Unit No.

-I
Nuclear Physics & Electron Ballistics

1. Volume of the nucleus

3
3
4
r V t =
where r = radius of the nucleus

2. Density of the nucleus
V
m
P =
where m = mass of proton

3. Radioactive decay
t
e N N

=
0

where N= No. of atoms present at time t, N0 = Initial No. of atom present at time t, =
decay constant, t= time

4. Half life

693 . 0
2
1
= T
where = decay constant

5. Percentage of efficiency
100 =
Input
Output
efficency Percentage


6. Cyclotron frequency
m
Bq
T
f
t 2
1
= =
where B = magnetic induction field, q = charge of the particle, m = mass of particle

7. Centripetal force
r
mv
F
2
=

where m = mass of the particle, v = velocity of the particle, r = radius

8. Force due to magnetic field
Bqv =
where B = magnetic induction field, q = charge of the particle, v = velocity of the
particle
9. Kinetic energy of the particle
m
r q B
E
2
2 2 2
=
Unit No.-II
Laser & Fibre Optics
1. Intensity of laser beam
A
P
I =
where I = intensity of laser beam, P = power of laser beam, A = area
2. Angular spread beam
D

u = A
where D = original width of the beam, = wavelength of laser beam

3. Axial spread
D
L
W

=
where L = traveling distance, = wavelength of laser beam, D = original width of the
beam

4. Numerical Aperture
2
2
2
1
n n NA =
where n1 = refractive index of core, n2 = refractive index of cladding, n1 > n2

5. Acceptance Angle
( )
2
2
2
1
1
sin n n =

u
where n1 = refractive index of core, n2 = refractive index of cladding, n1 > n2

6. Fractional change in refractive index
1
2 1
n
n n
= A

7. V-number
2
2
2
1
2
n n
a
V =

t
where a = radius of core, = wavelength of light used

Unit-III
1. Inter planar distance
2 2 2
l k h
a
d
hkl
+ +
=
2. Atomic Packing Factor (APF)
cell unit of Volume
cell unit per atoms of Volume
APF =

3. Radius for SC
2
a
r = ; Radius for BCC
4
3 a
r = ; Radius for FCC
4
2 a
r =
Where a = edge length of of the cube

4. Density of cubic crystal structure
N a
nM
3
=
where n = number of atoms per unit cell, N = Average number (6.023 10
23
), and M =
molar mass of the solid

5. Conductivity of superconductor
( )
h e sc
p n e o . . + =
where n = electron density in conduction band, p = hole density in valence band, e =
electron mobility, h = hole mobility

6.