Works Cited

Primary Sources
Ascherson, Neal. The Polish August: The Self-Limiting Revolution. New York: The Viking Press, 1982. Print. This book is a very detailed synopsis of the events of Polish Solidarity; it has been extremely helpful for researching the names of the people involved in Solidarity as well as small details of the happenings of Solidarity. Whats great about this book is the fact that Ascherson was writing this book as the events were happening, so all the necessary details were included. Badkowski, Lech, et al., comps. The Book of Lech Walesa. Gdansk: Wydawnictwo Morskie, 1981. Print. The point of view and insight we gained from reading the words of Poles who worked in the factories alongside Lech Walesa was invaluable to the creation of our website. It helped us understand that more than anything, this was a peoples movement, and allowed us to focus on the social aspects as well as the political ones. We used quotes from this source in our pages describing the movement itself. Berend, Ivan T. E-mail interview. 20 Jan. 2012. Professor Berend provided us with very informative and clear answers to our questions. He is a professor of Eastern European studies at UCLA and was able to give us a historical perspective from the point of view of the satellite countries. Most importantly, his responses to our questions gave us evidence that supported our thesis and helped us know what to research to find

further information that would prove our argument. Bezyrk, Yahn. Personal interview. 9 Jan. 2012. Jan Zebryk was an invaluable primary source interview for our understanding of the Solidarity movement. Because of his experience working as part of the Polish Secret Service during the Solidarity uprisings, he was able to provide a social and political perspective. He also gave us books and pictures that were used in our website. Bialoleka Detention Camp. Letter to Ronald Reagan. 1982. TS. Ronald Reagan Presidential Archive. Ronald Reagan Lib., Los Angeles. This source is an Easter Card, made by Solidarity prisoners for President Reagan. The design is of a chick hatching from a festive egg, but with a chain around its foot symbolizing the captivity Solidarity was forced into right after it was born. The card is another example of the propaganda used by Solidarity to win the support of President Reagan and the nation he represented. The Bible. Print. Because the Catholic Church played such a vital role in the Solidarity Movement, we felt that looking at the Christian Bible would provide context for the role that the Church played in the Solidarity movement. Bono. New Years Day. War. 1983. MP3 file. This famous U2 song was featured on our Western Reaction page. We believe that it demonstrated how relevant the Solidarity Movement in American social culture really was. We purchased the song off of iTunes.

Brolewicz, Walter. My Brother, Lech Walesa. Scarborough, Ontario: PrenticeHall Canada, 1983. Print. This book provided us with a primary source account of the Polish authors relationship with Lech Walesa and his involvement in the Solidarity Movement. Brolewiczs account was particularly relevant to our project because as an engineer, he provides us with the perspective of a person involved and invested in the Solidarity movement. The book also offered insight into the personal life and personality of Lech Walesa, factors that contributed to the way in which he responded to the political events around him. Browarczyk, Grazyna, and Cecylia Szczepanska. Interview. Poland: Remembering the Victims of Communism. Euranet. 30 July 2009. Euranet. Web. 22 Feb. 2012. <http://www.euranet.eu>. This radio program provided us with many primary sources that were essential to our understanding of Poland and communism. It is impossible to comprehend the Solidarity movement without knowledge of the people and experiences that make it up. This interview gave heart-wrenching accounts of the murders of family members by the communist forces of Poland. Hearing these tragic accounts helped us understand the meaning and hope that Solidarity held for the people of Poland. We used excerpts from the program throughout our website. Candle. 11 Feb. 2012. Personal photograph by author. We took a photograph of a candle to put on our website as a representation of the candles that were lit in the windows of Poles everywhere during martial law. As

mentioned in President Reagans speech of December 1981, the lighted candle symbolized Solidarity. Reagan even urged the American people to light their own candles to show solidarity with the people of Poland. Chairman of Polish Council of State. Acknowledgment of the American Day of Independence. 4 July 1981. Telegram. Ronald Reagan Presidential Archive. Ronald Reagan Lib., Los Angeles. This telegram was a useful resource as it was yet another indication of friendly relations between the Polish Communist government and the United States. It allowed us to analyze further the possibility that the Polish government sensed unrest and was trying to forge a relationship with the United States to deter revolt. Also, the United States was known for its hatred of communism, and the public might not have been supportive of amiable exchanges between their government and that of a Soviet Bloc country. This information helped us complete our American reaction page of our website. Chairman of Polish Council of State. Letter to Ronald Reagan. 22 Jan. 81. TS. Ronald Reagan Presidential Archive. Ronald Reagan Lib., Los Angeles. This telegram from Chairman Jablonski was an interesting source as it showed that, unlike U.S. relations with the Soviet Union, relations with satellite countries like Poland were not hostile. Jablonskis congratulations of President Reagan being elected display the potential between the countries for working together. This fact makes the U.S. reaction to Solidarity more complex and interesting because they so

readily renounced the government that was so friendly to them. Chenoweth, Eric. Letter to Richard Pipes. 8 Jan. 1982. TS. Ronald Reagan Presidential Archive. Ronald Reagan Lib., Los Angeles. This letter illustrates the purpose and activities of the Committee for the Support of Solidarity, which played a key role in gaining U.S. support for the movement. The founders of the committee knew the impact that support from President Reagan would have on the movement and on the globe, so they made it part of their duty to involve him in their support campaigns. The letter aided our understanding of the American reaction to Solidarity and therefore contributed to our page on that topic. Ciolek, Erazem. August Agreements. Aug. 1980. Polska. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1 June 2009. Web. 17 Jan. 2012. <http://en.poland.gov.pl>. This image was taken during the signing of the August Agreements in 1980 by Lech Walesa as he is surrounded by Communist Deputy Prime Minister Mieczyslaw Jagielski. This was an important event in the chronology of Solidarity; therefore, it is very helpful to have an image so we can visualize what was happening at the time. Ciolek, Erazem. Jerzy Popieluszko. 26 Aug. 1984. Polska. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1 June 2009. Web. 17 Jan. 2012. <http://en.poland.gov.pl>. This image is of the priest Jerzy Popieluszko, who was nicknamed the Priest of Solidarity. He was an important contributor to the early part of the movement; he was murdered by the Communist Secret Service, most likely due to his involvement in Solidarity.

