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Chapter 3
3-1 From Table A-20
Sut = 470 MPa (68 kpsi), S y = 390 MPa (57 kpsi)

Ans.

3-2 From Table A-20

Sut = 620 MPa (90 kpsi), S y = 340 MPa (49.5 kpsi) Ans.
3-3 Comparison of yield strengths:
Sut of G10 500 HR is
S yt of SAE1020 CD is

620
= 1.32 times larger than SAE1020 CD
470

Ans.

390
= 1.15 times larger than G10500 HR Ans.
340

From Table A-20, the ductilities (reduction in areas) show,

SAE1020 CD is

40
= 1.14 times larger than G10500
35

Ans.

The stiffness values of these materials are identical Ans.

Sut
MPa (kpsi)

Sy
MPa (kpsi)

Table A-20
Ductility
R%

SAE1020 CD 470(68)
UNS10500 HR 620(90)

390 (57)
340(495)

40
35

Table A-5
Stiffness
GPa (Mpsi)
207(30)
207(30)

3-4 From Table A-21

1040 Q&T S y = 593 (86) MPa (kpsi)

at 205C (400F)

Ans.

3-5 From Table A-21

1040 Q&T

R = 65%

at 650C (1200F)

Ans.

3-6 Using Table A-5, the specific strengths are:

Sy
39.5(103 )
=
= 1.40(105 ) in Ans.
UNS G10350 HR steel:
W
0.282
Sy
43(103 )
=
= 4.39(105 ) in Ans.
2024 T4 aluminum:
W
0.098
Ti-6Al-4V titanium:

Sy
140(103 )
=
= 8.75(105 ) in
W
0.16

ASTM 30 gray cast iron has no yield strength.

Ans.

Ans.

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41

Chapter 3

3-7 The specific moduli are:

30(106 )
E
=
= 1.06(108 ) in
W
0.282

UNS G10350 HR steel:

Ans.

2024 T4 aluminum:

10.3(106 )
E
=
= 1.05(108 ) in
W
0.098

Ans.

Ti-6Al-4V titanium:

16.5(106 )
E
=
= 1.03(108 ) in
W
0.16

Ans.

Gray cast iron:

14.5(106 )
E
=
= 5.58(107 ) in
W
0.26

Ans.

2G(1 + ) = E

3-8

E 2G
2G

From Table A-5

Steel: =
Aluminum: =
Beryllium copper: =
Gray cast iron: =

30 2(11.5)
= 0.304
2(11.5)

Ans.

10.4 2(3.90)
= 0.333
2(3.90)
18 2(7)
= 0.286
2(7)
14.5 2(6)
= 0.208
2(6)

Ans.

Ans.
Ans.

3-9
E
U
80
70
60
Stress PA0 kpsi

shi20396_ch03.qxd

50
Y

40

Su 85.5 kpsi Ans.

Sy 45.5 kpsi Ans.

30

E 900.003 30 000 kpsi Ans.

20

A 0 AF
0.1987 0.1077
(100) 45.8% Ans.

0.1987
A0

10

A0
l l0
l
l

1
1
A
l0
l0
l0

0.002
0.1

0.004
0.2

0.006
0.3

0.008
0.4
Strain,

0.010
0.5

0.012
0.6

0.014
0.7

0.016 (Lower curve)

0.8 (Upper curve)

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Solutions Manual Instructors Solution Manual to Accompany Mechanical Engineering Design

3-10

To plot true vs. , the following equations are applied to the data.
A0 =
Eq. (3-4)

(0.503) 2
= 0.1987 in2
4

= ln

l
l0

= ln

A0
A

true =

for 0 L 0.0028 in
for L > 0.0028 in

P
A

The results are summarized in the table below and plotted on the next page.
The last 5 points of data are used to plot log vs log
m = 0.2306

The curve fit gives

log 0 = 5.1852 0 = 153.2 kpsi

Ans.

For 20% cold work, Eq. (3-10) and Eq. (3-13) give,
A = A0 (1 W ) = 0.1987(1 0.2) = 0.1590 in2
= ln

0.1987
A0
= ln
= 0.2231
A
0.1590

Eq. (3-14):
S y = 0 m = 153.2(0.2231) 0.2306 = 108.4 kpsi

Ans.

