- 196

4
(Satellite Communication System)
.
(Arthur C. Clarke) Extra Terrestrial Relays Wireless
World .. .
,

(GEO Stationary Orbit)

Satellite

6
75
41

17.34

73
15
5K

m.

Km

86
357

.
Km

Satellite

Satellite
12752 Km.
Invisibility Zone

Overlapped Zone

. (Arthur C. Clarke)

. (International Communication Satellite)
INTELSAT

- 197

. (Domestic and regional Satellite)

PALAPA
, ASIASAT , THAICOM
. (Military Communication Satellite)
X- band (/ GHz) DSCS( Defense Satellite
Communication System)
. ( Broadcast and Special purpose
satellite)
KU- band
MARISAT INMARSAT (
Navigation ) , NAVSTAR GPS

. (Experimental Satellite)
(Satellite System)
,

(Uplink)
,
(Downlink)

(Satellite Orbit)
. (Equatorial
Orbit), (Inclined Orbit) (Polar Orbit)

.
(Circular Orbit) (Elliptical Orbit)
Apogee
Perigee

- 198

.
. (GEOSTATIONARY ORBIT) GEO
35,786
24 90%
(INTELSAT)
-
LONGTITUDE 1A
120oE 2 78.5oE INTELSAT 7 6 177oW,
174oW, 53oW, 35.5oW, 16oW, 1oW GEO

2o
DELAY - GEO
36,000 km
3108 m/s (1 hop) 240 ms
(millisecond) echo

- 199

window 0.1o

. (MEDIUM EARTH ORBIT) MEO

10,000 ICO
. (LOW EARTH ORBIT) LEO
60o- 89o 1,000 IREDIUM

ITU (International Telecommunication Union)

. (Fixed Satellite Service: FSS)

INTELSAT, EUTELSAT, THAICOM
. ( Mobile Satellite Service: MSS)
LMS ( Land Mobile Satellite),
AMS(Airborne Mobile Satellite)
INMARSAT

attenuation
(, , ), ,
Up-link Downlink Up-link Down-link
1. VHF

2. L-Band 2/1 GHz
- (Mobile Terminal) 10 kbps 10

3. C-Band Up-link 5.850-6.425 GHz, Down-link 3.625-4.2 GHz

-
50 Mbps

- 200

4. X-band - Up-link 7.90-8.40 GHz, Down-link 7.25-7.75 GHz

50 Mbps
5. Ku-Band Up-link 14.0-14.5 GHz, Down-link 10.95-12.75 GHz
Ku-band

100 Mbps broadcast

6. Ka-Band 30/20 GHz
-
100 Mbps 5

ITU

ITU

Lband, C-band,Ku-band, X-band, Ka band C-band
(Uplink) GHz (Downlink) GHz
/ GHz C-band
Ku-band - GHz GHz
(Direct Broadcast System: DBS)
X band (/ GHz)
Ka-band (/ GHz)
IP-Star
(Bandwidth) C-band MHz
(Transponder) MHz

(Megabit) GHz GHz
EHF (Ka-band)

- 201

(Bandwidth)
C-band MHz (Transponder) MHz
(Frequency Re-use)
( Batchelor: ,- )
. Spatial Isolation (beam)
Hemispheric beam,
Zone beam Spotbeam

. (Polarization)
(Horizontal Polarization) (Vertical
Polarization) ( Circular Polarization )
( Righthand Circular Polarization: RHCP ) (Lefthanded Circular Polarization:
LHCP)
INTELSAT ( : )
(Satellite) ,
(TT&C), ,

)
(Beam)
spinners
Momentum wheels
/ Gas Jet
) (Telemetry, Tracking and Command:TT&C)
Telemetry
(Sensor)
Tracking Telemetry
Command

)
(Solar Cells)
Housekeeping

- 202

)
, -
Transponder -
)
(Transponder)
(beam)

2 Bus Payload
1. BUS
6

1.1 (Structure)
- Carbon Fibers
(Plasma)

- 203

- 1358
30

- 6
1.2 (Power)
- (Solar cell) (Primary Source)
(
)
Silicon
(GaAs)
16 24

- Battery : (Secondary Source) Solar cell

(Eclipse)
2
21 pring Equinox Vernal Equinox 23
Autumn Equinox 22 90
72 (LEO)
14-15
550 36
4
2 20

NiH
(Nikel Hydrogen 1.15 v/cell) NiCd (Nikel Cadmium)
Fuel Cell

1.3 (Temparature Control)

( 10 45
;- 30 + 55 )

- 204

1.4 (In-Orbit Propulsion Equipment)

- - 3

Cold gas (Mono-Propellant Thrusters)
Bi-Propellant
Thrusters

- ((Low Power Thruster ) 2 - 3

2 - 3 )
- (Medium and High
Power Thruster) (100 - 10,000 ) Kick Motor
- (
10 - 15 )
1.5 (Stabilization and Altitude Control)
2
- (Spin Stabilization)



Spin Stabilization Thaicom - 1A Thaicom - 2 Palapa - B4

- 205

- (Three Axis Stabilization Body Stabilization)

""(Momentum Wheels) 3

(Sensor)


Thaicom-3

1.6 (Tracking Telemetry and Command TT&C)

(Mode of Operation)

0 180 (Inclination)
(Incline Orbit)
(Ascending)

1 (Equatorial Orbit)
- 0 (
International Telecommunication Union ITU 0 5 )

- 206

35,780 . 24

-
2 ( - ) (Polar Orbit) 90

, , ,

3 (Direct Posigrade Orbit) 00 - 90

, (Navigation / GPS)
4 (Indirect Retograde Orbit) 90 180

(Remote Sensing)

(Sun-synchronous Orbit)
-

( Satellite Earth Station)

(Ground Segment)

- 207

Block Diagram

Block Diagram
4
1. (Antenna Subsystem)
2. - ( RF Subsystem)
3. (RF/IF Subsystem)
4. MODEM (Modulator/Demodulator)
1. (Antenna Subsystem)