Ciolek, Erazem. Round Table. 6 Feb. 1989. Polska. Web. 17 Jan. 2012. <http://en.poland.gov.>. This photograph is of the Round Table negotiations. The talks were the threshold for the reform that eventually led to the collapse of communism in Poland. We used this photograph on our Polish reform page and incorporated it into our flash diagram explaining the organization of the negotiations. Clark, William P. ICA Program Let Poland be Poland. Memo to Gregory Newell. Jan. 1982. TS. Ronald Reagan Presidential Archive. Ronald Reagan Lib., Los Angeles. This memorandum between President Reagans advisers demonstrates the Reagan Administrations view towards Solidarity. The program Let Poland be Poland was given to raise awareness and support for the Solidarity movement and its plight. Reagans participation would reinforce his declaration of solidarity with them. His participation would also send a message to Poland that they had the support of one of the most powerful nations on earth, as well as let the communist governments know that in opposing Solidarity, they were opposing the United States. This memo contributed to our U.S. reaction page. Comisso, Ellen. Personal interview. 13 Jan. 2012. Professor Comisso was an invaluable source of information. She is a professor of Eastern European economics and politics and was able to provide us with information on the political and economic reforms and the effect that various stages of the Solidarity movement had on Polands economy. This interview also

allowed us to gain another perspective on the movement and gave us an expert opinion on the movement. She also had some interesting insight on the role of women in Solidarity. Committee in Support of Solidarity. Paper Presented at Meeting with President Reagan about the Situation in Poland. Print. Dated May 1983, this document outlined every detail of the Solidarity movement for President Reagan. Not only did it provide us with another unique perspective of Solidarity, but it also showed us the exact information that based the U.S. decision to support the movement. This was crucial to the analysis of the American reaction and aided us in creating our page on this topic. Corel. Mikhail Gorbachev. ABC-CLIO. Web. 27 Mar. 2012. <http://worldhistory.abc-clio.com>. Gorbachev is perhaps the most well known Soviet leader associated with the time of Solidarity. His movement of perestroika enabled Solidarity to be successful. We used this image of him on our Polish Reform page. Darnton, John. Poland Restricts Civil and Union Rights; Solidarity Activists Urge General Strike. New York Times 14 Dec. 1982. New York Times Archive. Web. 25 Oct. 2011. <http://www.nytimes.com/>. This New York Times article provided us with the American perspective of the Polish Solidarity movement. Although this primary source does not seem directly biased, the fact that it was written by an American newspaper demonstrates the way the American public perceived the situation.

Darnton, John. 60 Days That Shook Poland. New York Times Magazine [Warsaw] Winter 1980. Rpt. in Poland. Ed. William P. Lineberry. Print. This reference source was a collection of newspaper articles on Poland written at or around the time of Solidarity. The one we found most useful was 60 Days that Shook Poland. After reading an article of a historians account of the events of Solidarity it was thrilling to read about the same events written about as they were happening. The articles provided us with many quotes that showed the emotions of the people at that time as well as their analysis of the future of Poland, an immediate and unsolved problem. This sources accounts of events contributed to our time line as well as our pages about Solidarity and the Soviet reaction. Dobriansky, Paula. Presidential Remarks re Lifting of US Sanctions Against Poland. Memo to Grant S. Green. 18 Feb. 1987. TS. Ronald Reagan Presidential Archives. Ronald Reagan Lib., Los Angeles. This memo is evidence of the placing and then lifting of economic sanctions against Poland. Aside from verbally expressed support, these sanctions were the only representations of Americas solidarity with Solidarity. The hope was that if the disapproval of one of the most powerful and influential nations in the world was not enough to convince the Polish government to lift martial law, economic pressure would be. We used this document in our Polish reform page. Dole, Elizabeth H. Memo to Ronald Reagan. 21 Dec. 1981. TS. Ronald Reagan

Presidential Archive. Ronald Reagan Lib., Los Angeles. This source was a list of talking points used by President Reagan in a meeting with the leaders of the Polish American community. It was a valuable source because it brought to our attention the existence of this community and the amount of influence it had over the American reaction to Solidarity. Draft Presidential Announcement on Ban of Solidarity. 8 Oct. 1982. Speech Draft. Ronald Reagan Presidential Archive. Ronald Reagan Lib., Los Angeles. This speech draft was a valuable resource that gave us insight into the inner workings of the Reagan Presidency at the time of Solidarity. Having access to the drafts and not just the final announcements allowed us to discover the authentic American reaction to Solidarity and helped us form that page on our website. The iconic nature of President Reagan made his support of Solidarity all the more meaningful in legitimizing the movement. Druszcz, Wojciech Druszcz. Solidarity, May 1989. 2009. Polska. Web. 17 Jan. 2012. Solidarity impacted societies on a global scale and how the Polish people viewed their government. This photo helped us display the citizens views and how big of a revolution it was. Fila, Janusz. Removing Dzierzynski. 17 Nov. 1989. Polska. Web. 17 Jan. 2012. <http://en.poland.gov.>. This image of the statue being removed from Dzierzynskis Square, now Bankowy Square, in Warsaw symbolizes reform and the disintegration of the communist system. General Jaruzelski. The Darkness Descends. Time 28 Dec. 1981: Time

Magazine Cover Archive. Web. 21 Jan. 2012. <http://www.time.com/>. This image was the cover of a Time Magazine in 1981. It preserved the moment in history in which General Jaruzelski declared martial law in Poland as a result of the Solidarity uprisings. We felt that it was significant because it demonstrated the American reaction to Jaruzelskis decision. The tone and word choice, Polands Ordeal: Darkness Descends, implies that the United States reacted negatively to the situation. Gingrich, Newt. Nine Days That Changed the World. Citizens United Productions, 2010. Film. Pope John Paul IIs influential visit to Poland in June 1979 changed the worlds view on Solidarity. His ideology of the movement made it a revolution in the eyes of the Catholic Church. This documentary helped us gain a better perspective of the churchs role in Solidarity and how the positive reaction influenced further reform. Gortat, Grzegorz. Telephone interview. 22 Mar. 2012. We found Gortat by contacting the United States Embassy in Warsaw, Poland, where he worked at the Press Office. At the time of Solidarity, Gortat was an English teacher, so he witnessed first-hand the eventful decade of Solidarity. Gortats statements supplemented those of the various professors we interviewed as he was able to provide us with the opinions and emotions of the people in Poland who were experiencing Solidarity. It is essential to any History Day project to be able to stand in the shoes of those who lived through your topic, and Gortats interview helped us

do that. Graham, Bradley. Walesa Tells of Secret Talks with Unions Underground. World News 13 Apr. 1983: Print. This article gave us a primary source look at Walesa just after his release from internment. It also showed us what the public opinions of Walesa and Solidarity were, and it was helpful to formulating our revolution and reaction pages. Hornik, Richard, and William Smith. Poland: Solidarity One Year Later. Time 14 Sept. 1981: Time Magazine Archive. Web. 5 Dec. 2011. <http://www.time.com/>. Although the article claims to be assessing the Polish Solidarity movement one year later, it was actually written in the midst of the next stage of the revolutions growth. The article provided a useful, primary source insight into the American reaction to the crisis. This aided us in understanding the overall global reaction to the revolution. ICA New Years Message. File last modified on 21 Dec. 1981. Taping Transcript. Ronald Reagan Presidential Archives. Ronald Reagan Lib., Los Angeles. The transcript of this speech serves as yet another reminder of how dedicated President Reagan was to the cause of Solidarity. The fact that it was listed as one of the major events of the year, despite no public U.S. involvement, displayed that there were high hopes that Solidarity would be the first successful anti-communist revolution in the Eastern Bloc. This document assisted us in the formulation of our American reaction page.

