1

ol=Kq wdishdf merKs iudchkays m%p,s; wd.l ixl,amhkays .e jQ

mS;DuQ,sl w.hka
rfId chfk;a;s" b;sydi wOHhk wxYh" fmardfoKsh YajoHd,h

mS;DuQ,sl;ajh hkq merKs iudcj, fiau kQ;k iudcj,o tlfia n,meje;afjk m%mxphls
mS;DuQ,sl;ajh fyj;a Patria ^mjq,& iy Archy ^md,kh& hk w:h .ejQ 'Patriachy' hk
moh .%Sl niska ` wd mohls ^,shkf.a" 2006( 30& tys uQ,sl w:h jkafka mjqf,a jeuy,a
mqreIhd tu mjq, ;=< jhiska wvq mska yd ia;%Ska md,kh lsu hkakhs tfia ke;sk
mshdf.a fyda l=, fogqjdf.a md,khhs kuq;a iudch ldYh f fuu moh jvd;a fmd
jYfhka Nd;d lrkafka mqreI wdm;Hh .ek fyda mska ia;%Skaj wNsNjd isk iudcuh
n, in`ol .ek .%y lsug fhdod .ekSughs ol=Kq wdishdf f i`oyd Nd; lrk
foaYSh NdIduh jHjyrhka jkafka yska niska zms;%i;a;Z" W niska zmsodIys Z nx.,s niska
zms;D;ka;%Z hkqfjka o fjhs ^Ndiska" 2004( 01-02& mS;DuQ,sl;ajh hkafkka ir< f,i mjqf,a
jeu,a mqreIhd jhiska wvq ms idudlhka" ia;%Ska" oeis oeiaika u; m;=rejk wdm;Hh
f,i uelaia fjn woyia l< o th kQ;k iudcfha ia;%Sjd u;jdo iu`. jvd;a mq ,a
w:fhka .%y flf ^,shkf.a" 2006( 30-32& tys ia;%Ska u; megfjk mqreIhkaf.a
wdm;Hh" mqreIhka iska ia;%Ska md,kh lrkq ,nk wdldrh yd ia;%Skag iudch i,lk
wdldrh fukau l,la ;siafia th jOkh jQ wdldrh ye`.fjhs ^,shkf.a" 2006( 30-32& f
wkqj mjq, ;=< muKla fkdj wksl=;a iEu iudc" wdl" wd.l yd foam< ixOdkhka
;=<u mS;DuQ,sl nj ksid ia;%sh wm%Odk ;;a;ajhg m;afjhs lu,d ,shkf.a fmkajd fok
wkaoug mqreIdm;Hh idudkH fohla f,i ie<flk m th iudc.; fldg ;sf mjq,
;=< fukau fjk;a iudc ixOdk ;=< mqreIdm;Hh iajdNdl fohla f,i .efkk
;rug th iudcdkqfhdackh lsf l%shdj,sfha mqreIhka muKla fkdj ia;%Ska o lghq;= lr
we; (Tong, 1989: 2-6).

f wkqj iudcfha wfOda jHqyhka iu`. ixia:d.;j mj;ska ixl,amS huh Yla;su;a
Ndjhla we;s jHdma;s; zmqreIdm;HhZ ia;%shf.a iudcuh phdjka md,kh lrkq ,nhs f
wkqj iudcfha ks; jHqyhla jk wd.l ixia:d jeks woDYHudk fCIa;%hkays
mqreIdm;Hh jvd;a n, .ekafjk nj ldka;djd oaj;=kaf.a woyihs fYaIfhkau wgq ;s
moaO;shla Tiafia iudch md,kh lsug lem jQ wd.l ixia:dj, mekfjk ixl,amSh uh
rduQka fukau pd;%-jd;% wdh ixialD;sluh f,iska jvd;a n,mdkq ,nkafka ia;%sh
Ifhysh' fndfyda wd.j, ia;%sh md,kh lsu fukau ia;%sh tu wd.l ksldhkaf.a

2
wjidk wNs,dI idOkfha mqreIhdg jvd kqiqiq ;;;ajhl u jeks lreKq biau;= lr
olajd we; fndfyda g mqreIhdg idfmaCIj ia;%sh wm%Odk ;eklg m;alrkq we;e
im%odhdkql+, wd.l wdh;kj, oelsh yelsh' fuu ixl,amh woDYHudk f,i jHdma;
ia;%sh fndfyda wd.j, mdY=oauh wjia:d ksfhdackh lsug kqiqiq wm;%" ls<s iys;
;eke;a;shla f,i olajd ;sf fuu lreK ;yjqre lsf ia;%shf.a iajdNdl j
oHd;aul ixisoaka iy j,;d biau;= lr olajd we;
tneka fYaIfhkau ol=Kq wdishdf m%p,s; merKs wd. mqreIuQ,sl oDIahlska
ldka;dj flfrys l%shd lr we;s njg fmd u;hla f.dvke`.S we; f ms<sn`oj ;=,kd;aulj
Yaf,aIKh lr ne,Su w;HjYH idOlhla jkafka kQ;k ixl,amhla jk mqreIdm;Hh
;=<ska merKs ol=Kq wdishdkq iudcfha mriamr;d iys;j mj;ajdf.k wd fjkia wd.l
ixia:d lsysmhla talSh mokulska .%y lsu fl;r W; o hk .egj ksidfjks ol=Kq
wdishdf YsIagdpdrh wdrNfha jOkh jk fndfyda wd.l ixl,am o ,s; YsIagdpdrh
wdrN jQ miq jOkh jk wd.l ixl,am o w;r ld,dkqrEmSj fndfyda mriamr;d we;
tneka talSh mqreIdm;Huh w.hla fuu wd.j, oelsh yelshehs ;l l< fkdyelsh
tfiau mqreIdm;Hh tu iudcfha n, meje;ajkafka o" th idOdrKo" widOdrKo fukau
iudcdkql+,o hk idOl o ie,lsh hq;=h' wd.l ixl,am yd wkqnoaO mqreIuQ,sl;ajh talSh
iajrEmhlska .%y l< fkdyelafla ol=Kq wdishdkq iudch foaYmd,k" wdl idOl u;
mokj tajd ld,dkqrEmj fjkiajk neks
tfiau we;e oaj;=ka ;l lrk m wo y`kd .kakd kQ;k mqreIdm;Hh k
ixl,amh m%n,j mej;=kd hehs i,lk merKs iudcj, ia;%ska wd.l yd ixialD;sl
ldhNdrhkays wog;a jvd je jrm%idohla N=la;s `o we; tneka mqreIhdg idfmaCIj
ia;%sh wm%Odk ;;a;ajhg m;alr ;su iEu ld,hlgu fmd mS;D uQ,sl;ajh wksjdh
idOlhla o hkak .eg`Mjlss fu,i mS;DuQ,sl ixl,am u; mok jQ iudc wdh;k ;=< n,h
yd wdm;Hh flaka.; lsug mqreI uQ,sl;ajh fhdodf.k ;sfnkq oelsh yelsh wd.u ;=<
.ejkafka mqreI uQ,sl;ajh flfia o hk lreK mskaf.a n,h yd wdm;Hh hk idOl
u; fndfyda g .%y l< yelsh b;sydih ixialD;sh iy iudc pd;% mjd n,h yd
wdm;Hh u`.ska md,kh fjhs ^,shkf.a" 2006( 33& iudcfha tald;al nj mj;ajd .ekSug
fuu n,h yd wdm;Hh iudc jHqyhg w;HjYH f fndfyda g th oDYHudk n,hlg
tk foaYmd,k yd mmd,kuh jeks Wm jHqyh /` we;s n,hlg jvd wfOda jHqyhka yd
noaO jQ woDYHudk n,hla fjhs wd.u fuys lemS fmfkkafka iudch md,kh lsf jvd
jHqy.; yd l,amj;sk ixOdkd;aul wdh;khka jk ksidh fndfyda iudcj, ixialD;sl
ixl,am yd yev .eiS wd.l ixl,amj, jHdma;sh u; r`od mj;akafkah
wd.u" ixialD;sh iy iudcuh moaO;sfha OQrdj,sh taldnoaO wdh;khka jkafka
fuf,ihs ol=Kq wdishdf merKs f.d iudcj, fYaIfhkau bkahdj ;=< n,h yd

