikaokd;aulj uiSfos wehg uq,ska tjQ l fm yiqka fyda ;% jels f,i tjd we;'
kuq;a ;=re l j,g jvd fjkia w: okjk fhdackd wE m%;sfam l< miq fuu
f.!rjkSh uqo,sjrekaf.a l o miqj m%pKav we;'
pkao iQhd jeks t<fok

jqjk

bkao kS, fol jeks <ueo jk

;k

wkaoldrhg wejqE myk

fuk

lskao ;ks hyfk ksoshkafka

fkdak

we<md;f.a

fuu

fhdackdjg

weh

fok

ms<s;=re

;=<

wE

.ek

wd;audkqlmdj ckkh lrjkakd jQ kuq;a oe is;lska l< r m%;slafIam lsula tys

.e fjhs' ^tu&
11

nekao uf.a ys mrf,dj .sh

nek

kskao fuug mqreh ;kshu

hyk

kao r;s iem ug u;l ke;s

lskao ;uqfiag uikak

jqK
ldrK

fmr ;u ;%fhl=j is we<md; Our;k k fuu NslaIqj .sys ;hg

msi by< iudcfha ms<s.;a uqo,s flfkl= jQ miq f,!lsl IhdkqnoaO ldjHYdia;%fha
yrU lrka

kdYhg hk ie b;du Wmydifhka hq;=j jfrl wE fmkajd oS ;sf'

^fyajdji 1962( 75&

zzkdu rel mis we< md;ska

fmdrK

fmau o ,ka keK w;= h

oshqKq

fidau .=K oym, bfoka

ldu k, jeoS iyuq,fhka

keuqKq
KqZZ

wjidk mofha weh Wmydid;aul WfmaCIdjla rdYs.; lr olajkakSh'

lka .cuka fkdakdg zzfjikZZ hk jokska fpdaokd l< wjia:d
lsysmhla yuq fjhs' fuu jpkh w;S;fha isgu ldka;djg wmydi lsug fhdod .;a b;d
iq,N mohla f,i wo olajdu mj;ajdf.k tkakls' rxpdf.dv uy;a;hd k lhd
.cuka fkdakdf.a jekaoUq osfha u;= fmfkk fndfyda wvqmdvql boshg f.k tka
weh mska jxpdlr uqo,a ,nd .;a nj lshk w;r ySrfjl= iu in|;djhla we;s nj
o fmkajd fohs' ^m;srK 1990( 37&
zz,xldjl .v lr ud
jxpdfjka uqo,a wr .kska

tlald
fklald

oex nvid lska ySrfjla

tlald

lxldkug lshka .e,fjkq

ulaldZZ

weh Bg fok ms<s;=r iudcfha wiSre;d ueo osfhka uqyqK fok

.eyeKsh u h<s;a oyd,hs' fndfyda g fujeks wjia:dj,oS wehg Yla;shlaj mej;sfha
wef.a llu muKs' fuu ySrjd kka yeoska jQ we<md; uqo,s mejiQ my; lfhka
12

Tjqka fofokd w;r iudcfha fpdaokdjg ,la flreKq ;r iqyo ;% neula fyda
YDDx.dr neula fyda fndfyda l,a mej;s njla fkdfmfka' h:d:h iqmqre mos b;d
lgql we;'
zz f,dj ri wyr ke;af;ka f.dka ;K

loao

osh l=i we;s ksid jE ,S weo

fjoao

kqU fodi ke;ehs ug l=ulg

.ryoao

uf. fodi ksid kqU oeka fjik

fjoaoZZ

fuh tla w;lska g fmr .cuka fkdakdu m%nkaO l< oa w:

okjk my; lhg ka ms<s;=rla f,i i,ld .; yelsh'
zzidfha je,d ;a fumqr

lshre

fha joh fuka ri lr lsh;s

fndre

,Sfha weoh y;;a yqh,d

w=re

jEfha weoh neju Bg;a

keUqreZZ

.cuka fkdakd wjidk jYfhka fuu l ixjdoh b;d fldamfhka

ms<s;=r foka my; mos wjika lrhs'
zzis;a f,iskd weo ;K nqoskd

;sikd

u;a fjkd rdf.ka yqla yqla

.dkd

is;a ;=kd fukdgl lrk fldg

f.dkd

n;a nqoskd wmg ;j fldfyduo

uokdZZ ^.=Kfialr 1991( 102&

.cuka fkdakd fukau we<md; uqo,s o tlg Ys,am yeoEref fldrf;dg Oudkkao ys
fj;ska nj m%isoaO lreKls' iudcfha mSvkhkag ;ksj uqyqK foka wirKj iskd
.cuka fkdakd fm<d oelSu .ek fldrf;dg ys jeks o.aO NslaIQka mjd b;du idOdrK
ixfoS;ajhla m< lr we;' jrla fld<U fldrf;dg ys we<md; uqo,sg hejQ my;
lh Tyqf.a fkdukd yeisj,g h;a .=rejrfhl= f,i ;rfha l< wjjdohls' W.;a
13

nqoau;a fuu ldka;djg fl<s nvqjla fia i,lkq" wef.a mK; oDIaka fyd`ka jgyd
.;a .=rejrhdf.a ;on, fodaIoYkhg fufia ,la fjhs'^.=Kfialr 1991( 43&
zzoshg ild ;=u mo hq;a whg

fold

fkdjeo ks.d f.k fok i.mj.

iqld

fkdu i,ld fl<shg j;a is;k

tld

;K fkduld u jeo n;a lk

f.dfkldZZ

fuys ;=kafjks moh b;du;a w:dka;h' .cuka fkdakd jeks ldka;djkaf.a jeo.;alu
yd ;;a;ajh fkdi,lka wj;lafiare lrka fkdao ug W;aidy lsu tu yshkaf.a
Woyig ,la jQ nj bka .uHudk fjhs'
f yereKq g lSm jrlu .cuka fkdakd m%pKav f,i
mskaf.a jdy fhdackd iy wfkl=;a fhdackd m%;sfam l<dh' tys weh ;k;=re
;rd;sr fkdi,ld lmo nekaodh' jrla ud;f,a ue;s`g zfuda .kakZ hehs lS ls`h
wjia:d lsysmhl u my; mos mqreIdm;Hh wmydihg ,la l<dh'
zzf,djdiska yuqf le|jqu

m;d,d

uqjdfj,d myig w;

jkd,d

wjdikd f.k .=K o

kid,d

fkdjdikdjka f;dm jeks

tld,dZZ

wef.a f l<ls iy.; m%pKav m%;sfam ls fndfyda g

mqreIhkaf.a o m%pKav m%;spdr j,g w; jkd we;' ^.=Kfialr 1991 ( 102&
zzwdidjla uiqjg hful=f.a