Eq. (3-15), with Su = 85.5 kpsi from Prob. 3-9,

Su =
P
0
1 000
2 000
3 000
4 000
7 000
8 400
8 800
9 200
9 100
13 200
15 200
17 000
16 400
14 800

85.5
Su
=
= 106.9 kpsi
1W
1 0.2

Ans.

L

true

log

log true

0
0.0004
0.0006
0.0010
0.0013
0.0023
0.0028
0.0036
0.0089

0.198 713
0.198 713
0.198 713
0.198 713
0.198 713
0.198 713
0.198 713
0.198 4
0.197 8
0.196 3
0.192 4
0.187 5
0.156 3
0.130 7
0.107 7

0
0.000 2
0.000 3
0.000 5
0.000 65
0.001 149
0.001 399
0.001 575
0.004 604
0.012 216
0.032 284
0.058 082
0.240 083
0.418 956
0.612 511

0
5032.388
10 064.78
15 097.17
20 129.55
35 226.72
42 272.06
44 354.84
46 511.63
46 357.62
68 607.07
81 066.67
108 765.2
125 478.2
137 418.8

3.699 01
3.522 94
3.301 14
3.187 23
2.939 55
2.854 18
2.802 61
2.336 85
1.913 05
1.491 01
1.235 96
0.619 64
0.377 83
0.212 89

3.701 774
4.002 804
4.178 895
4.303 834
4.546 872
4.626 053
4.646 941
4.667 562
4.666 121
4.836 369
4.908 842
5.036 49
5.098 568
5.138 046

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43

Chapter 3

160000
140000
120000
true (psi)

100000
80000
60000
40000
20000
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4
true

0.5

0.6

0.7

5.2

y 0.2306x 5.1852
5

log 

5.1

4.9

1.6

3-11

1.4

Tangent modulus at = 0 is
E0 =
At = 20 kpsi

0.8
log 

0.6

0.4

0.2

4.8

5000 0
 .
=
= 25(106 ) psi

0.2(103 ) 0

. (26 19)(103 )
E 20 =
= 14.0(106 ) psi Ans.

3
(1.5 1)(10 )

(103 )

(kpsi)

60

0
5
10
16
19
26
32
40
46
49
54

50

0
0.20
0.44
0.80
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.8
3.4
4.0
5.0
3-12

1.2

40
 (kpsi)

shi20396_ch03.qxd

(Sy)0.001
35 kpsi Ans.

30
20
10
0

3
 (103)

From Prob. 2-8, for y = a1 x + a2 x 2

a1 =

yx 3 x yx 2
xx 3 (x 2 ) 2

a2 =

xx y yx 2
xx 3 (x 2 ) 2

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Solutions Manual Instructors Solution Manual to Accompany Mechanical Engineering Design

Let x represent (103 ) and y represent (kpsi),

x
0
0.2
0.44
0.80
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.8
3.4
4.0
5.0
 = 21.14

x2

x3

xy

0
5
10
16
19
26
32
40
46
49
54
297

0
0.04
0.1936
0.64
1.00
2.25
4.00
7.84
11.56
16.00
25.00
68.5236

0
0.008
0.085 184
0.512
1.000
3.375
8.000
21.952
39.304
64.000
125.000
263.2362

0
1.0
4.4
12.8
19.0
39.0
64.0
112.0
156.4
196.0
270.0
874.6

Substituting,
297(263.2362) 874.6(68.5236)
= 20.993 67
21.14(263.2362) (68.5236) 2
21.14(874.6) 297(68.5236)
a2 =
= 2.142 42
21.14(263.2362) (68.5236) 2
The tangent modulus is
a1 =

dy
d
=
= 20.993 67 2(2.142 42)x = 20.993 67 4.284 83x
dx
d
At = 0, E 0 = 20.99 Mpsi Ans.
At = 20 kpsi
20 = 20.993 67x 2.142 42x 2 x = 1.069, 8.73
Taking the first root, = 1.069 and the tangent modulus is
E 20 = 20.993 67 4.284 83(1.069) = 16.41 Mpsi Ans.
Determine the equation for the 0.1 percent offset line
y = 20.99x + b at y = 0, x = 1 b = 20.99
y = 20.99x 20.99 = 20.993 67x 2.142 42x 2
2.142 42x 2 20.99 = 0 x = 3.130
(S y ) 0.001 = 20.99(3.13) 2.142(3.13) 2 = 44.7 kpsi
3-13

Since |o | = |i |

R+h







R
R
+
N

ln

=
ln

=
ln



R+ N

R+ N


R

R+N
R+h
=
R+N
R
( R + N ) 2 = R( R + h)

From which,

N 2 + 2R N Rh = 0

Ans.