3
wdm;Hhh wd.l wdl,am fj;ska ksKh flreKq w;r ta u; wdl idOl fukau
foaYmd,k wdh;k o rdYs.; uh merKs f.d iudcj, fuu n, jHqyfha irKh ;=<
f.d;ekg iy hqoaOhg w;HjYH Y%uhla mj;sk jvd Yla;su;a mshdf.a ldhNdrh w.h
flreKq w;r ta ;=< mS;D uQ,sl;ajhg ,enqKq wdl,amuh m%uqL;ajh idOdrKSlrKh flreKs
tfiau lDIsl iudch iajNdj Ouh yd taldnoaO jQ m%d:l Yajdi iuqodhla u; mok jQ
ksid Tjqkaf.a iuia; iudc cd,h ;=< wd.l Yajdij,g je ;ekla ,ndu lemS fmfka
fuh .eyeKshf.a iudc ;h" foaYmd,k yd wdl whs;Ska fukau iodpdruh yd
ixialD;sl yev .eiS wd.u u.ska md,kh lsug je bvla ,ndka w;r tys wd.l
Yajdi yd n,h ksrka;rfhka wfkl=;a jHqyhkays wdm;shd jQ mqreIhd fj; ;ndf.k
;snqKs teneka wd.f mQcljreka fyda Y%uKhkaf.a wdm;Hh mqreI uQ,sl jQ w;r ol=Kq
wdishdf fndfyda m%d:l wd.j, ksud;D ms<sn`o ixl,amhka" foajksudKhka iy
wfkl=;a mdr f,!lsl Yajdi o mqreI flkaSh mokula u; r`od mej;=Ks
ol=Kq wdishdj" wdishdf N+f.da,Sh l,dmh ;=< iqfYaIS w.hla .kafka th bka
flakaSh ixialD;shla yd odYksluh moaO;shlska hqla; u ksihs tneka bkahdkq
flakafhka ysj l,dmfha irKh jQ fndfyda wd.l" odYksl yd ixialD;sl yev .eiS
ol=Kq wdishdjg h wdfKsl wkkH;djla ,nd we; tksid fuu wOHhkfha uQ,slju
ol=Kq wdishdf fndfyda m%p,s; wd.l ixl,am wdrNl ;;a;aj iksgqjyka lrk
bkahdf uq,a wjkays tu wd.j, mej;s mqreIdm;Hh ixl,amhka uYkhg n`ka
fjhs
bkahdf m%d.a ,s; ft;sydisl hq.h ksfhdackh lrka bkahdkq YsIagdpdrfha
m%drNl wjia:dj fmkajk bka ksk YsIagdpdr hq.h ;=< mej;s wd.l ixl,am yd tys
.e jQ mqreIdm;Hh w.hkays iajrEmh ms<sn`oj m%:ufhka wjOdkh fhduq fjhs bka ksk
YsIagdpdrh `o ouka bkahdf ;u YsIagdpdrh jHdma; lrk zffjl wdhhkaZ f,i
fmdf wjOdkhg ,la flreKq ngyska ixl%uKh jQ ck;djf.a wd.l ixl,am bla;sj
y`kd .kakd w;r fuh ffjl hq.h iy mYapd;a ffjl hq.h f,i fNaokh lr
olajka wOHhkh lrkq ,ef mYapd;a ffjlhq.h iqfYaIS jkafka yska wd.f uq,a
iajrEmh ixl,amSuh jYfhka l%ufhka iudch ;=< ia:djr fjoa tu ka;kuh wdm;Hhg
tfrysj kj wd.l odYksl .=rel=, lsysmhla bkahdf mek ke`.Suhss fuu hq.h
bkahdkq b;sydih yeoEf fidf<dia uyd ckmo hq.h fyda nqoaOld,Sk hq.h f,i
y`kd.kakd w;r merKs idm%odhsl ffjl iudc" foaYmd,k" wdl rgdfjka mndysr jQ
kj wdl yd foaYmd,k moaO;shla b;d ixlSK wxf.damdx. iys;j jOkh jkq
fidf<diauy ckmo hq.fha oelsh yelsh g fmr iudcfha ka;kuh wdm;Hh fyn jQ
n%dyauK l=,hg foaYmd,k fCIa;%h fj; o oe n,mEula l< yels jQj;a fidf<diauy ckmo
hq.fha fuu l=, ia:rdhkfha ;snQ n,h yd wdm;Hfha h fjkialulg n`ka fjhs' tys
foaYmd,kh ;=< n,h orka uyd ckmoj, kdhlhkajk CI;%sh l=,sl rcqka bhg tau;a
ckmo w;r wdl ;r`.hla we;s u;a oelsh yelsh jOkh jk kj jdKsc wjia:dj,

4
Wmu idM,H;djh ckmoj,g w;alr fok ffjYH l=,hg iudc ia:rdhkfha kj
jeo.;alula ys jQ w;r p;= jK Ouhkaf.a f;jk fldgig wh;a jQ nj iudcfha mej;s
idm%odhsl ka;kuh wdm;Hh iska isl< wvq ie<lSu ksid Tjqka kj odYksl
ka;dj,Ska fj;g keUqrejkakg h tneka fidf<dia uy ckmo hq.fha O nqoauh
ka;khka yd oYkhka biau;= jkakg jQ w;r fndfyda msia iudkodYksl .eg
iuqodhlg kj w:l:k foka kk;u wdOHd;al l%ufo Tiafia mqyqKq jk
wkq.dlhka /ila ixOdkh lr nyqO ksldhka f,i fmkS is nj fmfkhs nqka
jykafia f ksldhka ms<sn`o wjOdkh fhduq lrka foiegla :HdoDIaka f,i Tjqka
ye`kajQ fial f w;r iuyr kj wd. mYapd;a ckmo wrdcHuh hq.fha mjd m%p,s;
ug iu;a jQ w;r tajd w;r fn!oaO yd ffck wd.u m%n, fjhs fuu moku u; m<uqj
Ndr;Sh wd.l ixl,amj, m%d.a ft;sydisl hq.h ksfhdackh lrkd bka ksk hq.h fj;
msish hq;=h'
bka ksk YsIagdpdruh hq.h
ngysr bkakskfha nlsia:dk m%foaYj, fida kskfha iy l=,a,s ixialD;sh weiqka
m<uqj bka ksk hq.hg wh;a ldka;d foaj rEm yuqf l=,a,s ixialD;sh jvd;a uq,a ld,Sk
jk w;r rEmj, wkkH;d jYfhka wdNrK nyq, nj" uqyqKq t;r iia;r ke; fida
kskfha o yuqjkafka Wvqlh rEm muKs kuq;a l=,a,s ;r wdNrK ke;s w;r Yd, weia"
mgq uqj" Yd, kdia we; lemS fmfkk mshhqre jvd;a oDYHudkj fmfka bka ksk k.r
YsIagdpdrfha foaj;d rEm.;a l, ksrej;a rEm nyq, f,i jkaokhg ,la jQ nj fmfka
Tjqkaf.ka ud;D;ajh yd iY%Sl;ajh wfmaCIs;h' is;=re wdNrK we;e g Tjqkaf.a
iY%Sl;ajh fmkajkjd fyda tl, ldka;djkaf.a fmd fudaia;r fmkajkjd h yelsh' jvd;a
rEmS uqyqKq we;e g Tjqkaf.a fm!reIh fmkajkjd h yelsh ke;sk o< legh
Ys,amfha wkkH;dj fmkajkjd h yelsh' bka ksk foaj;d rEmj, ;shqKq b`." Yd,
msfhdhqre" mq,a Wl=," ckfkakash m%foaYh yqjd olajd ;sf ldka;d .NdIhg fyda m%ckk
m%foaYj,g iuyr rEmj, je wjOdkhla we;' ka we;eg .NkS Ndjh ye`.fjk nj
ie,lsh yelsh tl, YsIagdpdrh jHdma;sh i`oyd m%ckk ldhh w;HjYH h' fuu foaj;d
rEm j,ska ksrEms; ia;S%;ajh ;=<ska ixfla;j;a jkafka ljr iudcuh ldhhlao hkak
oaj;ayq w:l:kh lr;s' ud;Dfoj`.k weoySu" iY%Sl;ajh bka woyia f hehs we;eyq
mji;s' tfiau uOH;k yska foaj;ajh ld,s ixl,amh ksfhdackh lrkd uq,a Yla;s jdoh
ka ksrEmKh fhehs fmkajd fo;s' tla uqdjl ldka;d fhdaksfhka me<hla tau olajk w;r
th iYS%l;ajfha ixfla;hla f,i ie,fla' f wkqj ia;%shlf.a ufkdaoHdjg jvd Ydl
oHdjg uq,a ;ekla we;s nj we;e oaj;ayq fmkajd fo;s fuys uQ,sl wruqKq folla fuu
rEmj,ska ksrEms; foj`.kf.ka wfmaCId flreKs tk lDIs wdlfha iY%Sl;ajh yd ish
jfha ixfla;h bka woyia f hehs ie,fla (Kinsley,1987: 214-215).

5
kuq;a .vd ,kf.a kHdhd;aul woyia i,ld n,k g fuu ud;D foj`.k weoySu
mjd mqreI uQ,sl ka;k moaO;sfha m%;sM,hla f,i ie<lsh yelsh ,k olajk m
ldka;djf.a mqk-ksIamdok yelshdj yd ud;D;ajh iudch iska wehg we;s ,dN
b,lalhls th foaj;ajh yd ks;r inkaO lrkq ,efnhs ud;D;ajh ys .eyeKsh iudcfha
jHuh w.hla ,nk w;r wys .eyeKsh fldkaug ,laf hqo iudc yd f.da;%sl tf`r
fyda lDIsl iudcj, mshd YsIag ldh Yla;sh ksid ovhlrejd" hqo rejd fyda wksl=;a
wdl lghq;=j, fhfokakka f,i iudcfha f.!rjhg md;% jQ w;r ia;%shg f.!rjh
,nd.; yelsjQfha tu iudcfha r`od mj;sk ud;D;ajh yd iY%Sl;ajfha ksfhdackh u;hs ta
wkqj .,a hq.fha isg ia;%S mqreI ,sx. fNaokh Y%u moku u; i,ld.;a w;r mskaf.a
iajdNdl iqms nj iudch ;=< we.hqug ,la f (Lerner, 1986; 16-18). f u;h bka
ksukhg wdfoaY lsf tys wd.l ixl,amo mqreIuQ,sl;ajfhka uqla; fkdjQ nj fmfkhs'
R.affjosl hq.h
fmr i`oyka jQ m Ndr;Sh flakafha ksIamkak ol=Kq wdish dj mqrd jHdma; jQ
wd. w;r b;d m%n, f,i m%p,s; jQ yska wd.f uq,a iajrEmh yd mYapd;a iajrEmhkays
wkkH;d O;ajhlska hq;=j i,lka fuys uish hq;=h yska wd.u foaj uKav, ms<sn`o
ixl,amfha isg talfoajFjhla lrd l%lj ldYh jQ iuia; bkahdkq iudc moaO;shu
n,mEug ,lal< oyuls yska wd.f f,dalh ueu" foaj uKav," fuu foaj uKav,j,
mqreI fojreka yd ia;%S fojreka w;r we;s fNao kh fukau wfkl=;a ixl,amj, yd
pd;%jd;%j, we;s mS;DuQ,sl w.hka myiqfjka y`kd.; yels w;r YsIagdpdrh wdrNfha
u;=jQ m%d:l ka;kh uq,a fohka yryd biau;= fjhs' miqld,Sk yska .%ka: uik g
yska wd.f mqreIuq,sl ixl,am ixlSK njg m;ajk wkaou i,ld .; yelsh
tys bkahdkq flakafha m%:ufhka fuu wd.f uq,a ixl,amShuh wjia:djka ldYh
jQ R.a ffjl hq.h i,ld ne,sh hq;=h tfiau yska wd.f ixla,mSh yev .eiS iuld,Sk
YsIagdpdrfha mKdh wjYH;d iu`. noaO jk wdldrh ms<sn`oj wjOdkhg ,lal< hq;=h' ta
;=< ldka;dj flfrys wd.l ka;kh yryd mqreIdm;Hh ia:dms; jQ wdldrh y`kd.;
yelsh bkahdf bka ksk YsIagdpdrh we;= uq,a iudcfhka miqj ixl%uKsl jQ f.da;%sl
iudchkag jvd fjkia ,CIK /ila nj by; fmkajd fokq ,eK bka kskfhka
mndysr .%dh fyda foaYSh fldgia ovhu m,je, fk,Su jeks fjk;a m%d:l wdl
wjia:d w;a`ka is w;r tys fm!oa.,sl foam< whs;sh ms<sn`oj fyda ix; iudchla yd
tu iudc wdh;k ms<sn`oj t;r ixfoS fkdjqKs Wud pl%j;s fmkajd fok wkaoug m%d.a
ft;sydisl ixialD;Ska ksIamdok ldhNdrh jkd Y%u odhl;ajhla f,i ms<s.kq ,eK f
ksid m%d:l iudc yryd l%ufhka ia:dms; jQ uq,a YsIagdpdrj, f.d;eka l%u iu`.
ud;D;ajh yd iY%Sl;ajh taldnoaO lrk ,o w;r bka ksk YsIagdpdrfha weoyS ;=<ska th
;yjqre f