we;S

frdaid fjka hlsksh fuka oreKq

we;S

fodaid mjrf;d;a fkd;ld ;reK

.;S

fidhls wE lsis .=Koula

ke;SZZ

zzwdid lr fuug fkdj fkdlshk

fidlu lshk iqmqre

foag
jf.ag
14

fid rere wj.=K f;dm

jejdg

fodaid mjrmsh f;dfm uy

.EksgZZ

fuysoS mshd lfhka yjkafka Tjqkag yojf;a we;s wksh

wdYdjla .eyeKshf.ka uiSug idOdrK whs;shla we;s njhs' th ;reK .;shla f,i o
Tyq ksoyig lreKq olajhs' kuq;a fldam th m%;sfam lsu lsis .=K oyula ke;s
hKshlg" fjiklg .cuka Wmud lsug fya;= we;' weh fujeks widOdrK
fhdackd yd fpdaokd m%;slafIam lsug fhdod .;a by; l ffY,sh wef.a wurKSh
ia;%S;ajh yd llu b;sydi.; lr we;'
f yereKq g .cuka fkdakd mska iska wld nj fyn jQ
we;e l iNd j, o b;d m%p,s; p;hla jQ nj;a wef.a ldjH jd.dvnrh |
fy<Sug iqmqre mos mska iNdj ueo u wehg my;a fhdackd lr ydiHhg ,la l<
nj;a my; lh fy<s lrhs' ^fyajdji 1966( 451&
zzish,a i;=ka yg ;s,fl isk

if

ksu,a i|fi .=Kfhka lrk fuu

iqf

l,a h uis; b| /jfgka

bf

oj,a t myi .kakg fkdak

kqfZZ

zzoyia .Kka u hk tk

ksiaiqo

oeyei Tjqka ieuf.a ljqre

jeiaiqo

ryi lshk foa l=ulg

myi oj,a b,a,k ysg

ie,eiaiqo
msiaiqoZZ

weh b;d ixhufhka" fkdaofhka kuq;a ;rula Wmdydifhka th

by; lfhka m%;sfam lrhs'
fufia fuu .eyeKsh ixlSK jQ ;u ;h f.k hEu i|yd
f.k .sh O m%h;ak uQ,H tall j,g l%ufhka ;ekla ,efnk iudch ;=< b;d wiSre
lghq;a;la njg m;a h' by; l j,ska oelajQ fkdaold yd t;r iajrEmh l%ufhka
15

ySk oSk .sh w;r hm;a fj;a u ls|sh iska O wdhdpkd lrka wdOdr m;d
iudcfha n,j;=kag ,shQ l fYAIfhkau fcdaka fvdhs,s jeks mqoa.,hskag ,shQ l tu
h:d:h jvd;a iqmeyeos,sj olajhs' fia l%uwdr ue;skag fi;a m;d ,shQ my; lh
tnh' ^.=Kfialr 1991( 119&
zzis;g lhg iem fok umsfhd;a

ke;

ksjg l,g i,lk kE isfhd;a

ke;

.eyeg f,vg fjo ms<sh lsis;a

ke;

lg wmg msysgjkag ld;a

ke;ZZ

.S jQ .cuka fkdakd l=rlalka fldgoaoS wE Wmydihg ,la l<

wfhl= lSjdh i,lk lh yd wE Bg ka ms<s;=r o f w;r iq/lsj we;'
iuyr mjq,aj, ;;a;ajh iudc

iudcfha

fjkial iu l%ufhka my<g hdu;a m%N+ mjq,l

iudldjla f,i weh Bg l<ls ka m%;spdr;a bka fy<sfjhs' tys jvd;a is;a weo.kakd
iq mo my; mh' ^m;srK 1990( 38&
zzwmg;a fufyu l mo lr
f,djg;a fyd| foals fkdlshk

lshkakka
krlalka

''''''''''''''''''' ZZ

,kafoais wjfha wNsudkj;a mjq,la jQ .cuka mjq, %;dkH hq.h

fj;a u uelS hkakg h' th .cuka mjqf,a fofjks mrmqf jl jQ mqx l;skdf.a
my; lfhka o fmfkhs' ^m;srK 1990( 39&
zzluka t `o u ch .;a fmr

oji

.cuka fm<m;ska mejf;k wm

msi

fkd;rka mo ne` fkdlr;;a

tf,i

fkdis;ka yq`vqjg wm .ek fjhs

whiZZ

16

uqo,a ms<sn|j we.hqu je u yefrkakg f hq.fha iudcfha

ia;s%hf.a ;;a;ajh fjkia l< ;j;a lreKla jkafka fnlu me;sr hduhs' b;du ir,
niska .%duH ck;djg jvd;a im jk ldjHhka rpkhg iu;a jQ ud;r hq.fha
ysmekafka Our;k yshkaf.a lhla Wmqgd fuu ;;a;ajfha m%dfoaYSh jHdma;shg
ksoiqka fia oelah yelsh' fnlu fmr fkdjQ mos .e iudcfha wlauq,a lrd osjhka
mkai,a wi, mjd l,n, we;s l< nj bka fmfkhs' ^fyajdji 1966( 438&
zzjev ke;s cv fld,af,da tla fj,d f .f oeka
nv mef,k ;=re u;a fj,d rd wrlal=
w~ onr lsfuka ? oj,ays fndfyda fia
bv ke;sj irema kqjQ f,iska l,a f.j;a uehsZZ
zzW.=r <g uQ,d rd o f.davd o ,d
hre jegqKq ,S,djla ksiqkag md,d
l=Kq irem lshd,d lE .i;a uehs je,d
kvq inhg uQ,d bka lshd f.kakjd,dZZ

fuys b;s l fol o i,ld n,k l, by; oelafjkafka fn

;reKhskag o~qj lrk f,i rcfha ks,Odfhl=g tu yshka hejQ l fm<la nj
jegfyhs' u;ameka iu`. fuu fjkia jk iudc ;;;ajh .eyeKshf.a l=gqN osh o
b;d wiSre lf<ah' %;dkH md,k wjh t<fU;au ;;a;ajh jvd;a jHdma; jQfha rcfha
iqrdn m%;sm;a;sh iu my;rg m%foaYfha iy wfkl=;a m%foaYj, u;alu m%p,s; uhs'
rd wrlal= ksmojk msia ixLHdfjka by< .sh w;r wrlal= is,a,rg lsKSu f.j;a h'
.cuka fkdakdf.a fidhqhf.a oshKsh jk fodak m%ekaiskd
fmreud,a my; lh ,shd we;af;a fn iehka ksid wiSre;djhg m;ajk iuld,Sk
Ndhdjka ms<sn|j idkqlms; oDIahla fy<ks' ^m;srK 1990( 38&