Index cards with statements to be made by the president. Statement Notes. Ronald Reagan Presidential Archives. Ronald Reagan Lib., Los Angeles. The statements gave more evidence of the presidents opinions towards Solidarity, along with the Reagan Administrations knowledge of and reactions toward the events of the movement. Internment Camp at Gebarzewo. Letter to Ronald Reagan. 16 June 1982. MS. Ronald Reagan Presidential Archive. Ronald Reagan Lib., Los Angeles. The Independence Day greeting card from Solidarity was another display of propaganda towards the U.S. to gain Americas support and thank them for their help. The hand-drawn illustrations are poignant reminders of the hardships of the prisoners and their families but also serve to remind the president that his nation and Solidarity share a common enemy: communism. We used this letter in our documents page. Jaruzelski, Wojciech. Declaration of Martial Law. 13 Dec. 1981. HELP ME. Web. 21 Jan. 2012. This speech was televised live to the Polish people in order to announce that martial law was to be imposed upon Poland. We analyzed Jaruzelskis speech in order to enhance and supplement our Communist Reaction page. John Paul II: Man of the Year. 1994. John Paul II : Empire of the Spirit. By Paul Gray. Time 26 Dec. 1994: Time Magazine Cover Archive. Web. 21 Jan. 2012. <http://www.time.com/>. This image was the cover of a Time Magazine in 1994 after he was picked as Man of the Year. It is accompanied by an article chronicling the journey of Pope John Paul II

back to his homeland, Poland, to support the Solidarity movement. We felt that this was significant because the tone demonstrates the positive American reaction to the Popes involvement in Solidarity. Kaufman, Michael T. Mad Dreams, Saving Graces: Poland: A Nation in Conspiracy. New York: Random, 1989. Print. This book provided us with the point of view of an American in Poland at the time. Kaufman was a journalist for the New York Times assigned to Poland during Solidarity, so he had access to many important leaders and witnessed many historical events. The point of view of a westerner was invaluable as it described the conditions of Poland as compared to in the US and provided a certain distanced and unbiased view of the Solidarity movement. We used quotes from this book in our timeline, reaction, and reform pages. Kobiety na Wojnie. Gazeta Wyborcza. Web. 27 Dec. 2011. <http://wyborcza.pl/>. This source was a Polish newspaper website. The article title translates to Women at War and displayed the portraits of women who had been underground fighters for Solidarity. We used these photographs on our page about the role of women in Solidarity. It is especially important that the faces of these women are shown so that they are remembered as Polish pioneers alongside their male colleagues. Kostrzewa, Robert, ed. Between East and West: Writings from Kultura. New York City: Hill and Wang, 1990. Print. This book is a compilation of

several essays and short stories from Kultura, an intellectual group formed after World War II. One of the essays in this book is written by Leszek Kolakowski, one of the inspirations for Solidarity. Although this essay was not the one that was part of the launch of the Solidarity movement, it gave us an idea of what his writing was like as well as his thoughts about the churchs role in society. Krakow, Nowa Huta. Demonstration, October 1982. 2009. Polska. Web. 19 Jan. 2012. In order to display the social movements and demonstrations that occurred during the early years of Solidarity, we found this photograph for our website. It helped us show the public support the Polish people had for the movement. Kramer, Mark. The Rise and Fall of Solidarity. New York Times 12 Dec. 2011: The New York Times. Web. 2 Mar. 2012. <http://www.nytimes.com/>. This article chronicled the Solidarity movement from the American perspective and provided analysis about the nature of anti-communist revolutions. The information in the piece aided the development of our American Reaction page. We also used an image from the article on our thesis page. Lampland, Martha. Personal interview. 23 Jan. 2012. Professor Lampland was able to give us valuable information and opinions regarding Polish Solidarity. Her responses assisted us in focusing our argument and finalizing our supporting evidence. She was a sociology professor, so the perspective she gave us was unique in that it was about the individuals

involved, not the collective groups. The interview especially helped us formulate the Global Reform page of our website. Lech Walesa: Man of the Year. Poland: Candles in the Night. Time 4 Jan. 1982: Time Magazine Cover Archive. Web. 21 Jan. 2012. <http://www.time.com/>. This image was the front cover of the Time Magazine announcement of Lech Walesa as Man of the Year. Choosing Walesa demonstrated to us the American perspective of the Solidarity Movement: that it was a positive expression of wanting more rights in opposition to a tyrannical government. Lenyk, Zygmunt. Letter to Ronald Reagan. 12 July 1986. MS. Ronald Reagan Presidential Archives. Ronald Reagan Lib., Los Angeles. This letter was from a member of the Unit for Immediate Action of the Confederacy of Independent Poland and expressed the gratitude of Solidarity for the beneficial nature of the U.S.s reaction to the movement. As a sign of thanks, President Reagan was presented with the Sword of Uhlan, an infamous Polish treasure. The letter and gesture represent the friendship between the U.S. and Solidarity. Lifting of US Sanctions against Poland. Speech Transcript. Ronald Reagan Presidential Archives. Ronald Reagan Lib., Los Angeles. This presidential statement to the public announcing the lifting of economic sanctions against Poland once again showed us the information being given to the American people regarding the U.S. reaction to Solidarity and explained the motivations of the sanctions and the undoing of them. The transcript

assisted us with the Polish reform page and appears on our documents page. List of Participants at the Meeting. List of Participants. Ronald Reagan Presidential Archives. Ronald Reagan Lib., Los Angeles. This document provided us with a list of the participants in a White House meeting concerning Solidarity and the situation in Poland. It gave us their names and the organizations they were representing so that we could see exactly who was involved in shaping the American reaction towards Solidarity. McNeely, Marty. Chicago Nightbeat. WGN. 1983. Television. We used an excerpt from this news show to demonstrate the Western reaction to the Solidarity Movement. The newscaster, Mr. McNeely, expresses in his delivery that the Polish Communist government lifted martial law to appease the United States. We used this clip on our Western Reaction page. Michnik, Adam. All of Us Are Hostages. Mar. 1982. TS. Ronald Reagan Presidential Archives. Ronald Reagan Lib., Los Angeles. This article was written by a member of Solidarity in prison and smuggled out of the country and eventually to the White House. It was extremely interesting because not only did it show the source of some of the justification used by the Reagan Administration in renouncing Polands communist government, but it also provided a first-hand account from Solidarity during martial law. This document assisted us in creating our Polish and