R.a ffjl hq.h wdrNfha isgu oelsh yels i;H;djla jkafka bkahdkq iudcfha
mqreI n,h flakajk hqold f.da;%sl wdm;Hhg ,enqKq kj ;ekhs ngysr m%foaYj,ska
meKs fuu kj ixl%uKsl f.%da;%sl ck;dj bka ksk YsIagdpdrjdiska t;r Wkkafjka
fkfhKq hqo ldhfhys ch.%dySj fhfoka YsIagdpdrh mrdchg m;a l< nj fmkS hhs hqo
kdhlhka yd hqoaO ch.%yKh i`oyd bjy,a jQ fojreka ^mqrkaor& iudcfha jeo.;a yd
mQckSh f,i i,lk ,o w;r l%ufhka mrd; f.da;% hg;a lr .ekSu hk tajd u; kj
hqouh wdm;Hhla m;=rejka we;e f.da;%sl kdhlhka n,h ;yjqre lsu uq, hq.fha
oelsh yels h Wud pl%j;s fmkajd fok wkaoug bka h YsIagdpdrfha mskaf.a
wdm;HOdrS hq.h ka werfUkafka mrd; ck;djf.a .eyeKqka jyka lr .kska mska
urd oeu ksidh ixl%Kl
s tf`r wdl l%ufha isg l%ufhka ir< lDIs jk rgdjla fj;
fhduq jQ w;r fuu ch.%dyS f.da;%sl lKavdhj, .eyeKqka wdl ldhNdrfhys oa;aj
;ekla ,nd .ekSu;a hqo ldhfha miq.d u;a ksid Tjqka u;o mqreIdm;Hh ia:dms; h
fuf,i f.da;%sl wkkH;d b;d ixlSK ugul mej;s fuu uq,a hq.h foaYSh mrd; ck
lKavdh yd ch.%dySka fjkalr .ekSug jK Ou l%ufha uq,a iajrEmh ia:dms; h
fuf,i iudc ia:rdhkh yev .eiSu;a iu`. ka;kuh kdhl;ajh orka n%dyauK msia
biau;= jkakg h Tjqka l%ufhka m%dfhda.sl iudchg foaj jkaokh yd tla tla iudc
wjia:dj,g wd.l ixl,amhka wdfrdamKh lrk ,oafoa mskaf.a lghq;= flfrys je
wjOdkhla fhduq lrks R.a ffjl hq.fha y`kajd mYapd;a ffjl hq.h jk g
l%ufhka ia:djr jk hd.h yd p;= wdY%u Ou wd n%dyauK wd.l ms<sfj;a mskaf.a
phdjkag yd meje;aug is lr ;snQ n,mEu i,lk g th ;yjqre fjhs R.a ffjl
hq.fha l%ufhka m%p,s; jk wd.l ixl,am ;=< ldka;djg yd mshdg ys wkkH;d fjka
fjkaj i,lka yska wd.f uq,a iajrEmh jOkh f mqreIdm;Huh w.hkag ka
jeo.;alu y`kd.; yelsh ;u f.da;%hg wh;a m%cdj Yla;su;a lsug iy hqo ldhfha
fukau ia:djr jk f.d;ek wd wdl lghq;=j,o jeo.;a jk ms .yKh jOkh lr
.ekSug o odhl jQ mq;=ka yslrk ldka;djkag kj we.hqula ,enqKs f ksid rdcH l%ufha
m%drN wjia:df uj jYfhka ia;S% n,h m;% lrkq ,eh' iqp;j;a Ndhdj iy iqcd;
ms mq;=kaf.a uj iudcfha jeo.;a wx.hla h ff;;a;%Sh ixys;dj fmkajd fokafka h
ksidf.a wOhla nj;a weh ;sj.hg uQ,h jk nj;ah ^m[a[dls;a;s ys" 2002( 12&
tys wehg .DyKs moh" ud;D moh yd iydpdkS hk mo ;=kla ,enqKq w;r th
Rcqju ldka;djg mshd u; hefmk .Dyia: ;hl we;s jeo.;alu wdfrdamKh lrkakg
h mqreIhdf.ka f;drj ldka;djf.a ;h ta wkqj ksiaidr jqjo n%yaupd" jdkm%ia:
ikHdis hk wdY%u Ou j, mshdg ldka;djf.ka uqla; ug foka wdOHd;a l
uqla;sh idOkh lr .ekSug ffOhh fok , .DyKshf.a ldhNdrh yd wef.a wdoYj;a
nj R.a fofha w.h flreKs .Dyh hym;a ldka;djf.ka fYdaNk imkak jk nj
mejiqks bka tk hqoaOhg wm;s fohdg mjd R.afofha .S;sldjlska mjid we;af;a

7
zztnd bka Tn fidau mdkh lf<ysh' oeka Tn .Dyhg hkak tys Tnf.a hym;a
`o fjhs weh wdkkaofha NdKavd.drh fjhsZZ hkqfjks ^m[a[dls;a;s ys"2002(
12&
fidau fyj;a u;ameka mdkh hqold;ajfha tla;rd ixfla;hla jk w;r hf.a hym;a nj
o fuu Yaf,dalh ;=<ska yqjd oelau iqfYaIS lreKla fjhs
f wkqj `olf.ka wfmaCId lrk oE w;r ffOhu;a nj" iajdhd i;=gq lsug
,CIK jia;%dNrK oeu" i;=gq is;ska iSu" WoEik wjos u yd mjqf,a wh wjlsu" ojfia
lghq;= wjika lr iakdkh lsu" iajdhd iu`. WoEik .sksmQcd lsu ^.dym;Hd.aksh&"
wdydr ms<sfh< lsu yd orejkaf.a lghq;= lsu" llrejka ldhhka i`oyd fhduq lsu"
wd.ka;=l i;aldrh jeo.;a fjhs' .Dyfha lghq;= j, .DyKshg h iu;ekla yd wldr
n,hla jQ nj fuu Yaf,dalj,ska fmkS hk kuq;a th iudcuh lghq;=j,oS fkdjQ nj
ie,lsh hq;=h foaj uKav,fha is ia;%S foaj;dhka m%n, mqreI fojreka yd jdy jQ nj
i,lk wjia:df jqjo wehf.a .DyKS;ajh w.h lrkq ,eh
iQhhd yd id;%sh w;r jdy mqjf;a f nj m%lg fjhs we;e ;ekl w;a
ukud,shg wjjdo lrkafka ;ud mjqf,a /ksh njg m;aj ;udf.a udud" kekaod" uiaiskd yd
kEkd md,kh lrkak hkqfjks ^m[a[dls;a;s ys"2002( 13& .Dyfha `olf.a ldhh weh
ujl f,i bgq lrk N+ldj iska W;a;;r njg m;alrk ,oS' fndfyda Yaf,dalj,
fohkag weheo we;af;a ish mjq,g orejka m%odkh lrk f,i b,a,ks `o zriZ fyj;a
r orejka m%odkh lrkakshl f,i ie,lsks fYaIfhkau w; jdym;a `og fyd`o mq;=ka
yd fi!Nd.Hh Wodlrkak hkqfjka bkag wdhdpkd l< wjia:d fjhs ^m[a[dls;a;s ys"
2002( 04& f wkqj hqold f.da;%sl wdm;Hh hq;= ixl%uKsl tf`r ; l%ufhka rdcH
l%uh lrd hk ia:djr lDIsl YsIagdpdrhla lrd mj;kh f ldka;djkaf.a W;a;;ajh
mq;=ka odhdo lrkakshl f,i w.h l< nj fmfkhs f wkqj fohka yd tfkod mQcd
pd;% jd;% iu`. ldka;djf.a jeo.;alu inkaO l< fuu uq,a yska wd.l iajrEmfha
mqreIdm;Hfha m%d:l wjia:dj biau;= lrkq meye,sj oelsh yels h ta yereKq g
mshdg .Dyfha yd ;fha iyhsldj f,i `og ziypdKshZ moh ,nu b;d w.h
flreKs
f wkqj .DyKsh uj iypdKsh f,i .eyeKsh R.a ffjl iudcfha wd.l
ixl,am jOkfha fohka iu`. inkaO l< kuq;a mqreIhdf.ka iajdk jQ hla fyda
wkqnoaO iudh ;;a;ajhla wehg ,nd fkdka nj fndfyda Yaf,dal j,g wkqj meye,s fjhs
l%ufhka jOkh jk mqreIdm;Huh w.hka wd.l ixl,am yryd iudc.; flreK o f
hq.fha iajdk jk meje;au yryd ldka;djg h n,hla iajlSh mjq, yd iSud jQ iudc
tall ;=< iajdNdlj ia:dms; lrf.k mej;s nj we;e Yaf,dalj,ska m%dfhda.slj ;yjqre
fjhs

