SKU3023: CHEMISTRY II

RATE OF REACTION

Presented by:
Norfarrahdilah binti Amir ~ D20101037438 Siti Salwa binti Abdullah ~D20101037439

REACTION KINETICS
Chemical kinetics is the study of the rate of reactions the factors that affect these rates, and the reaction mechanisms by which reactions occur. This is important in industrial processes to: minimize time of reaction Produce optimum yield

Rate of reaction
Reaction rate is the change in the concentration of a reactant or a product with time.

Because [R] decrease with time, [R] is NEGATIVE

Rate of reaction
The average rate is the rate over a period of time. The rate of reaction at a given time is called an instantaneous rate of reaction. The instantaneous rate at the beginning of a reaction is called the initial rate of reaction

The differential rate equation

A differential rate equation enables the relationship between the rate of disappearance of reactants and the formation of products.

 Formation of NH3, N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) 2NH3 (g) The differential rate equation is:

d[N2 ] 1 d[H2 ] 1 d[NH3 ] dt 3 dt 2 dt

Explanation: the rate of disappearance of N2 is 1/3 the rate of disappearance of H2 and the rate of formation NH3.

The rate law

A rate law is an equation that shows how fast the reaction proceeds and how the reaction rate depends on the concentrations of the chemical species involved. At constant temperature and pressure, the rate of the chemical reaction is directly proportional to concentration of the reactants.

Equation, aA + bB

cC + dD

The exponent in a rate law or the reaction order must be determine from the experiment and not derived from the stoichiometric coefficients in an overall chemical equation. The rate constant (k) and its value depends on specific reaction, temperature and the presence of catalysts. The larger value of k, it is means that the faster the reaction proceeds

Order of reaction
Effects of doubling one initial concentration based on its reaction order Zero order reactions : no effect on rate of reaction For a zero-order reaction, the rate of reaction is a constant. When the limiting reactant is completely consumed, the reaction abrupts stops. Differential Rate Law: r=k

The rate constant, k, has units of mole L-1 sec-1.

 First order reactions : the rate will be doubles For a first-order reaction, the rate of reaction is directly proportional to the concentration of one of the reactants.

Differential Rate Law:

r = k [A]

The rate constant, k, has units of sec-1.

 Second order reactions : the rate is quadruples For a second-order reaction, the rate of reaction is directly proportional to the square of the concentration of one of the reactants. Differential Rate Law: r = k [A]2

The rate constant, k, has units of L mole-1 sec-1.

Integrated rate law

The integrated rate law is an equation that describes the concentration of a reactant as a function of time. It can be used to determine the rate constant, half life and the concentration of the reactant at specific time. Half life (t1/2) is defined as the length of time required for the concentration of a reactant to decrease to half of its initial values.

 Zero order reaction: Integrated rate equation [A] - [A]t = kt

Half life [A]0 - [A]0 = kt1/2

2

t1/2 = [A]0 2k

 Graphs

 First order reaction: Integrated rate equation ln [A] - ln [A]t = kt Half life ln [A]0 = kt1/2 [A]0 / 2 t1/2 = ln 2 k

 Graph

 Second order reaction: Integrated rate equation 1 - 1 = kt [A]t [A] Half life 1 - 1 = kt1/2 [A]0/2 [A]0 t1/2 = 1 [A]k

 Graph

 Summary of the reactions:

Reaction Order Differential Rate Law Integrated Rate Law Characteristi Slope of c Kinetic Plot Kinetic Plot [A] vs t -k Units of Rate Constant mole L-1 sec-1

Zero

-d[A] = k dt -d[A] = k[A] dt -d[A] = k[A] dt

[A] = [A]0 - k t [A] = [A]0 e- k

t

First

ln [A] vs t

-k

sec-1

Second

[A] = [A]0 1/[A] vs t 1+kt[A]0

L mole-1 sec-1

Collision theory
Is the theory to explain the rate of chemical reactions. It is based on : For a reaction to occur the reactant particles must collide. Molecules must possess a certain kinetic energy (activation energy) to initiate the chemical reaction. Only a certain fraction of the total collisions will cause chemical change; these are called successful collisions The successful collisions have sufficient energy (activation energy) at the moment of impact to break the existing bonds and form new bonds, resulting in the products of the reaction.

Activation energy (Ea)

is defined as the minimum energy required to start a chemical reaction activation energy can be thought of as the height of the potential barrier (energy barrier) separating two minima of potential energy (of the reactants and products of a reaction). If the particles collide with less energy than the activation energy, nothing important happens. They bounce apart. Only those collisions which have energies equal to or greater than the activation energy result in a reaction.

Activation energy

Two fast moving molecules collide which lead to bond making and bond breaking. New product formed (effective collision). Two slow moving molecule collide. They just bounce off. Chemically unchange (ineffective collision)

Factors affecting rate of reaction

Effect of concentration

 Effect of temperature

 Effect of catalyst

 Effect of surface area/ size of reactants

 Pressure

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