American reaction pages. Morek, Jan. Registration of Solidarity. 24 Sept. 1980. Polska. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1 June 2009. Web. 17 Jan. 2012. <http://en.poland.gov.pl>. This image was taken after Lech Walesa submitted an application to register Solidarity. The image demonstrates the levels of support that Walesa and Solidarity had at the time. NATO. Statement on Role in Shaping East-West Relations. Roy Rosenzwieg Center for History and New Media. George Mason University. Web. 27 Mar. 2012. <http://chnm.gmu.edu>. Poland was unique in the Eastern Bloc because not only did it overthrow communism and leave the Warsaw Pact, but it also joined NATO. This statement issued by NATO displays the complications of the destruction of the barrier between the East and the West. The discussion of the reshaping of global alliances and powers takes place on the Global Reform page, where this document is exhibited. Niedenthal, Chris. John Paul II in Warsaw, 1979. 2009. Polska. Web. 17 Jan. 2012. Pope John Paul IIs visit to Poland in 1979 had a lasting impact on the Solidarity movement. This photo portrayed the Catholic Churchs reaction and the response the church had in favor of Solidarity. Niedenthal, Chris. Victory. 2009. Polska. Web. 19 Jan. 2012. Tadeusz Mazowiecki was the first non-communist Prime Minister of Poland, one of the greatest victories for Solidarity. This photograph displays the progression of the movement and the publics hope after only a few

decades. The Nobel Peace Prize for 1983. Oslo: Nobel Prize, Mar. 1997. Nobelprize.org. Web. 14 Feb. 2012. <http://www.nobelprize.org/>. This press release states that Lech Walesa was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983 for his work with Solidarity. We used this article to help create our timeline, specifically the entry in which we state Walesa received the prestigious prize. Osrodka. Freedom for the Political Prisoners. June 1981. Polska. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1 June 2009. Web. 17 Jan. 2012. <http://en.poland.gov.pl>. This image was taken during a march protesting the release of political prisoners in 1981. There were several members of Solidarity taken prisoner during the first wave of the movement, and this image showed how much support the members of Solidarity had at the time. Perlez, Jane. Expanding Alliance: The Overview; Poland, Hungary and the Czechs Join NATO. The New York Times. 2012. Web. 14 Feb. 2012. <http://www.nytimes.com/>. This article informed us all about the entry of Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic into NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), which we included in our timeline. Additionally, the article gave us some background information on the countries before their entry into NATO. Pniewski. Martial Law in Poland. 13 Dec. 1981. Polska. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1 June 2009. Web. 17 Jan. 2012. <http://en.poland.gov.pl>. This

image was taken during the television broadcast of General Wojciech Jaruzelski imposing martial law. Martial law meant that all civil liberties were suspended and the military took control of Poland. When martial law was imposed, the Solidarity movement was forced to move underground, so therefore, this speech was an extremely crucial event in Solidarity. Polands Cardinal Wyszynski. 1957. Time: Time Magazine Cover Archive. Web. 1 Mar. 2012. <http://www.time.com>. Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski was initially opposed to Solidarity, due to the fact that members of the KOR remained irreligious. However, he later became a supporter of workers rights. This Time Magazine cover displays his role as a prominent Catholic leader during the movement. Polands Lech Walesa. 1980. We Want a Decent Life. By Stephen Smith. Time 29 Dec. 1980: Time Magazine Cover Archive. Web. 21 Jan. 2012. <http://www.time.com/>. This painting was the Time Magazine cover during the beginning of its coverage of the Solidarity movement. We felt that it demonstrated the American reaction to the situation by using phrases such as shaking up communism, which implied support of Solidarity. Poland: Solidaritys Day in Court. Time 24 June 1985: Time Magazine Archive. Web. 5 Dec. 2011. <http://www.time.com/>. This Time article relates the events that took place as three major Solidarity activists were tried by the communist Polish government. The article sheds light

on the treatment of political prisoners in Poland, supplementing our analysis of the Polish reaction to the movement. Additionally, the article contained many primary source quotes from the revolutionary leader, Lech Walesa. Polish Solidarity Party Homepage. Solidarity Party, Web. 5 Dec. 2011. <http://www.solidarnosc.org.pl/en/main-page.html>. The homepage of the Polish Solidarity Party provided information about its development since its formation during the 1980s and its modern-day involvement in Polish Politics. We found the site extremely helpful because it provided useful primary source documents and clear explanations as to what the party stands for. The site also gave insight into the various reforms implemented after the party took control of Poland. Polska Agencja Prasowa. Nobel Peace Prize for Walesa. 10 Dec. 1983. Polska. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1 June 2009. Web. 17 Jan. 2012. <http://en.poland.gov.pl>. This image was taken when Lech Walesas wife is accepting the Nobel Peace Prize on his behalf. Because the Polish communist government disliked Walesa and refused to give him a passport to come to Norway to accept the award, Walesas wife, Danuta, was forced to accept it in his name. Pope John Paul II. BBC News. Web. 1 Mar. 2012. <http://news.bbc.co.uk>. Pope John Paul II was the first elected Polish Pope, which allowed for the involvement of the Catholic Church in the Solidarity movement. Furthermore, Lech Walesas religiosity helped propel further

involvement, as displayed in this photograph. Pope John Paul II. Return of the Native. Time 27 June 1983. Time Magazine Cover Archive. Web. 21 Jan. 2012. <http://www.time.com/>. This image was the cover of an issue of Time Magazine in 1983. It is accompanied by an article chronicling the journey of Pope John Paul II back to his homeland, Poland, to support the Solidarity movement. We felt that this was significant because the tone demonstrates the American reaction to the situation. Presidential Solidarity Day Proclamation. 20 Jan. 1982. Speech Transcript. Ronald Reagan Presidential Archive. Ronald Reagan Lib., Los Angeles. This speech given in honor of Solidarity represents the end of the dramatic shift from friend of the government to friend of the rebels undergone by Ronald Reagan. The support displayed in this speech was crucial to rallying Solidarity members during martial law and beyond. Although they were determined to overthrow communism independently, the verbal support from the U.S. created morale, put pressure on the USSR, and generated more support for their cause across the globe. Presidential Taping: Solidarity Day Television Special. File last modified on 27 Jan. 1982. Taping Transcript. Ronald Reagan Presidential Archive. Ronald Reagan Lib., Los Angeles. This declaration was a helpful source in that it further showed Ronald Reagans desire to express support to the Solidarity movement, not only in their eyes, but also in the eyes of