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45

Chapter 3


 
h 1/2
N = R 1 1 +
R

The roots are:

The + sign being significant,




h 1/2
N=R
1+
1
R

Ans.

Substitute for N in
o = ln

Gives

0 = ln

R+h
R+N

R+h



h 1/2
R+ R 1+
R
R




h 1/2

= ln 1 +

Ans.

These constitute a useful pair of equations in cold-forming situations, allowing the surface
strains to be found so that cold-working strength enhancement can be estimated.
3-14
16T
16T
106
=
= 2.6076T MPa
d 3
(12.5) 3 (103 ) 3





r
(12.5)

180
180
=
= 6.2333(104 )
=
L
350
=

For G, take the first 10 data points for the linear part of the curve.

(deg.) (103 )

0
0
7.7 0.38
15.3 0.80
23.0 1.24
30.7 1.64
38.3 2.01
46.0 2.40
53.7 2.85
61.4 3.25
69.0 3.80
76.7 4.50
80.0 5.10
85.0 6.48
90.0 8.01
95.0 9.58
100.0 11.18

0
0.236 865
0.498 664
0.772 929
1.022 261
1.252 893
1.495 992
1.776 491
2.025 823
2.368 654
2.804 985
3.178 983
4.039 178
4.992 873
5.971 501
6.968 829

(MPa)
0
20.078 52
39.896 28
59.974 8
80.053 32
99.871 08
119.949 6
140.028 1
160.106 6
179.924 4
200.002 9  =
208.608
221.646
234.684
247.722
260.76

(103 )
x

(MPa)
y

x2

0
0.236 865
0.498 664
0.772 929
1.022 261
1.252 893
1.495 992
1.776 491
2.025 823
2.368 654
11.450 57

0
20.078 52
39.896 28
59.974 8
80.053 32
99.871 08
119.949 6
140.028 1
160.106 6
179.924 4
899.882 8

0
0.056 105
0.248 666
0.597 420
1.045 018
1.569 742
2.237 992
3.155 918
4.103 957
5.610 522
18.625 34

xy
0
4.7559
19.8948
46.3563
81.8354
125.1278
179.4436
248.7586
324.3476
426.1786
1456.6986

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Solutions Manual Instructors Solution Manual to Accompany Mechanical Engineering Design

300
250

 (MPa)

200
150
100
50
0

 (103)

y = mx + b,

= y,

= x where m is the shear modulus G,

m=

MPa
N x y xy
= 77.3 3 = 77.3 GPa
2
2
N x (x)
10

b=

y mx
= 1.462 MPa
N

Ans.

.
From curve S ys = 200 MPa Ans.
Note since is not uniform, the offset yield does not apply, so we are using the elastic
limit as an approximation.
3-15
x
38.5
39.5
40.5
41.5
42.5
43.5
44.5
45.5
46.5
47.5
48.5
49.5
 = 528.0

fx

f x2

2
9
30
65
101
112
90
54
25
9
2
1
500

77.0
355.5
1215.0
2697.5
4292.5
4872.0
4005.0
2457.0
1162.5
427.5
97.0
49.5
21 708.0

2 964.50
14 042.25
49 207.50
111 946.30
182 431.30
211 932.00
178 222.50
111793.50
54 056.25
20 306.25
4 704.50
2 450.25
944 057.00


x = 21 708/500 = 43.416, x =

944 057 (21 7082 /500)

= 1.7808
500 1

C x = 1.7808/43.416 = 0.041 02,

y = ln 43.416 ln(1 + 0.041 022 ) = 3.7691

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47

Chapter 3

ln(1 + 0.041 022 ) = 0.0410,



1 ln x 3.7691 2
1
g(x) =
exp
2
0.0410
x(0.0410) 2
y =

f /( N w)

g(x)

f /( N w)

g(x)