- 208

-

(Side lobe)
(Antenna)
,
(Beamwidth) , (Sidelobe) , Noise Temperature

(Reflector)
Ku-band
C-band (Gain)

(Azimuth)
(Elevation) G/T Gain Thermal noise

Beam

- 209

(Side lobe)

(
Tracking System )
-

3
1.1 (Reflector) parabola

- 210

Anntenal Feed
1.2 (Antenna Feed)

Feed Feedhorn OMT (Orthogonal Mode
Transducer)
Polarize
Linear Polarization Horizontal Polarization

- 211

Vertical Polarization
(Transponder) Vertical Polarization
Antenna Feed Linear Feed Circular Feed
Polarization Feed Reflector

MOST COMMONLY ANTENNA FEED SYSTEMS

Feed

Prime Focus
(Feedhorn) Feedhorn
(Low Noise Amplifier LNA)
(Highpower Amplifier HPA )
Orthoganal Mode Transducer OMT OMT

- 212

Feedhorn
(Receive Only) Cassegrain
(Main Reflector)
(Sub reflector)

(Feedhorn)
Feedhorn

Noise Temperatrue
Feed
offset
(Feedhorn) Feed
Aperture
VSAT(Very Small Aperture Terminal)

Offset
2. (Radio Frequency RF Subsystem)
C-Band
6/4 GHz

2.1 Low Noise Amplifier (LNA)

Low Noise Amplifier
GaAs FET Transister C-Band 3.7-4.2 GHz

- 213

Ku-Band Low Noise Amplifier

Low Noise Amplifier
Feed

LNA LNA Feed

2.2 High Power Amplifier (HPA)

TWTA(Travelling Wave Tube Amplifier)

(TWT)
TWT Helix
50-500 Watts
Klystron Amplifier TWTA


1-3 kwatts
Solid State Power Amplifier (SSPA) GaAs FET
Transister TWTA

Klystron
Solid State SSPA (Solid State Power Amplifier)

3.(RF/IF Subsystem)
2
3.1 UP Convertor IF RF
IF(70/140 MHz) Satellite Modem
C-Band(5925-6425MHz) CBand

3.2 Down Convertor Low Noise Amplifier (LNA)

C-Band(3700-4200MHz) IF(70/140 MHz)

- 214

Demod Satellite Modem

4. MODEM(Modulation/Demodulation)
Modulation/Demodulation
Modulation

Demodulation
(Digital) Baseband

Baseband Digital
(Carrier) Analog
UP/Down Convertor
Phase Modulation Phase Shift
Keying (PSK) Binary Output
Phase Modulation PSK 2

1. Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)

2 1 1 0
180 Phase Reversal Keying (PRK)

- 215

Double-sideband Suppressed Carrier

(Bit)(Bandwidth)
Modulator Input bit Rate
2. Quadratrue Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
QPSK encode M-ary Encoding Technique QPSK
1 4 2
Modulation 1 ( Output
Input) Satellite Modem BPSK QPSK
Modulate BPSK Bandwidth Transponder
QPSK(Power) Transponder

61 KBPS BPSK Bandwidth
ransponder 200KHz QPSK andwidth 100KHz

4 ,
, ,
- -
REPEATER
REPEATER

(ANTENNA)

BEAM-FORMING

Subtr
Splitte t

Ampli
fi

Comb
i

UPLINK

DOWNLINK

LF

TRANSPOND
ER

REPEATER

- 216

(COVERAGE)
TRANSPONDER
repeater repeater SPLITER, TRANSPONDER, COMBINER
REPEATER - repeater
splitter TRANSPONDER TRANSPONDER
TRANSPONDER 1
5250-5286 MHz, TRANSPONDER 2 5288-5324 MHz
transponder combiner
REAPEATER transponder
REPEATER 1 3 repeater
C-band Global Beam 1 transponder 4 , repeater C-band
Regional Beam 1 transponder 24 , repeater Ku-band 12

TRANSPONDER Transponder bandwidth

transponder c-band bandwidth 24 MHz
36 MHz Ku-band transponder bandwidth 56 MHz
Up-link transponder Local Frequency (LF)
c-band LF 2225 MHz Ku-band LF transponder
up-link down-link
RF amplifier
RF amplifier 30-50 dB
(ANTENNA)

(ANTENNA PATTERN) PARABOLAR

FEEDER

- 217

Gain, G

ANTENNA BEAMWIDTH beamwidth

3 dB
antenna beamwidth 3dB beamwidth, 3dB
3dB = 70(/D) degrees = 70(c/fD)
= (m)
D = (m)
7.2 C-BAND 6.0 GHz
3dB 0.49o 4.5 3dB = 0.78o
20 motor dive
(drift)

- 218

bore-side ,Gmax
Gmax = a(D/)2 = a(Df /c)2
Gmax(dBi) = 10log[a(D/)2] = 10loog[a(D f/c)2]
a (antenna efficiency) a 0.6
bore-side pointing loss

G()(dBi) = Gmax(dBi) 12(/3dB)2

0< < 3dB/2

(EARTH STATION)

10 bandwidth >10
MHz bit rate 20 Mbps gateway
motor drive
4.5 10
Mbps motor drive
1.2 3.8
100 kbps motor drive
VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal) 1.2

10 kbps
(Mobile Station)
L-band 1
0.5

- 219

(interface unit)
multiplxer
IF

modulate demodulate
IF RF Up-down
converter
High Power Amplifier Solid State Power Amplifier (SSPA)
Travelling Wave Tube Amplifier (TWTA)
, Feeder, , Low Noise
Amplifier, Dehydrator, motor drive
- DAMA,
,

INTERFACE UNIT & MULTIPLEXER -

/ Interface Unit multiplexer
multiplexer
modulated modulated
multiplexer interface unit demultiplex

baseband
Interface
Unit
MUX

- 220

SATELLITE MODEM - satellite modem baseband

IF 70 MHz ( 140 MHz) modulation

modulation FM PM
IF
baseband PSK digital
Satellite
FEC code, scramble
Mod, FEC, scramble
interface unit / multiplexer satellite modem
interface unit
modem FM modem SCPC NEC
multiplexer 1 1
Single Channel per Carrier (SCPC)
Monitoring &
C t l U it
Clock

RF
RF

MUX

IF

Up-Con

DAMA
Control
Unit

IF

Down-Con.