his citizens. Hatred of communism was a U.S. phenomenon. Any movement that showed potential to defeat some tiny bit of communism was seen as a hero. The support of President Reagan, himself a sort of hero in their eyes, made the Solidarity movement invincible to the American people. Presidents Address to the Nation. File last modified on 23 Dec. 1981. Speech Draft. Ronald Reagan Presidential Archive. Ronald Reagan Lib., Los Angeles. Every expert we interviewed remembered President Reagans heartfelt holiday speech of December 1981. He began with the usual celebration of holidays, but the true meaning of the speech was the hope he offered to the Solidarity movement. The fact that ten days after martial law was imposed in Poland, the president of the United States not only acknowledged Solidaritys struggle but also pledged support for it was a huge blow to the communist party and an essential boost to the Polish people. The draft of this speech has President Reagans famous words about Solidarity written in his own handwriting and contributed to our American reaction page. Reagan, Ronald. Expression of Thanks for Remembrance of Independence Day. 28 Nov. 1981. Telegram. Ronald Reagan Presidential Archive. Ronald Reagan Lib., Los Angeles. This telegram provided us with very useful insight into the Reagan Administrations dealings with Poland. One month before martial law, President Reagan speaks to Chairman Jablonski about the special ties of friendship between the two

countries. This source spurred our analysis of the transition from friend of the government to friend of Solidarity to enemy of government. Another interesting aspect of this is that the public would have only heard President Reagan express sympathy for Solidarity and renounce the Polish communist government and not known of the previous friendly relations. These topics contributed to our page about U.S. reactions. Reagan, Ronald. Letter. 28 Jan. 1982. TS. Ronald Reagan Presidential Archive. Ronald Reagan Lib., Los Angeles. This letter was a valuable source as it showed us how President Reagan expressed his views to the American people. It allowed us the opportunity to view our topic in yet another way: through the eyes of the American public. Their only knowledge of the movement came from their reporters and their president. The entire nation, following the leadership of Ronald Reagan as shown through this document, was in solidarity with Solidarity. This letter assisted us with the pages concerning the U.S. reaction and perspective. Removal of Sanctions-Poland: Press Themes. TS. Ronald Reagan Presidential Archives. Ronald Reagan Lib., Los Angeles. This press themes typescript was an invaluable source. It was an outline of the information about Solidarity to be discussed with the press and detailed almost the entire U.S. response and reaction to Solidarity and their motivations. It introduced new topics like the human rights concern as a justification for the economic sanctions and contributed to our Western Reaction page.

Revolt Against Communism Cover. 1989. The Wrath of Deng. By Howard CHUA-EOAN. Time 19 June 1989: Time Magazine Cover Archive. Web. 21 Jan. 2012. <http://www.time.com/>. This was the cover of a Time Magazine special report on the slow decline of communism. We found it significant because it demonstrated the American reaction to the Solidarity movement and that it was a favorable reform. Roeder, Phillip. Personal interview. 20 Jan. 2012. Dr. Roeder was a very informative interviewee and gave us an essential historians perspective on our topic. When formulating our ideas for reactions, reforms, and the nature of revolution, it was very helpful to have a removed experts point of view to assist us in understanding global effects. We used Dr. Roeders interview to write our global reform and communist reaction pages. Rydzewski, Janeusz. Martial Law in Poland - ZOMO in Gdansk. 16 Dec. 1981. Polska. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1 June 2009. Web. 17 Jan. 2012. <http://en.poland.gov.pl>. This image was taken a few days after the imposition of martial law at the Gdansk Shipyards in Poland, the starting grounds of the Solidarity movement. The military had to work hard to pacify the people of the shipyard, for they were protesting rather violently against the newly installed military government. Sarnecki, Tomasz. Solidarity. High noon June 4th 1989. 4 June 1989. Polska. Web. 17 Jan. 2012. <http://en.poland.gov.>. This image of a cowboy-like member of Solidarity was iconic in its time. The ballot in his hand in

place of a gun symbolized the peaceful nature of the movement. Like the westerns it imitated, the image sent the message that the movement was ready to take on the enemy. Shapovalov, Veronica. Personal interview. 17 Jan. 2012. The interview with Professor Shapovalov was extremely useful as it gave us the unique perspective of someone who had grown up in the Soviet Union, moved to the United States, and then become a professor of Russian Studies. Not only did she provide us with information on her personal experiences, but also she was also able to give us expert opinions. She contributed to our communist reaction page and gave us an alternative perspective that furthered our ability to analyze Solidarity. Shipyard. Solidarity! Postulat 22. Smithsonian Folkways Recordings, 1981. ITunes. Web. 2 Mar. 2012. This album captured the essence of the Polish Solidarity movement in the way no amount of words could. These songs were from the actual movement. Even though they were in Polish, and we couldnt understand the lyrics, the frustration, hope, fear, and determination of the Polish people were evident. We used the Shipyard Ballad on our homepage. 16 Months of Turmoil. List of Dates. Ronald Reagan Presidential Archives. Ronald Reagan Lib., Los Angeles. This timeline compiled by the Reagan Administration as part of their record keeping was extremely useful not only in providing us with the important dates of the Solidarity movement, but also in showing us which dates and events were deemed

important to the United States. The knowledge of what part of Solidarity most concerned the U.S. helped us more accurately analyze its reaction. Solidarity Members. Letter. Aug. 1982. TS. Ronald Reagan Presidential Archive. Ronald Reagan Lib., Los Angeles. This letter sent from imprisoned Solidarity members during martial law contained messages for President Reagan. They sent Solidarity buttons, a letter thanking him for his support and updating him on their situation, and photographs of two children holding signs that said that their father was in prison and long live Solidarity. These messages were a revelation to us, not only were the president and Solidarity in direct communication, but Solidarity was advertising their predicament. These documents helped us analyze the complex relationship between the U.S. and Solidarity. The Solidarity Phenomenon. Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2005. Web. 5 Dec. 2011. <http://www.solidarity.gov.pl/>. This website is the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs online archive about Polish Solidarity. The website contains an in-depth, day-by-day chronology of the events during the revolution. This helped tremendously when we were determining what dates to include in our timeline. Additionally, the website has a primary source library of posters, pictures, and documents pertaining to the revolutionary movement. Solidaritys Underground Plans. MS. Ronald Reagan Presidential Archive. Ronald Reagan Lib., Los Angeles. This document detailed the plans of nonviolent resistance for Solidaritys underground movement. It was a

valuable source as it helped us better understand the movement during the time of martial law and demonstrated exactly how difficult it was to form an anti-communist movement in a communist country. Especially interesting was the information that women were also held prisoner and that the plan renounced efforts to revive the movement without Lech Walesa at its head. We used this document in our documents page. Staniszkis, Jadwiga. Polands Self-Limiting Revolution. Ed. Jan T. Gross. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984. Print. This book is one of our most valuable sources because it was written by Jadwiga Staniszkis, one of the seven advisers allowed in the Gdansk shipyard during the strikes of August 1980 on behalf of the strikers. This book is his primary source account of the events of Solidarity, a unique reference source for the creation of our website. Tagliabue, John. Thatcher Honors Solidarity Shrine. New York Times 5 Nov. 1988: The New York Times. Web. 28 Mar. 2012. <http://www.nytimes.com/>. This primary source news article relayed British Prime Minister Thatchers visit to commemorate the Solidarity Party. She made a political and diplomatic visit to Gdansk to discuss with Solidarity leaders. This source served as the foundation of our understanding of the English reaction to the movement. We used a quote from the article on our Western Reaction page. Time Cover: Lech Walesa: Man of the Year. 1982. Time 4 Jan. 1982: 1. Time Magazine Cover Archive. Web. 5 Dec. 2011. <http://www.time.com/>.