mYapd;a ffjl hq.fha iudcfha ka;kuh yd wOHdmk md,kh imQKfhka

wd.l kdhlhka jQ n%dyauKhka msia mj;ajdf.k .sho fuu R.a ffjl hq.fha we;e
ldka;dfjda ka;kuh yd wOHdmksl jfYka h ixjOkhla ,nd .ekSug yelshdj
,ndf.k ;snqKdh mshdf.a ksjfia wOHdmkh ,nd.;a weh zzuka;% Iagd RIsZZ kka
ye`kaKs we;e RIsjhka R.afofha iqla; mjd rpkd lsug iu;aj we; WodyrKhla
f,i ldlaIsj;S f>daId k n%yaujdksh iy frdauYd" f,dauYd" Yajpdrd"f,damd uqd oelah
yelsh we;e ia;%Ska hqoNghka f,i l%shdlr ;sf w.ia;Hf.a mqfrdays; f, RIsjrhdf.a
`o Yaj,d fukau uqoa.,dkS hk ;eke;a;sh fukau ia;%S n,ldhka msysg jQ odi" hqiS yd odkq
jeks ia;%Ska fujeks m%isoaO hqo Nghkah kuq;a ia;%shf.a ixhuh" Yr wdjrKfha jeo.;alu
fukau ryia fmfoia i`.jd .ekSu f w;r wjOdrKh lr ;sf ^m[a[dls;a;s ys" 2002(
5-6& tfiau ix.S;h iy k;kh jeks iudcfha ch.%yKh lrk l%shdldrlj, fhug o
fuu ldka;djkag uq,a wd.l ixl,amj, bv ;snqKs
R.a ffjl hq.fha foaj uKv,h uYkh lsf o iajNdj Ouh foaj;ajfhka mqok
,o nyqfoaj jd hq.hl mej;s neka mqreI fohka yd iudkj ia;%S foaj;dhkag o foaj
uKav,fha jeo.;a ;ekla h ful, m%cdm;S ms<sn`o ixl,amh t;r mq,a jYfhka
jHdma;sh w;alr f.k fkd;snqKq w;r mqreI fohka w;r bka" w.aks" fidau" jreK" ;%"
ure;a" jdhq" hu" mckH jeo.;a fj;s' bka fojrekaf.a m%Odkshd f,i;a hqoaOhg jIdjg
iy iq<`.g wm;shd f,i;a m%pKav ;ajfha yd fkdoeuqKq nf ixfla;hla f,i;a ie,l=Ks
fuhska meye,sju hqo iudcfha m%p,s; mqreI n,fha yd u;ameka mdkfha jeo.;alu fmkajd
fokq ,nhs w.aks hqoaOhg fukau mqreI n, mrdl%uhg fi!Nd.Hhg yd mq;% ,dNhg fya;= jQ
hd.fha mqo ie,ls,s Ndr.kakd foaj;djd h Tyqg iodld,sl ;dreKHh o wh;aj mej;=Ks
fuu uq,a fojreka w;r zfidauZm%p,s; jQfha uq,a bka iudcfha m%p,s; fidau mdkh yd noaO
fjks mqreIhkaf.a iudch ;=< fidau mdkfha jeo.;alu ;ka wjOdrKh lr ;sf'zjreKZ
lDIs ldl yd jdKsc lghq;=joS b;d jeo.;a jQ wyi" c,h iy id.rhg wm;s fohd jQ
kS;sfha fukau md;d,fha wm;s wiqrfhl= h ;j;a mqreIn, mrdl%uh fmkakq lrk
fofhl= jQfha ure;ah Tyq m%pKav;ajh iy wdl%uKYS,S;ajfha ksfhdackhla h wl=K q
o,ajkakd h fuh hqo iudcfha iy lDIsl iudch wdjYHl ixl,am yd noaO jQ foaj
ixl,amhla jQfhah' z;%Z f w;r wjxl;ajh" ;%;ajh" iduqysl;ajh jeks udkjjdoS foa
ksfhdackh lf<ah (Wilkins, 2003:9-12).
R.a ffjl foaj;dhka ms<sn`o RIsjreka Yd, wjOdkhla olajd ;sf .d"
iriaj;S" W!Iia" bkadks" rd;%S" fyda;%d" Y%oaOd mdyaks" ij;d;sk k jQ w;s jeks ldka;d
foaj;dhka fndfyda g mqreI foaj;djkaf.a hka f,i we.hqug ,la lrk ,oS' tla
w;lska fuh mqreI uQ,sl;ajfha m%d:l ffjjdysl ixl,amhka wd.u yd l%ufhka noaO ula
f,i oel .; yelsh ldka;d foaj;dhka w;r W!Iia uq,ald,fha jeo.;a h W!Iia ish

9
ne;su;=kag > jkh;a wdrlaIdj;a m%odkh lrka Tjqkag fi!Nd.Hh yd orejka
f.fkkakSh ^uelafvdk,a" 1997(130&'fndfyda uka;% w;r weh wrefKdaoh ksfhdackh
lrkakshhs' id;%s iQh foj`.k jk w;r iriaj;S tu kh yd inkaO fldg olajk ,
(Kinsley 1987 :20-35).
R.a ffjl hq.fha mej;s jdy l%u i,lk g fhdjqka jdy" talm;akS" nyqm;ak S
jdy" nyqmqreI jdy iyOjd jdy fukau ksfhda. jdy wdoS O l%u mej;=Ks' m%d:l
iudcfha ir, ia;%S mqreI in`o;d kaomKh lrk kuq jvd;a m%p,s; fukau iu;
l%uhka jQfha fhdjqka jdy iy talm;akS jdyhs ia;%sh nUir /lSu wksjdh jQ w;r
mqreIhd ismia jirla n%yaupd wdY%uh .; lrkq oelsh yelsh talm;akS jdyh nyq ck
iu; jqj;a mqreI n,h ia:dms; lrk im;akS jdyh o l%ufhka biau;= jk oelsh yelsh
tys mYapd;a ffjl hq.fhao Sjvd;a lr<shg ths w:jka fofha im;akSka w;r ;snQ .egq
ms<sn`oj i`oyka fjhs iajdhd flf wldh ,eug yels u iuyr m;skshkaf.a me;=u
h'
zzuu T!IO ,;dj fidh' ta u`.ska im;aksh ue`v,sh yelsh tfiau iajdhd
flf wldh ,eug yelsh tnd iqkaor ,;dfjks uf.a im;aksh rlg
t,jkak uf.a yshd flf mQK wldrh mj;ajkak uu Tnf.a
lreKdfjka ij fY%AIaG fj uf.a im;aksh neyer lrkak iajdhd fuu
n,j;a T!IOh Tf ysig ;nk ,ZZ ^m[a[dls;a;s ys" 2002( 10&
nyq mqreI jdyh b;d ,N jQ w;r ksfhda. jdyh i,lk g th ore im;a
msKi
s u is nj fmfkhs orejka fkdue;sj iajdhd h .sh ldka;djg orejka ,ndh yels
mqreIhl= iu`. iyjdifha fhh yels u tu l%uhhs fYaIfhka nd, fidfydhqrd iu. iy
jdifha fhfoka orefjl= we;s lsug wjirh h fuu wm%ikak iudc pd;%h miq ld,h
jk g uelS hkakg h tfiau R.a ffjl hq.fha isgu ldka;djf.a jeo.;alu jdyfha
,nd fok oEjeoao u; mok ;sf R.a ffjl hq.h wjikaj mYapd;a ffjl hq.hg
taf mqreI uQ,sl we.hq yska wd.u ;=< oefia ia:djr jQ w;r tu.ska iudcfha oe
md,khla we;s lsug n%dyauKfhda iu;a jQy
f ms<sn`oj kHdhd;aul Yaf,aIKhl fhfok Wud pl%j;s yd .vd ,k bkaoSh
YsIgdpdrfha l%l ldYh iy wd.l ixl,am j, iudc.; mqreI uQ,sl;ajh iu`.
inkaO lr;s ta wkqj tf`r wdlfha isg fuu ixl%uKsl f.da;%sl ck;dj fyj;a Bkshd
wdhhka l%ufhka lDIsl iudchg wkq.; fjka ia:djr ckmohkag hqo uh jYfhka
.efgka bkahdf N+l,dmh ;=< n,h ;yjqre lr.;a miq fuu mqreI uQ,sl;ajh jOkh
h ^Ndiska" 1994( 49-50& l%s mQ 6 jk ishji jk g ckmolrKhg Ndckh jk fuu msia
jK yd l=, wkkH;d u; iudcfha fNaokh iksgqyka l< w;r kj ka;kuh Odrdjka