Up-Con

Satellit

Down-Con.

m
m

Interface Unit

UP/DOWN-CONVERTER up-converter IF satellite

modem RF ( GHz) downconverter IF

up/down-converter IF/RF Up/down-converter
IF

L-band

RF

4-5 GHz

- 221

IF RF (converted) 2
L-band RF RF IF
up/down-converter RF
IF 70 MHz RF ( up down-link)
up/down-converter
IF RF
(IF - 70) + ( RF IF 70 MHz)

up-converter 6,028 MHz down-converter

(6028 2225) = 3,803 MHz IF 70 MHz RF up-link 6028 MHz down-link
3802 MHz 70 MHz IF 67.8 MHz up 6025.8, down 3799.8
67.8 MHz, IF 73.1 MHz up 6031.1 MHz, down 3806.1 MHz
up down-link
IF IF 18 MHz 70
MHz
High Power Amplifier RF
RF
High power RF
Low power
up-converter
HPA 1
HPA Solid State Power Amplifier (SSPA)
Travelling Wave Tube Amplifier (TWTA)
TWTA electrode
100 1000
warm-up , , harmonic , output back-off (6 dB)
TWTA
50W, 125W, 250W, 500W, 1000W

SSPA 50W 50W, 40W, 20W, 5W,

2W warm-up harmonic back-off (3 dB)

- 222

HPA output power back-off HPA

carrier back-off 3 dB 2 carrier back-off 4 dB
TWTA back-off 2 SSPA 20W 3 dB back-off 10 W

EIRP (Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power)

maximum gain
(in dB) + HPA (in dB)
Maximum gain (in dB) = 10log[a(D f/c)2]
4.5 c-band 6000MHz
Gmax = 10log [0.6(4.56000106/3108)2]
= 46.8 dB

SSPA 20 W
= 10log (20) 3 dB
= 10.0 dB

Maximum EIRP = 46.8 + 10.0 = 56.8 dB EIRP

carrier
To Satellite

Elevation

Azimuth

Azimuth
Elevation Azimuth 0o, 90o, 180o, 270o,
Elevation 90o 0o
0o

270o

90o

180o

- 223

Azimuth

AL = 360 o arccos[ tan (B ). tan (Lat )]

AL = arccos[ tan (B ). tan (Lat )]

Elevation
sin (B ) 0.1526
EL = arctan

cos(B )

L = Longitude (La) Longitude (Ls)

B = arcsin[cos(Lat ). cos(L )] (deg.)
Lat = Latitude
2 78.5oE 100.5oE,
13.0oN
L = 100.5o 78.5o = 22.0o-+
B = arcsin [ cos (13).cos(22)] = 64.6o
AL = 360 arccos[-tan(64.6).tan(13)] = 240.9o
EL = arctan{[sin(64.6) 0.1526]/cos(64.6)} = 60.3o

(Multiple Access Technique)

(Transponder)

(Transponder)

. (Frequency Division Multiple Access: FDMA )

- 224

(Transponder) (Transponder)
KHz
SCPC (Single Carrier Per Channal) MHz
(Transponder)

FDMA
Intermodulation
FDMA SCPC (Single Carrier Per Channel) MCPC (Multiple
Carrier Per Chanel)
Sat.

F2

Fn

F1

To

Ea
rt
h

Bandwidth
of
Carrier

Guard
Band
F1

F2

Fn

Transponder Bandwidth

FDMA

FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) -

Amplitud
e

Analo
g
MCPC

Digital
MCPC
Analo
g
SCPC

FDMA

- 225

FDMA 3
Analog SCPC (Single Channel per Carrier)
Analog MCPC (Multiple Channel per Carrier) -
Digital MCPC
. ( Time Division Multiple Access : TDMA )


(Transponder) (Transponder)
(Transponder)
TIME SLOT (
Synchronization ) (Transponder)

(Transponder)
(Transponder) Intermodulation
TDMA
( Synchronization )
(Timing)

Sat.

Up

D
ow
n

nk
Li

Li
nk

Sat.
frame

Selectable
Data Rate

Continuous Multiplex
bit Streams

Transmitted Burst
of re Energy

Ground Terminal

- 226

A) TDMA
B) TDMA
TDMA
TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)

-- 10 ms (millisec)

Amplitud

Time (ms)

1 2

Frequency
(GHz)

TDMA

FDMA TDMA
TDMA
-
bandwidth
(noise)
 synchronous



TDMA
512 kbps
3.8

- 227

FDMA
 satellite modem, multiplex 1 -

 bandwidth 40% 60%

guard-band (noise)
synchronous - (
sync digital)

DAMA

-

TDMA

satellite modem DAMA controller

. (Random Multiple Access : RMA)

(Code Division Multiple Access: CDMA)
(Code)
Spread Spectrum Multiple
Access : SSMA Code sequence
Multiple
Access : TDMA ) Code symbols / data symbols
/ (spread spectrum )
(transmitted signal bandwidth)
(message signal bandwidth) GP GP
(Processing Gain) SSMA - CDMA
Code sequence (RMA) (
, )


CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)

- 228

(noise) (filtered )

Filter

(Multiple Access) (Assignment

Schemes )
(Pre Assignment) (Demand Assignment)
PAMA (Pre-assigned Multiple Access)
(Pre Assignment)


( FDMA) (
TDMA)

- 229

DAMA (Demand-assigned Multiple Access)