Time Magazine featured Solidaritys revolutionary leader, Lech Walesa, as 1982 Man of the Year. This decision to feature him on the cover of the magazine demonstrated to our group the American perception and reaction to Walesas efforts. 21 Demands. Gdansk Tourism.. Web. 28 Mar. 2012. The 21 Demands were issued and displayed at the start of the Solidarity movement. The charter was displayed on two planks of wood at the Gdansk shipyard and mostly dealt with workers rights. We felt that this demonstrated the flaw in the Polish communist system because there shouldnt be problems with the working class in a communist system. A picture of the original documents along with an English translation can be found on our The Movement page to help tell the story of Solidarity. Walesa, Lech. Lech Walesa Reflects: Im Convinced We Cannot Fail to Win. International Herald Tribune 7 Dec. 1983: Print. This article was very useful as it allowed us to understand the concerns of the rest of the world regarding Polish Solidarity and the responses of the leader of Solidarity. The expression of confidence that Solidarity would triumph over communism would have been received very well by the western world and the United States. The article is included on the documents page of our website. Walesa, Lech. The Struggle and the Triumph, an Autobiography. Trans. Franklin Philip. Paris: Editions Nathan, 1991. Print. Lech Walesas autobiography was one of our most valuable sources. To be able to read

about the thoughts, feelings, and actions of the man who became the symbol of Polish Solidarity in his own words was essential to our complete understanding of our topic. It was especially interesting to see the alternation between politician and common worker, and particularly how, as the common worker, the Catholic religion strongly influenced Walesa and therefore, the Solidarity movement. We used many of Walesas quotes in our website and our timeline, and his description of events contributed to our pages on reaction and reform. Also, we used the pictures provided in his book on our website. Walesa, Lech. The Value of Human Solidarity. 11 Dec. 1983. The Nobel Foundation. Web. 5 Dec. 2011. <http://nobelprize.org/>. This speech delivered by Lech Walesa was a valuable primary source as it helped show us what the public was being told of Solidarity and what the mood toward the movement was at the time. It gave us the perspective on Solidarity during martial law and demonstrated that there was activism despite the military oppression. Also, Lech Walesas winning of the noble prize was extremely significant in our analysis of the global reaction to the Solidarity movement. We used this speech on our page describing the movement and to interpret reactions of other countries. Weschler, Lawrence. Solidarity, Poland in the Season of Its Passion. New York: Simon, 1982. Print. This book was an incredible research source because it allowed us to travel to Poland and walk its streets at the time of Solidarity. Weschler acted as tour guide and analyst; the fact that he

was an American visiting Poland made it easy for us to imagine ourselves, as Americans, in his shoes. The source helped us round out our research, giving us the perspective of the people on the streets during Solidarity to go alongside the accounts of the Polish newspaper editors and professors. Also, this book contained information gathered by the author in Poland regarding the economic events that helped begin Solidarity and the small things done by the Catholic Church that assisted the success of Solidarity, which helped us write some of our pages. Wilcock, Chris. Memo. 9 Jan. 1982. TS. Ronald Reagan Presidential Archive. Ronald Reagan Lib., Los Angeles. This memo from the Committee in Support of Solidarity to the White House was a beneficial source as it contained excerpts from Current Comment and other Solidarity underground publications that were determined to be advantageous for presidential viewing. It demonstrated the many different organizations involved in supporting Solidarity across the globe. Wilcock, Chris and Agnieszk Kolakowska. Principals of Resistance. File last modified on 2 Jan. 1982. TS. Ronald Reagan Presidential Library. Ronald Reagan Lib., Los Angeles. The Committee in Support of Solidarity issued documents to the White House to ensure the administration was up to date not only on events, but also the opinions and plans within Solidarity, which is why these documents are especially useful to us. They serve the double purpose of illustrating the developments within

Solidarity and the information off of which the American reaction was based. The documents helped us create our Western Reaction page. Wilcock, Chris, and Agnieszko Kolakowska. Solidarity Sources Say. File last modified on 8 Jan. 1981. TS. Ronald Reagan Presidential Archive. Ronald Reagan Lib., Los Angeles. This document was a compilation of updates, bulletins, and interviews from Solidarity designed to keep the White House informed about the movement. It was an overview of Solidarity, exactly how the Reagan Administration would have experienced it at the time. Not only did it provide information about Solidarity, but it also provided insight into the American reaction to the movement, as we could see what it was based off of. Wojciech Jaruzelski. BBC News. Web. 1 Mar. 2012. <http://news.bbc.co.uk>. During the Round Table Talks, reforms were discussed between the Polish socialist government and the leaders of Solidarity. Jaruzelskis involvement in the establishment of political reforms made the movement a revolution. This photograph portrays the negotiations between Walesa and Jaruzelski.

Secondary Sources
BBC: On This Day: June 2 1979: Millions Cheer as the Pope Comes Home. BBC News. BBC, 2008. Web. 14 Feb. 2012. <http://news.bbc.co.uk/>. We quoted this article in the June 2, 1979 entry on our timeline, and we also used the image from this article in the same timeline entry. This

article was very helpful in providing us details about the Popes visit to Poland in 1979, giving us information on the Polish peoples reaction to his visit and what his visit entailed. Biskupski, M. B. The History of Poland. Westport: Greenwood Press, 2000. Print. In order to analyze the social and political reaction of the Solidarity movement, it was vital to have background knowledge on the history of Poland. This source was helpful in providing us with simple information on the country and how it evolved into the nation it is today. It also gave us the sense of independence they maintained, which allowed them to break away from the Soviet government. Brown, Archie. The Rise and Fall of Communism. New York City: Harper Collins, 2009. Print. This source provides an in-depth discussion of the history of communism, which is beneficial to our project because it helped us analyze the Solidarity movement with a wider backdrop instead of just emphasizing Russian context. Browns meticulous incorporation of primary source documents, including excerpts from speeches, diaries, and letters, really enhanced our understanding of the events leading up to Solidarity and ultimately the fall of the Soviet Union. Craig, Mary. Lech Walesa. Milwaukee: Gareth Stevens, 1990. Print. In order to gain a broad knowledge of the Polish government and Solidarity, we read this book to have an overview of Lech Walesas life. It provided information on the history of Poland following World War II and helped us gain a perspective of Walesas background. From this source, I was able