17

zzWkak yefha fo.=reka fj; iem | is;=

f,oafoa

fjkak ;snqKq m; lsis;a fkd;ld

fkdjereoafoa

.kak fo.=rekg ksoyi bos fkdn,

isoafoa

fndkakl= yg fok j f., is`o,kq is

ueoafoaZZ

fn iehkag mdjd oSug hk jl tu jdyhg we;=<;a

lrkjdg jvd uqyqo ueooS wef.a f., is|,Su iqiq nj mjihs' tysos ishq f,i umshka
jdyh yryd ;u jrekaf.ka ksoyia ug ;e;a lsu .eko fpdaokd lrkakS hq.fha
kS;Hdkql+, jdy in|;dj,

ie`.jqKq ;;;ajh mydihg ,la lrks' tjeksu ;j;a

lhlska .;a iehdg wmydi lrkd" wNsfhda. lrkd |la f,i o weh ksremKh
f' ^tu&
zzfju;ska meK isys ke;s fjka

f.g

ye<s j<ka kao uq;a jiafil=

f,ig

fyg f.diska f.k;a kqfkd;a nka

nvihska bkag is fjhs wm

ug
ieugZZ

,kafoais hq.fha isg wrlal= fkdlvjd ksIamdokh l< w;r uqyq

nv m%foaY j, ks;H fj<odula Bg ;s we;' ^chjOk 2006( 45& f wkqj th ia;%Skaf.a
;fha uqyqK fok la llfgd j, ;Sj% nj je lsug fya;= h'
im%odhsl | iajdhdg wNsfhda. lrkd ;j;a wjia:djla f,i
i,ld .; yels my; lh .cuka fkdakd ;ukaf.a ifydaorhdf.a fkdukd ls%hd oel
iajlSh kEkd fjkqfjka tk ifydaorhdf.a | fjkqfjka ,shd ifydaorhdg hejQ
tlls'

iu;hg mgyeks mskaf.a fkdukd in`o;d f jk g fpkhg ,la

lsrSug Tjqka miqng ke;' zld;a ke;s wmg fjd yo

wfkaZ hk moh ia;s%hf.a m%n,

ye`.= m%ldYkh ;Sj% lrkakls' ^.=Kfialr 1991( 142&

zzld;a ke;s wmg fjd yo

wfka

ud;a wrka uf. j .;a;=

yshfka

wE;a ;uqfiag j fkfjo

wfka
18

wd;a;;a wrka m,hkak

.cufkaZZ

fu yereKq g t;r W.;a lula ke;ehs mejfik kuq;a iajlSh n,j;a

ye.S ;shlska f;drj Wmdydid;aulj bosm;a lsug iu;a zrxpdf.dv <uhdZ kka
m%isoaOj is reyqfKa ;j;a ls|shl ;u jdy osfha w;a|s lgql w;aoelS l j,g
kd we;' ^m;srK 1990( 47& wE iajdhd iu .; l< osh w.y`s.l j,ska fmekls'
wehf.a my; lh ;=< fuu oS.h ksid t<Uqkq w.y`s.l .ek weh ishq fpdaokdjla
foumshkag o t,a, lrhs' zb,fZ hk jok fuu Wmydihg ksoiqkls'
zzfufy rf rxpdf.dv
reyqKq rgg ud oS,d

bm,d
b,f

lyg fmd;= lld lg yu

hkakd fiA

yeu fohfka uf. jdfya

rflda rfldaZZ

weh zuf. jdfyaZ hk fhu fhdokafka ;o Wmydifhks' kuq; a

Tyqj /l fok f,i o wE fohkaf.ka b,a,hs' .S mqreIfhl= yd jdm;a jQ miq weh w;a
` o;djfha lgql u;l rxpdf.dv <uhd jkajr lhg k.d we;af;a ;h ms<sn`o
iqmqre Wmydid;aul oDIah iu`.hs' f iEu lhlskau ;yjqre jkafka weh l=gqN
;h f.k hdug oe igkla foka iehdf.a j,;d ishq f,i fpkh l<
njhs' ^.=Kfialr 1991( 37&
mdv.x mn wuqKd lf

jg

fu ux we;a miqfjkjd

furg

fndau fmd,a Whkaj;= we;s uf.a

kdvka ysrufka fmd,a .dkjd

rg
fyg

fuu la; jdyh wk;=rg ,la lrka miqj iehd wksh

in|;djla we;s lr .;a l, weh thg oreKq f,i lfhka m%;spdr olajd we;'
zz oere ifofkla fjk l,a ldmq
je,s.fhla weoska lrmq
mreudKhla fuka wrf.k .y

oSf.a
yosfha
Wvg
19

 hflda ldmka lejq;=

weo weoZZ

fuf,iu ls|sh iska fonil wdldrfhka olajk my; moH

fma<s j,ska jdy osfha wid:l nj yd weh iajdhdf.a we;e fkdukd ls%hd ;oska
fpkh l< nj;a fmfkhs' th tl, .e iudcfha ,sys,a jdy in|;d ;=<
wiSre;djhg ,la jQ ldka;djf.a ;;a;ajh idkqlms;j omKh lrkakls' ^.=Kfialr
1991( 38&
zzyenEo hs ud wkj lshkafka
- kE WU w,a,f.k bkakjd
tfyk udhs orefjdhs fldhsno hkafka
- f;dg k wyl m,
Tfyduo lSf ud tlalrf.k toaoS
- tfyk fldfyduo lSf
lSf zrxpdf.dv <uhd ueKslZ lshd
- wdfmdhs fufyu ueKslla ZZ

fuf,i jdy ;fhaoS mskaf.a wj.=K ksid u;=jk la .eyeg

yd |s widOdrKhka ksNh f,i iudchg fy<s lrk iuyr ldka;djka ta ksidu
iudcfha ku r`ojd ;nd .shdh' lh wehf.a f la; u;lh b;sydihg tla lrkd
rij;a udOHhla h'
iu; jdyfha ;j;a me;slvla .cuka fkdakdf.a ke.Kshf.a j
jk mqx l;skdf.a fuu lhlska fmfkhs' ta jk g fjkia jk iudch
iska ;reKshka lkHdNdjh iqrlaIs; lr .kska iu; jdyhg msiSu l%ufhka w.h
lrka mej;s njg th ksoiqkls' jdydfmalaIl l;la u`.=,a fmdarejg ke`.Sug ue,s jkq
oel wE lS lhls my; oelafjkafka' th fl<sf,d,a ;reKshkag l< tla;rd wk;=re
we`.uls' ^m;srK 1990( 39&

