2012 1 2012 5 19

(mnosema@gmail.com)

1.
Amele (Trans-New Guinea)
SOV, Noun-Adjective, Noun-Demonstrative, Genitive-Noun, Noun-Numeral
WALS Online 12006
Roberts (1987) Amele2.
5300 1987 SIL2010
(Madang) 1
3 4 50 150 40

1(Google Map: http://g.co/maps/psz87) 2012 4 30

2.
2
Zgraggen 1975
Roberts
(1987)(Bal Cehec Je Haun, 1997, The
Bible League Australia) SIL

Ethnologue, Amele: http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=aey, WALS Online, Amele:

http://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_ame
2
Roberts Haia Huar
1

 Anderson and Keenan (1985), Comrie

(1976, 1985), Chung and Timberlake (1985) Comrie (1985), Chung
and Timberlake (1985), Haspelmath (1997), Sinha et al. (2011), Bre and
Pratt-Hartmann (2002), Kurzon (2008), Wierzbicka (1993)
Mihalic (1986, Tok Pisin), Bradshaw and Czobor (2005: Jabem), Ross (2002: Jabem),
Davies (1989: Kobon), Wells (1979: Siroi), MacDonald (1990: Tauya)
Roberts (1987)
Croom Helm

2010

Roberts 1980
2

2012

Roberts
Mande, Tunde

(cf. Sinha et al. 2011, Ross 2002)(cf. Wierzbicka 1993)

3.
Metrical3(Chung and Timberlake 1985:208)

(1)(Roberts 1987:223-228)
Kobon, Siroi, Waskia Tauya
(1) a. Ija hu-gi-na.
b. Ija hu-g-an.

24
(Roberts 1985:228)
(temporal
adverbs)(cf. Comrie 1985, Kurzon 2008)(2)

(2) na: h-oc (to come)

1sg:
hu-gi-na
1dual:
ho-wo-na
1plural:
ho-qo-na
2sg:
ho-go-na
2/3dual:
ho-si-na
2/3plural:
ho-gi-na
3sg:
ho-na
3

(remote, far, recent, and immediate)

2

(2) 1 1, 2, 3 (1s, 2s, 3s)1 (1d)2/3

(2/3d)1 (1p)3 (3p) 7
(3)
(3) Roberts (1987:223-230)
a. ; Present tese: -na
Ija hu-gi-na.
b. ; Todays past tense: -a
Ija hu-g-a.

c. ; Yesterdays past tense: -an

Ija hu-g-an.
d. ; Remote past tense:
Ija ho-om.

8 6

e. ; Habitual past tense:

Ija ho-l-ig.
used to
1
f. ; Future tense: -an/-en
Ija hu-g-en.
g. ; Relative future tense: -a/-e (deleted from the form of future tense)
Ija hu-g-e.

Roberts (1987)
(2012
(3)

(Siroi)
4 Wells 1979:30-31Comrie(1985:1.4)

Roberst (1987:227-230)(5)-(10)

(4)
Uqa
jo
cehe-na
3sg
house build-3sg.present
He is building a house.

(5)

Ija
dana
eu
fi-ga.
1sg
man
that
see-1sg.todays past
I saw that mant (today)/ I have seen that man. (cf. Mi lukim that man pinis)

(6)
Ija
dana
eu
fi-g-an.
1sg
man
that
see-1sg.yesterdays past
I saw that man (yesterday).

(7)
Ija
dana
eu
fe-em.
1sg
man
that
see-1sg.remote past
I saw that man.

(8)
Ija
dana
eu
fo-l-ig.
1sg
man
that
see-habitual past-1sg
I used to see that man.

(9)
Uqa
sab
man-igi-an.
3sg
food
roast-3sg-future
She will cook the food.

(10) Ija wa
na dec cal-i
b-ig-e
waga
1sg water
at from come out.pred. come up-1sg-relative future crocodile
q-it-i
j-ec
dain.
hit-1sg-pred.
eat-inf. CAP
I had better get out of the water or else the crocodile might eat me.

wele

cumqila eelen(Roberts 1987, Comrie

1985:1.8)Roberts (1987:232)(perfective)(imperfective),
(habitual), (iterative) 4
(11)
(11) (Roberts 1987:232)
a. with auxiliary verbs: bilec (to sit/be), nij-ec (to lie/be), he-doc (to finish), cit qoc (to terminate), cul-ec
(to leave), cuha-doc (to excel)
b. adverbials wele (already), gaid (always)/ reduplication or repetition of verbs
c.
(12) Uqa
wele
nu-i-a.
3sg
already go-3sg-todays past
He has already gone. (Roberts 1987:232)
Voice Voice
4

4.
Roberts (1987)

4.1. 4.2.
(cf. Haspelmath 1997, at night, --) 4.3.
4.1. # Roberts 1987
(13)
casac
first
#waig
a long period of time
gaid
always
wele
before/ already
hib na
later
#wele ca
long time ago
isi
soon
sain gohic
short time
qila
now/today
sain gohic bahic a moment
sain
time
Jabem, Kobon, Waskia
sain gohic bahic: time/ short/ very
(14)
cahineg
daylight
cum
yesterday
qasil
morning
eelen
two days ago
ahinec
noon
uqadec
tomorrow
wesu
afternoon
eledac two days hence (Roberts eledec)
witic
night, hours of darkness
cuha
Sunday( Sande)
tu
night/darkness dark?(my data)
#cuha nag
Saturday ( Sarare)
tu gemo
midnight
wa sain
wet season
deel
day
cam sain
dry season
jagel
month
basil me bahic: morning good very; witic me bahic: night good very
Kobon, Siroi
(15)
#cabi gel
year, literally garden fence,
1 aua-na
for 1 hour
yaar
year(my data)
1 minut-na
1 minute
yaar osona
last year
1 sekond-na
1 second
yaar igina
this year
1 kilok
1 oclock
yaar ienna
next year
2 kilok esaue
2:30
wik
week
belo midday, cf. ahinec
Ogus 28
8 28
Sande, Mande, Tunde, Trinde, Fonde, Fraide, Sarere
Januari, Februeri, Mas, Epril, Me, Jun, Julai, Ogas (my data,Ogus), Septemba, Oktoba, Novemba,
Desemba4

