NAVNEORD (substantiver)

Engelsk grammatik
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Ejefald (genitiv)..............................................................................................................................................2 Regelmssige udsagnsord (verber)..............................................................................................................4 Uregelmssige udsagnsord (verber).............................................................................................................4 Mdesudsagnsord (modalverber)...................................................................................................................5 Udvidet tid = ING-form...................................................................................................................................6 Omskrivning med 'DO'...................................................................................................................................6 Passiv............................................................................................................................................................7 Personlige stedord (pronominer)....................................................................................................................9 Ejestedord (possessive pronominer)..............................................................................................................9 Tilbagevisende stedord (refleksive pronominer).............................................................................................9 Henfrende stedord (relative pronominer)....................................................................................................10 Sprgende stedord (interrogative pronominer).............................................................................................11 Ubestemte stedord (SOME og ANY)............................................................................................................11 Ppegende stedord (demonstrative pronominer)..........................................................................................11

Navneordenes flertalsdannelse (substantiver i pluralis)

De fleste navneord danner flertal med et s Ental: room Flertal: rooms

1. Hvis ordet i forvejen ender p -s, -ch, -sh, -ss, -x eller z, dannes der flertal med -es:

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UDSAGNSORD (verber)
bus - buses, church - churches, bush - bushes, kiss - kisses, box - boxes, quiz - quizzes 2. Nogle ord, som ender p -o, tilfjer -es i flertal: tomato - tomatoes, potato - potatoes 3. Hvis ordet ender p konsonant + y, kommer det til at ende p -ies i flertal: family - families, baby - babies 4. En rkke ord, der ender p -f i ental, fr -ves i flertal: calf - calves, knife - knives Flere: half, loaf, life, wife, leaf, sheaf, thief, elf, self, shelf, wolf

5. En rkke navneord har helt uregelmssig flertalsdannelse, fx: child - children, man - men, woman - women, goose - geese, tooth - teeth, foot - feet, mouse mice

Ejefald (genitiv)
Personer, kledyr og tidsbetegnelser: drengens cykel: drengenes cykler: hundens snude: en times gang: the boy's bike the boys' bikes the dog's nose an hour's walk Ting og begreber: togets passagerer: togenes passagerer: murens farve: troens styrke: the passengers of the train the passengers of the trains the colour of the wall the strength of faith

Ved personer, kledyr og tidsbetegnelser dannes ejefald med 's (apostrof + s). Hvis ordet i forvejen ender p -s, tilfjes kun en apostrof (the boys' bikes, the parents' house) Ved ting og begreber dannes ejefald med of, og her er ikke nogen apostroffer.

Ubestemt kendeord: Bestemt kendeord: Ental Ubestemt a girl (en pige)

a / an the Bestemt

(an foran vokallyde: a - e - i - o - u) (udtales [i] foran vokallyde) Flertal Ubestemt girls (piger) Bestemt the girls (pigerne)

the girl (pigen)

KENDEORD (artikler)
an apple (et ble) the [i] apple (blet) apples (bler) the [i] apples (blerne)

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To BE (at vre)
NUTID
prsens

DATID
prteritum

FRNUTID
perfektum

FRDATID
pluskvamperfektum

(er) Ental (singularis) 1. person 2. person 3. person I you he / she / it am are is

(var)

(har vret)

(havde vret)

was were was

have been have been has been

had been had been had been

Flertal (pluralis) 1. person 2. person 3. person we you they are are are were were were have been have been have been had been had been had been

To BE er det eneste verbum, som har 3 forskellige former i nutid og 2 i datid!

To HAVE (at have)

NUTID
prsens

DATID
prteritum

FRNUTID
perfektum

FRDATID
pluskvamperfektum

(har) Ental (singularis) 1. person 2. person 3. person I you he / she / it have have has

(havde)

(har haft)

(havde haft)

had had had

have had have had has had

had had had had had had

Flertal (pluralis) 1. person 2. person 3. person we you they have have have had had had have had have had have had had had had had had had

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Regelmssige udsagnsord (verber)

NAVNEFORM (infinitiv): to live (at bo) NUTID
prsens (bo) Ental (singularis) 1. person 2. person 3. person I you he / she / it live live lives lived lived lived have lived have lived has lived had lived had lived had lived

DATID
prteritum (boede)

FRNUTID
perfektum (har boet)

FRDATID
pluskvamperfektum (havde boet)

Flertal (pluralis) 1. person 2. person 3. person we you they live live live lived lived lived have lived have lived have lived had lived had lived had lived

FREMTID
futurum (vil bo) Ental (singularis) 1. person 2. person 3. person I you he / she / it shall live will live will live

Regelmssige verber
Nutid er den samme som navneform, dog med tilfjelse af et s i 3. person ental. Datid ender p -ed i alle personer. Frnutid og frdatid dannes ved hjlp af have + kort tillgsform (perfektum participium). Denne ender p -ed ligesom i datid. Frnutid: have i nutid + kort tillgsform (have / has lived) Frdatid: have i datid + kort tillgsform (had lived) Fremtid: shall / will + navneform (shall / will live) P dansk kan man danne frnutid / frdatid med 'at vre': Hun er rejst til Rom. Den er / var forsvundet. P engelsk kan man kun danne frnutid / frdatid med 'have': She has gone to Rome. It has / had disappeared.