10
tu iudc ;Ska md,kh lsug yev .eiqKs n%dyauKhkaf.a uQ,sl we.hSu jQfha n%yaupd
wdOHd;al mej;=h fuu ka;k Odrdf kshuqjka f,i fmkS isfha Tjqka neka
ldka;djka flfrys b;d miq.d wdl,amhla oerE w;r ta wkqj miqld,Sk rpkdj, mS;D
uQ,sl;ajh ia:djr lsug .;a wLKav jEhu fmkakq jkafkah
R.a ffjl foaj uKav,fha oa;Sh ;ekl,d jqjo ms fojrekaf.a iyfhda.S
foaj;dhka f,i ldka;d foaj;dhka w.h flreK;a miq ld,h jk g talfoaj;ajh u`.ska
foaj;dhkaf.a n,h uokh lsula wd.l ixl,amj, meyej m%lg f Wiia iudc
;,hg wh;a ixl%uKsl ck;djf.a ldka;djka my;a iudcfha ldka;djkaf.ka fjka fldg
mj;ajd .ekSu i`oyd oe iodpdr moaO;shla y`kajd fokq ,ef mq;% ,dNh iy mq;=kaf.a
iqcd;;ajh" mqoa.,sl foam< whs;sh" l=, mdY=oafha w;HjYH nj ksid mqreIhkaf.a .Dyuh
fukau wOHdmksl m%uqL;ajh u.ska ldka;dj hkq ish que,s" hg;ajk iq" mdY=oah mj;ajd
.; hq;= ;eke;a;shla f,i wfmaCId flreKs ldka;djf.a ,sx.sl;ajh yd phdjka md,kh
lsu i`oyd m%Odk Wml%u ;=kla iudc hdka;%Kh ;=<g y`kajd ug n%dyauKhka iu;a jQ
njg Wud pl%j;s ;l fldg we; ^Ndiska" 1994( 51&
1 oDIah ^m;sj%;dj&
2 kS;sh yd pd;%h ^ldka;djkag wdfKsl iodpdr moaO;sh&
3 rdcHh ^yslauug wiu;a .eyeKshg o`vqj lsf ffk;sl n,h&
fuys m<uq Wml%u fol iudc ;ska yd nuqKkaf.a woDYHudk ka;k moaO;sh iu`.
Rcqj noaO h f.da;%sl l%uh ksIaM, rdcH w;r ;r`.h jOkh fj;au rdcHh yd wd.u
taldnoaO .eyeKsh iudcfha hg;a ;eke;a;shla njg m;a lsug W;aiql u f;jekafkkA
ye`.fjhs lkHdNdjh iy mq;=ka odkh lrkd u mofhaoS yer wksla lreKqj,oS weh
fkdjeo.;a ;;a;ajhl,d ie,lsKs tu mS;D uQ,sl l%uh m%dfhda.sl jYfhka O iudc ;,
l=, iy m%dfoaYsl fjkial iys;j l%shdld jQ nj wu;l fkdl< hq;= kuq;a fmd idrOu
moaO;shla ia:dms; lsug yska wd.u iu;a jQ nj fuu hq.fha fndfyda ia;S% p; l:d
uiSfuka fmkS hhs m;sj;" iajd Nla;sh yd mq;% ,dNh ;u ;h jeo.;a lrkq we;ehs n,
imkak lrkq we;ehs hk jHuh wdl,amh .eyeKqkaf.a ukig we;=,a lsug fuu Odrdj
iu;a h
fn!oaO idys;Hfha fndfyda ;;ald,Sk mqj;aj,ska fmkS hk m nyq Ndhd fiajkh iy
wka;(mqr ixl,amh R.a ffjl hq.hg jvd fuu hq.fha jOkh jqj;a ta ms<sn`o fy<d
oelSu is fkdjqKs ix; wka;(mqr" im;akS frdaIh jeks udkisl ;;ajhka iy im;akSk a
w;r jQ .egq iudcfha by< ;,fha msia w;r mjd mej;=Ks WchskS rc;=udf.a ijl jQ
idud foah iy fhfy<shka msi ;j;a wka;(mqr ijl jQ ud.kahd iska rc ud,s.fha
hyka .nvdjg .sks ;nd urK ,o nj fn!oaO idys;Hfha i`oyka jk w;r f:.d:d

11
uiSf bka lsysmhlau l<lsug yd ika;%dihg m;a jQ idud foahf.a b;s jQ fhfy<shka
lsysm fofkla mejj rpkd lr ;sf ^fiakdkdhl" 1999( 43-46&' lsidf.da;hf.a f:
.d:djkaf.kao ia;%S Ndjh lla nj;a im;akSka nyq, u o lla nj;a olajd ;sf
^fiakdkdhl" 1999( 179&' kuq;a fuu udkisl ;;a;ajhka `oord .kska tajd bjiSu iy
wkq.;u .eyeKshf.ka iudch wfmaCId lrkq ,eKs tfukau R.affjl hq.fha ir,
jdy l%u ful, ixlSK njg m;ajkq oelsh yelsh tu jdy l%u fndfydauhla
mqreIdm;Hh ldka;dj ;=< biau;= lrkakla h n%dyau" ffoj" wdI" m%cdm;H" wdiqr"
.dkaOj" rdCIi iy ffmYdp hk jdyl%u iauD;s lrejka iska olajd we;s jdy l%u wghs
fuysoS lkHdNdjh w.h lsu oEjeoao oSu wdh iodpdrj;a hehs ms<s.;a m<uq jdy l%uj,
we.hqug ,lah ffoj jeks jdy l%u nyqNdhd fiajkhg wkqn, ka w;r wdI jdyfha
.jhka ,nd lkHdjka ,nd .ekSug yelshdj ,enqKs iudc frda ke;sk wdl%uKYS,s
jdyhka f,i ie<flk wdiqr" .dkaOj" rdCIi iy ffmYdp jeks jdy l%uj,ska tlla jQ
.dkaOj jdyh hqj,f.a ;ks wNsu;h m is l< yels jqjo th lsisfia;au iudc we.hqug
,la fkdjqKs b;s jdy l%u ;=k imQKfhka u mdfya fkdoeuqKq mqreIjd ldka;d mS;
jdy l%u f,i ie<lsh yels w;r tajd iauD;slrejka iskao m%;sfCIam lr we;
fYaIfhkau rdCIi jdyh ms<sn`o i`oyka lrk ukq lkHdjg mCImd;s wh urd fyda
Tjqkaf.a w`.mi`. lmd f.j,a fodrj,a lvdlE.ioau y`vk ldka;dj n,y;aldrfhka
meyerf.k hEu fuu jdy l%ufhaoS isjQ njg y`kajd fohs fuh hqo iudc yd inkaO
CI;%sh pd;%hla f,i y`kd .kakd w;r IaKq iy hd{j,alh th hqoaOfhka Wmka nj
fmkajhs ukq CI;%shkag fuh m%Yia: jQ nj olajhs CI;%shffiHl rdCIi
ta yereKq g we;e f:rs.d:dj, mshdf.a Kh nka `u i`oyd hKsh Kh yshdg
mdjd u jeks wjia:d oela f ^fiakdkdhl" 1999( 255&' tfiau ffjjdyl Odk
wd.udkql+,j ksis f,i is l< hq;= nj;a ke;s k orejkaf.a iqcd;;ajh ms<sn`o .eg we;s
jk nj;a hk lreKg ish iauD;s ka;lfhda tl`. fj;s jdyfha ia;%shf.a ndysr
rEmd,xldrh" l=,h" lkHdNdjh yd oEjeoao oej i<lkq ,enQ w;r n%dyauK .%ka:j, ta
ms<sn`oj we.hq ud,djla olajd ;sf jdy lr .ekSug iqiq jk ia;%Ska f,i ishque,s ia;s%h
olajd yevyqrel mqreIhl=f.a fuka fk" jpk llI k" wj{diy.;j iy
Wmydid;aulj l:d lrhs k" oej frdau we;s k" b;d uy;a fyda j, k" jhi je
k" wjhj rys; k" fkdfhl=;a flda,dy, lrkafka k" ifydaorhl= ke;sk tjeks
lkHdjka jdyhg kqiqiq nj olajd we; fuu ia;%Skaf.a iqiq l wd.l .%ka: lrejka
iska mqreI iudcfha n, wld;ajh fmkau i`oyd fhdod.;a w;r ;j;a b;d mSvdld
ms<sfj;la jQfha lkHdj ksrej;ska ishoS iqkaoroehs fidhd ne,Suhs
f yereKq g mYapd;a ffjl hq.fha m%p,s; O hd. l%u w;r o mqreI flakash
iajNdjhla oelsh yelsh wYajfO mqreIfO jeks rdcH;ajh iy wfkl=;a mqreI uQ,sl iudc
phd tk hqoaOh jeks oE yd wkqnoaO hd. yereKq g mq;=ka wNs,dIfhka jdyl ldka;dj

12
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me;Su i`oyd fYaIs; hd.hla f,i olajd ;sf tysoS.NdOdkfha rd;%S ixLHdjg wkqj
orejkaf.a ,sx.h ;SrKh fjhs mqreI ika;;sh i`oyd iu yd ia;%S ika;;sh i`oyd Iu rd;%Ska
f;dardf.k we; fYaIfhkau .Nodkfha mq;=ka m%d:kd lrk kaoEjreka fj; Bg iqiq
khka olajd we;s w;r fY%aIaG >dhqI we;s nqoau;a fukau Odl mq;=ka me;Sf o Bg
ksYa; k lsysmhla y`kajd oS ;sf ^m[a[dls;a;s ys" 2002( 48& f yereKq g ldka;dj
iajNdlj pm, jrfoys nef`ok iq mskaf.a wdOHd;al ;hg ndOdld msila f,i
fmdf y`kajd ug ukqiauD;sh jeks fndfyda iauD;s .%ka:j, wka;jd f,i W;aidy lr
;sf
miqld,Sk yska wd.f jOkhka i,lk g we;e yska foaj;dhka ia;%S
uqyqKj
q ka Yla;sh yd fr!;ajh ksfhdackh lrkq oelsh yelsh .d foj`.k iy ld,s
foj`.k g ksoiqkah .d hkq ,xh fkdyels woDYHudk hk w:hka fohs w;a oywgla
we;s isxyhl= fyda fldhl= jdykh lr.;a O wdhqO ork weh mqreI n, mrdl%ufha
ixfla;hka ia;%S m%;srEmfhka ksrEmKsh lrkakSh zwd Yla;sZ" zwd udhdZ fyda iod;ksl
lkHdNdjh .d foj`.kf.ka ksfhdackh f weh ksNS; nj fiau bjiSu ksfhdackh
lrkakSh tfiau fr!;ajh ;=< udkqIsl;ajh o fmkakq lrkakSh (Wangu,2003,176)
tneka fuu foj`.k mqreI uQ,sl wd.l moaO;sh ;=< ia;%S;ajfha Yla;sh we.hqug ,lal<
wjia:djla f,i y`kajd,sh yelsh kuq;a .d foah yska wd.f m% Odk mqreI
fojrekaf.ka iajdk jQ Yla;shla Wiq,kaf kahehs ;l l< fkdyelsh weh ish
fohkaf.a Yla;sfha tl;=j hehs lSjo wehf.a wdhqO Ysj " IaK"q re" l=fr" bka" n%yau jeks
fojreka iska m%odkh lr ;sfnk w;r wehg n,h we;af;a mqreI fojreka wNsNjd hEug
fkdj wiqrhka wNsNjd hdughs ld,s foj`.k o fr!;ajh ksrEmKh lrkakshls weh ld,
jKjk w;r urKh iu`. oe in`o;djla mj;a jkakSh .d" Nld,s" i;S" redkS" mdj;S
jeks foaj;dhka iu`. tlaj fhdod .kakd weh Yla;sfha ixfla;hla f,i;a i;=rka uev
mj;ajkaksh f,i;a Ysj fohka iu`. oe in`o;djla mj;ajhs (Wangu,2003,176) ld,s
weoySu mqreI iudcfha we.hqug ,lajk hqoaOh wwdhqO m%pKav;ajh m,s .ekSu jeks wx.
iu`. noaO mj;S f wkqj yska foaj uKav,fha m%uqL;ajhg m;a foaj;dhka uiSfoS mjd
mqreI uQ,sl iudcfha wjYH;dj wkqj wef.a iajNdjh iy ldh Ndrhka w:l:kh lr we;s
nj oelsh yelsh
fidf<dia uyd ckmo hq.h ;=< jOkh jQ kj wd.l ixl,am
nqoaOld,Sk iudcfhaoS idm%odhsl yska ixl,amj,g wNsfhda.jk m kj wd.l
ixl,am jOkh jkq oelsh yelsh mj;sk iudc moaO;sh m%Yak lsu tys mS; p; y`kd
.ekSu iy Tjqka fjkqfjka fmkS isu fiau odYksl jYfhka yska wd.ug jvd mq,a