(Demand Assignment: DA)
DAMA
()
80 % DAMA


millisec

DAMA bandwidth 1 3 PAMA
SCPC VSAT
(Substation) VSAT
(DA) VSAT
VSAT
(Transponder)

Frequency and Time Division Multiple Access

(FTDMA) (Access Scheme)
(Communication Satellite) (VSAT - Very Small
Aperture Antenna)
TDMA
SCPC (FDMA)
SCPC (Single
Channel Per Carrier) (Frequency Division)

(Transponder) (Transponder)
Time

Frequency

- 230

SCPC
TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)
(Time Division)


(Harmful Interference)
Time

Frequency
TDMA
FTDMA (Frequency & Time Division Multiple Access) ( Gilat
, ) TDMA
(Time) FDMA (Frequency)
(Multiplexing)
FTDMA

FTDMA
(Harmful Interference)

Frequency

Collision

- 231

Retransmission
Time
FTDMA
FTDMA US Postal Service
, Global Village Telecom (GVT)
, Telkom SA , Xinjiang PTA
,
FTDMA FTDMA
(Transponder)

Freq. 1 Freq. 2

Freq. 6

Freq. n

Time Slot 8

Time Slot 3
Time Slot 2
Time Slot 1
Time Slot 0 OCC ICC

Network
Control
Center

Remote C
Remote B
Remote A

VSAT FTDMA

- 232

(Frequency Reuse Technique)

(Transponder)
(Polarization) Transponder
Transponder Polarization
Polarization
1. Linear Polarization
Vertical Polarization Horizontal Polarization
(Linear Polarization)
PALPA

2. Circular Polarization
(Left Hand Circular Polarization LHCP) (Right Hand Circular
Polarization RHCP)

- 233

Circular Polarization
INTELSAT

Polarization
THAICOM THAICOM 1 THAICOM 2
78.5 Linear
Polarization THAICOM 1 Vertical
Polarization THAICOM 2 Horizontal Polarization

Polarization
(Propagation Delay)


(Propagation Delay)
41,756
(Elevation)
35,800 239.6 279.0 msec.
/

- 234

Protocol

(Interference)

ITU
(International Telecommunication Union)
A1 (Terrestrial Transmissions)

A2
(Terrestrial Station)
B1

B2

C1

C2

- 235

(Mode of Interference)


1. (Adjacent Satellite
System)
B1 B2
(Geostationary Satellite)
B1 B2 (Orbital Spacing)
2 C
band (6/4-GHz) B1 B2
(Radiation Pattern)

2. (Terrestrial Interference)
A1 , A2 , C1 , C2
(Terrestrial Transmissions) C-band(6/4
GHz) C-band
3. Polarization (Cross-Polarization
Interference)
(Frequency Reuse)
Polarization Linear Polarization (Vertical & Horizontal) Circular
polarization (Left hand & Right hand) Polarization
Cross Polarization
Feed Cross-polarization
Discrimination Polarization
Discrimination 27-40 dB
4. Adjacent Chanel Interference
Overlap
5. Intermodulation Interference

- 236

Interference Product Transponder

Intermodulation
(Power) (Guard
band)
6. Intersymbol Interference
Filtering Nonlinear Characteristic
TWTA

1A 2
1A 2
2 HS-376
C-Band 1A
2
(Down Link) 36
dBW () Ku-Band 1A
2
- (Down Link) 50 dBW ()
- HS-376 Dual Spin
- 800
- 1,080
- 629
450
- 15 .
- C-Band 1A 12
2 10
36 Ku-Band 1A 2 3
54
- C-Band = 500 Ku-Band = 250

- 237

1A 120
2 78.5
-
- 1A
-
17 2536 78.5 120
2540
-

3
3 3
C-Band 25 Ku-Band 14
C-Band Global Beam 3 4 , ,
Spot Beam -
Steerable Beam Ku-Band
3
Spacebus-3000A 3
5,300
2,652

1,560 1,160
14
C-Band
C-Band Global Beam 7
C-Band Regional Beam 18
36
Ku-Band Spot Beam 7 2
54 5
36
Ku-Band Steerable Beam 36
C-Band 500
Extended C-Band 300
Ku-Band 500

- 238

78.5

16 2540
2540
4 ()
4 ()
4 ()
4 (
)
-
4
() 45 (Gbps) 20

LS-1300 SX
-
- 14,400
- 6,505
- 16
- Ku-Spot Beam 84 Ku-Shape Beam 3 Ku-Broadcast Beam 7
- 45 (Gbps) 1,000
- 36
- 119.5

- 11 2548
iPSTAR
iPSTAR
(Gateway) (Internet)
(Gateway) iPSTAR (
http://www.thaicom.com)

- 239

iPSTAR
iPSTAR (Wave Forms
and Air Interface)
iPSTAR

CFDM/TDM
( Mbps )

Slotted Aloha
(Internet) TDMA
( Mbps )
iPSTAR

, , ,

- 240

iPSTAR
iPSTAR
.
Last Mile User

.
(On-board Processing)
(Ku-Band)
iPSTAR
. iPSTAR

.. (iPSTAR)
...
iPSTAR

...


.. (Satellite Modem)

. iPSTAR

..
Asymmetric Bursty Traffic
..
-
iPSTAR iPSTAR

(Video Conference)
(Video on Demand)

- 241

.
.

bandwidth
TDMA
TDMA . (
), . , . , . . .
. , 2 RTADS II
.
. 2
1. TDMA (Multi-Carrier/Time Division Multiple Access :MC/TDMA)
TAMA/DAMA Demand assigned multiplex/
access bandwidth frame TDMA
bandwidth frame
bandwidth frame

-
TDMA
Bandwidth ( 100% )

TDMA

Synchronization

TDMA
.
transponder

- 242

TDMA

. TDMA HPA

.
software FDMA
Hardware
. FEC(Forward Error Correction)
FEC
BER
2. SCPC (Fly Away )
SCPC/FDMA
Poweramplifier up/down converter TDMA
SCPC/FDMA
Power amplifier up/down converter TDMA
TDMA Fly away
MC/TDMA Flyaway
Space segment THAICOM 2
. 4.14 MHz
MC/TDMA Flyaway Ground segment
TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)
TRANSPNDER ACCESS Transponder Time slot
.