Flertal (pluralis) 1. person 2. person 3. person we you they shall live will live will live

Uregelmssige udsagnsord (verber)

Bjes p samme mde som de regelmssige, men i datid og kort tillgsform ender de uregelmssige verber ikke p -ed. De har deres egne specielle former, som der findes lister over bag i ordbogen. Navneform (infinitiv) drive
(kre)

Datid (prteritum) drove

(krte)

Kort tillgsform (perfektum participium) driven

(krt)

see
(se)

saw
(s)

seen
(set)

Fx: He drove the car into the carport. He has driven the car to San Francisco. She saw him yesterday. / She has not seen him for many years.

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Mdesudsagnsord (modalverber)
Mdesudsagnsordene can, may, must, ought to, shall og will er en srlig gruppe udsagnsord. - De findes kun i nutid (prsens) og datid (prteritum) - De tilfjer ikke -s i nutid 3. person ental - De omskrives ikke med 'do' Mdesudsagnsordene bruges som hjlpeudsagnsord. De efterflges af et andet udsagnsord, som str i navneform uden 'to' (undtagen ved 'ought to'). can may must kan / om evne og mulighed anmodning m / har tilladelse til vil mske / kan mske skal / er ndt til forbud indlysende faktum br / har pligt til forslag (1. pers. nutid) i datid om moralsk pligt vilje nske / opfordring fremtid Can you play the guitar? It can be very cold in Canada. Can I have a glass of water? You may leave now. It may rain. You might be right. He must leave now. You must not smoke in here. She must be mad. He ought not to do it. Shall I help you? Shall we go now? You shouldn't do that. I will not vote for him! Will / Would you pass me the sugar, please! I think our team will win the match.

ought to shall will

Da mdesudsagnsordene kun findes i nutid og datid, bruges der andre udtryk i navneform, frnutid og frdatid, hvor det er muligt: NAVNEFORM
infinitiv

NUTID
prsens

DATID
prteritum

FRNUTID / FRDATID
perfektum / pluskvamperfektum

to be able to to be allowed to to have to to be obliged to to want to

can may must ought to shall will

could might / was allowed to must / had to ought to should would

has / had been able to has / had been allowed to has / had had to has / had been obliged to has / had wanted to

Sammentrkninger
To be, to have og mdesudsagnsordene trkkes ofte sammen med ordet not: is not isn't, are not aren't was not wasn't, were not weren't has not hasn't, have not haven't, had not hadn't cannot can't, must not mustn't, shall not shan't, will not won't could not couldn't, should not shouldn't, would not wouldn't Det samme sker ved hjlpeudsagnsordet to do: do not don't, does not doesn't, did not didn't

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Udvidet tid = ING-form

What are you doing right now? NUTID (prsens) I am eating you are eating he / she / it is eating we are eating you are eating they are eating What were you doing yesterday at 7 oclock? DATID (prteritum) I was eating you were eating he / she / it was eating we were eating you were eating they were eating

Ing-formen bruges kun om det, man er eller var i gang med p et bestemt tidspunkt! P dansk bruger man ofte vendinger med sidder og..., str og..., er ved at... Dansk Jeg sidder og lser avisen. Hun str og venter p bussen. Han var ved at vaske op. Engelsk I am reading the paper. She is waiting for the bus. He was doing the dishes.

Husk: ING-formen bruges ogs efter forholdsord, men uden en form af 'to be': He left without paying the bill. They often talk about leaving the country.

Omskrivning med 'DO'

Nutid: Datid: I do - you do - he / she / it does - we do - you do - they do Det hedder did i alle former i datid

Ved sprgsml og NOT-stninger i nutid og datid skal man omskrive med do / does / did. 'Do' bjes i person og tid. Det efterflgende hovedverbum str i navneform og skal alts ikke bjes! Sprgestninger: Nutid: Do you know this man? (Kender du den mand?) Does Martin live in London? (Bor Martin i London?) Datid: Did you see him yesterday? (S du ham i gr?) NOT-stninger: Nutid: I do not know this man = I don't know... (Jeg kender ikke den mand) He does not live here = He doesn't live... (Han bor ikke her) Datid: I did not see him yesterday = I didn't see... (Jeg s ham ikke i gr) I flgende tilflde bruges ikke DO-omskrivning: Hvis grundleddet er et sprgeord: Who lives in this house? x O Ved verbet to be: I am not ready. Are you hungry? He is not at home. Was she in London? Ved mdesudsagnsord: Can you help me? You must not do that! You ought not to do that.