13
ixl,am lrd hdu fuysoS oelsh yels fjhs fuu ixl,amhkaf.a tal foaj;ajh" ksudKjdoh"
nyqfoaj;ajh m%;sfCIam lrka ksidf.a wdOHd;al Yla;sh u; Yajdih ;nkq oelsh yelsh
iudcfha uq,a nei.;a jK Ou" wdY%u Ou yd n%dyauK kHdhka m%;sfCIam lrka ke.S tk
CI;%sh l=,hg yd ffjYH l=,hg fukau mSvdjg m;a ldka;djkag yd Y=hkag f.dapr jk
iudc iudkd;au;dj iys; kj odYksl mdYajhka y`kajd fohs jOkh jk fidf,diauyd
ckmoj, iudcuh n,fhka wju kuq;a Ok n,fhka b;d by< isgq l=,hkag fukau
n%dyauK n,h `o oud iajlSh ckmo wksl=;a ckmo w;r flakaSh n,hla njg m;alr
.ekSug leue;s CI;%shkag o fuu kj wd. im jkakg h f wkqj fojeks kd.lrKh
is jk bkahdf ixlSK iudc moaO;sh ;=< mek k`.sk fuu kj wd. ldka; dj flfrys
oela jQfha mqreI uQ,sl wdl,amhla o ke;sk iudkd;au;d wdl,amhla o hkak oe jdohg
md;% we;s lreKls
tys miq ld,Skj ol=Kq wdishdf mq`M,aj jHdma; jk nq oyu yd ffck wd.u
yereKq g wksl=;a iuld,Sk wm%lg oDIaka jk wdjl" mn%dcl" c," wf,l jeks
oDIaka m<uqj uid ne,sh hq;=h n%dyauK flakaSh yska wd.u iajlSh wd.l lghq;=j,
ldka;djkag iuldrl;ajhla ,nd fkdkafka jqjo miqld,Sk oYkhka fndfyduhla ldka;d
meoao iy ldka;djkaf.a nqoauh iduH;ajh ms<sf.k ;sf nqoaOld,Sk hq.fha wdjl yd
mN%dcl fufyKsjreka .ek ks;r lshfjk w;r l=Kv
a ,flaYs f;rKshf.a f: .d:dfjka
tu fufyKsjreka b;d cj imkak f,i iudcfha ka;kuh mqreIdm;Hhka `o fy<ka
fuu wm%Odk wd.l ksldhka ;=< jqj o l%shdld jQ nj fmfkhs mru;a:oSmkS k
wGl:df oelafjkafka l=Kav,flaYS fp!rfhl= jQ ish iehd >d;kh lr iajdk
.eyeKshl f,iska iudc.; jk wkaouhs' idm%odhsl ;h m%;sfCIam lrka kqjg wrulg
.sh ueh b;d Ialr l%ufohla Tiafia me bf.k.; hq;= ish,a, bf.k f.k fudjqk a
okafka fumuKls" fuhg jvd fohla ke;ehs thska iEySulg m;a fkd kslau f.dia h
;ekl W.;a;= fjfi;a o ta ta ;ekg f.dia Tjqka okakd Ys,am bf.k.;a nj lshfjhs thska
miq W.;ahehs iu; msia fj; ;ud iu`. jdohg tk f,i wNsfhda. lrk weh wjidkfha
iehq;a yshka fj;ska ;u odYksl .eg i`odf.k fn!oaOd.u je<`o .kshs
^fiakdkdhl" 1999( 100-108&' f wkqj iuld,Sk kj wd.l ksldhka ldka;djg nqoauh
Ifhys Wmu ksoyila ,nd ;snQ nj;a Tjqka iajdk f,i mqreI flakaSh oekq moaO;sh
wNsfhda.hg ,lal< nj;a fmkS hhs
fujeks iajdk ka;k Odrdjla u; jOkh jk l%s mQ 6 jk ishjfia bhg wd
fn!oaOd.u yd ffck wd.u ldka;djkag ia:djr ;;a;ajhla iudch ;=< ,nd foka iudch
o ixl,amSuh yev .eiSulg m;a lf<ah kuq;a kQ;kfha fndfyda ldka;djyq nq oyu ;=<
mqreIuQ,sl we.hS mej;s njg ;l lr;s fuu oYkhka iska tl, mej;s iudc ;;a;ajh
;=< ka;kuh yd pdrs;%uh jYfhka uq,a yska wd.l ixl,am yryd ia:dms; lr ;snQ
nkaOkhkaf.ka ldka;dj uqojd .kakd , nq oyu b;d ixlSK odYksl mdYajhlska

14
iuka; jk w;r tys miqld,Sk ka;kuh fjkial fyda iuld,Sk fn!oaO wdh;ksl
kh Wmfhda.fhka uq,a nq oyf odYksl ixl,am mqreIdm;Hw.hka f,i .%y l<
fkdyelsh ol=Kq wdishdkq flakafha O ksldhkag fjkafjka miqld,Skj nq oyu
ldYh jk ksid tys ixl,amSuh jYfhka mqreI uQ,sl;ajhla mej;sfhaoehs fiug k nqoaO
ld,Sk odYksl ;,hg muKla iSud u idOdrKh kQ;k ka;lhska nqoyu fpkh
lrka tys mqreIuQ,sl wld;ajhla mej;s njg ;l l<o th nq oyfu tk odYksl yd
m%dfhda.sl ksoYk j,ska m%;slafIam l< yelsh fuu kQ;k ;l w;r tla llhla jkafka
wIag .re Ouhs wIag .re Ou wh;a jkafka fn!oaO NslaIq ixia:df kj kS;d
mdYhhghs fn!oaO oYkh yd fn!oaO kh meye,sju fjka fldg y`kd.; yels w;r
kh hkq h wdh;khla fyda ixia:djla md,kh lsu i`oyd fhdod .kakd kS;s ;s
ud,djls ta wdh;kfha msia >k;ajh" m%dfoaYsl;ajh" mej;s ld,h yd mj;sk iudc l%uh
u; kh kS;s mok fjhs mQj ixl,ams; kh kS;s ud,djla fn!oaO Ydikfha ke;s nj
NsCIq kfha fiau NsCIqKS kfha o fmfka ta ta wjia:d j, wod< m kh kS;s meku
is l< w;r nqka jykafia kh kS;s mekf blaukald njla lsis fgl fkdfmkajQ
nj fmfkhs jrla iehq;a yshka khkS;s mekug th iqiq ld,h fkdfoehs mejiQ g
nqka th m%;slafIam lr we;af;a lsis Y%djlfhl=g kh kS;s mekf fyda tajd fjkia
lsf n,h ke;s nj we`.fjk fiah ^rdyq," 2006( 26& iQ;% yd wNsOu foaYkd inkaOfhka
uey;a ug Y%djlhkag h iajdk njla ;snqKo khOdka w;r w. ;k;=rla i kh
mekug fyda fjkia lsug Y%djlhskag n,h fkdue; ^rdyq," 2006( 22-23& tfiau iEu
nqjrfhl=f.au Ydikfha kh kS;s fkdmej;s nj;a iuyr Ydikhka blaukska w;=reoyka
ug th fya;= jQ nj;a olajd ;sfuka kh kS;s hkq nqjrekaf.a fm!oa.,sl;ajh u; /`
mj;sk fohla nj fmfkhs f.!;u nqka fmkajd ka m miaiS" is" fjiaiN+ hk
nqjrekaf.a Ydikh fuf,i ria:dhS fkdjQ w;r ll=i`o" fldaKd.u" ldYHm hk
nqjrekaf.a Ydikh YslaIdmo ksid ria:dhS ;sf f lreKq wkqj fmkS hkafka
nqjrekaf.a fm!oa.,sl rel;ajhka yd ;SrK u; kh kS;s meku noaO mej;s njhs
kh kS;s meku fyda tys ixialrKfha taldldrh nqka fj; mj;ajd .ekSu lsisfia;a u
nq oyf odYksl ixl,am iu`. jrojd .; hq;= ke;s nj ta wkqj fmfkhs tneka
nqkajykafia NslaIqKS Ydikh msysgqu f;jrla m%;slafIam lsu;a" msysgqf mjd wIag .re
Ou ms<s.kafka k muKla uyd m%cdm;S f.da;hg thu Wmimodj jkq we;s nj lSu;a
lsisfia;au mqreIdm;Huh ,laIKhka .elsula fkdfjhs tl, mej;s wksl=;a we;e
wd.l ksldhkaj, NslaIqKSka .;l< we;e Is; wdrdl mej;= iudc fpkhg ,la
h n%yaupd ms<sfj;a w.h lrk fujeks wd.ul ia;S% mqreI fomlaIh ;=< taldnoaOj kh
mj;ajd .ekSu yd wdrdu md,kh t;r myiq lghq;a;la fkdjk nj iudcfha m%dfhda.sl
w;aoelS j,ska ikd: ;snqKs
kh fufia iudcfha mej;s ixl,am yd taldnoaO fjka jka jr ldYhg m;a jqjo
nqka jod< Ou lreKq ia;S% mqreI fNaohlska f;drj fomsrsigu fmd fjhs' wdh wIAGdx.sl