Polarization

Up-link
Down-link
Bandwidth

, Transponder 8
Vertical
C-band
6235.170 6235.920 MHz
4010.170 4014.310 MHz
4.14 MHz

- 243

TRANSPONDER ACCESS:MC-TDMA/DAMA (Multi-Carrier Time Division Multiple

Access/Demand Assign Multiple Access)
: 1
: 3.0 MHz Transponder 1
Bandwidth/Carrier:1.5 MHz
: C-Band
UP-CONVERT6238.000 MHz
DOWN-CONVERT4013.000 MHz
IF 1# 70.0MHz, 2# 68.5 MHz
POLARISATION:Linear Polarization
MODULATION: QPSK
FEC: , selectable on channel basis
TRANSMISSION BIT RATE :2.112 Mbps
:HUB STATION : , hub
REMOTE STATION :, , , ,
:

Ant. Tx
Mid-band Gain
Ant. Rx
Mid-band Gain
HPA
Max. EIRP
LNA
G/T (normal)

100.08E
13.55N
7.5
51.5

99.08E
09.09N
4.5
46.8

100.25E
06.58N
4.5
46.8

99.54N
09.29N
7.5
51.5

100.47E
18.48N
7.5
51.5

4.5
46.8

48.5

43.4

43.4

48.5

48.5

43.5

SSPA40W

SSPA
20W
59.8
45K
22.5

SSPA
20W
59.8
45K
22.5

SSPA 20W

67.5
45K
27.0

64.5
45K
27.0

SSPA 20W SSPA 20W

64.5
45K
27.0

64.5
45K
27.0

- 244

DMG

Position
Antenna Dia.
Tx Mid-band
Rx Mid-band
HPA

100.08E
13.55N
7.5

SRT

HYI

KSM

99.08E 100.25E 99.54N

09.09N 06.58N 09.29N
4.5
4.5
7.5

46.8
46.8
51.5
43.4
43.4
48.5
SSPA SSPA SSPA
20W
20W
20W
59.8
59.8
64.5
45K
45K
45K

NAN

100.47E
18.48N
7.5

NSR

4.5
4.5

46.8
46.8
43.5
43.5
SSPA SSPA 20W
20W
64.5
64.5
45K

27.0
-

Max. EIRP
LNA

51.5
48.5
SSPA
40W
67.5
45K

G/T (normal)

27.0

22.5

Signalling
Type
? (R2
MSC)
?
?
?

DMG.

SRT.

HYI.

KSM.

NAN.

PKT.

NST.

? (1)

1
1
1

1
1
-

1
1
-

1
1
-

1
1
-

? (1)
1
-

? (3)
-

22.5

51.5
48.5
TWTA
125W
45K

PKT

27.0

INTERFACE :
InterfaceType
Slit E1 TIP
T1 TIP
AVT
RS-449

ELECTICAL:220 VDC.
THAICOM 1A SPACECRAFT CHARACTERISTICS
MANUFACTURERHughes Aircraft Company , U.S.A.
SATELLITE BUSHS-376
SPACECRAFT MASS AT LAUNCH1080 kg.
At beginning of life (BOL) 627 kg.

- 245

BODY DIMENSIONS DIAMETER2.16 m.

Height 6.6 m.
Solar array drum2.6 m. stowed
LIFETIME design lifetime
15 years
Minimum lifetime
13.5 years
SPACECRAFT STABILIZATIONDual Spin
ORBITAL POSITION 120 E
POWER SYSTEM Silicon solar cell Nickel hydrogen battery for eclipses
ANTENNA dual aperture
TRANSPONDERS 12 C-Band (36 MHz) 3 Ku-Band (54 MHz)
LAUNCH VEHICLE Ariane 4
LAUNCH DATE
Dec 17,1993
RELOCATION DATE
July 23,1997
NUMBER OF TRANSPONDERS 12
CHANNEL BANDWIDTH 36 MHz
RECEIVER SIDE (UPLINK) 5,925 - 6,425 MHz (Horizontal)
TRANSMIT SIDE (DOWNLINK 3,700 - 4,200 MHz (vertical)
SSPA POWER 11 Watts
SATURATED FLUX DENSITY (SFD)-(80+G/T) dBW/m2 at min.gain setting
GAIN ADJUSTMENT 2 dB steps over the range of 14 dB
RECEIVER REDUNDANCY
2 for 1
THAICOM -1
Model

Spacebus-3000

Manufacturer
Liifetime
Spacecraft stabilisation
Longtitude
Payload

Aerospatiale,
14 years
3-axis stabilised
78.5oE
24 C-band (36 MHz)
12 Ku-band (36 MHz)
2 Ku-band (54 MHz)
1997

Launch date

- 246

TDMA. .
THAICOM 1A
120

C-Band 6/4 GHz

up 6
down 4 GHz

DMG.&KSM. 7.5

4.5
Satellite
dish

High Power Amplifier

- TWTA.(travelling wave tube amp.)
CHM.125 W. 2
- SSPA. (solid state power amp.)
DMG. 40 W. 20

HPA.#
OUT
upRF.conv.

RF. IN
down

TRANCEIVER #1
IF.(IN) Attenuator

RESET CARD
CONTROLLER

elr
or
tn
oc

etr
im
sn
ar
t

LNA
( Low Noise Amplifier)

LNA.#

HT
NY
/SC
EF

evr
eic
er

.hc
03
TP3
TP4
1E
TP5

IF.(OUT

.hc
03
1E

TV
A
A
M
AD

.hc
42
1T

LED
=
LED

=
RF
IN
4.14
SCOPE

SPRECTRUM ANALYZER

. . .
D

M
G

S
R
T
.