to see how Walesa was able to rise as leader for the oppressed Poles and remain as a prominent historical figure. Craig, Mary. Lech Walesa and His Poland. New York City: The Continuum Publishing Company, 1986. Print. This book was very useful to our group because it provided many images that were valuable to our project and our understanding of the topic. Additionally, this book gave us a background of Lech Walesas life and details of his involvement in Solidarity, which contributed to the development and content of our website. Doder, Dusko. Shadows and Whispers: Power Politics Inside the Kremlin from Brezhnev to Gorbachev. New York City: Random House, 1986. Print. This book has a unique perspective since it was written by an American journalist whose focus is the Kremlin, which is not common. He supplied many details of how the Kremlin runs itself as an organization, which is both fascinating and complex. We learned all about the members of the Kremlin and each one of their responsibilities. Additionally, the book included detailed profiles of men with key roles in the shaping of the Soviet Union during the early 1980s. The books focus was not Solidarity, but Doder does discuss the movements impact on the Kremlin. Fenomen Solidarnocsi. Web. 11 Feb. 2012. <http://www.solidarnosc.gov.pl>. This website sponsored by the Polish government is a memorial to the incredible Solidarity movement that enabled Poland to become what it is

today. The website was in Polish, so we had to use a translator tool. The site contained fascinating primary source images and graphics and had large amounts of information arranged in a chronological display. We used these resources to help formulate our timeline and add meaningful pictures to our website. History in Dates. Solidarnosc. NSZZ. Web. 11 Feb. 2012. <http://www.solidarnosc.org.pl>. This site was an incredible source. It is a Polish NSZZ website dedicated to Solidarity. It provided us with a timeline of all the events of the movement and primary source images and footage. We used this website to create our own timeline and enhanced our entire website with their images. Hughes, Gwyneth, and Simon Welfare. Red Empire: The Forbidden History of the USSR. New York City: St. Martins, 1990. Print. This comprehensive history of Soviet communism provided helpful historical context for our project. Its thorough description of the ideology of the Russian Communist Party, along with in-depth discussion of its history, provided us with a clear understanding of what the Polish Solidarity movement was protesting against. John Paul, II. Gale Biography in Context. Gale, 1998. Web. 23 Oct. 2011. <http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/>. This database article provided us with background information on the first non-Italian Pope of the Catholic Church. It did not focus only on his achievements and support of the Polish Solidarity, but also on his views of the church. This perspective

was helpful because it gave reason to why he supported the Polish workers party. Lamberton, John. The Cold War. Oxford: University of Oxford, 2011. Google Books. Web. 16 Jan. 2012. <http://books.google.com/>. This source provided context for our understanding of the Soviet Bloc countries and their relationship with the United States. A description of the USSRs response to the Solidarity movement served as the foundation of our analysis of the American reaction. We also used primary source excerpts of quotes from this book. Lech Walesa. Gale Biography in Context. Gale, 1998. Web. 23 Oct. 2011. <http://ic.galegroup.com>. Lech Walesa represented the Polish people during their struggles for independence and stood as a symbol of peace. This online article provided information on the creation of Solidarity and how Walesa was able to work against the Polish government through diplomatic means. We were able to see how he gained support from the Catholic Church through his acts and later help improve the state of his country during his presidency. Lech Walesa. World History: The Modern Era. ABC-CLIO, 2011. Web. 25 Aug. 2011. <http://worldhistory.abc-clio.com/>. This article was beneficial to us because it gave us background information on Lech Walesa, the figure behind the beginnings of the Solidarity movement. Along with providing us with many details of Walesas involvement with Solidarity, it gave us details on his early life and his reasons for participating in

Solidarity in the first place. Learning little-known facts about Walesa proved to be not only extremely intriguing but also helped us to understand what his thoughts and motivations were at the time of Solidarity. Leonid I. Brezhnev. New York City: Simon and Schuster, 1978. Print. This biographical source provides a complete portrait of Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev. Although published before Brezhnevs involvement in the Polish Solidarity movement, the book still offers an in-depth history of the Premier, discussing both his life story and personality. The biography was written under the auspices of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, and many of the chapters are supplemented by Brezhnev himself, who was involved in the production of the book. Our group was able to draw a lot from the sources analysis of Soviet history and the way in which Brezhnev reacted to major events. We found that the information presented was especially helpful to our understanding of the Soviet perspective of the Polish Solidarity movement. Lepak, Keith John. Prelude to Solidarity. New York: Columbia University, 1988. Print. This source was essential to our understanding of Solidarity because it provided the historical context of the movement. From First Secretary Edward Gierek to the beginnings of Solidarity, this book illustrated the subtle struggle that defined communism in Poland and eventually led to Solidarity, specifically the interactions between church and state. We used the information in the book to formulate our

historical context section. Martin, Bradford. The Other Eighties: A Secret History of America in the Age of Reagan. New York: Hill and Wang, 2011. Print. Although this book wasnt about Solidarity, it gave us a good summary of the historical context in terms of the United States. Since the United States had some involvement in Solidarity, it was helpful for us to look at what else was happening within the country at the time. Martin, Douglas. Anna Walentynowicz, Polish Provocateur Who Spurred Communisms Fall, Dies at 80. The New York Times. 13 Apr. 2010. Web. 13 Feb. 2012. <http://www.nytimes.com/>. This newspaper article is about the death of Anna Walentynowicz. She was often called the grandmother of Solidarity, for she was a prominent member of Solidarity and the reason for its beginning. This article described her role in Solidarity in detail and provided some information about Polish Solidarity in general. Additionally, we used the image from the article in our timeline. Penn, Shana. Solidaritys Secret. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 2005. Print. This book was an incredible source. Whenever we research a topic, we try to find some aspect that has been neglected in historical accounts and research it further to bring it into our project. Solidaritys Secret provided us with that aspect: the womens role in Solidarity. While Lech Walesa receives the credit, it was a woman who started Solidarity at the Gdansk Shipyards. Also, it was the wives, daughters and girlfriends who

kept the movement alive during martial law when many of the male figures were in prison. This insight is especially interesting to us because we are all female, and it seems that our History Day projects are dominated by men. The information from this book contributed to our pages on Solidarity in Poland. We used the following images in our website: Tanks on Streets of Poland, Shortage Lines, Pope Visits Poland, Underground Solidarity, The Women of Solidarity, Women at the Gates, Anna Walentynowicz, and Marchers in the Shipyard. Persico, Joseph E. The Lives and Secrets of William J. Casey: From the OSS to the CIA. New York City: Viking, 1990. Print. William J. Casey was head of the CIA at the time of Solidarity, so he was the major player in Solidarity in terms of the United States involvement. This book was really helpful in giving us an idea of the amount of work he put into helping Lech Walesa with the Solidarity movement. Also, we got to learn all about Casey and the work he did besides Solidarity as head of the CIA. Rosica, Thomas. A martyr to Solidarity. Gale Biography in Context. GALE, 9 June 2010. Web. 5 Dec. 2011. Jerzy Popieluszko stood as a figure of hope to the Polish people during the Solidarity movement and sparked the involvement of the Catholic Church. This article focused on the attempts and actions he took to create a peaceful movement against the Soviet government. From this, we were also able to learn about the mystery surrounding his assassination and how his death at such a young age has led to him becoming a prime figure in history.