20

mjq,a fjkag iskd w`.kqka

iEu

ksu,a f,i /lal hq;= nUir

oyu

wjq,a lr fkd.;s k ;u fmr

tlu

u`.=,a fmdaref iskg nhla

lsu

jdy osfhaoS u;= jQ ;j;a wnqohla jk kekaod f,a,s .egqu

ms<sn|j o ck lhla u`.ska fy<s fjhs' fndfydarg ldka;djkaf.a m%nkaOhla ug
bv ;sfnk my; lh ;=<ska f,a,sh ;u uduKahg ;ud `oskd wiSre;djka mjihs'
^chfk;a;s 2000( 71&
zzwfma wud wms yef
kekaoud f.hs b`of.k jev
uduKa Tn lsisjla
ne wfuda f oSf.a ld
zzlekaod f kqU wdf uf. mq;=g
kskaod fkd| oshqKj
q f.khkag
iskaod .=K le; fkdlrkav kqfU
kekaod yg fyd|ska jev lrmkak

l=Kkav
.kav
fkdis;kav
bkavZZ
f
f,df
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uq,a lh f,a,shf.a meKs,a, jk w;r ta jk g oEjeoaog jdy

;fhaoS ,e ;snQ jeo.;alu .ek m<uq mofhka bshla fohs' l%ufhka hg;a ;
md,kh iu .%dh iudchg we;=<ajk uqo,a Nd;hg idfmaj .eyeKshf.a w.h
uqo,ska uekSf mqreoao we;s jQ nj zl=KkavZ hk jpkfhka .uH fjhs' fuys
uduKahf.a m%;spdrh o wmQreh' Tyq idkqlmsl kuq;a iduld wjjdohla f,a,shg ,nd
fohs' f yd iudk ;j;a
fiau iq remsh,A

ck lhlska ;reKshla ;u uiaiskdg mjikafka zzkdu,a

ke;=jdg" fm;s f.daur w f.daur ke;sjg" Tfydu l:d fkdlrka

uiaisfka ugZZ f,isks' th o remsh, ta jk g iudcfha fld;r jeo.;a lula .kafka

oehs okjhs' weh tys jkdlu zkdu,a fiau iqZ hk Wmudfjka yjhs' ^chfk;a;s
2000( 62&
21

wOHdmk wjia:d" uqo,a m%p,s; u" mam;alu" mqreIdm;Hh"

kS;Hdkql+, jdyhka" kj iudc mka;s ieliSu yd merKs mrmrd `o jeu" wrlal=
Nd;h jHdma; u jeks fya;= u; fujeks fjkia jk ;;a;aj we;s ;sfnk w;r ta
yereKq g YS>%fhka isjk kd.lrKh yd tA ;=< .ehd wd.ka;=lfhl= u o ls|shka
iska wjOdkhg ,la lr we;' rxpdf.dv <uhd b;du ydiHckl ,S,djlska lshQ my;
lh fld<U iudch l%ufhka fjkia u" tl, .%dh ck;djg blaukska .%yKh
lr .ekSug wiSre jQ wkaou fmkajd fohs' ^m;srK 1990( 47&
zzwfka iqidfkda ux fld<U hk
n,af,d;a fkdlk je, jrld

fldg
.,alsiafia

wgmg wgl=re jev wfma

nh ys;s,d ux osjd .u

.f
Tiafia ZZ

fufia ck l ,difhka o h;a l ,difhkao .eyeKsh iska iudch

fpkh lsu fn!oaO idys;Hh fukau v idys;Hh iu`. o Y% we;s jQ fuu wmQj
idys;H hq.fha is;=re nj jvjhs' ud;r wjh f,i kQ;k oaj;=ka y`kd .kakd fuu
hq.h mn fyajdjig wkqj 1850 o<

jYfhka

ksudjg m;ajkafkah' ^fyajdji

1966(5& tu Wml,amkfha h i;H;djla we;ehs isf;kafka fmr l ls`oshka iska

YDx.drd;aul mlaIhg nrj l rpkd l< o ka miq th h jdrKhlg yiq jkq oelsh
yels neks' fuhg fya;= lsysmhla fjhs' hg;a; wldhg reoaO wksh jHdmdrhla
f,i ldYh jk fn!oaO

mqkjk jHdmdrfha fojk whr ;=< uq,a hq.fha fuka

lkag l rpkfha fndfyda rg YDx.drd;aul ri ckkfha ksoyi ,nd fkdu bka

tlls'
f ;;a;ajh jgyd .ekSug fn!oaO mqkjk jHdmdrfha fojk whr ;=< ys
jk lD;s j, iajrEmh uid ne,Su l< hq;= fjhs' uqK Ys,amh (Printing Culture)
idudkH ck;dj w;r im u;a iu`.u jHdma; jk kj hg;a; frdaOdl,amhka
yd

ixlr jk iudch ixfYdaOk lsu" l=, Ou msysgqu" fYaIfhkau zl=,`.kka Z

22

f,i ykajd fok kj Bkshd ldka;d l=,lhlg .e,fmk ksis phd moaO;shla
ykajdu fukau wu;l hk njg ie<l=k b;sydih" NdIdj" pd;% jd;% w.h lsu
is lr we;' f jk g m%p,s; jk zwdh ixl,amhZ wkq.ukh lrka isxy,hd wdh
cd;shla f,i ykajd foka wdh ia;s%h" wdh we" wdh kdu wd mo Nd;d lsu
fuys ;j;a m%jK;djhls'

^.=ref.a 1965 (31-46" Oum%sh 1937 (48&

fuu mq,a iudc wd.l ixfYdaOk jHdmdrh hka fjk hg;a ; foaYmd,k
frdaO;djl yd wdl cd;sl;ajhla Woamkh lsug ;e;a lsul ,l=Kq o ykd.;
yels jkafkah' zl=,`.kka Z hkqfjka i,lk fuu kj ia;S% l=,lhg ksYa; yr
moaO;shla y`kajd ug fn!oaO mqkjk jHdmdrfha ls%hdld fndfyda msia W;aidy.kq
,enQfha merKs iudch kej; m%;sia:dmkh lsula f,i i,ldhs' fndfyda g
ldjHfYaLrfha ;reK hKshlg ka Wmfoia wdldrfhka r; l fldgia Wlydf.k
tajd fjku

uqKh lr l%uj;a

f,i lsKu
S iuyr msia islr ;sf' fuu

fmd;am;%sld ksudKh l< msia uqyqnv fjr< ;Srfha fYaIfhka mdkr" l;r"
n,msh" .d,a, jeks m%foaYj, ksjeishka u wjOdkhg ,la l< hq;=h' th ngysr fjr<
;Srh yryd ;ka yud .sh klrKfha udre;hg tys jeishka ,nd ka m%n, m%;spdrhla
f,iska o ie,lsh yelsh'
mska iska ia:dms; l<