- 247

W. PREAMPLIFIER LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER

MULTIPLEX FDM-FM-SCPC

E.I.R.P. (EQUIVALENT ISOTROPIC RADIATED POWER)

EIRP 44 dBW G/T 22.55 dB/K
( . ) 27.65 dB/K ( . ) E.I.R.P.
G/T PARAMETERS
Parameters

(HPA) TWT
BACKOFF POWER TWT TWT
CARRIER (SATURATED) INTERMODULATION NOISE
NON-LINEAR TWT
. RF UP/DOWN LINK 6/4 GHz (5.925-6.425 GHz)
IF 70+/-18 MHz PILOT FREQUENCY 70 MHz IF
RF UP CONVERTER
( LOCAL OSCILLATOR 1,000 MHz , LOCAL OSCILLATOR
1,225 MHz)
VOICE FREQUENCY ( 300-3,400 MHz) MOD FM
CARRIER 48.125 MHz IF CARRIER
ECHO
FM -MODEM ECHO SUPPRESSOR (6dB)
ECHO
FM. MODEM
modulate VOICE BAND (300-3400 Hz) CARRIER
IF 70 +/- 18 MHz (52-88 MHz) IF
DEMOD VOICE BAND
CHANNEL INTERFACE
IF. RF.
HYBRID ,CONNECTOR

- 248

UP CONVERTER
IF IF 70 +/- 18 MHz (52-88 MHz) RF (5925-6425 MHz)
DOWN CONVERTER
RF (5925-6425 MHz) IF 70 +/- 18 MHz (52-88 MHz)
150 W TWTW HIGH POWER AMPLIFIER
RF
80 K FET LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER (LNA)
RF
NOISE
FEEDER - RF LNA

- RF (
4.5 30 ) GAIN -
FM MODEM
VOICE () 300-3400 Hz
SIGNALLING () 3895 Hz MOD FM CARRIER
48.125 MHz MOD SYNTHESIZED
FREQUENCY MIXER IF 70 +/- 18 MHz (52-88 MHz)
UP CONVERTER
IF 70 +/- 18 MHz (52-88 MHz) DOWN CONVERTER
MIXER FILTER 22.655 MHz
DEMODULATOR VOICE (300-3400 Hz)
D O N M U A N G S T A T IO N
(3825 Hz)
OUTDOOR

IN D O O R
UP- CONV.
1

1 :2

SCPC
1 :2

D IG I T A L
SCPC

1 :2

UP- CONV.
2

sw 1

SCPC

1:
2

W /G
sw

40 W

HPA

DOW N CONV. 1

sw 2

1 :3
D IG IT A L
SCPC

HPA
sw 3

W /G
sw

LNA

OMT FEED

TDMA SYSTEM

1 :3

7 .5 M .

1 :2
DOW N CONV. 2

LNA

ROCKET

PORT

TDM A

LNA

G PS REFERENCE 10 M Hz

XCSV 2

M &C CONTRO L

XCSV 1

C - B A N D T R A N S C E IV E R

PDB
UPS

220 V

- 249

. VOICE (300-3400 Hz) (3825 MHz)

. MOD FM VOICE CARRIER
48.125 MHz
. CARRIER MOD IF 70 +/- 18 MHz
(52-88 MHz)

. IF 70 +/- 18 MHz (52-88 MHz)

. IF MIXER FILTER (22-665 MHz)
. VOICE (300-3400 Hz ) (3825 Hz)
DEMODULATOR VOICE

(ECHO) Mismatch 2W/4W

. AMPLIFIER
. FILTER VOICE 300-3400 Hz
. COMPRESSOR EXPANDER COMPANDOR
( COMPANDOR 2:1
VOICE/INPUT 6 dB COMPRESSER 3 dB
COMPANDER S/N 17 dB
. DELAY CIRCUIT VOICE 8 millisec
VOICE DETECTOR IF SW. DELAY
IF

- 250

. ECHO SUPPRESSOR (E.S.) ECHO SUPPRESSOR

(ECHO) MISMATCH 2W/4W

E.S. E.S.
E.S. ATTENUATOR (E.S. ATT = 6 dB ) ECHO 6 dB. HANG
OCER TIME (E.S. VOICE )
- 600 microsec VOICE ()
- 1200 microsec VOICE ()
.PRE-AMPHASIS OVER DEVIATION FM CARRIER
PRE-EMPHASIS
. PRE-EMPHASIS DE- EMPHASIS NOISE
LOW FREQUENCY NOISE IMPULSIVE NOISE S/N 5.8 dB.
. PEAK LIMITER OVER DEVIATION AGC

. PEAK LIMITER AGC

.FM-MOD MOD VOICE (300-3400 Hz) ( 3825 Hz )

CARRIER 48.125 MHz FM.
. ATTENUATOR MOD.
. MIXER MOD.
CARRIER SYNTHESIZER
001-008 CHANNEL SPACING 45 KHZ
IF FREQUENCY
. IF BPF (Band pass filter) OUT-OF-BAND
SPURIOUS FM MODULATOR BAND PASS FILTER
IF (52-88 MHZ ) 70 +/- MHZ
.IF SWITCH IF CARRIER FM MODEM UP
CONVERTER / IF SWITCH / POWER
SUPPLY IF AMPLIFIER

. AMPLIFIER IF (70+/- 18 MHz) DOWN CONVERTER

. 1st MIXER IF SYNTHESIZER

- 251

22.655 MHZ

. 22.655 MHz BPF 22.655 MHZ

. AMPLIFIER 22.655 MHZ
. 2st MIXER 22.655 MHZ LOCAL OSCILLATOR 22.828
MHZ 173 KHZ (22.828 MHZ 22.655 MHZ)
. FM DEMOD VOICE
173 KHZ PHASE LOCKED LOOP CARRIER
DETECT FM DEMOD
. DELAY CIRCUIT DELAY VOICE
SQUELCH SWITCH VF SW.
4 microsec
. VS SW. SQUELCH SWITCH SW. / LODGIC
CARRIER
. DE-EMPHASIS PRE-EMPHASIS
S/N 17 dB.
.VF BPF VOICE (300-3400 Hz)
(3825 Hz)
. EXPANDER COMPRESSER S/N
17 dB.
. E-S ATTENUATOR E.S. SW. VOICE INPUT
ES Z ATT (HANGOVER TIME) VOICE
INPUT 600 microsec 1200 microsec
E.S . ATT VOICE
6 dB.