Seidenstecher, Gertraud, ed. The Soviet Union: 1988-1989: Perestroika in Crisis? Boulder: Westview Press, 1990. Print. The Soviet Union 10. Edited by the Federal Institute for Soviet and International Studies in Cologne, this book did not have too much information on Solidarity. However, it gave us a very detailed history of the Soviet Union at the time of the second installment of the movement, which gave us an idea of what else the nation was dealing with at the time. Additionally, it gave us lots of names and tables to help us visualize some of the events and proceedings of the Soviet Union during 1988-1989. Sielkik, Anna. Polska. Wydawnictwo Kluszczynski, Print. This book was given to us by one of our primary source interviews, Jan Zebryk. He used images and text from the book to supplement his account of his involvement with the Polish Secret Service during Solidarity. Because Arielle was interviewing him in Russian, his second language, the book was an invaluable source to help break the language barrier. Sikorska, Grazyna. Jerzy Popieluszko: A Martyr for the Truth. Jefferson: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1985. Print. Priest Jerzy Popieluszko was an important figure during Solidarity, and this source helped display the role he played. He strengthened the support the Catholic Church had for the Solidarity movement, and his sermons gave the Polish people hope for a better day. We used this information to gain insight into the role of the Catholic Church in the movement. This book was helpful in portraying his achievements and his achievements even after his

unexpected death. Simmons, Michael. Anna Walentynowicz Obituary. The Guardian., 14 Apr. 2010. Web. 27 Dec. 2011. <http://www.guardian.co.uk/>. This obituary for Anna Walentynowicz was a useful source as it provided information on her life and photographs of her during the 1980s that we used in our website. This article was particularly interesting as it reviewed her achievements from a modern point of view, showing how her efforts still have impact today. Solidarity. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Web. 11 Feb. 2012. <http://www.britannica.com/>. This encyclopedia provided us with a brief overview of the Solidarity movement. Before formulating ideas and analysis, it is necessary to acquire basic knowledge of the event and its place in history. The information in the encyclopedia represents the part of the movement that is common knowledge, and we used this to gauge how explanatory our website must be. We also used primary source video footage and the image of protestors with the Solidarity banner from this source. Solidarity. World History: The Modern Era. ABC-CLIO, 2011. Web. 25 Aug. 2011. <http://worldhistory.abc-clio.com/>. This article is a brief overview of some of the key players and events of the Solidarity movement. It gave us an idea of what we should focus on when it came to further research and the writing of our website. We knew what names to look for in our research with the help of this article.

Tadeusz Mazowiecki. ABC-CLIO World History: The Modern Era. Web. 18 Oct. 2011. <http://worldhistory.abc-clio.com/>. As we researched, it became apparent to us that although Solidarity had one very prominent figurehead, it could not have existed without a vast support network. Tadeusz Mazowiecki was a member of that network, and this article describes his transition from advocate of Catholicism to editor of the Solidarity periodical to prime minister in 1989. It demonstrates the interconnectedness of Polish nationalism, Catholicism, and Solidarity and gives us greater understanding with which to write our pages describing the movement itself. Thavis, John. John Paul: A Light for the World. Lanham: Sheed & Ward, 2003. Print. John Paul IIs many achievements are portrayed in this source, from how he rose to be the pope and the actions he took as a religious leader. During Polish Solidarity, the people needed a figure to turn to for hope. This book provided us with the historical events leading up to the Solidarity movement and how Pope John Paul II provided the people with the faith they needed to carry on. Toppling of Dominoes Marks Fall of Berlin Wall. CBC News., 9 Nov. 2009. Web. 25 Feb. 2012. <http://www.cbc.ca/>. This article was useful in that it opened our eyes to the connection between Lech Walesa, Polish Solidarity, and the fall of the Berlin Wall. It provided details on the modern relevance of these topics and a brief synopsis of the causes of the dismantling of the Berlin Wall. We used information from this article

on our global reform page. Valente, Jose. John Paul II. World History: The Modern Era. ABC-CLIO, 2011. Web. 25 Aug. 2011. Although this article did not focus on Pope John Paul IIs involvement in Solidarity, it did mention his involvement very briefly more than once. However, we found this article useful because it gave us background information on an important figure in the Solidarity movement as well as insight into the religion that came to define Polish nationalism. It is difficult to understand a peoples movement without understanding the people. By researching the leader of their religion, we gain understanding of their values and motivations. Vnenchak, Dennis. Lech Walesa & Poland. Impact Biography, 1994. Print. This source was a useful overview of the Solidarity movement and Lech Walesas role in it. It was a historical account that allowed us to understand the movement before examining them with the bias of other primary source authors. Particularly interesting was the last chapter on the future of Poland and Lech Walesas presidency. We used the images provided in this book in our website and information it provided on the role of the Catholic Church as well. Walesa is angry with democracy. The News. Poland. Polskie Radio, 10 Jan. 2012. Web. 21 Jan. 2012. <http://www.thenews.pl/>. This article supplemented our understanding of the aftereffects of the Solidarity Partys rise to power. In several interviews we conducted, it was mentioned that the modern Solidarity Party is not the same as it was at

its founding. This article helped our understanding of the political climate in modern Poland and how it contrasts with the original Solidarity-run government. Wladyslaw Gomulka. ABC-CLIO World History: The Modern Era. Web. 11 Sept. 2011. <http://worldhistory.abc-clio.com/>. While in the first stages of research, whenever we come across the name of a key figure, we try to find out as much about their role as possible. Wladyslaw Gomulka was leader of the Polish Communist Party until December 20, 1970 when the riots over the raise of food prices broke out. Gomulka demonstrates an interesting viewpoint. As a Polish communist, he had to go into hiding before WWII, but then was able to assume a leadership position; however, he was never fully aligned with Khrushchev and the Soviet Union. Wojciech Jaruzelski. World History: The Modern Era. ABC-CLIO, 2011. Web. 25 Aug. 2011. <http://worldhistory.abc-clio.com/>. Although Wojciech Jaruzelski is mentioned in many other sources about Solidarity, we never really got to know him, in a sense. It was valuable to read background information about him to see where he came from and what he did before his involvement with Solidarity.