fuu kj idys;Hhg

tla ksoiqkla jkafka

tiav,st lreKdr;ak kue;a;d 1891 r; zwX.fkdamfoaYhZ k lD;shhs' Tyq

ol=Kq m<df;a msial,a ;ekf.a m%Odk ,smslrefjl= nj i`oyka lrk w;r m[a[dkkao
k yskulf.a YsIHfhl= f,i o mjihs' fuh fmrwmr fo. wdl,am Y% ksuejqKq
kj W.;=kaf.a woyia m%;sn lrjk wmQre uQ,dY%hls' lD;sfha uq,a ljrfha u olajd
;sfnk m zNdhdjka foj.h iy fyd`o Ndhdjla jk l%uhZ tys wka;.;h' tys
;j;a fYaI;ajhla jkafka bx.%Sis isxy, NdId foflkau lD;sh ;=< l rpkd lr

l=, ldka;djkag wdh isxy, we`ula f,i Tih y`kajd f uq,a ld,Sk ;;H ksoiqkla Wm .%ka:fhys
oelafjhs'

23

;suhs' Tyq oerE ;k;=r iudcfha fl;r Wiia jqj;a my; oelafjk lh ;=<ska tl,
fyd`o Ndhdjla f,i i<lkafka W.;a lug jvd iajdhdg wdydr msi ug iu;a
;eke;a;shla jk nj fmfkhs' ^lreKdr;ak 1891( 19&
zzwUqjka fkl

i;g

h;a ug

jehg

iu;a jqj

msiqug

thska iem we;s fh

yskgZZ

tfukau 1929 oS n,msfha B p o fidhsid rpkd l< zl=,`.kTjdZ k lD;sh;a

l=,`.kka fj; ksfoaY md,s; yr moaO;shla ,nd oSug oerE jEhuls' ^fidhsid 1929( 5 &
zzwd.u inji o b;sydi l=,

oyu

wE ieu fyd`o is;a oek tf,i

mej;=u

f,da ieu is; Wjrefka yer

iqu

ud fmu hKshks f m<uq

zzmska zfmdarlhZ k ureuqj

hq;=luZZ
k.sk

bksuka jeksh b;ska mejiq

m`jok

tneka ksu, m;so rlska

ks;sk

le<f,ka fu fok f,i fi;a,kq

fhfykZZ

fuys l;=jrhd ft;sydisl l:d" miam" oiwl=i,a WodyrKhg f.k foka fyd`o
orefjl= ;kk l%uho Wmfoia f,i ;sf'
,xldf rdclSh wdishd;sl i;sfha idudcsfhl= f,i ;ud y`kajd fok taweia
lKlr;ak k ;eke;a;d 1918 zTjd uq;=yr fyj;a ujl iska fjl=g fok ,o
wjjdod;aul ldjH ix.%yhZ hkqfjka fmd;la m, lr we;'
fuu lhd Wmfoia fokafka l=,`.kg j mek hdu kqiqiq njhs' tfiau
b;sydih" l=, isrs;a" W;= wd.u" isy< ni bf.k .kakd f,i wjjdolr we;' fjkia
24

jk iudcfha ta jk g ;reKshkaf.a mqreoaola ;snqKq nj lshk i,ams,aj, ieieu"

kD;H Yd,dj, kqiqiq kD;H ne,Sug hdu fkdfydk njla olajd oyia .Kka /iajk
iNdj,g meKSf l=,`.kkag mKa;hka kskaod lrk nj;a igyka lr we;'
lD;sfhau m,jk mos f fmd; ms<sn`oj iuld,Sk ,laKs myfka l;=jrhd
m%Yxid;aulj l:d lr we;' ^lKlr;ak 1918 (7-10&
f fmd; f.j,aj, we;s oe jk l=, ldka;djka iska mdv fldg
is;ays ord.; hq;=hs' .Ekq <uhskaf.a w;aj, fun Wmfoia wvx.= fmd;a iy
wd.u Ouh wvx.= fmd;am;a i f ld,fhyss fkdfhla fokd iska ;reK
;reKshka f.a Iap;hka g wkqn, ug fmd;am;a fkdug m%fY h
hq;=h' tlsfkld fm%au l< wdldrh olajk fydr ,shq ,shk l%uh W.kajk
fmd;am;a f ld,fhys fnfyka m%isoaO lr;s'
fuys b`.s lr we;ss fmd;am;a j.h k ful, l%ufhka jOkh jk kjl;d
fmd;a h hq;=hs'

kuq;a tl, we;e kjl;d fmd;a mjd m;sj%;d Ouh rlaI d lrk

ia;%Ska w.h lr we;' 1927 uqKh l< zOdk fyj;a fida ueKsldZ g ksoiqkls'
tfiau nn,msh kdYslaIdld i;sfha ud,kS we' lrKdr;ak ixialrKfhka 1925
m, jQ z,xldud;dZ

k i`.rdj ;=< Wvqlhg frlvla muKla we`o isk we;e

.no Wvrg hqj;Ska o Wvqlh ksrej;a is we;e uy ia;%Skao l;=jh Wmydihg lr

mdie,a ke;slu Bg fya;=j f,i mjid ;sf' ^lreKdr;ak 1925( 84& fuu woyia by;
oelajQ l=,l; k rduqj ;=< l%ufhka fjkia jk ia;%S ka;khg fyd`ou ksoiqkah'
;jrg;a tu kj iudch ;=< .e iudcfha ir, we` j,x.= fkdjqK's fuu kj wdf
kdYslaIdld;ajh Wfoid .j, i;s msysgqug uey;a jkafka o w.kqjr f.d.u
l;=kah' ,sms m, lr we;af;a;a fndfyda rg tjeks ms<s.;a l=,j,g inkaO

W.;a

msiah'
fuu i`.rdf ,smshla m<lrk r;af;dg v,s' we' fidauj;S keue;a;sh ia;S%kaf.a
iqjp;dj ms,sn`oj woyia f.dv k.kafka merKs idys;Hfha tk jdiqlS p;h mjd
WodyrKhg .ksks' tysu zmrf,djg ,shqula Z hk uefhka m<jk fodvkaf tAwd
25

l=udris uy;ahf.a l fm<skao merKs m%isoaO isxy, ia;%S p; WodyrKhg .kska

Tjqkaf.a m;sj; yd r;ajh yqjd olajd iuld,Sk ia;s%hf.a phduh fjkial .ydjg
,la lr we;'^lreKdr;ak 1925( 90-92&
;=x.d .=K oy /ls wlal,d

tod

kx.d ;nd .sfhd oEls;= h.

