Bahan kuliah keempat

Boussinesq 1985 mengusulkan pemecahan dari distribusi tegangan dari beban titik yang bekerja dipermukaan tanah

Vertical displacement

Radial displacement

Westergaards 1938

dimana

Westergaards 1938

Contoh untuk line load adalah tembok batu bata yang memanjang
Q/m mh Q/m

nh Z X X x z h Px Earth-retaining structure

Stresses due to line load x = 2Q m2n h (m2 + n2)2 z = 2Q z3 (x2 + z2)2 xz = 2Q z3 (x2 + z2)2

Lateral pressure due to line load px = 4Q m2n h (m2 + n2)2 The total thrust on the structure Px = 2Q 1 m2 + 1

DUE TO UNIFORM PRESSURE ON STRIP AREA

B q

Contours of equal vertical stress

B q z Z X X
0.8q 0.6q 0.4q 0.2q

Stresses due to uniform pressure z = q { + sin cos( + 2)} x = q { - sin cos( + 2)} xz = q {sin sin( + 2)}

2B The bulb of pressure 3B

DUE TO LINEARLY INCREASING PRESSURE ON STRIP AREA

Stresses due to linearly incresing pressure
q

x B

z = q (x - sin 2) B
R2 z Z

R1

x = q (x - z ln R12 + sin 2) B B R 22 xz = q (1 + cos 2 2z) 2 B

DUE TO UNIFORM PRESSURE ON CIRCULAR AREA

Vertical stress under the center of the area (at depth z, diameter D = 2R) :
1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7

z = q 1 -

1 1 + (R/z)2

3/2

= q Ic

0.6
Ic 0.5

0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 1 2 3 4 5

D/z

z = q Ic

DUE TO UNIFORM PRESSURE ON RECTANGULAR AREA

B q
0.8q 0.6q 0.4q 0.2q

The bulb of pressure

2B

3B

Contours of equal vertical stress

FADUMS DIAGRAM
Vertical stress under a corner of the area (at depth z, dimensions mz and nz) : z = q Ir The factors m and n are interchangeable For a strip area, it is considered as a rectangular area of infinite length

Ir

m
Reproduced from R.E Fadum (1948) Proceedings 2nd International Conference SMFE

NEWMARKS INFLUENCE CHART

Vertical stress at any point below an area of any shape carrying a uniform pressure q (m=10, n=20, = 1/(mxn)= 0.005) z = N q The length of the scale line on the chart represents the depth z The point at which the vertical stress is required is at the center of the chart N is the number of influence areas covered by the scale drawing of the loaded area

z
Reproduced from N.M Newmark (1942) Influence Charts for Computation of Stresses in elastic Foundations