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Passiv
Aktiv: A young man drives the car. x O Udsagnsleddet (verballeddet) 'drives' str i almindelig nutid (prsens), aktiv form, 'A young man' er grundled (subjekt), 'the car' er genstandsled (objekt). Hvis man gr genstandsleddet ('the car') til grundled, fr man passivkonstruktioner som nedenfor. Det tidligere grundled (alts den, der udfrer handlingen) kan tilknyttes med et 'by'. En passivform dannes af en form af 'to be' + hovedverbet i kort tillgsform AKTIV NUTID (prsens) A young man drives the car (en ung mand krer bilen) DATID (prteritum) A young man drove the car (en ung mand krte bilen) FRNUTID (perfektum) A young man has driven the car (en ung mand har krt bilen) FRDATID (pluskvamperfektum) A young man had driven the car (en ung mand havde krt bilen) FREMTID (futurum) A young man will drive the car (en ung mand vil kre bilen) PASSIV NUTID (prsens) The car is driven by a young man (bilen bliver krt af en ung mand) = kres DATID (prteritum) The car was driven by a young man (bilen blev krt... = krtes) FRNUTID (perfektum) The car has been driven by a young man (bilen er blevet krt af en ung mand) FRDATID (pluskvamperfektum) The car had been driven by a young man (bilen var blevet krt af en ung mand) FREMTID (futurum) The car will be driven by a young man (bilen vil blive krt af en ung mand)

Det danske ord 'man' kan hedde you, they, one eller people p engelsk, men ofte kan det oversttes til en passiv-stning: Man siger, at han er lgner. Man gav ham noget medicin. Man gjorde sig ingen anstrengelser for at... Man fandt ikke noget bevis p at... Man skal ikke se bort fra, at... He is said to be a liar (eller: They say that he is a liar) He was given some medicine. No efforts were made to.... No evidence was found that... It's not to be ignored that...

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TILLGSORD (adjektiver)

Tillgsord lgger sig til navneord og fortller noget om dem: en rig mand: a rich man et rigt liv: a rich life de rige mnd: the rich men P engelsk hedder tillgsordet her rich i alle tilflde. Der er alts ingen bjning p engelsk. Tillgsord kan dog gradbjes bde p dansk og p engelsk: rig - rigere - rigest

Gradbjning med endelser:

1. Grundform
(positiv)

2. Hjere grad
(komparativ)

3. Hjeste grad
(superlativ)

rich tall Efter kort vokal fordobles konsonanten: y bliver til ie i hjere og hjeste grad:

richer taller big - bigger - biggest happy - happier - happiest

richest tallest

Tillgsord p n stavelse bjes med endelser som ovenfor. Det samme glder tostavelsestillgsord p -y (pretty), -er (clever), -ow (narrow), konsonant + -le (gentle) eller med tryk p 2. stavelse (polite).

vrige tillgsord p to eller flere stavelser gradbjes som regel med more og most: honest excellent more honest more excellent most honest most excellent

Enkelte tillgsord gradbjes uregelmssigt, som fx: good bad (drlig)

Forstrkning af tillgsord:

better worse (vrre)

best worst (vrst)

very tall - much taller - the very tallest

meget hj - meget hjere - den allerhjeste:

BIORD (adverbier)
Biord fortller ofte noget om mde, grad, tid eller sted, fx: He walked slowly (mde). She was very old (grad). He came immediately (tid). Click here to update (sted). Biord kan dannes af tillgsord ved at tilfje -ly: De kan ogs vre gte biord: quickly, beautifully, easily, happily well, very, almost, perhaps, never, again, now, here

Biord kan lgge sig til og fortlle noget om de ord, som er streget under i det flgende: Udsagnsord: Tillgsord: Andre biord: Hele stninger: They ran quickly / Everything went well / She spoke softly. He was enormously fat / He was very tired / I'm not so sure. They walked extremely slowly / He returned very quickly. There are obviously many good reasons to do so.

Biord kan ikke lgge sig til navneord (substantiver). Det er tillgsordenes (adjektivernes) opgave: This is a slow car. The car drives slowly Tillgsord (lgger sig til navneordet car) Biord (lgger sig til udsagnsordet drives)

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STEDORD (pronominer)

Personlige stedord (pronominer)

Ental (singularis) 1. person 2. person 3. person Flertal (pluralis) 1. person 2. person 3. person we you they
(vi) (I) (de)

Grundledsform I you he / she / it

(jeg) (du) (han / hun / den, det)

Genstandsform me you him / her / it us you them

(mig) (dig) (ham / hende / den, det)

(os) (jer) (dem)

Grundledsformen bruges, nr det personlige stedord str som grundled: He went to Paris. They had dinner at 7 o'clock. Can we go home now? Genstandsformen bruges, nr stedordet str som genstandsled, hensynsled eller efter et forholdsord: I saw him at the station. We gave them the newspaper. We got a letter from her last week.

