Two Way Wireless Two Way Wireless: Amir K. Khandani Amir K. Khandani

April 25th, 2012
TwoWayWireless Two Way Wireless

AmirK.Khandani Amir K. Khandani
M.Sc.TehranUniversity,Ph.D.McGillUniversity
CanadaResearchChair RIMNSERCIndustrialResearchChair E&CEDepartment,UniversityofWaterloo khandani@uwaterloo.ca, 5198851211ext 35324
Canada Research Chairs

1
Outline
1. Introduction (page3) 2. FirstStageofRFCancellation:AntennaDesign(page15) 3. SecondStageofRFCancellation:ActiveCancellation(page39) 4. CancellationandSignalRecoveryatBaseband(page46) 5. SupportingAsynchronousClients(page53) 6. NetworkApplications(page56) 7. SecurityApplications:UnbreakableSecurity(page63) 7 S it A li ti U b k bl S it ( 63) 8. SecurityApplications:EnhancingSecurity(page70) 9. ANewParadigm: MediabasedWireless(page73) 9 A New Paradigm: Mediabased Wireless (page 73) 10. PerturbingtheRFChannel (page87) q y Q (p g ) 11. Conclusion&FrequentlyAskedQuestions(page89)
2
Introduction:
ReviewofMainObjectives
Establishingtwowaywirelesslinkswithcomplete overlapintime andfrequency,withsupportfor:

Halfduplexclients,aswellasfullduplexclients Asynchronousclients(joiningwithoutpriorcoordination) Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna systems MultipleInputMultipleOutput(MIMO)antennasystems.
Copyright 2012 by A. K. Khandani 3
Motivation
Currentwirelesssystemsareoneway:
TimeDivisionDuplex:Eithertalkorlisten(walkietalkieapproach) Frequency Division Duplex: Use two different bands to talk/listen FrequencyDivisionDuplex:Usetwodifferentbandstotalk/listen ThereisnoteventwowayOFDMA,nortwowayCDMA.
Twowaywirelessistheoreticallypossible,but y yp , complicatedduetolargeamountofselfinterference. Twowaycommunicationsisusedinordinaryphones, DSL,wirelesswithhighlydirectionalantennas,free spaceoptics,andfiber. Impactonwirelessnetworks(e.g.,cellular,WLAN)is expectedtobehigherthanaboveearlierapplications.

Addressesnetworkingandsecurityissues,inadditionto dd k d dd doublingtherate.
ABriefLiteratureSurvey
1. 2. K.Tsubouchi,H.Nakase, A.Namba,K.Masu,Fullduplextransmissionoperationofa2.45GHzasynchronous b h k b ll d l f h spreadspectrumusingaSAWconvolver,IEEETransactionsonUltrasonics,FerroelectricsandFrequencyControl, Sept.1993 (Res.Inst.ofElectr.Commun.,TohokuUniv.,Japan) UsesdifferentCDMAcodesineachdirections,singleantenna S.Chen,M.A.Beach,J.P.McGeehan,Divisionfreeduplexforwirelessapplications, ElectronicsLetters,Jan. , , , p pp , , 1998,(CentreforCommun.Res.,BristolUniv.) Firsttruefullduplex,separateTXandRXantennas AmirK.Khandani,Methodsforspatialmultiplexingofwirelesstwowaychannels,USpatent,filedOct.2006 (provisionalpatentfiledOct.2005),issuedOct.2010 Analogcancellationusingmultipleantennas A l ll ti i lti l t B.Radunovic,D.Gunawardena,P.Key,A.Proutiere,N.Singh,V.Balan,G.Dejean,RethinkingIndoorWireless: LowPower,LowFrequency,Fullduplex,"MicrosoftTechnicalReportMSRTR2009148",July2009 AnalogcancellationusingnoisecancellingchipQuellan QHx220 M.DuarteandA.Sabharwal, Full DuplexWirelessCommunicationsUsingOff The ShelfRadios:Feasibilityand M Duarte and A Sabharwal FullDuplex Wireless Communications Using OffTheShelf Radios: Feasibility and FirstResults,AsilomarConferenceonSignals,Systems,andComputers,Nov.2010(plusthreemorereferences fromthesameteamtofollow) Analogactivecancellation J.Choiy,M.Jainy,K.Srinivasany,P.Levis,S.Katti,"AchievingSingleChannel,FullDuplexWireless Communication,"Mobicom2010,Sept.2010 C i ti " M bi 2010 S t 2010 Basedonantennasetupfirstintroducedinspeakerspatentabove Analogcancellationusingnoise cancellingchipQuellan QHx220 AnnouncementbyStanfordUniversity(Feb.2011):http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RiQb5NdDWgk Basedonthesetupinreference6aboveandreference11(seenextpage) Based on the setup in reference 6 above and reference 11 (see next page) AnnouncementsbyRiceUniversity(Sept.2011):http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tXMwn2mm0VY Basedonthesetupinreference5aboveandreferences9,10,12(seenextpage) 5
3.
4.
5. 5
6.
7. 8.
Copyright 2012 by A. K. Khandani
ABriefLiteratureSurvey(cont.) A Brief Literature Survey (cont.)

A.Sahai,G.PatelandA.Sabharwal,"PushingtheLimitsofFullduplex: DesignandRealtimeImplementation",Ricetechreport,Feb.2011 10. M.Duarte,C.DickandA.Sabharwal,"ExperimentaldrivenCharacterization of,FullDuplexWirelessSystems",submittedtoIEEETransactionson WirelessCommunications,June2011 11. M.Jain,J.Choi,T.Kim,D.Bharadia,S.Seth,K.Srinivasan,P.Levis,S.Katti,P. Sinha,"Practical,Realtime,FullDuplexWireless",Mobicom,Sept.2011 12. E.Everett,M.Duarte,C.Dick,andA.Sabharwal,"ExploitingDirectional DiversityinFullduplexCommunications",AsilomarConference,Nov.2011 300+morereferences(articlesandpatents)onfullduplexwireless,active cancellation,etc.,withnooverlapwiththeworkpresentedhere. 9.
WhatisNeww.r.t. SpeakersIssuedPatent?
Newmethodsforantennadesign NewRFandbase bandprocessingbrings New RF and baseband processing brings degradationinSNRduetoselfinterference closetozero. Supportforasynchronousclients Support for asynchronous clients (superimposednetworking) SupportforMIMO Newapplicationsforfullduplexwireless New applications for full duplex wireless Hardware,RFandDSPcomplexitiesare virtuallythesameashalfduplexunits.
Figure extracted from speakers patent issued in 2010 same antenna setup reported in references 6 (Sept 2010) and 7 (Feb. 2011)
HardwareImplementation
Radio:802.11
20Mhzbandwidth@2.4Ghz ISMband,64toneOFDM, transmissionpowerof30dBm. transmission power of 30dBm. Similarresultswereobtained forthe5GhzISMband.
Hardware:
Lyrtech Softwaredefinedradio platform,offtheshelf componentsmadefor802.11, nostrictrequirementonsize, no strict requirement on size complexity,accuracy
HardwareImplementation p
ImplementationonLyrtech softwaredefinedradio platform(realtimeonDSP/FPGA). ested outdoo & ( a s ) doo e o e ts Testedinoutdoor&(harsh)indoorenvironments