(FLYAWAY)
LNR COMMUNICATIONS INC.

-
()

- 252

-
.

1.2 2.4
50
6,296.250 MHz. 4,071.250 MHz.
64, 96, 128, 256 , 512 ,1024, 2048 kbps.
MODULATION TECHNIQUEBPSK, QPSK
FEC RATE , , 7/8
(VOICE) 4 ( 8 )
DATA
Mux LNR AS: 5 ( 2.4 19.2 Kbps ) HS: 1 ( 9.6 115 Kbps)
Mux Nuera 1 ( AS, HS, RS 232,449, Frame Relay ( 2.4 Kbps 2 Mbps)
220 VAC 50 Hz 400W.

.
. .
T e le p h o n e T e le p h o n e

S a t e llit e d is h

Sat m odem

M O B IL E 1

PBX

M u ltip le x e r

T e le p h o n e

Fax

R o u te r

E1
Sat m odem 1
M u lt i p l e x e r

S a te llite d is h

Hub

W AN

C o m p u te r

Sat m odem 2

HUB
R o u te r

T e le p h o n e T e le p h o n e
Hub
S a t e llit e d is h

Sat m odem

M u ltip le x e r

T e le p h o n e

Fax

R in g

M O B IL E 2

R o u te r

Hub

C o m p u te r

. RTADSII
1. TDMA TDMA C-Band
. .

- 253

TDMA . , . , . , . ,
. . .
-
RF TDMA
C-Band RF TDMA CBand
- Newbridge 3600
, -, Crosstel
E1
E1

- . .

Primary Mux E1 (Channelized)
Primary Mux
.
. E1 (Channelized) (Configuration)
.
- (ICSS) E1
- ( E1
) - E1 (
E1 ) . .
- . .
(Configuration) .
- E1 E1

- Transceiver Fully Redundant
40 W LNA .
- Transceiver 10 W LNA
. , . , . ,
. , . . , .
.

- 254

- . , .
.
- TDMA Port
Router 1 Port
- TDMA ,
(DATA)
- TDMA Network Management
.

2.
SCPC .

, ,
- Flyaway
- C-Band Transceiver 10W
- Satellite modem
- Frame Relay Multiplexer
Serial Wan Interface Router
- Voice over IP Voice Gateway .

- Router Serial WAN Interface 2 Port
- -
IP
- Local Craft Terminal Software

- 255

Figure 1 Proposed Network Design for RTAF

Royal Thai Air Force (RTAF)s Network Design
1.Summary of Network Design
To order to meet the comprehensive network requirements of the Royal Thai Air Force,
Gilat proposes that a SkyEdge VSAT network be installed. A SkyEdge hub will be installed in
Thailand.
In addition, SkyEdge VSATs will be located at specified Air Force Base in Thailand for the
purposes of supporting satellite-based connectivity of data and voice applications for radar, G/A
communication, intranet, IP based applications and telephone.
In terms of future requirements or expansion, additional VSATs can be easily and inexpensively
added to the SkyEdge network, building incrementally on the basic hub configuration.
An overview of the proposed RTAF SkyEdge architecture is illustrated in Figure 1.
The SkyEdge baseband hub is a total solution, consisting of components selected and tested by
Gilat to operate reliably and efficiently

- 256

The SkyEdges platforms communication capabilities include:

Advanced spectrum handling for the most efficient and effective usage of space segment
High-speed Interactive broadband IP with rates of up to 8 Mbps in the system outbound and
up to 4 Mbps in the inbound (although the rates provisioned for the RTAF system will be much
lower).
The most extensive IP capabilities in the marketsupporting all data and IP multicast
applications
Enhanced QoS capabilities for servicing different applications as VoIP and video
conferencing
2. Gilats Value Proposition to the Royal Thai Air Force
The SkyEdge system represents a quantum leap forward in VSAT technology. Unlike other VSAT
network solutions in which a baseband hub supports only one model of VSAT remote unit, the
SkyEdge network consists of a hub, and a family of VSATs that can handle any combination of
data,telephony, and video requirement on the same network.
3. General Features of the SkyEdge System
This section (Section 3) describes some of the many features of the SkyEdge system.
Although some of these features have not been requested by RTAF, the chapter serves as a
partial reference of additional features that are available to address future requirements.
The SkyEdges platforms communication capabilities include:
Advanced spectrum handling for the most efficient and effective usage of space
segment
High-speed Interactive broadband IP with rates of up to 8 Mbps in the system outbound
and up to 4 Mbps in the inbound (although the rates provisioned for the RTAF system will
be much lower).
The most extensive IP capabilities in the marketsupporting all data and IP multicast
applications
Enhanced QoS capabilities for servicing different applications as VoIP and video
conferencing
3.1 Highlights of the SkyEdge Platform Operators Benefits
The SkyEdge System is a comprehensive solution for satellite networking needs. Network
operators such as military, government and enterprises with dedicated networks, are able