ne|d

x.d f.diska ixlr lgq wl=,

nod

nx.d lrodhs kx.s, t ieu

fuod

wkq,d foah" ydruyd foah" weyef,afmd< l=udyd jeks ia;S%kag l;=jh wdrOkd
lr we;af;a l=,`.k myk o,ajd hkakg meKk f,ihs' .ska .gu yqjd olajk fuu
l=,`.k ixl,amh yq l=,hla flaka lr ia:dms; lsug woyia fkdl< w;r zp;j;a
ia;s%hZ hkq Bg h yels ir,u mhdh mohhs' fuysu ,smshla m<lrk l;r l=iqudj;S
w,fyaka uy;ah ;rula fjkia woyila f.ktka isxy, ;reKshka wkjYH f,i
,ecdu fy<d olskafkah' weh wmr. ldka;djf.a hqKj
q w.h lrhs' ^lreKdr;ak
1925( 94-95&
wo hqfrdamd wmr. rgj, fidfydhqhka

rdcH

md,kh" uka;%S

uKav,h" kS;s iNdj" ffjoH iudch" ll uKav,h hkd fulS fkdlS

Wiia mo fydnjka iskq olakg ,efnhs' ia;S% mlaIfha

jQ wmg th

uy;a mS%;shls
fuys zwmr. rgj, fidfydhqhkaZ" zia;%S mlaIhZ hkq b;d jeo.;a fhh' ia;S%ka
foaYiSud j,ska f;drj fmd wkkH;djla we;s fldgila f,i tl, fudjqka iska
ie<l+ nj tu fh fy<s lrhs' f,aldjf.a ;k;=r o b;d jeo.;ah' l,uq,af,a
jvqf.dv YS% chdrdu ffp;H idOld i;sfha m%Odk f,aldj f,i wE ;ud y`kajd
we;' ta miqu ;=< weh ia;%Ska O Wiia ;k;=re ,nd .ekSu jeo.;a ixisoahla fia
mdGlhdg fmkajhs' ia;%shf.a iodpdrj;a nj tu iudch ;=< W;a;rdfrdamKh lrkd

26

fuu msia tfukau tl, wOHdmk ;;a;ajfha jOkhka u yd iu.dj tk ldka;d

fiajd kshqla;Ska ms<sn`oj o mdGl wjOdkh fhduq lrjhs'
fujka

YS>%

fjkial

iudcuh

jYfhkao

u;jduh

jYfhkao

we;sjk

mj;kSh ld,mfohl ud;r lshkaf.a .=re l=,hg kEl lshk t;r ia;%S
ka;khla bhg f.k tka le;ska is,ajd ydfka k ;eke;a;sh 1894
zw`.k.=KomKZ k ldjH ix.%yh rpkd lrhs' je,s;r m%foaYfha mx ldka;djl jk
wef.a lD;sh uik g by< Ydia;%Sh wOHdmkh ,enQ iNdjH ugf lD;s mYS,kh
l< ksoyia ka;khla Wreu lr .;a ldka;djl nj ;yjqre jkafkah' weh lD;sh rpkd
lr we;af;a zr;sjdohZ k l fmd;lg ms<s;=re fmd;la f,isks' lsh iska
r;sjdoh ykajd we;af;a ish ia;%Skag wN+;fhka .yd lrk ,o fmd;la f,ihs'
yekaf ;ukaf.a fuu ldjH ix.%yh ms<sn|j l;=jh my; woyia olajhs' ^is,ajd
1894( i&

fuhska wOu wh ia;%S mqreI fomCIfhau we;s jQ nj hym;a wh ia;%S

ixLHdf je jQ njo ia;%Skag .erySu wkqjklula njo m%ldY f'
mqreIhka iska ia;%shg .yd l< fndfyda fmd;a we;s kuq;a
ia;%shla iska ia;%skaf.a hym;alu m%ldY fldg l< tlu fmd;
flhs' ia;%Ska iska fuh bf.k.; hq;=hs' f.eKu g oY
.=Khlska muK f,dl= fmd;la lr
fuu l ;=< .yk woyia o b;d mq,a [a[dKuh ,CIKhka Yo lrhs'
weh cd;l wgqjdj" omshd wgqjdj" rijdysKh
s " oywgmd,sh" weye<fmd< kdglh"
mdrdld fmd;" WmfoaY NdIsKS" rdcj,sh jeks lD;s weiqka hym;a iy .=Kj;a ia;%S p;
o widOdrKhg ,la jQ ia;%Ska ms<sn| mqj;a o WodyrKhg f.k foka l rpkd lr we;'
isxy,g mj;kh fkdl< we;e bx.%sis ls;=Kq fmd;am;a mYs,kh lr ;su wef.a oa
NdId yelshdj m%lg lrkakls' ia;s%hf.a ;;a;ajh Yaf,aIKfha Y% ixialD;sl
u;jdohka f.k tka mqreIdm;H mSvkfha tald;al;dj fmkajk weh nhsn,fhka
27

mjd ksoiqka /f.k we;' fuu ;eke;a;sh zbiafldaf,a ydfkaZ flfkl= f,i i|yka
lrk wcqk mrdl%u weh tA ;=<ska h iudc ;rd;srula f.dv k`.d f.k ;sfnkakg
we;ehs fmkajd fokafkah' ^Parakrama N.D.:2-8&
lsh wka;.;fha we;s l ;=< mskag O wNsfhda. lr ;sf' ksoiqka
f,i 26" 27" 28" 29 lj, wjidk mo oelah yelsh' zmrmK kikafkda .eyeKqyqo
mso" fidrl lrkafka jefok msuu h" lu;a ir jvd yeisfrkafkda ljryqo"
uq,ska fndre lSf;a oeka lshfk;a mshZ g ksoiqka h' 30 fjks lh tA jk g
fjkiajk iudc l%uh ;=< mskaf.a ixlSK yeis fpkhg ,la lrhs' ^is,ajd 1894
(5&