Worksasreliablyasaonewaysysteminsimilarconditions
BasicSetup(UserMultiplexing)
Client Access Point TX/RX Mt TX Antennas Mr RX Antennas Client
Client
Supports Mt TX & Mr RX dimensions over each OFDM tone
DivideOFDMtonesamongseveralclients(i.e.,OFDMA) withtwowaycommunicationsovereachtone with two way communications over each tone

Simple/smallantennas,simplesignalprocessing,offtheshelfhardware SupportforMIMOineachtone Clientsdonotneedtobesynchronized Clientsdonotrequiretohavefullduplexcapability
10
Benefits
Aparadigmshiftinwirelessnetworking:
Efficiency of WiFi is around 5%10% due to its MAC EfficiencyofWiFi isaround5% 10%duetoitsMAC. Cellularnetworkshaveahigherefficiency,butatthecostofan expensiveinfrastructure.
Tooexpensiveaswemovetowardssmallerandsmallercells
Significantimpactonsecurity D bli B d id h i h l DoublingBandwidthwithlowercomplexitythanMIMO l i h MIMO
LikelytohaveahigherimpactthanTurbocode,MIMO, SDMA,IA,asitimpactsnetworkingandsecurityissues. SDMA IA as it impacts networking and security issues Twowaywirelesschannelisdifferent,andinmany applicationsmorepowerfulthantwoonewaychannels. applications more powerful than two oneway channels
Contributions*
1. 1 2. Interferencemitigationinanalogdomain: Interference mitigation in analog domain:
Antennadesign,Signalinjection/Correctivebeamforming
Complementarystagesofdigitalsignalprocessing:
I t f Interferenceremoval,Signalreconstruction l Si l t ti Handlingasynchronousclients
3.
Applicationoftwowaywireless:
Mediabasedwireless:anewparadigminconnectivity Facilitatingmultinodecooperativecommunications
SDMAinbothuplinkanddownlink I t f InterferenceCancellationintwoneighboringnodes C ll ti i t i hb i d
FacilitatingMACandQoS requirements Securityenhancement Secretkeygeneration S tk ti Higherrateinapointtopointlinkbybettersynchronization, improvingARQ,AdaptiveCodingandModulation,PowerControl,etc)
4. 4
(bymyteam):Implementation,andextensivemeasurements. (b t ) I l t ti d t i t
12
* Ideas and algorithms throughout this work are speakers contributions. He is sole inventor on patents, and following UW IP policy 73, owner of the IP. Negotiations for IP commercialization involve only the speaker. Copyright 2012 by A. K. Khandani
HistoryofthisWork History of this Work

Basichardwareimplementationfunctionalinlate2009 Avoid publicizing due to: Avoidpublicizingdueto: Aimingforastrongerimpactbyamorematuresystem
Earlierreporteddesignsin1990wereforgottenasthesolutiondidnot , yg y y meetindustrialstandards,theygenerallyhaveaverylimited functionalityintermsoferrorperformance,bandwidth,etc.,and needacontrolled/laboratoryenvironmenttoestablisheventhebasic connection,andconsequentlyarefarfromwhatindustryneeds.
IP protection of different aspects IPprotectionofdifferentaspects WhyNow? Itismature:

Cannot be moved forward (at least not fast enough) without industrys Cannotbemovedforward (atleastnotfastenough)withoutindustry s involvementandwideracademicresearch.
Academicduty:
Knowledgesharingtoavoidrediscoveries.
13
Acknowledgments Acknowledgments
Implementation Team: ImplementationTeam:
R.Hernandez,M.Baratvand,H.Attia
Generousandvisionaryfinancialsupportfrom:
Salaries:
OntarioMinistryofResearch&Innovation(ORFRE) Natural Sciences & Eng Research Council of Canada (NSERC Strategic NaturalSciences&Eng.ResearchCouncilofCanada(NSERCStrategic &NSERCDiscovery) CanadaResearchChairProgram
Equipment:
CanadaFoundationforInnovation(CFI) OntarioMinistryResearch&Innovation(ORFRI)
UW UWgeneralsupportandliberalIPpolicy l t d lib l IP li
14
FirstStageofRFCancellation: g AntennaDesign
15
ObjectiveinAntennaDesign Objective in Antenna Design

Firstpart:separateantennasareusedforTX&RX.
TX antenna RX antenna
Parasitic elements
SmallS12=S21:Asinusoidatterminalsofoneantenna shouldinducealow(ideallyzero)signalatterminals ( y ) g oftheotherone.

Thisshouldbethecaseoveralargefrequencyrange.
SmallS11&S22:Goodradiation/reception
Remarks
Lowcouplingrequirementintwowaywireless isdifferentfromthatofMIMO. i diff tf th t f MIMO LowCouplinginMIMO:
Antennagainstoadistantantennashouldbe independentofeachother. Hardtosatisfyinantennasareveryclose.
LowCouplinginTwowayWireless:
TXandRXantennasinagivenunitshouldnot induceastrongsignaloneachother. Noobviousrestrictiononantennaseparation
StartingPoint Starting Point

Nearfieldworkstoouradvantage:
Strongbutpredictable,andasaresult,totally manageable
Maxwellequationsindicate:
Linearity Geometricalsymmetryin:
Construct(shape,material,boundaryconditions),and Excitation(antennafeedterminals)
causegeometricalsymmetryinwave. Symmetryinwavecanbeusedtocancelsignals.
MaxwellEquationsforaSingleFrequency M ll E ti f Si l F
Linearity: A sinusoidal excitation results in a Linearity:Asinusoidalexcitationresultsina sinusoidalfieldofthesamefrequencyata pointofinterest (unlessthesystemdoesnot point of interest (unless the system does not radiate/dissipateenergy). Field equations for a single frequency : Fieldequationsforasinglefrequency:
D = j B B = J + j D oD = oB = 0
D : ElectricField(EField) B : MagneticField(Mfield) J : Current : Frequency