38
38
39
39
40
40
41
41
42
42
43
43
44
44

0
0.004
0.004
0.018
0.018
0.060
0.060
0.130
0.130
0.202
0.202
0.224
0.224
0.180

0.001 488
0.001 488
0.009 057
0.009 057
0.035 793
0.035 793
0.094 704
0.094 704
0.172 538
0.172 538
0.222 074
0.222 074
0.206 748
0.206 748

45
45
46
46
47
47
48
48
49
49
50
50

0.180
0.108
0.108
0.050
0.050
0.018
0.018
0.004
0.004
0.002
0.002
0

0.142 268
0.142 268
0.073 814
0.073 814
0.029 410
0.029 410
0.009 152
0.009 152
0.002 259
0.002 259
0.000 449
0.000 449

f (x)
0.25

Histogram
PDF

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
35

40

45

S y = LN(43.42, 1.781) kpsi

3-16

50

Ans.

From Table A-22

AISI 1212

S y = 28.0 kpsi, f = 106 kpsi, Sut = 61.5 kpsi

0 = 110 kpsi,

From Eq. (3-12)

m = 0.24,

f = 0.85

u = m = 0.24

Eq. (3-10)

1
1
A0
=
= 1.25
=

Ai
1W
1 0.2

Eq. (3-13)

i = ln 1.25 = 0.2231 i < u

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Solutions Manual Instructors Solution Manual to Accompany Mechanical Engineering Design

S y = 0 im = 110(0.2231) 0.24 = 76.7 kpsi Ans.

Eq. (3-14)

Su =

Eq. (3-15)
3-17

Page 48

61.5
Su
=
= 76.9 kpsi Ans.
1W
1 0.2

For H B = 250,
Su = 0.495 (250) = 124 kpsi
= 3.41 (250) = 853 MPa

Eq. (3-17)

3-18

For the data given,


H B = 2530

Ans.

H B2 = 640 226

640 226 (2530) 2 /10
2530
= 3.887
= 253 H B =
H B =
9
10

Eq. (3-17)

Su = 0.495(253) = 125.2 kpsi

Ans.

su = 0.495(3.887) = 1.92 kpsi Ans.

3-19

From Prob. 3-18,

H B = 253

and HB = 3.887

Eq. (3-18)
Su = 0.23(253) 12.5 = 45.7 kpsi
su = 0.23(3.887) = 0.894 kpsi
3-20

. 45.52
= 34.5 in lbf/in3
uR =
2(30)

(a)

Ans.

Ans.

Ans.

(b)
P

L

0
1 000
2 000
3 000
4 000
7 000
8 400
8 800
9 200
9 100
13 200
15 200
17 000
16 400
14 800

0
0.0004
0.0006
0.0010
0.0013
0.0023
0.0028
0.0036
0.0089

0.1963
0.1924
0.1875
0.1563
0.1307
0.1077

A0 /A 1

0.012 291
0.032 811
0.059 802
0.271 355
0.520 373
0.845059

0
0.0002
0.0003
0.0005
0.000 65
0.001 15
0.0014
0.0018
0.004 45
0.012 291
0.032 811
0.059 802
0.271 355
0.520 373
0.845 059

= P/A0
0
5 032.39
10 064.78
15 097.17
20 129.55
35 226.72
42 272.06
44 285.02
46 297.97
45 794.73
66 427.53
76 492.30
85 550.60
82 531.17
74 479.35

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49

Chapter 3

90000
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0

0.2

0.4
All data points

0.6

0.8


50000
45000
40000
35000
30000
25000
20000
A1

15000

A2

10000
5000
0

0.001

0.002
0.003
First 9 data points

0.004

0.005


90000
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000

A4

A5

30000
20000
A3
10000
0

0.2

0.4
0.6
Last 6 data points

0.8

5
1
. 
uT =
Ai = (43 000)(0.001 5) + 45 000(0.004 45 0.001 5)
2
i=1
1
+ (45 000 + 76 500)(0.059 8 0.004 45)
2
+81 000(0.4 0.059 8) + 80 000(0.845 0.4)

.
= 66.7(103 )in lbf/in3

Ans.