;enErej,g jeo,d iqrd

f,dnd iQ uvqj,

fndk
fl<sk

,nd .K ksia lh fndfyda ,n

jk

fkdnd lshj ms u fkdfjo je

fok

weh i;ajk lfha .eyeKqkaf.a kq.=K lshk mskag ;ud uy nUq k b;d
m%pKav fukau wYaYS, ovqjula ,nd fok nj mjid ;sf' tu lh ud;r ls mrmqf
wixjrYs,S" wdf.Ys,S kuq;a hqla;sh whk l;ajhg h<s mK ,nduls' .eyeKshf.a
iudc ldhNdrh wgjk lfha jKkd lrk lsh f,dj mqyq fkdfjo .eyeKqyq
fuf,dj ke;s i| f,i uihs' ^is,ajd 1894( 8&

lD;sh iuia;hla f,i .;a l, l;=jh Wmka m%foaYh;a wE i,d.u l=,hg

whs;su;a b;d jeo.;ah' tfiau wef.a ;lk yelshdj yd Ihka ms<sn| mK; njo
me;sreKq mrdihl .%ka: Nd;h o w.h l< hq;=h' b;d yeSnrj ldka;d mdYajh
ksfhdackh lr ;snqk;a .egj jkafka lD;sh wm%lg u;a msgm;a b;d ,N u;ah'
l;=jh ;u yekaf fmd;g uqo,a wdOdr ,ndfok f,i;a bka oi .=Khla Yd,
fujeks fmd;la lsu wfmaCIs; nj;a mejiqj o fmd; yd l;=jh ms<sn| u;lh je,s;r
28

iudcfhka mjd l%ufhka uelS f.dia ;sf' .cuka fkdakdg fuka iudc u;lhla wehg
,nd fkdue;' wm fuu lreK fn!oaO mqkjk jHdmdrfha fojk wjfha mej;s
iudc ikaoNfha,d ykd.kakd g ldka;djkaf.a iodpdrh fmr WmfoaYd;aul lD;s
weiqka fmkajdka whqka Wiia fldg ie,l+jd i fuf,i mqreIdm;Hhg idyisl
f,i tfrysu fjkiajk iudch iska w.h lrkq fkd,eKs' tA wkqj wk.=KomK
lsh me;+ m wehg idys;H fCIA;%fha ie<lsh hq;= b .ukla fkd,enqkdh' f
wkqj 1894 jk g;a ixlSK jk hg;a; iudcfha kj wdldrhlska ia:dms; lrk
mqrdIdm;Hhg tfrysj iy iudc widOdrKhkag tfrysj lshka ysu is jqj;a th
mj;ajdf.k hdug b;d wiSre ldhhla nj fmfka' flfia jqjo fuu wjidk whf
l l%lj isjk iudc mj;khka Odldrfhka .%yKh lr .kska mej;s
im%odhsl ixia:djkao iqrCIs; lr.kska wmQj ixl,kd;aul iajrEmhlska ia;%S
[a[dKh mdGlhd fj; f.k;a ;sf'
f wkaoka u lrdj iy f.d.u l=,h w;r jQ l=,jdohka w;rg o ldka;djka
m%fY u oelsh yelsh' lrdj l=,fhau rldhl jQ jIykake`f.a t,sid fidhsid
1904 ,shQ zfljq,a frd flda,uZ k l fmd; thg kso iqkls' l;=jh ;ud iqm%isoaO
fcdfrdaksiao fidhsidf.a hKshl nj m%ldY lrkakSh' kuq;a ft;sydisl idlaIs wkqj
fidhsid mjqf,a tjka hKshl isg ke;' tfukau ls`h ;u /lshdj f,i mdkf
hmf<a fldams lvhl lEu fj<`od lsu olajd

we;' fidhsid mjq, hqKf

q

ysKf
s m;a;g ke`. tys mq;a pd,aia o fidhsid rcfha iduodk ksYaphldr OQrhlskao ms
,enQ ful, fujeks my;a iudc ;,fha iqcd; hKshl fcdfrdaksia o fidhsidg ish
fkdyelsh' tneka ls`hf.a wkkH;djh jHdchla nj;a weh lrdj l=, frda
mdYjhlska fufyh fidhsid mjq, wmyiq;djhg m;a lsug ;e;a l< nj;a fmfkhs'
ls`hf.a uqLH wruqK we;af;a ;u iajdhd f,i y`kajk 'B''weia' chiQh k
lfhl=f.a zpd;%ud,dodufokshZ k lD;shlg ;ka ks.%y lsuhs' tys weh tu
lD;sfhka iy ;j;a kj l=, jdo fmd;a /ilska f.k tk w;a ft;sydisl ;lhla jk
29

lrdj l=,h fl!rj jxYjg wh;a hehs lSu ksoh f,i fy,d olshs' tys wYaYS, lgql
NdIdjla Nd;d lrka ;u iajdhd we;= lrdj l=,slhskaf.a p;j, wvqmdvq yd
wixjr ;eka fmkajd fok weh lrdj l=,h frd l=,fhka iNjh jQ nj ixhufhka
f;drj ;l lrhs' tl, is ksNh ia;%shlf.a iudcuh yd .Dyuh wNsfhda.hla f,i
lD;sh y`kajd h yels kuq;a isxy, lfha jHla; nj yd ixjr nj fmd uyck;dj
w;ka ysj tk we;e kQ.;a ls`hka w;ska .s,syS .sh nj ka fmfkhs' ;udf.ka
fjkajQ

iajdhdf.a my;a p; ,laIK yd

isjQ widOdrKh yqjd olajkjdg jvd ta

weiqka lrdj l=,h f.k tk kj l=, iNjh ms<sn`o u;jdohka wYaYS, f,i `o oeu
ls`hf.a ienE wruqK jQ nj fmfkhs' ^fidhsid 1904( 5-6&

fuf,i mD;=.Sis hq.fha isgu uqyqnv we;s jQ hg;a;jdkaf.a fjkia md,k

ixia:d iy iudc ixl,khka fya;=fjka ia;%shf.a iudc ;;a;ajho O fjkialj,g
Ndckh h' fYaIfhkau uykqjr yska iy fn!oaO im%odhka Y% jQ fjk;a ud,sfha
foaYSh wkkH;djhla f.dvke.su;a fn!oaO mqkjk jHdmdrfha m<uq whf tu
wkkH;djh my; rgg msiSu;a yryd my; rg iudch ;=< foaYSh;ajh;a foaYSh
wdNdih;a Y% jQ fjkia wkql,khla h' f ksid l%ufhka mj;kh jk iudch
;=< ia;%S [a[dKh o Odldr f,i fjkia l j,g n`ka jQ w;r ia;%shg woyia
m%ldY lsf ksoyi Wmu jYfhka ,ndka lh ;=<ska th iudchg m%ldY lsf
wjldYh weh <`.d lr .;a;dh' ka miq hq.fha fvdkfuda fldIka iNdjg idCIs
ug ;r yelshdj we;s ldka;d i;s ysjkakd fiau ldka;d kdhsldfjda b;du l%shdld
f,i iudcfha fndfyda lghq;=j, bhg wdjdy' fldiu bfha idlaIs ka f msia
zldka;djkaf.a Pkao ix.uhZ ksfhdackh lrka meKs w;r B' wd ;uq;a;= uy;ah
iy mS' B' o is,ajd uy;ah wd f,i Tjqkaf.a k jd;dj ;=< igyka fjhs' ^fvdkfuda
jd;dj 1962( 212& 1933 iQh u,a jHmdrh ;=< msysg jQ ueo fld<U ;reK ix.ufha
ldrl iNdf iNdm;sksh jQ fvdrSka l%uisxy fujeks /l,ajd ldka;djls ' weh tA jk
30