19
PairwiseSymmetricalAntennas
EachantennaisSelfSymmetrical:
Two arms are image of each other with respect to a plane of Twoarmsareimageofeachotherwithrespecttoaplaneof symmetry(construct&excitation). Notethatarmscanoverlap(applicabletopatchstructures).
TwoantennasareMutuallySymmetrical:
Antennashaveseparateplanesofsymmetry,andareinvariant underreflectionintheplaneofsymmetryofeachother.
I1
> <
I2 I1
I2
-I2
I1 I2
I2 I1
Examples in 2-D
-I1
Examples in 3-D
20
EffectofSymmetry
Forasymmetricalantenna,wehave:
Theorem1: Fi ld Th 1 Fieldcomponents(E&H)areinvariantunderany t (E & H) i i t d symmetrywhichdoesnotchangedirectionoftheTXinput current,andareinvariantwithsignchangeunderasymmetry whichchangesthedirectionoftheTXinputcurrent. y
r r D(r ) = j B(r ) D(-x,y,z) r r B(r ) = J + j D(r ) r r D(r ) = (r ) D(r (r r B(r ) = 0 r D(-x,-y,z) ( , ) r = (x, y, z)
D(x,y,z) x -x DoesnotFlipsJ -y Flips J p -z DoesnotflipJ
x
D(x,-y,z)
y z
z
EffectofSymmetry
ForpairwisesymmetricalTX/RX,wehave:
Theorem2: S12=S21=0independentoffrequency. p q y Proof: FollowsrelyingonTheorem 1andintegratingEfield overthelineconnectingtheterminaloftheRXantenna. y
x y z -x DoesnotFlipsJ -y Flips J -z DoesnotflipJ
+d
TX
-d
RX
+d J x
E(x) = E(x) V =
E(x)dx = 0
22
AMoreRigorousProof
ApplyingPoynting'stheoremtoasymmetrical surface(symmetricalwithrespecttotheplane surface (symmetrical with respect to the plane ofsymmetryofTXantenna)surroundingthe RXantennapredictszeroenergyflow. RX antenna predicts zero energy flow.
y
Poyntings vectors on symmetrical points on surface 1,1 cancel each other, similarly 2,2, etc. , , y , , For every Poyntings vector, there is another one with similar magnitude and opposite direction. 1 2 2 1 TX
RX
23
NumericalResultsUsingHFSS Numerical Results Using HFSS
> < > < ><

S1290dB 90dB S1290dB 90dB S122dB 2dB
Triple wiseSymmetricalAntennas Triplewise Symmetrical Antennas

Anytwoantennasarepairwisesymmetrical; nocouplingbetweenanypair
DiagonalSmatrix(independentoffrequency) EachantennacanswitchbetweenTXandRXmodes asynchronousofotherones.
25
GeneralizationstoMIMO
Twosetsofantennasineachunit,TXandRX Each antenna in TX set is pairwise symmetrical EachantennainTXsetispair wisesymmetrical w.r.t.allantennasinRXsetandviceversa. A straightforward approach: Astraightforwardapproach:
UsethesymmetricalplanesofTXandRXantennas to generate more elements in each set togeneratemoreelementsineachset
Can ff f C suffer from poor S11 To improve S11, arms can be brought closer by p g y placing g antennas on different PCB layers.
MIMOin3D(ZeroCoupling) ( p g)
Moreflexible(easiertoimplement)duetothe possibilityofreflectionsinthreedimensions. possibility of reflections in three dimensions
Antennascanbeplacedinanyorder,andcanbe ofdifferentlengthsformultibandoperation. f diff t l th f lti b d ti

Remarks
Efieldofasymmetricalantennaisorthogonalto itsplaneofsymmetrybisectingitsfeedterminals. it l f t bi ti it f d t i l
+++ + +
_ _ ___
28
LowCouplingDesignin2D Low Coupling Design in 2D

Placeonesetoftheantennasalongthe t l f th th () symmetryplaneoftheotherone(s).
Shape of arms & spacing between antennas is adjusted to compensate for non-zero width of antennas. horizontal antennas
S1270dB
S12110dB
Optimum spacing between vertical/horizontal antenna is very small.

MIMOin2D(LowCoupling) MIMO in 2 D (Low Coupling)

4 Antenna MIMO
Shapeofarms&spacingbetweenantennasis adjustedtocompensatefornonzerowidthof horizontalantennas,aswellasforMIMO requirements(independentgains). g y Onearmcanbegeneratedbyreflectioninthe groundplane:Monopolevs.Diploe

SymmetryinConstruct: Shape,Feed,MaterialandParasiticElements Sh F d M t i l dP iti El t
Parasitic Elements: Human body surroundings PCB layers circuit placement etc body, surroundings, layers, placement, etc. Elements are added towards providing balance with unavoidable/occasional parasitic elements (e.g.. Human body, tower, installation wall, container box, etc.).
32
(1)
(3)
(2)
33
(1)
(2)
(3)
34
(1) (2) (3)
35 Copyright 2012 by A. K. Khandani
Remarks
Smallcouplinginsymmetricalstructuresisnot p , duetopolarization,norduetoantenna null.
Neitherismeaningfulfornearfield.
Question: Are the sufficient conditions (based Question:Arethesufficientconditions(based onprovidedsymmetryconditions)for decoupledantennasnecessarytoo? decoupled antennas necessary too?
NotclearwithoutconsideringeffectonS11,S22.
A more comprehensive theoretical analysis should Amorecomprehensivetheoreticalanalysisshould includevaluesofS11,S22. Forthesymmetricalantennasintroducedhere,low couplingisachievedwithgoodvaluesforS11,S22.
2.4Ghz band, Circuit area~ 7cm x 8 cm, S11 & S22 are around -15dB
SecondStageofRFCancellation: Second Stage of RF Cancellation: ActiveCancellation
38
ActiveCancellation Active Cancellation

Formananalogsignaltosubtractinthereceive chainpriortoA/Dtoreduceselfinterference
RFsignalcombiningiswellestablished,e.g.,I/Q combineriscommonlyused. Canbealsodonebybeamformingwithineachunit
CorrectiveBeamforming
Particularlyusefulifadditionaltransmitchainsare availablewithintheunit il bl ithi th it

Mostpracticalsystemshaveseveralmodesofoperation (dependingoncircumstances/requirements)toimprove (depending on circumstances/requirements) to improve performanceandalsoenablevarioustradeoffs
D/AErrorinSignalInjection D/A Error in Signal Injection

Areasonablequestion:Issignalinjectionjust hidingtheproblembyreplacingtheissueof A/DerrorbyandanequivalentD/Aerror? NO:D/Aoperationislinearanditseffectis y q cancelledbysubsequentinterference cancellationinbaseband. NO: Error caused by possible numerical NO:Errorcausedbypossiblenumerical inaccuracies(e.g.,FFT/IFFT)canbecomputed digitally,andcompensatedindigitaldomain. digitally and compensated in digital domain
CorrectiveBeamforming forReducingSelfinterference
Multiple transmit antennas are used to create null on Multipletransmitantennasareusedtocreatenullon thereceiveantenna(s).
Example of two TX and one RX antennas: ExampleoftwoTXandoneRXantennas:
TX RX TX
RestrictiononthespacingislessthanMIMOrequirements (nullcreationiseasierthanindependentgainrequirement). ( ll i i i h i d d i i ) MultipleTXantennasmayalreadyexistintheunitto supportdifferentmodesofoperationfortheunit. support different modes of operation for the unit.
Simplification:Corrective f h l BeamformingwithAuxiliaryTX
RX Auxiliary TX ( (ATX) ) TX
Signal injection is a form of ATX
AuxiliaryTX(ATX)canhaveasimplestructureintermsofsize,feed, grounding,length,etc (creatingnullissimple). ATX ATXcanhaveahighcouplingwithRXandtransmitwithlowpower. h hi h li i h RX d i i hl ATXcanbeoneoftheantennasusedinMIMOmode(asTXor TX/RXwithcirculator)andswitchedtoactasATX,whenneeded. TX/RX with circulator) and switched to act as ATX, when needed. MultipleATXcanbeusedforMIMO (flexiblesize/spacing).
AnotherFormofDecoupled Antennasin3D(realityof2D)
Diploe Patch
Generalization toMIMO
CombinedDesign: MultiterminalAntennas l l
Transmit receive and active cancellation are combined Transmit,receiveandactivecancellationarecombined intoasinglearmaboveground usingpatchantennas.
RX ATX TX1
Patch
TX
RX ATX RX TX2
Diploe p
TX
Shape of corner cuts and various sizes are optimized for best radiation efficiency and proper coupling.
GeneralizationtoMIMO: EachRadiohasSharedTX/RXAntennas E h R di h Sh d TX/RX A t