- 257

to create and manage efficient and effective solutions that quickly address end customer
needs. Key benefits of SkyEdge are:
High performance for data and multimedia applications, with excellent user experience:
o High bit rates in both forward and return link, with maximum bit rates of up to 10Mbps
per outbound carrier and 4 Mbps per inbound carrier
o Comprehensive application acceleration solutions embedded in the VSATs hardware
o Advanced built in QoS mechanisms, allowing high flexibility in controlling user
satisfaction per the required SLAs and the applications used
High efficient bandwidth handling:
o High order modulations with Turbo coding in both inbound and outbound:
16APSK/8PSK/QPSK in the outbound and QPSK/8PSK in the inbound
o Optimizing bandwidth efficiency through the use of Adaptive Modulation and Coding
(ACM) in both inbound and outbound
o Acceleration, optimization and compression for TCP and HTTP traffic.
o Voice traffic optimization
High scalability:
o An all-in-one system with broadband data, VoIP and Video over IP, providing
centralized / organized Hub and Disaster Recovery Center
o Minimum network bandwidth requirements as low as 700KHz, and modular
expansion path for the hub
o Tailored VSATs within the SkyEdge product line support different applications,
optimizing the solution per each requirement
Broad coverage of market segments, services and solutions:
o Market Segments Military, Governments, Carriers, Enterprise/Corporate, Service
Providers, Private sectors and Small Office Home Office (SOHO)
o Services Radar, G/A Communication, Broadband IP, Private/Public telephony, VoIP,
Video over IP, multimedia, video conferencing/surveillance, cellular backhauling, and more
o Solutions Military, C4I, Rural (USO), SOHO/SME,GSM Backhaul, Rapid deployment,
SCADA, Financial, Oil & Gas, disaster recovery & backup
3.2SkyEdge System Overview
Using experience gained from twenty years of satellite communications development and

- 258

deployment, Gilat has combined best of breed features into a high-performance platform. The
SkyEdge family can handle any combination of data and telephony on the same hub platform.
Operators using the system have the maximum flexibility to tailor the right mix of services for
local needs.
The SkyEdge Systems communication capabilities include:
o Interactive broadband IP
o Data, IP and multimedia unicast and multicast
o Rich VoIP capabilities
o A set of high security with completing and supporting solutions
3.3The SkyEdge Network
The main element in the SkyEdge network is the Hub and Disaster Recovery Center
(DRC). The hub and DRC use one or more Outbound channels (over the air link transmissions
from the hub to the VSATs) to communicate to all the remote sites. The Hub and DRC use Radio
Frequency Transmission (RFT) equipment that is connected to the hub antenna (typically 4.5
meter and larger) which transmits and receives signal to and from a geostationary satellite. This
satellite reflects the signals towards the land in a geographical area that covers the serviced
VSATs. SkyEdge Hubs can work with more than one satellite to enable multi-continent coverage
working with several outbound channels.
The SkyEdge Hub statistically and dynamically multiplexes management and user traffic
into the outbound in unicast and multicast streams. VSATs receive the outbound and intercept
the information which is transmitted to them or the hosts and other equipment (such as
telephones) connected to them. Advanced coding, error correction techniques and security
features are used to enable a reliable and secure transmission. The SkyEdge Hub includes TCP
and HTTP acceleration technologies to increase the user experience and further reduce the
required bandwidth per user.
VSATs, residing in the remote locations, log-on and authenticate in the NMS database
after power-on and then receive their configuration from the Hub database. Transmission can
then start while the hub utilizes multiple inbound channels to receive signals from different
VSATS. A remote based Gilat access scheme is used for transmission. With this technology all
VSATs have the capability to capacity request mechanisms and then transmit in their allocated
time and frequency. SkyEdge uses Multi-Frequency Time Division Multiplexing Access (MFTDMA) in the inbound. It yields the optimal usage of satellite resources, meaning the RTAFs

- 259

network operator can use a smaller bandwidth to serve more VSATs leading to a better
bandwidth utilization.
VSATs usually use smaller antennas (e.g. typically 2.4 meter or larger antenna for Cband) than the hub to transmit signals to the satellite. The transmission is done with an Outdoor
Unit (ODU)that includes an RF amplifier for transmission and an RF receiver for reception.
The Network Management System (NMS) is connected to the hub and manages both the hub
components and the remote VSATs. It features XML and SNMP interfaces.

3.6 Network Design for the RTAF SkyEdge Network

3.6.1 Assumptions
The following assumptions were made in calculating the VSAT network design for the RTAF:
The network will operate on one of the Thaicom satellites utilizing C-band transponder
frequencies. The amount of satellite bandwidth required by the SkyEdge solution will be based
on the required backup capacity (i.e. number of Air Force Base simultaneously utilizing satellite
backup links)
The network will utilize a single, DVB-S2 outbound (i.e. hub-to-VSATs) carrier, received by all
VSATs simultaneously. Theoutbound carrier will be able to be configured for up to 10 Mbps.
The SkyEdge VSATs will utilize inbound (i.e. VSAT-to-hub)carriers with 4 dimensions of
inbound adaptivity, providing higher throughput in clear sky conditions and better availability in
rain fade situations.
The network will utilize the MF-TDMA reservation based access scheme. VSATs are assigned
timeslots (within the time-frequency plan described above) in which they can transmit bursts. The
access scheme takes advantage of shared bandwidth-on-demand.
SkyEdge VSATs will be installed at specified Air Force Base in Thailand, providing
connectivity for air traffic control voice and data applications encapsulated over MPLS.
MPLS traffic will be transported over the SkyEdge VSAT network via Level 2 transparent mode
connectivity. Satellite bandwidth will be dynamically assigned and triggered by MPLS traffic
rates, up to 512 Kbps per VSAT
A typical RTAFs SkyEdge configuration appears as figure 2. (Typical RTAF Configuration
Utilizing SkyEdge (PKT shown))

- 260

4. Summary The implementation of the proposed SkyEdge network will give the RTAF
immediate access to a powerful and technologically advanced VSAT system that can be used to
address data and voice requirements for air traffic control.

Figure 2 Typical RTAF Configuration Utilizing SkyEdge (PKT shown)