g wdkkao nd,sld oHd,fha m%Odkdpdhjhs' tu wdpdh uKav,fha u idudldjka jQ

fy,ka o w,aia" Bjd o ue,a" jh, .uf.a" ,s,shka nKavdrkdhl iy ks*% is,ajd
jeks ldka;djka fvdkaf.a ksjfia lymdg iQh u,a ;ekSf yd lsKf
S ksr; h'
^chjOk 2009(165- 166&
fufia ud;r hq.fha lshka ,enQ ksoyi miqj h h wjia:dj, iSud l<;a
zl=,`.kZ hk rduqfjys iodpdruh jYfhka isr jqj o hg;a ; hq.fha ia;s%h mqkjk
jHdmdrhg Yla;shla fjka ; frda jHmdrhg .ska .gu ;u odhl;ajh
iemhQjdh' ta wkqj ,xldf ia;s%hf.a iudcuh ldhNdrfha isjk fjkial yd ia;%S
[a[dKfha we;s jk mj;khka ft;sydisl jYfhka we;s jk ;;a;ajhkaf.a
m%;sM,hla i ngyska f.k ;a W;a;rdfrdamKh l< fohla fkdjk nj ;yjqre fjhs'

wdYs%; .%ka: kdudj,sh

1

wNhr;ak" ' t' tia'" ^1898& l Ksyr - m%:u Nd.h" oHdm%ido hka;%d,h'

lklr;ak" ta' ' weia' " ^1918& Tjd uq;=yr" mru {d: fn!oaO iud.f
wOHdmk uKavmfha m%ldYhls'

lreKd;s,l" we' ' ' " ^1927& Odk fyj;a fida ueKsld" oHdl,am"
lE.,a,'

lreKd;s,l" ud,kS we ^ixia&" ^1925& ,xld ud;d udisl i`.rdj"ND

lreKdr;ak" weia' v,s' we'" ^1891& zwX.fkdamfoaYZ fyj;a Ndhdjka foj.h

iy fyd`o Ndhdjl jk l%uh" fcdaia f*dkafiald iy mq;% uqK" fld<U'

.=Kfialr" nkafiak" ^1977& oe;r fYdal ud,h" tia' f.dvf.a iy iud.u'

31

.=Kfialr" nkafiak" ^1991& .cuka fkdakdf.a l iSmo" tia' f.dvf.a iy

iud.u'

.=ref.a" wdkkao" ^1965& Oumd, ,sms" rcfha uqKd,h" fld<U'

chfk;a;s" ohdmd, "^2000& ixjdo ldjH ix.%yh" tia f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda'

10 chfk;a;s" rfId" zzoyku jk ishji w. Nd.fha werfUk YS% ,xldf fn!oaO

mqkjk jHdmdrh iy tys l%shdld njZZ" ^2009& mQcd m%idokS" ixia' y.=rkafl;
rdkkao we;= msi" fn!oaO lghq;= fomd;fka;=j'
11 chjOk" l=ud" ^2006& fidlalka f,dlalka jQ j.hs" fld<U(iudc oHd{hkaf.a
ix.uh'
12 chjOk" l=ud" ^2009& YS% ,xldf llre mx;s jHdmdrfha fl b;sydih 18931947" iudc oHd{hkaf.a ix.uh'
13 fvdkfuda j;dj" ^1962& ,xldKavqf uqKdf,fha uqs;hs'
14 ;srepkaka" fi,a" zzia;%Sjdoh ksjpkh iy j.SlrKhZZ" ksfokS" fju 2"
ldKa( 2" 1995 foien" ldka;d wOHhk mfhaIK flakah'
15 Oum%sh" wk.dl" ^1937& wo " .%ka:doY m%ldYk" urodk'
16 kkaodj;S" ' ' ^1936& ldka;d m%fndaOh wxl 1" fld<U frdah,a hka;%d,h'
17 kjr;ak nKavdr" ta' t' ^2007& %;dkH hg;a ; hq.fha Y%S ,xldf cd;sl
jHdmdrh" *dia m,sIska ,sg" fld<U'
18 m;srK" yn" ^1990& reyqKq l" ixialD; lghq;= fomd;fka;=j m%ldYk
19 mSia" /,a*a" ^2000& isxy, iudc ixOdkh( uykqjr hq.h" isKq m%ldYk"
fndr,eia.uqj'
32

20 m%kdka f' ' ^1917& .cuka m%nkaO" .%ka: m%ldY uqKd,h" fld<U'
21 frdia,ska fv,aud" zzia;%Sjdoh w: ksrEmKh lsu yd ia;S%jd kHdhZZ" ksfokS
2003 foien" ldka;d wOHhk mfhaIK flakah'
22 ,xldf

wOHdmkh"

^1969&

ishji

m%ldYk

I"

wOHdmk

yd

ixialD;sl

wud;HdxYfha m%ldYkhls'
23 jdiair"

fldg.u

^2002&

irKxlr

ix>rdc

iuh"

isKq

m%ldYk"

fndr,eia.uqj'
24 is,ajd" weka' le;ska" ^1894& w`.k.=KomK" je,sf;dg oHdr;akdlr hka;%d,h" in
Arjuna Parakrama, "The case of the missing Authors: seeing through transparency
in a womens text", ND (Photocopy in Ceylon room, The main library,
University of Peradeniya)
25 fifkr;ak"

ks'n'ud'"

^1964&

isxy,

ldjH

ix.%yh-ud;r

hq.h"

cd;sl

fl!;=ld.dr m%ldYk
26 fidhsid" t,sid" ^1904& fljq,a frd flda,u" fudrgqj uqKd,h" fudrgqj
27 fidaudkkao" f;meye" ^1980& isxy, ud, l ix.%yh" Y%S ,xld hqfkiaflda cd;l
uKav,h '
28 fyajdji" m' n' '" ^1966& ud;r hq.fha idys;HOrfhda iy idys;H ksnkaOk"
rcfha uqKd, fomd;fka;=j" fld<U

1'

Malalgoda K. Buddhism in Sinhalese Society 1750-1900 (1976) Los Angeles:

University of California Press.
33

2' Parakrama Arjuna, ND, "The case of the missing Authors: seeing througbh
transparency in a womens text", ND (Photocopy in Ceylon room, The main
library, University of Peradeniya)

34

Wm.%ka:h - fj<`o i,lska ksl=;a l< w;a m;%sldjls - 1912

35