ATX ATX TX TX
Configuration I
RX RX
TX ATX
RX
TX
ATX
RX
Configuration II
SignalRecoveryatBaseband Signal Recovery at Base band
46
InterferenceRemovalinBaseband Interference Removal in Base band

1) Pilots(disjointintime)aretransmittedfromeach TXantennatomeasurecorrespondingchannel, resultingin:1 + 1 , 2 + 2 2) Selfcancellingpilotswithprecoding(afterfixing theweightings)aresentsimultaneously:
2 (1 + 1 )( + ) 1 ( 2 + 2 )( + ) = ( ( 2 1 1 2 ) + ( 2 1 1 2 ) ) ( ) where ( 2 1 1 2 ) 0 Residual selfinterference channel: 2 1 1 2 Residualself interferencechannel:

47 Copyright 2012 by A. K. Khandani
InterferenceRemovalinBaseband I t f R li B b d
3) + :OFDMdatawithcomputationalerror OFDM d ih i l
2 (1 + 1 )( + ) 1 ( 2 + 2 )( + ) = ( 2 1 1 2 ) + ( 2 1 1 2 )
( 2 1 1 2 ) iscancelledbybaseband selfinterferencecancellation(equalization). self interference cancellation (equalization) ( 2 1 1 2 ) iscompensateddigitally(all itscomponentsareknown). it t k )

Base bandInterferenceRemoval& Baseband Interference Removal & ClippedSignalReconstruction

AnalogsignalcanbeclippedpriortoA/Dandthe clippedpartisthendigitallycompensated (accountingforonlytheTXsignal). ( ti f l th TX i l)
Clipping thresholds Clipped signal
49
ExampleofPerformance Example of Performance

Antennastructureshowninearliervideoclip Transmitpowerabout30dBm(typicalforcell phonepower). ResidualSelfInterferencetoNoiseRatio:
Antennastructurealone:about40dB Aftercorrectivebeamforming:about2dB After baseband subtraction: about 0.4dB Afterbase bandsubtraction:about0.4dB
NOTE:Observeddegradationislessthantypical degradationsduetovariousmismatchesinsignaling betweenseparate ( (distant)TX/RXunits. ) /
EffectsofDifferentCancellation AlgorithmsinBaseband(Realtime) Algorithms in Base band (Real time)

Dipole Antennas
RX TX TX
20MHZ bandwidth@2.4Ghz, S11 & S22 around -15dB @ , Important: Implementation is based on using two transmit antennas and corrective beam-forming. This is merely for the ease of implementation and also ease of measurements. In practice, Copyright 2012 by A. K. Khandanisignal injection after LNA would achieve the same goal.
51
EffectsofDifferentCancellation AlgorithmsinBaseband(Realtime) Algorithms in Base band (Real time)

Patch over ground plane
RX
ATX
TX
20MHZ bandwidth@2.4Ghz, S11 & S22 around -15dB

SupportingAsynchronousClients
53
Implemented in time domain
Implemented in OFDM domain
Implemented in time d ti domain i
Unit A TX unit
Unit B
4th stage: 3rd stage: reconstruction cancellation
2nd stage: 1st stage: cancellation cancellation
Base-band: Base-band: Base-band: RF: Compensating synchronous asynchronous Auxiliary for intentional cancellation & cancellation Transmission clipping & A/D equalization & listening (ATX) residual signal id l i l
RX unit Unit U it C
Receive and transmit connections are established to two separate clients in an asynchronous manner. Unit A is listening to detect a valid incoming signal, while transmitting to unit B. This is made possible by the 2nd stage of self-cancellation which is synchronous with unit As As transmit signal but not necessarily synchronous with signal, the incoming signal from Unit C.

2nd stage: cancellation
Base-band: B b d asynchronous cancellation & listening
Unit A TX unit
Unit B
Wake-up Signal
1st stage: cancellation

RF: Auxiliary Transmission (ATX)
RX unit Unit C
4th stage: 3rd stage: reconstruction cancellation t ti ll ti

Base-band: Base-band: Compensating synchronous for intentional cancellation & clipping & A/D equalization residual signal
Implemented in OFDM domain
A different implementation of the cancellation algorithms in which the time-domain filter coefficients are extracted from the corresponding OFDM values obtained in the 3rd stage, and the operation of the main self-interference cancellation algorithm in 3rd stage is decoupled g g p from the time-domain filter in the second cancellation stage.
55
NetworkApplications N t k A li ti
56
WLANTraffic:Bursty,DelaySensitive&Inefficient y, y UWCampus:Totalof1400wirelessAPsacross campusserving4200activewirelessIP campus serving 4200 active wireless IP

Intheory,eachAPshouldsupportatleastaround54Mbits/sec TheyusuallyinstallanadditionalAPifthetypicalnumberofclients connectingtoanAPexceeds10mostofthetime
Wirelesstrafficin Wi l t ffi i theentirecampus
~1800users ~150Mbits/sec
Numberofwirelessusers intheentirecampus
Average=70Kbits/sec/user(up+downlinks)Peak=80Kbits/sec/user(up+downlinks)
ABusyAccessPointintheLibrary
APsupports3.4Mbits/sec(up+downlinks) whichisis6%ofitspeakdatarate
58
ANewConcept:
SuperimposedNetworkingforControlSignaling Superimposed Networking for Control Signaling
Controlsignaling,particularlysignalinginuplinkrequiredtojoin thenetwork,isaprimarybottleneck. th t k i i b ttl k Methodsdescribedforhandlingasynchronoususersenable superimposingahalfduplex,lowbitrate,lowpower,easyto p p g p , , p , y detectnetworkforcontrolsignalingontopofthenetworkof primaryfullduplexdatalinks. F t Featuresofsuperimposedlinks: f i d li k
Separatedfromtheprimaryfullduplexdatalinksincodedomain.
UsetimemultiplexingandCSMAamongthemselves,butconventionalproblems areavoidedastheseoperateinparallelwiththeprimaryfullduplexdatalinks. Havealowspectralefficiency,butthisisnotanissueascontrolsignalinghasa minorloadontheoverallthroughput. PHY i d i d PHYisdesignedsuchthatfullduplexlinkscandetectandcanceltheinterference h th t f ll d l li k d t t d l th i t f causedbythesuperimposedcontrollink.
HighlightofNetworkApplications g g pp
Possibilityofsupportingtwowayasynchronouslinkswith multipleclientssolvesmanyofMAC,resourceallocation/QoS, schedulingissuesinwirelessnetworks. Twoneighboringnodes,bylisteningtoeachotherwhile transmitting,canformadistributedAlamouti code. transmitting can form a distributed Alamouti code
UsefulinthedesignofMAC Usefulinmultipleaccessscenarios,e.g.,twoclientssenddatatothesame accesspoint. i t
Feedbacklinkisusefulinsendingpilots,inARQ,inadaptive transmission,etc.
Example:Onenodecanbroadcastasetofpilotstobeusedbyallnetwork nodesasreference.
Nodes have an indication of the level of interference by listening Nodeshaveanindicationofthelevelofinterferencebylistening whiletransmitting.