Ejestedord (possessive pronominer)

Ental (singularis) 1. person 2. person 3. person Flertal (pluralis) 1. person 2. person 3. person our your their Bunden form my your
(min) (din)

Ubunden form mine yours his / hers / its ours yours theirs

his / her / its (hans / hendes /

dens, dets, sin) (vores) (jeres) (deres)

De ubundne former bruges, nr der ikke str et navneord (substantiv) efter ejestedordet. This is my car.This car is mine. Her dog is black. Is this dog hers?

Tilbagevisende stedord (refleksive pronominer)

Ental: Flertal: Eksempler: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself ourselves, yourselves, themselves I did it myself. Let them come and see for themselves.

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Henfrende stedord (relative pronominer)

Henfrende stedord viser tilbage til personer, ting m.m., som lige er blevet nvnt. P dansk hedder de vigtigste henfrende stedord som og der. P engelsk hedder de who, which og that. WHO viser tilbage til personer. WHICH viser tilbage til ting, dyr, begreber eller en hel stning. THAT kan vise tilbage til bde personer og ting.

Ndvendige tilfjelser (definerende) Her kan den henfrende stning ikke undvres, og who og which kan erstattes med that. Ikke-ndvendige tilfjelser (parentetiske) Her kan den henfrende stning undvres, og man stter et komma foran / omkring den henfrende stning. I denne type stninger kan der ikke bruges that.

She has a father who is very old. (Hun har en far, som...) She has a father that is very old. The car which you see over there is a Rover. The car that you see over there is a Rover.

My mother, who is 65, travels a lot. Margaret Thatcher, who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990, was a very significant politician. Hendersons' house, which was built last year, has been sold. Come and see my new house, which has cost me a fortune! I studied French, which was a mistake.
(her viser 'which' tilbage til hele stningen)

WHOM er et henfrende stedord, som ikke bruges meget i daglig tale, men i skriftsproget er det korrekt at bruge 'whom', nr det henfrende stedord ikke str som grundled (subjekt). The man who(m) we met... (her er who(m) genstandsled) The woman who(m) we told the story... (her er who(m) hensynsled) Efter forholdsord (prpositioner) skal der bruges whom: The girl to whom he is engaged... (eller: The girl who he is engaged to...) The people with whom she lived (eller: The people who she lived with) WHOSE bruges i ejefald om bde personer og ting: The girl whose bike has been stolen is 10 years old. (Pigen, hvis cykel er blevet stjlet, ...) The car whose alarm had gone off was in the carpark. This school, whose students are from 5 to 16, has a long history.

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Sprgende stedord (interrogative pronominer)

Sprgende stedord er p dansk fx hvem, hvis, hvad, hvilken P engelsk: who(m), whose, what, which WHO bruges om personer: Who is she? I don't know who they are. WHOM er et sprgende stedord, som ikke bruges meget i daglig tale, men i skriftsproget er det korrekt at bruge 'whom', nr det sprgende stedord ikke str som grundled (subjekt). Who(m) did you see? To whom did you speak? (Who did you speak to?) WHOSE er ejefald: Whose coat is this? Whose is this coat? WHAT bruges om ting og begreber: What is that? What did he tell you? What language do they speak? WHICH bruges om personer og ting, nr der er et begrnset antal: Which of your children lives in Spain? Which do you prefer - tea or coffee? Which car is yours? Which of these animals live in Africa: lions, tigers, zebras, elephants? (Men: What animals live in Africa? Her er ikke tale om et begrnset antal)

Ubestemte stedord (SOME og ANY)

Nogen, noget, nogle kan hedde SOME eller ANY p engelsk. ANY bruges isr i sprgende stninger, hvor man kan forvente et 'nej', og i ngtende stninger. Det kan oversttes med 'nogen / noget som helst': Are there any eggs left? There isn't any butter in the fridge. I don't like any of these sausages. SOME bruges i betydningen nogen, noget, nogle stykker, n/t eller andet: There is some coffee on the table. Would you also like some cake? Yes, please, give me some cake! Samme regler glder for somebody, something, anybody, anything og vrige sammenstninger.

Ppegende stedord (demonstrative pronominer)

Om noget, der er lige i nrheden: Ental: Flertal: THIS THESE denne / dette disse Om noget, der er lidt lngere vk: Ental: Flertal: THAT THOSE den, det de

I don't like this cake. That cake over there looks better. These photos are from our holiday in Italy. Those in the other album are from Canada.

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