MacDonald (1990:104)Tauya 12
5

#Festival: mulung galab (Loanword from neighboring Gedaged5)

cabi gel;
yaar, cabi gel
gel

4.2.
na: (Roberts 1987: 160) at, in, on, with, of
(16) 4
a.
fou kilok-na sab ija
four oclock-postposition food 1sg
I eat at 4 oclock
cf. fou kilok ese liga (I come back at 4 oclock)
(17) 2 5
a. for 2 minutes: 2 minut-na
Ija 2 minut himec je madiga
1sg 2 minute just ? talk
I talk for 2 minutes
b. after 5 minutes: 5 minut hedoob
Ija
5 minut
hedoob nuiga.
1sg
5 minute
after
go
I will go there 5 minutes later. he-doc (to finish), Roberts (1987:200) he-do-co-b
(finish-3s-DS-3s)
(18)
a. cuha, on Sunday: cuha-na
Ija cuha-na hom (I come on Sunday)
Ija Mande-na hom. (I come on Monday)
b. 1 a week ago: week osol hedoob
week osol
hedoob ele ho
week one
before 1pl come-remote past
We came a week ago. hedoob
c. at noon: ahinec saab (= belo kaikai)
Ija
ahinec saab
jiga.
1sg
at noon
eat
I eat at lunchtime.
d. in morning: basil-na
this morning: basil-i-na

Gedaged (Ethnologue: http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=gdd), Austronesian

6

e.

dry season: am sain

wet season: wac sain
in dry season: am sain-na
(19)
a. : wesu hodoob (noon before)
b. : deel ied hedoob (day three after)
Deel ied hodoob ija hom.
day three
after
1sg come
I come back three days later. hedoob
(20)
(until dawn): gurric an
beya
until
sun
comes up
cf. Ija dude sisirigin am beya (I danced until sunrise); gurric
(21)
(for 3 days):
deel
ied
ija
bilem
day
three
1sg
am
I am here for 3 days
4.3.
(22) When (Roberts 1987:56)
Mei Ud
uqa
Kristen m-en
sain
father Ud
3s
Christian become-3s.remote past
time
ija
ha
Kristen me-em.
1s
also
Christian become-1s.remote past
When my father , Ud, became a Christian, I also became a Christian.
(23) when I was young(cf. taura young, mennak child)
sain ija haun-na
time 1sg new-postposition?
When I was young
sain ija sim-na
time 1sg child-postposition
when I was at child-hood?
(24) at the same time
sain osol himec (time only one)

eu
that

na
at

5.

na

c (glottal stop) q (voiced

dorso-labiovelar plosive)CAP: certain apprehesive mood (fear mood), DS: different subject, inf:
, pred: sg: 1,2,3: 1 2 3

Anderson, Stephen. R. & Edward L. Keenan. 1985. Deixis. In: Shopen, Timothy (ed.). Language typology and
syntactic description, III, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 259-308.
Bradshaw, Joel. & Francisc. Czobor. 2005. Otto Dempwolffs Grammar of the Jabm Language in New Guinea.
Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
Bre, David S. & Ian E. Pratt-Hartmann. 2002. Temporal semantics of prepositions in context. In: Feigenbaum,
Susanne, & Dennis Kurzon (eds.): 75-114.
Chung, Sandra. & Alan Timberlake. 1985. Tense, aspect, and mood. In: Shopen, Timothy(ed.). Language typology
and syntactic description, III, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 202-258.
Comrie, Bernard. 1976. Aspect. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Comrie, Bernard. 1985. Tense. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Davies, John. 1989. Kobon. New York: Routledge.
Haspelmath, Martin. 1997. From Space to Time: temporal adverbials in the Worlds Languages. Munich: Lincom
Europa.
Kurzon, Dennis. 2008. Ago and its grammatical status in English and other languages. In: Kurzon, Dennis &
Silvia Adler (eds.). Adpositions. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins: 209-227.
MacDonald, Lorna. 1990. A grammar of Tauya. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter.
Mihalic, Francis. 1986. The Jacaranda Dictionary and Grammar of Melanesian Pidgin. Milton: The Jacaranda
Press/Web Books.
Roberts, John R. 1987. Amele. London/New York/Sydney: Croom Helm.
Ross, Malcolm. 2002. Jabm. In: Lynch, John, Malcolm Ross, & Terry Crowley, (eds.). The Oceanic languages.
Richmond/Surrey: Curzon Press: 270-298.
Sinha, Chris, Silvia Sinha, V., Zinken, J,. , Sa,pio, W. 2011. When Time is not Space: The social and
linguisticconstruction of time intervals and temporal event relations in an Amazonian culture. Language and
Cognition, 3(1), 137-169.
(http://www.port.ac.uk/departments/academic/psychology/staff/title,50474,en.html) 2012 4 30

Wells, M.A. 1979. Siroi grammar. Pacific Linguistics B-51. Canberra: The Australian National University.
Wierzbicka, Anna. 1993. Why do we say in April, on Thursday, at 10 o'clock?: In search of an explanation.
Studies in Language 17:437-454.
Zgraggen, John. A. 1975. The Languages of the Madang district, Papua New Guinea. Pacific Linguistics
B-41. Canberra. The Australian National University.

. 2012.

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