Interference Channel InterferenceChannel

C11 TX1 C21 G12 C12 G21 G22 C22 TX2 RX2 RX1 G11
R1 andR2 arefiltersatreceiversofnodesTX1 andTX2,respectively. and R are filters at receivers of nodes TX and TX , respectively. Tocancelinterference,weneed:
G21 R1 = G21C11 G11C21

G12 R2 = G12C22 G22C12

61
StabilityCondition: SatisfiedbyAdjustingTX/RXGains Satisfied by Adjusting TX/RX Gains

r1 r1 = C11 t1+ C21 t2 R1 t1 C11 C12 G11 t1 = R1 r1+ s1 G12
+
s1
+ +
r1 = G11 t1+ G21 t2
r2
t2 = R2 r2+ s2 R2 t2
C22 C21 G22 G21
r2 = C12 t1+ C22 t2 + s2
r2 = G12 t1+ G22 t2
62
SecurityApplications: y pp OnetimePad(Vernam Cipher)
63
UnbreakableSecurity: VernamCipher,OnetimePad h d
Vernam Cipher, Onetime Pad: Bitwise XOR of a VernamCipher,One timePad:Bit wiseXORofa (nonreusable)maskwiththemessage
Z X
+
Y=X+Z(mod2),X,Y,Zarebinary,I(X;Y)=0
Generalization:
Z X
+
Y=X+Z(mod2),X,Y,Zareangle,I(X;Y)=0
Happens naturally in wireless transmission Happensnaturallyinwirelesstransmission

Needtochange/trackthechannelandusePSKmodulation.
UnbreakableSecurity: OnetimePadusingChannelPhase
B i Id BasicIdea:
Twopartiesuse(commonrandom)phasevaluestoscramble eachPSKtransmission. each PSK transmission Errorsincommonphasevaluesarecorrectedbytheoverall channelcode.
Challenges:
Synchronizingthetwopartiestoagreeonphase. ProvidinganewcommonrandomphaseforeachPSKsymbol.
Twowaywirelesssolvesbothabovechallenges
Leakage(selfinterference)helps
Key(commonrandomphase)Generation
t
Bob TX1/RX1 TX2/RX2 TX1/RX1 Bob
t+1
t+1
TX2/RX2
t t+1
TX1/RX1
Alice
TX2/RX2
TX1/RX1
Alice
TX2/RX2
AtOFDMsymbolt1,AliceandBobmeasuretheirloopbackchannelsfromBob/TX1toBob/RX2 andfromAlice/TX2toAlice/RX1(sendlowpowerpilotsafterscramblingandloopbackineachunit) AtOFDMsymbolt,Alice/TX1sendspilots(afterscrambling)toBob/RX2,who(usingBob/TX1) At OFDM symbol t Alice/TX1 sends pilots (after scrambling) to Bob/RX2 who (using Bob/TX1) forwardsittoAlice/RX2. AtOFDMsymbolt+1,Bob/TX2sendspilots(afterscrambling)toAlice/RX1,who(usingAlice/TX2) forwardsittoBob/RX1. Thetwounits,knowingtheirloopbackchannelsandrelyingonreciprocity,computethe Th i k i h i l b k h l d l i i i h channel:(Alice/TX1 Bob/RX2)x(Bobloopback)x(Bob/TX1 Alice/RX2)x(Aliceloopback)tobeused akey.Thisispossibleasup/downconversionateachunitisperformedusingthesamecarrier/clock.
66
SketchofProof
Bob B b TX1/RX1 TX2/RX2
? ? ? ?
Eve
Alice TX1/RX1 TX2/RX2
Therearefourlegitimateantennasandfourtransmissions. There are four legitimate antennas and four transmissions.

Keypoint:Thereisasingletransmissionfromeachlegitimateantenna.
EvehasalargenumberofdistributedantennaswithhighSNR.
EachofEvesantennasreceivesfoursignals,buteachsignalisthrougha channelwithanunknownphaseandconveysnousefulinformation.
KeyGeneration:ASimplerApproach
TX1&TX2ineachunitareusedtocreateanullattheircorrespondingRX.
Beamforminggainsaremeasured(quietly)ineachunit.
Eachunittransmitsthesumofitsreceivedsignalanditsinput,i.e.,I1, I2. g p
I1,I2,O1,O2 (basebandsignals)spanatwodimensionalspace. I1 O1 RX I2 Bob TX1/TX2 RX O2
O1 I2 O1 I1
G21 = 1 G12G21 I =0
1
O2 I1
G12 = 1 G12G21 I =0
2
Alice G12 G21 TX1/TX2
=
I 2 =0
O2 I2
=
I1 =0
1 1 G12G21
O1 = I1 + I 2
O2 = I1 + I 2
Alice/Bobsend(simultaneously)pilotsA/B,followedbyA/B,respectively.
EachunitobtainstwoequationswhichareusedtofindphasevaluesofAG12andBG21. Forhighersecurity,onlyoneofthetwophasevaluesisused. Channelsareperturbed(atbothunits)priortothenextround.
68
KeyGeneration:ASimplerApproach y p pp
?
Eve I1 G12 G21
?
I2
O1
O2
O1 = I1 + I 2
O1 I2 =
I1 =0
O2 = I1 + I 2
O1 I1 =
I 2 =0
G21 1 G12G21
O2 I2
=
I1 =0
1 1 G12G21
O2 I1
=
I 2 =0
G12 1 G12G21
KeyPoint:Eacheavesdroppingantennaintroducesanewunknownphase Key Point: Each eavesdropping antenna introduces a new unknown phase inlisteningtolegitimatetransmitunits.
69
SecurityApplications: y pp EnhancingCapacity
70
EnhancingSecurity:IncreasingConfusion
InherentlymoresecureasEvereceivesthe sumofAlice sandBob ssignals. sum of Alices and Bobs signals Tofurtherenhancesecurity:
Aftertheinitialconnectionisestablished,Alice introducesarandomoffsetinitscarrierfrequency foreverynewblockofOFDMsymbols. for every new block of OFDM symbols Bobtransmitstheperiodicpreamble(usedin OFDMforfrequencysynchronization)withhigh OFDM for frequency synchronization) with high powerandthentransmitssignalfromaGaussian codebookcontainingasecretkeytobeusedby g y y Aliceinthenexttransmissionblock.
71
EnhancingSecurity:ImproveLegitimateSNR Enhancing Security: Improve Legitimate SNR