15
ud.h" ;%s,laIKh" p;=rdh i;Hh" fnda mdlaIsl Ou" ;%sO wl=i,a jeks nqiufha uQ,sl
OulreKq ixl,amShuh jYfhka mqreIhkag muKla fmd hehs lsj fkdyelsh' tfukau
flf<ia ji`. jQ mD:.ack ksiqka j.SlrKfha lsisfia;au ia;S% mqreI fNaoh i,ld
fkdue; ta yereKq g Ydikh mmQK ug k NslaIq" NslaIqKS" Wmdil" Wmdisld hk
isjkla msi w;HjYH nj nqkajykafia ms<s.kS'
ta wkqj NslaIqKS yd ldka;d odhl;ajh fkdi,ld ye njg jer jegySula uq,a ;=k a
jrl NslaIqKS Ydikh ,nd u m%;slafIam lsu ;=<ska we;s jqjo NslaIqKS Ydikh ls%hd;aul
f u;= jk Okd;aul ;;a;ajhka ;=<ska tu u;h `o jefghs NslaIqKN
S djh m%odkh
lsf iudcfha O ;rd;srj, ldka;djka nqoaO Ydikhg we;=<;a lr .kakd ,o w;r
ffjl n%dyauKhka fuka ldka;djf.a p; mdY=oah fyda lSlrelu" ishque,s nj wdh
w.h fkdlr wef.a nqoauh mD:q,;ajhg fuysoS m%uqL;ajh ,nd ka nj fmfkhs' f: .d:d
uik g .Ksldjka" fufyldhka" jrfoys ne`kq ia;%Ska" ;djld,slj Wu;= jQjka" wka;(mqr
ia;%Ska" ish jdy h `o oud mefKkakshka" mq;% fhda.fhka mS; ujreka wd O
iudc yd udkisl ug j, ia;%Ska nq oyu weiqre lsfuka taldhk f,daflda;a;r ;,hlg
m;a jQ nj;a nqoauh iy l=i,uh Ifhys i fjk;a lsis fNaokhla fudjqka w;r fkdjQ
nj;a

fmfkhs

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W;am,jKakd jeks f;rKshkaa fuf,i ;fha laL mlaIh iy wid:l;ajhka yuqf

mSvkhg m;aj nq oyu yd taldnoaO jQ iajdk ldka;djkah (Murcott, 2006: 1-32)
m%cdm;S f.da;hf.a f: .d:dfjka nqka yd fufyKshka w;r ;snQ wdOHd;al
in`o;djka fmkakq lrhs fYaIfhkau my; f: .d:dj,ska weh ;ud nqkaf.a iq`M uj
jqj;a nqka ;udf.a mshd nj;a ;u Ouldh Wkajykafia iska jvk ,o nj;a mjik w;r
mq;=ka leue;s lsis ia;%shla tjeks mqf;la fkd,nk nj w.h lrhs ;u ud;D;ajhg;a jvd
nqkaf.ka ,enQ wdOHd;al kdhl;ajh w.h lrk fuu m%:u NsCIqKh
s ta jk g iudcfha
m%p,s; ia;%Ska ms<sn`o fmd u;h o fuys fmkajd fokakSh ;udf.a fodaIhla fk iudj
b,a,k weh ;ud ks;r ks; r h kl nqkaf.ka hula b,afjk ta ms<sn`oj o iudj
b,a,kakSh th NsCIqKS meoao b,a,Sf weh .;a m%h;akh isys lrhs ;ud iu`. tlaj uyK
jQ ishque,s ldka;djka fmr l, ;S:l .=reka iska fkdolakd ,o ta Ydka;s moh i;a jila
;=< gq nj weh w.h lrkakSh ^fiakdkdhl" 1999( 140-157&
iq.;hkajykai" uu Tnf.a uj fj" rh" Tn uf.a mshdh'
ioy iqjh fokakdjQ kd:hka jykai" f.!;uhka jykai" Tn Wmka miq
Tnf.a f rEmldh uu jevqfj' meiish hq;=jQ uf.a Ouldh Tn jevqfjysh'
uyduqksjrh" ud Tn yodjvd .ekSf Kfhka Tn fKysh'
mq;=ka leu;s lsisu ia;%shla Tn jeks mqf;l= fkd,nkakSh'
rcqf.a ujqfufyish hk ku ia;%Ska w;r iq,Nh"

16
tfy;a nqkaf.a uj hk ku w;sYh ,Nh'
uy rh" ug th Tn ,nd kafkysh"
iqjQ fyda uy;ajQ fyda fjd ta ish,a,lau Tn ,nd kafkysh'
f,dald.%hkajykai" ia;%SyQ ish fodaIhkag wdldrhhs lsh;s'
bka uf.a hlsis fodaIhla fjk iudjkq uek'
Tnf.a wkqoekqu we;sj uu NsCIqKk
S ag wjjdo wkqYdikd lf<o tys h fodaIhla
f k ug iudjkq uek'''''''''
bla;s nqyq wk`of;reka wu;d zwdkkao hj" ujf.a msksu NsCIqkag oekqfojZ
hkqfjka ie,l<y'
b;d wE; iQ NsCIqyQ mjd th wid jydu tys meKshy'
iuyfrla nqkaf.a wkqyiska o iuyfrla Roan,fhkao meKshy'
Od;= muKla b;slr;nd uf.a uj msksl,ays mjd fidaje<mq lsisjla fkdue;'
wfyda mquhls'
iir ihqfrka tf;rjQ f;dfuda ika;dmfhka re isis,ajQjdh'

tu f: .d:dfjka fmkajd fok m mqreIhka yd iudkj O Roa n, m%d;sydhhka

meje;aug yels jQ fuu rld,{ NsCIqKk
S a w;r w.;eka ,enQ f.da;h O .s ys me ia;%S
mqreI iy fo foaj;djqkaf.a fomCIfhau fYdal je<mq ueo ksjdK.d h tys nqyQ
wdkkao f;rekag ujf.a msksu NsCIQkag oekq fok f,i ie<l< w;r wE; is
NsCIQkamjd jydu tys meK O mqo i;aldr uOHfha f.!rj olajd ;sf nqka mjid
we;af;a hful=g nqka jykafia flfrys Y%oaOdj we;af;a o hfula uy uqksjrhdf.a
Y%djlfhla fo ta nqoaO mq;%hd nqkaf.a ujg i;aldr flfjd hkqfjks ^fiakdkdhl" 1999(
156& tfiau nqkaf.a msksf fu;r ixOdkd;aul f,i NsCIQka /ia l< njla
fkdfmfka tfukau wehf.a Od;+ka nqka jykafia b;d f.!rjfhka ms<sf.k ;sf f.!;h
msksjka mdkakg hk g nqka jykafia miq .uka fldg we; fuu f;dr;=rej,ska
fmfkkafka wIag .re Ou mkjd NsCIqKk
S a NsCIQkaf.a hg;a msila f,i mej;Sug nqka
kafkahehs i,lk Wmfofiys h mqreIdm;Huh w.hla mj;skafka hehs kQ;k oaj;=ka
;l l<o m%dfhda.sl iudcfha tjeks oa;Sh ugf ;;a;ajhla fkdjQ njhs .sys wjfha
`o jQ hfYdaOrdjg mjd lsUq,aj;a kqjrg je wjia:df wjYH f.!rjh olajd wef.a hym;a
.;s w.h lf<a weh is ud<s.h fj;g jks'
tfiau nqka uq,a ld,Sk NsCIqKS iu`. lghq;= lsf wkq.ukh l<fYaI wdldr
lsysmhla oelsh yelsh jdy ;fhka fyda iudcfha Iu;dj,ska mSvdjg m;a jQ ldka;djka
fj; oela jQ oe wkqlmdj tys lemS fmfkhs' iqNd f;rKshf.a weia okau" mgdpdrd iy
lsidf.da; m%sh m%fhda.fhka Wu;= njg m;au" if<ka iska Wmimodj je,elaug
;e;a l< wVvldiSf.a Wmimodjg ;hka wkqu; lsu" W;am,jKaKd uyry;a fufyKsh

17
kkao udkjlhd fj;ska IKh jQ isoafha NsCIqKk
S a flfrys wkqlmdfjka Tjqkag
kd.l wdrduj, iSug wjia:dj i,id fok f,i rcqf.ka b,a,d isu" bisodis jeks jdy
;fha ;u iehkaf.ka widOdrKhg ,la jQ ldka;djka fj; meoao ,ndu" tfiau
mqKK
a d jeks fufyldr l;=kaf.a iudc ;;a;ajh fkdi,ld wef.a nqoauh ;;a;ajhg
wkd.dl Ydikfhys bvla ,ndu tysoS oelsh yelsh NsCIqKk
S af.a uqla;sh flfrys nqka
jykafia we;e g fm!oa.,sl wjOdkh ;sf fnfyda NsCIqKk
S a fcHIaG NsCIqKSka w;ska
Wmimodj ,enQj o iir ne` yd laf,aY hka ojd,Sug fkdyelsj ish wdf,dal Odrdjka
tjd fm!oa.,slj NsCIqKk
S ag lugyka ;sf ^fiakdkdhl" 1999( 10-23& tfiau by<
OudjfndaOhla we;s NsCIqKk
S a ck msia uOHfha w.h lsu o O f: .d:dj, oelsh
yelsh fYaIfhkau fidaKd f;rKsh n`kl j;=r WKqjkq lugyka f.k OudjfndaOh
,nd.;a miq nqka fufia weh w.h lrkafka" hfula W;= oyu fkdolska wjqre ishhla
j;afo tfy;a oe hfhka iuka;j tl ojila fyda iSu jvd;a fYa%IaGh mjiks weh
oe hfhka hq;a fufyKkaf.ka w.%ia:dkhg m;a flreKs tfiau Oukakd NsCIqKh
s
;u iehdg Ouh ia;r lrkq wid nqka jykafia weh w.h lrkafka Oukakd h n`
r ;eke;a;shla fo uyfKks th tfiau ie<lsh hq;=h hkqfjka mjid Ou lldhka
w;r w. ;k;=r ,nd ka fial fuu f: .d:dj,ska fYaIfhkau bisodis" iqfOd"
lsidf.da;" uq;a;d" iqux.,ud;d jeks f;rKsfhda .sys ;fha idm%odhsl ia;%S;ajh ;=< iy
jdy ;h ;=< wiqN me;a; .%y lrka lduhka yd iir n` ms<sl=,a lrka nqka
fj;ska ,enQ uqla;sh w.h lr;s bisodisf.a Nj.d l:dj b;d Nla;su;a yska kHdh Ou
weoyQ m;skshlf.a wjdikdjka; ;;a;ajh fmkajd fohs lsid f.d;hf.a f: .d:dj kQ;k
ldka;djdkshlf.a mq,a kHdhd;aul .%yhla ;ru .eUqreh weh fuysoS ;udg iuld,Sk
mgdpdr f;rKshf.a mqj;o isys lrkakSh ^fiakdkdhl" 1999( 173-176&'
ia;%S Ndjh lls" hkqfjka nqka jykafia foaYkd lr we;
im;a;S Ndjh o lls
jrla orejka je we;e ia;%Syq f.< lmd .ks;s ishque,sfhda I mjd l;s
uQV .N W;am;a;sfhka fofoku m;g mefK;s
uu orejka ys lsug hkakd jQ u. u< iehd
ish f.orgu fkdmeK u. m%iQ; l< mq;a;= fofoku u<y
ySk l=,Skh" mam;a ;eke;a;sh Tn wm%udK la kafoys
oyia .Kka cd;sfhys Tn fndfyda .Kka l` je.=refjys
Wrd oeuQ rd.d W,a we;a;S nyd ;nk ,o nr we;a;S l< hq;= foh l< ksu lf<
uq;a;d f;rKshf.a f: .d:djo idm%odhsl jdy fhka f m%S;sh fmkajhs'
uq;a;d uekka fka Ks
;=kal=foka fKa Ks