TransmittersidehasNindependentradios. Each radio has two antennas working either as TX or RX EachradiohastwoantennasworkingeitherasTXorRX. Thetwosetsinthemaintransmitterswitchbetween transmit & training (receive) modes in subsequent blocks transmit&training(receive)modesinsubsequentblocks. Gainlog2(N),20dBforN=100,and10dBforN=10.
Even numbered blocks
Odd numbered blocks
72
ANewParadigm: A N P di
Media based Mediabased vs. SourcebasedWireless
73
SourcebasedWireless Communications
Knownmethodsforwirelesstransmission:
Sourceisvariedtoembedinformationandthen passedthroughchannel
ChannelisalinearsystemwithaGaussiangain Shannoncapacity: C W log(SNR)
MIMO(mostimportantbreakthroughinwireless inlastdecade): in last decade):

UsingN transmitandM receiveantennaresults
C min(M, N )W log(SNR)
MediabasedWireless
Keepthesourceshiningandchangethemedia E j Enjoyrichvariationswithsmallchangesinmedia i h i ti ith ll h i di Richscatteringenvironment:slightestperturbationin theenvironmentcausesindependentoutcomes. the environment causes independent outcomes Variationsofphaseiscriticalandcanbeexploited withstableTX/RXsynchronizationusingtwowaylink with stable TX/RX synchronization using two way link (continuallysendingbackpilotfromRXtoTX).
MediabasedWireless Mediabased Wireless

SolutionforSISO:
SelectthechannelwiththehighestgainanduseitwithaGaussian source.Thisresultsinasavingofenergyscalingwithlog(|CC|).
What about SIMO? WhataboutSIMO? one transmit,N receiveantennas , g y Unlikesourcebasedcase,signalreceivedbydifferentantennas willbelinearlyindependent,resultinginafullrankconstellation overtheN receivedimensions. D t f ll Duetofullrankproperty,rateembeddedinthechannel k t t b dd d i th h l constellationgrowslinearlywithN
NotethatcomponentsofvectorCC(gainstodifferentRXantennas)are independent,butcannotbeselectedindependently.
MediabasedWireless:SIMOCase
RFenvironmentaroundtransmitter,i.e.,ChannelState(phase, magnitude,polarization)canbeselected(ineachtransmission) fromarandomlygeneratedsetcalledChannelCodebook(CC). from a randomly generated set called Channel Code book (CC) Thereisalsoatraditionalcodebookassociatedwiththesource calledSourceCodebook(SC).
(SC,CC) Y=(SCCC)+AWGN Objective: Minimize P{outage} Min: P{I(CC,SC;Y)} Or Min: P{H(Y)} Min s.t. E(SC2)P
RXknowstheelementsofCC. TXdoesnotknowtheelementsofCC,butbyusingasimple feedback,TXandRXagreeonasubsetofCCtobeused.

Consequence: CC is a discrete set (Constellation) Consequence:CCisadiscreteset(Constellation) DuetoRaleighfading,distributionofCChassphericalsymmetry.
MediabasedWireless:SIMOCase Mediabased Wireless: SIMO Case

(SC,CC) (SC CC) Y=(SCCC)+AWGN Y (SC CC) AWGN Objective: Minimize P{outage} j { g } Min: P{I(CC,SC;Y)} Or Min: P{H(Y)} s.t. E(SC2)P ( )
We assume cardinality of channel codebook is finite Weassumecardinalityofchannelcode bookisfinite. Otherwise,thecapacitywouldbecomeinfinity,whichis unrealisticandreflectsthefactthatforlargechannelcode books,modelofrichscatteringwillnotbevalidanylonger. b k d l f i h tt i ill t b lid l Systemislinear(superpositionprincipleholds),butitsimpulse reposeischangedpriortoreachingtoitssteadystate. repose is changed prior to reaching to its steady state.
MediabasedWireless:SIMOCase Media based Wireless: SIMO Case

(SC,CC) (SC CC) Y=(SCCC)+AWGN Y (SC CC) AWGN Objective: Minimize P{outage} j { g } Min: P{I(CC,SC;Y)} Or Min: P{H(Y)} s.t. E(SC2)P ( )
TXdoesnotknowtheelementsofCC,consequently:
TXselectstheSCandtheCCindependently. TXselectstheelementsoftheCCwithequalprobability.
At RX SC spans a single complex dimension along received CC AtRX,SCspansasinglecomplexdimensionalongreceivedCC. DuetosphericalsymmetryindistributionofCC,optimization ofSCinvolvesonlythedistributionofthemagnitudeofCC. RXusesjointdecodingtominimizeP{outage}.
MediabasedWireless
(SC,CC) Y=(SCCC)+AWGN Objective: Minimize P{outage} Min: P{I(CC,SC;Y)} { ( ) } Or Min: P{H(Y)} s.t. E(SC2)P
Consider I(CC,SC;Y)=I(SC;Y)+I(|SC|,CC;Y|SC): ( , ; ) ( ; ) (| |, ; | )
Duetosphericalsymmetry,optimumsourcecodebookhasauniform phase.ThiscanbeverifiednotingthatP{I(SC;Y)}ismaximized,for all, ifSCisuniformandthischoiceaffectsneitherenergy,nor , gy, probabilisticbehaviorofI(|SC|,CC;Y|SC).
Wehave:I(|SC|,CC;Y|SC)=I(CC;Y|SC)+I(|SC|;Y|SC,CC).
AsfarasI(|SC|;Y|SC,CC)isconcerned,|SC|shouldbecontinuous. As far as I(|SC| Y|SC CC) is concerned |SC| sho ld be contin o s AsfarasI(CC;Y|SC)isconcerned,|SC|2 shouldbeconstant,|SC|2=P. Sumismaximizedusingadiscretesetofvaluesfor|SC|. SChasadiscretesetofcircularshellsusedwithdifferentprobabilities (torealizeshapinggain),wherepointsoneachshellareequallikely.
80
PowerSpectrum Power Spectrum

Same old problem applies here: Signals cannot Sameoldproblemapplieshere:Signalscannot bebothtimeandfrequencylimited. Received Power Spectrum: ReceivedPowerSpectrum:
Averageofchannelsspectrumstimesinput spectrum Inputspectrumisshapedtolimitthebandwidth. Input source simply transmits the carrier with Inputsourcesimplytransmitsthecarrier,with modulationofSC,timesthepulseshapingsignal.
81
ChallengesandSolutions Challenges and Solutions

Challenge1:Frequencysynchronizationbetween transmitterandreceiver
Solution:Receiveristwowayandcontinuallysendsapilottothe transmitter. transmitter Norestrictiononspectrumofpilotasthemediavariationscausing frequencyexpansionisdoneattheneighborhoodofthetransmitter.
Challenge2:Receiverneedstolearnthechannel code book(channelconstellation)andadopttoit. codebook (channel constellation) and adopt to it

Nottoohardusingatrainingphase (similarissuesexistinMIMO). RXcanusecorrectframestofinetuneitslearningofconstellation.
82
SomeGeneralRemarks Some General Remarks

Equalization:
ChannelswithanimpulseresponseoflengthM provideM extradimensionsperreceiveantenna(byinsertingtime gapsbetweensubsequenttransmissions).
Constellationdesign:
Optimizingthetradeoffbetweenselectiongain andrankgain.
Method:Relyingontwowaylink,receiverhelpsin buildingtheconstellation.
83
SomeRemarksaboutSISOCase Some Remarks about SISO Case

Let us consider a channel impulse response of Letusconsiderachannelimpulseresponseof lengthLT whereT issymbolperiod. Base TX signal is a sinusoid windowed in [0 T] BaseTXsignalisasinusoidwindowedin[0,T] multipliedbyaspectrumshapingsignals(t) withspectrumS(w). with spectrum S(w) BaseRXsignalisaGaussianrandomprocess, timelimitedin[0,LT],ofautocorrelation ti li it d i [0 LT] f t l ti R(a)=1-|a|/T, convolvedwiththeinverse Fouriertransformof{S(w)}2 F i t f f {S( )}
84
SISOCaseRevisited
TXblockisatrainofK consecutivebaseTXsignals, followedbyL-1 zerospriortothenextTXblock. ChannelinchangedineachofK timeslotsamong2r possibilities, resultinginalinearsystemwitharandom impulseresponse.
Timeshiftininputresultsinthesametimeshiftintheresponse. O OversampleRXsignal(sumoftimeshiftedresponses)byL. l RX i l ( f i hif d )b L
KL samplesarefullrank,yieldingLK2/(L+K-1) dimensionsperunittime. Extradimensionsarecorrelated,degradingtheperformance. g g p Noiseiscorrelated,improvingtheperformance. IterativeorTrellisdecodingcanbeusedfordetection.
S Sourcecodebookiscomposedofadiscretesetof d b ki d f di t t f shells(circularshells)withuniformphase.
85
PerturbingtheRFChannel P t bi th RF Ch l
86
HowtoChangetheRFChannel? H t Ch th RF Ch l?
Changingchannelphaseisthekeybehindsecurityapplications. Changingchannelstate(phase,polarization,gain)isthekey behindmediabasedapplications. TunableRFisawellestablishedareaofresearch. bl i ll bli h d f h
Traditionally,focusintheRFliteraturehasbeenon:
Changingandcontrollingdirection/densityofenergyflow. Changingofphasehasbeenusuallyinthecontextofapplyingphaseshiftto thesignalpriortotransmission,orafterreception,againmotivedbyenergy considerationsinthecontextofbeamforming.
Interesthereistomovefromonerandomstate(primarily channelphase)toanotherindependentrandomstate.
Neither interested in knowing the state, nor in controlling it. Neitherinterestedinknowingthestate,norincontrollingit. Easiertoaccomplishascomparedtotraditionalbeamforming.
Conclusion
Twowaywirelesswillhaveaprofoundimpacton wirelessnetworksintermsofcost,qualityof service,efficiencyandsecurity.
Hasmoretoofferthanearlierbreakthroughsinthelast fewdecades. few decades
Whatisnext:
Industry Industry
Includingtwowayinnewstandards Implementationisstraightforward(mobileand/orbasestation).
Academia
MaterialsandRFstructuresforvaryingthechannel Network Information Theory of twoway wireless NetworkInformationTheoryoftwo waywireless SecurityandKeyExchange
FrequentlyAskedQuestions
Q:Whymostofdiscussionandreportedimplementationisbasedonusingseparatetransmitandreceiveantennas?
A:Thesolereasonhasbeentoreducecomplexityofhardwareimplementationbasedontheavailableplatformwhichsupportsmultipleantennas. A: The sole reason has been to reduce complexity of hardware implementation based on the available platform which supports multiple antennas. Q:Whypresentationisbasedonusingcorrectivebeamforming(whichrequirestwotransmitantennas)ratherthansignalinjection? A:Again,thereasonhasbeentoreducecomplexityofhardwareimplementation,andalsomakeitpossibletostudyvarioussignalsinvolvedin cancellation.Itshouldbeobvioustoapersonskilledintheareathatsimilarresultswouldbeobtainedusingsignalinjection. Q:WhatisthesizeofA/DandD/Ausedintheimplementation? A:A/DandD/AwerelimitedtowhatisinthehardwareofLyrtech platform(14bitsA/Dand12bitsD/A).WedidnothaveanyindicationthatA/D A: A/D and D/A were limited to what is in the hardware of Lyrtech platform (14 bits A/D and 12 bits D/A). We did not have any indication that A/D orD/Awouldactasperformancebottleneckevenifthenumberofbitsissignificantlylower.Also,A/DandD/Aofadecentsize arereadilyavailable atsamplingratesrequiredintypicalwirelessapplications.RequirementonD/AaccuracyislessthanA/D,asinaccuraciesin D/Adonotcontradict linearityandwillbesubsequentlycanceledinthefinalstageinthebaseband. Q:Whatwouldbeanimmediateapplicationoffullduplexnodes? A:Theprimarybenefitoffullduplexisinnetworkingapplicationswhereacentralnodecantransmit,whilelisteningtonewclientswhowantto jointhenetwork.Thiscanbeachievedbyhavingfullduplexdatalinks(usingOFDMA)andhalfduplexsuperimposedcontrolsignaling.Also,the clientsdonotneedtosupportfullduplexandcentralnodecantransmitdatatooneandreceivedatafromanother.Thisfeaturecanbeaddedto manyofcurrentOFDMAnetworks withsmallmodifications. Q:HowisthedegradationinSNR(ResidualselfInterferenceplusNoisedividedbyNoise,RINR)measured? A:Powerofresidualselfinterference+noise ismeasuredinnonzeroOFDMtones.PowerofnoiseismeasuredinbothOFDMzerotonesaswellas whentransmitterisoff(nosignificantdifferencewasobserved).Inthereportedtests,AGCwasdisabled(LNAgainwasoncemanuallyset)tohave when transmitter is off (no significant difference was observed) In the reported tests AGC was disabled (LNA gain was once manually set) to have abetterframeworktocomparedifferentschemesintermsofRINR(AGCsavessomeA/Dbits).Testswereperformedover802.11channel13 whichisnotusedinNorthAmerica(toreduceinterferencefromneighboringnodes).RINRisaveragedoverseveralthousandsOFDM frames. MeasurementswerealsoperformedtomeasuretheequivalentofRINRisahalfduplexlink.ThisaccountsforthedegradationinSNRdueto variousmismatcheswhichcanbequitesignificantinhalfduplexconnectionbetweendistantnodes,whiletheseareavoidedinafullduplexsystem duetohavingaccesstothesameclock/carrier/timingincancellationofselfinterference.Resultsshowthatthedegradationis generallyhigherthan whatisobservedforRINR,andconsequentlytheobservedRINRduetoaddingthefullduplexfeatureisevenlesssignificant. Theseresultsarenot what is observed for RINR and consequently the observed RINR due to adding the full duplex feature is even less significant These results are not reportedduetospacelimitationsaswellasthefactthattheresultswoulddependonthespecificimplementation(inourcase, wehavefollowed theconventionalmethodsusedintypical802.11receiversforcarrier/timerecoveryandsignaldetection). Q:Whatisthesetupforchannelmeasurementinselfinterferencecancellation? A:Weexaminedsending3consecutivepilots(longtrainingsequenceusedin802.11)withaveragingtoimprovethechannelmeasurementofthe p g g p g y y firstphase,buttheresultwassimilartothecaseofusingasinglepilot.Ingeneral,thesystemisveryrobusttosucherrorsastheeffectdoesnot violatelinearityandconsequentlysubsequentstageofcancellationinbasebandwillaccountforsucherrors.Forthesecondphase,numberof pilots(againlongtrainingsequenceof802.11)usedforaveragingisadaptivelyadjusteddependingontheconditions(tomakesuresecondstageis alwaysuseful). Themoreeffectiveisthefirststageofactivecancellation,thehighershouldbetheaccuracyofchannelestimationinthesecond phaseandtwocomplementaryadaptationrulesareusedtoselectthenumberoftrainingsequencesusedinthesecondphase.
PLEASESEETHESEPARATEFILEFORUPDATES.
89
ThankYou Thank You