18
jkaf.fhka" fudfyd<ska" l= iehdf.ka fKa"
bmu yd urKska fKa fjhs ^fiakdkdhl" 1999( 14&
tfiau nqka jykafia NsCIq Ydikh fiau NsCIqKS Ydikh ;=<o iudk ;k;=re m%odkhla
mj;ajdf.k .sh w;r fmr l< l=i,lu iy fm!oa.,sl oCI;djka yer lsis we`kqlula
fyda .sys ;fha mej;s by< iudc ;;a;ajhla tys i<ld ke; ta wkqj nqkaf.a Ydikh
fiau nqoaO Ouh wkq.ukh l< ldka;djkaf.a m%dfhda.sl mqj;aj,ska lsisfia;au ia;%S mqreI
Iu;djla fyda mqreI uQ,sl;ajhla fn!oaOd.f we;ehs ;l l< fkdyelsh
ffck wd.f wd l;D uydr" fn!oaOd.f y`kajd ka ue` ms<sfj;g Tng .sh
ms<sfj;la wkq.ukh lf<ah tk w;a;ls,u;dkqfhda.s ms<sfj; y`kajd foka Wmjdih"
Yrhg lau" mru wysxidjdoh" wjidkfha kid .ekSu fyf;u w.h lf<ah nqoaOd.u
fiau ffckd.u o yska odYksl miq;,fhka meye,s fjkialula fmkajkafka iudcuh yd
wdOHd;al iduH;ajhla ia;%Ska yd mqreIhka w;r olsks ish iudc ;,j, iy l=, w;r
yso hk talSh iudk;ajh fuu wd. folg fmd wdlIKhla we;s lsug iu;a h
uydr l%s mQ 599 - 527 olajd ld,hg fck wd.f jHdma;sh is l< w;r nqkag mQj hq.fha
isg Orudk neka ldka;d - ms iduH;ajh idudl yd wdOHd;al jYfhka ia:dms; lsf
m%:u f.!rjh fyf;u ,nhs fuysoS Yaf;nr iy .nr hk ffck ksldhka folg wh;a
jQ ffck Ydia;Djhka ms<sn`o lreKq fy<s fjhs fYaIfhkau ffck wd.u ;=< ud;D;ajhg
oe ie,lSula olajd ;sf wnq" .skd jeks ffck wdrduj, ud;DrEm ksudKh lr we;s
w;r tajd jkaokhg ,laf ffck wd.f ;S:xlrejka is y;r fokdf.au ujreka
fufia we.hqug ,la ;sf u,a,skd:d" wdh pkaod" chka;s" uD.dj;S Yaf;dnr ffck
fldgfia yuqjk ;S:xljhls'

uydr wkq.uh l< fujeks ffck idOqjhka /ila

iuld,Skj yd miqld,Sk oel.; yelsh Tjqka fn!oaO NsCIqKS Ydikhg o jvd merKs nj
fmfka (Glasenapp,1999: 155-158).
fn!oaO NsCIqKS Ydikh 10 jk ishjfia jk g ke;sj .sh o ffck NsCIqKS Ydikh
j;udkh jk g o mj;sk nj fmfkhs' Tjqkaf.a Ydia;%Sh rpkduh odhl;ajh mqreI
idOqjreka yd iudka;r jQ nj fmfkhs' f wkqj ffck oYkh ;=< m%dfhda.sl ldka;d
odhl;ajh ;=< lsisfia;au mqreI uQ,sl iajrEmhla biau;= fkdjQ nj fmfkhs' ms
idOqjrekaf.a .=rejhka njg m;a ug yd Wm; m%mxp l:d jeks we;e odYksl .%ka:
rpkhg fuu ldka;d idOqjhka iu;a jQ nj i`oyka fuka ffck odYksl ixl,amj,
mq,a ia;S% mqreI iudkd;aul njla mej;s nj ;yjqre fjhs'

19
ks.ukh
miqld,Sk ol=Kq wdishdkq iudcfha ia;%shf.a ;;a;ajh ms<sn`o uik fndfyda msia
fYaIfhka Y%S ,xldj jeks rgj, we;e ldka;djka rdcH;ajh ,nd .ekSu" wdl jYfhka
we;eg iajdk u" wef.a ud;D;ajfha yd .Dyuh odhl;ajfha mQckSh f,i ie,lSu"
;SrK .ekSf iudk;ajh" rdcHh;ajhg mjd m;au" bv whs;sh ysu" Ydiksl
l;jHfha lemS fmfkk p; f,i biau;= u muKla fkdj jia;%dNrK wdh oef
mjd mej;s ksoyi wdh i,lk l, mqreIuQ,sl;ajfhka ;rula Kq h iajdk;ajhla
bkahdfjka mNdysr we;e merKs iudcj, ldka;djka fj; oelsh yels nj wjOdrkh
lrhs' kj yska mqkjk jHdmdr iy bia,d wd.lhkaf.a wdl%uK iu`. l%ufhka
mqreIdm;Hjd wd.l woyia bkahdf kej;;a biau;= jkakg h' tfukau nqoyu
f:rjd wdOhd;al mdYajhkaf.ka ksuqla;j foaYSh wd.l ixl,am yd Y% jQ uydhdksl
ixl,am lrd l%ufhka mj;kh jkakg h' tneka iudkd;aufhka hq;= nq oyf uQ,sl
wdOHd;al yrhka `oje l%ufhka iudcfha mej;s Yajdi yd tald;al jk wdi mQcd
yd wdpdr Ou biau;= jkakg h' YslaIqKS Ydikh l%ufhka ixlSK iudc moaO;sh ;=<
wNdjhg .sfhah' tneka iudcfha b;du m%p,s; mqreIuQ,sl ixl,am yryd fuu wd. o
ixialrKh ol=Kq wdishdf jHdma; f tu merKs iudc ;=<g kj wdldrfhka
mqreIuQ,sl;ajh wka;.; lsug ka;kuh odhl;ajh imhd ;sf th bka flakaSh
ixialD;sl rgdj yryd iuia; ol=Kq wdishdfu jHdma; h'

wdY%s; .%ka: kdudj,sh

1. Chakravarti,Uma (1996). The Social Dimensions of Early Buddhism, New
Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal.
2. Chakravarthi,Uma (2006).Everyday Lives, Everyday Histories: beyond the
kings and Brahmanas of 'ancient' India, New Delhi: Tulika.
3. Kinsley, David (1987).Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in
the Hindu Religious Tradition, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publication.
4. Lerner,Gerda (1986).The Creation of Patriarchy, Oxford: Oxford University
Press.
5. Murcott, Susan (2006). First Buddhist Women: Poems and Stories of
Awakening, Berkeley: Parallax Press
6. Robinson,Rowena (2000) Sociology of Religion in India, India: Sage
Publications.

20
7. Stewart-Wallace, John (1979).Women Saints: East & West, Califonia:
Ramakrishna Vedanta Centre
8. Tong, Rosemarie (1989). Feminist Thought, A Comprehensive Introduction,
Boulder: Westview press.
9. Von Glasenapp, Helmuth (1999). Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvation,
Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.
10. Wangu, Madhu Bazaz (2003). Images of Indian Goddesses: Myths,
Meanings, and Models, India: Abhinav Publications.
11. Wilkins, W. J. (2003). Hindu Gods and Goddesses, New York:Dover
Publication
12. m[a[dls;a;s ys" ysmsfha ^2002&' mqrd;k Ndr;Sh ldka;dj" fld<U( f.dvf.a
fmd;a uer'
13. Ndiska" l,d ^1994&' mS;D uq,sl;ajh hkq l=ulao" fld<U( iudc oHd{hskaf.a
ix.uh'
14. uelafvdk,a" wd; weka;ks ^1997& iD.afo .S;dj,S" je,a,mh ( p;=r uqKd,h
15. rdyq," fldgmsfha ^ixia&^2006&'fn!oaO kh wOHhkh" fldaf( Y%S l<HdKs idu.%S
Ouuyd ix> iNdj'
16. ,shkf.a" lu,d ^2006&' ia;S% mqreI iudcNdjh iy ia;%Sjdoh" fld<U( f*la Bn
moku'
17. fiakdkdhl" ' tia' ' ^ixia& ^1999&' f: .d:d wGl:d isxy, mj;kh" Y%S ,xld
rdclSh wdishs;sl i;sh'