khandani@uwaterloo.ca khandani@uwaterloo ca 5198851211ext 35324
90

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April 25th, 2012

TwoWayWireless Two Way Wireless

CanadaResearchChair RIMNSERCIndustrialResearchChair E&CEDepartment,UniversityofWaterloo khandani@uwaterloo.ca, 5198851211ext 35324

Canada Research Chairs

Establishingtwowaywirelesslinkswithcomplete overlapintime andfrequency,withsupportfor:

Copyright 2012 by A. K. Khandani

ABriefLiteratureSurvey(cont.) A Brief Literature Survey (cont.)

Copyright 2012 by A. K. Khandani

Copyright 2012 by A. K. Khandani

ImplementationonLyrtech softwaredefinedradio platform(realtimeonDSP/FPGA). ested outdoo & ( a s ) doo e o e ts Testedinoutdoor&(harsh)indoorenvironments

Supports Mt TX & Mr RX dimensions over each OFDM tone

DivideOFDMtonesamongseveralclients(i.e.,OFDMA) withtwowaycommunicationsovereachtone with two way communications over each tone

Copyright 2012 by A. K. Khandani

Significantimpactonsecurity D bli B d id h i h l DoublingBandwidthwithlowercomplexitythanMIMO l i h MIMO

FacilitatingMACandQoS requirements Securityenhancement Secretkeygeneration S tk ti Higherrateinapointtopointlinkbybettersynchronization, improvingARQ,AdaptiveCodingandModulation,PowerControl,etc)

HistoryofthisWork History of this Work

IP protection of different aspects IPprotectionofdifferentaspects WhyNow? Itismature:

Copyright 2012 by A. K. Khandani

Copyright 2012 by A. K. Khandani

ObjectiveinAntennaDesign Objective in Antenna Design

SmallS12=S21:Asinusoidatterminalsofoneantenna shouldinducealow(ideallyzero)signalatterminals ( y ) g oftheotherone.

StartingPoint Starting Point

D : ElectricField(EField) B : MagneticField(Mfield) J : Current : Frequency

Copyright 2012 by A. K. Khandani

NumericalResultsUsingHFSS Numerical Results Using HFSS

> < > < ><

Triple wiseSymmetricalAntennas Triplewise Symmetrical Antennas

Copyright 2012 by A. K. Khandani

Antennascanbeplacedinanyorder,andcanbe ofdifferentlengthsformultibandoperation. f diff t l th f lti b d ti

Copyright 2012 by A. K. Khandani

LowCouplingDesignin2D Low Coupling Design in 2D

Optimum spacing between vertical/horizontal antenna is very small.

MIMOin2D(LowCoupling) MIMO in 2 D (Low Coupling)

Shapeofarms&spacingbetweenantennasis adjustedtocompensatefornonzerowidthof horizontalantennas,aswellasforMIMO requirements(independentgains). g y Onearmcanbegeneratedbyreflectioninthe groundplane:Monopolevs.Diploe

SymmetryinConstruct: Shape,Feed,MaterialandParasiticElements Sh F d M t i l dP iti El t

NumericalResultsUsingHFSS Numerical Results Using HFSS

Copyright 2012 by A. K. Khandani

NumericalResultsUsingHFSS Numerical Results Using HFSS

Copyright 2012 by A. K. Khandani

NumericalResultsUsingHFSS Numerical Results Using HFSS

Copyright 2012 by A. K. Khandani

NumericalResultsUsingHFSS Numerical Results Using HFSS

(1) (2) (3)

35 Copyright 2012 by A. K. Khandani

SecondStageofRFCancellation: Second Stage of RF Cancellation: ActiveCancellation

Copyright 2012 by A. K. Khandani

ActiveCancellation Active Cancellation

Particularlyusefulifadditionaltransmitchainsare availablewithintheunit il bl ithi th it

D/AErrorinSignalInjection D/A Error in Signal Injection

Signal injection is a form of ATX

GeneralizationtoMIMO: EachRadiohasSharedTX/RXAntennas E h R di h Sh d TX/RX A t

SignalRecoveryatBaseband Signal Recovery at Base band

Copyright 2012 by A. K. Khandani

InterferenceRemovalinBaseband Interference Removal in Base band

2 (1 + 1 )( + ) 1 ( 2 + 2 )( + ) = ( ( 2 1 1 2 ) + ( 2 1 1 2 ) ) ( ) where ( 2 1 1 2 ) 0 Residual selfinterference channel: 2 1 1 2 Residualself interferencechannel:

( 2 1 1 2 ) iscancelledbybaseband selfinterferencecancellation(equalization). self interference cancellation (equalization) ( 2 1 1 2 ) iscompensateddigitally(all itscomponentsareknown). it t k )

Base bandInterferenceRemoval& Baseband Interference Removal & ClippedSignalReconstruction

Copyright 2012 by A. K. Khandani

ExampleofPerformance Example of Performance

EffectsofDifferentCancellation AlgorithmsinBaseband(Realtime) Algorithms in Base band (Real time)

EffectsofDifferentCancellation AlgorithmsinBaseband(Realtime) Algorithms in Base band (Real time)

20MHZ bandwidth@2.4Ghz, S11 & S22 around -15dB