Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 12 Age of Religious Wars Notes
Chapter 12 Age of Religious Wars Notes
The Crisis of Western States AP European History Peace of Augsburg: established the local authorities responsibility to select the religion of the area, one faith one king
Created confusion as princes converted back and forth Left no room for moderates 1. Both sides philosophical outlook was absolute 2. Left no room for moderates, attacked by both sides
1550-1650 time of internal and external conflict throughout Europe French Wars of Religion
Background:
As a result of Reformation France had a Catholic Monarchy, but a divided population between Calvinists and Catholics 1. Both beliefs became highly MILITANT 2. Protestants led by the Bourbons (Henry of Navarre) 3. Catholics led by the Guise
Came from all levels of society Mostly tradesmen and artisans, nobility (40-50%) including the Bourbon line (related to kings) Made them a powerful political threat, despite representing 7% of population Centered in growing towns and cities which also represent a challenge to growth of Monarchical power
French Monarchy:
King Henry II died (Jousting) Francis II became king 1. House of Guise became influential 2. Sought to persecute Henry of Navarre
Charles IX (Catherine de Medicis was Regent) 1. Guise eliminated Protestant influence at Court and began to attack protestant areas 2. Protestants fought a defensive war 3. War worsened with the assassination of duc de Guise
Guise used arraigned marriage of Henry of Navarre as an opportunity to kill the entire protestant leadership
Impacts: 1. Deepened hatred and divisions 2. Prolonged the civil war 3. Medici blamed, monarchy seen as on the Catholic side
Protestants Politiques: Catholics who joined w/ protestants as a protest against the massacre 1. Catholic League: Collection of Catholic towns that opposed Protestantism 2. War of the Three Henry's: King Henry III, Henry Guise & Henry of Navarre 3. King Henry III could not control the Ultra-Catholics 1. Assassinated Henry Guise and his Brother 2. Henry III driven out of Paris by the Ultra-Catholics 1. King Henry III and Henry of Navarre made a pact to defeat the Ultra-Catholics 2. Henry III was assassinated by a priest
Drove out the Spanish, united France "Paris is worth a Mass" Edict of Nantes: religious freedom, right to fortify cities 1. Extremists continued to fight, Henry IV eventually assassinated
Left German Empire to Fredrick I Left Spanish Empire to Phillip II Mid 16th Century Spain was the greatest social and econ. Power of Europe 1. Spain, Netherlands, Milan, Naples, Portugal and New World 2. Great Naval power (Sp. + Port.)
Phillip II: Militant Catholic, great administrator of government Spain under Phillip II:
very wealthy (gold / silver from New World) very Catholic (used force and cruelty) very strong control of nobles Netherlands were predominately Protestant (problem) Phillip II was also engaged to Mary Tudor
Wealth was based on money, not production Catholicism brought them into foreign wars with the Ottomans, Netherlands and English The rest of Europe saw Spain as a threat Rebellion in Netherlands over taxation and religion
Philip:
Great Administrative mind: "King of Paper" Stood against Ottoman expansion in the Mediterranean Sea 1. Battle of Lepanto: Coast of Greece, defeated Ottoman Navy (decisive victory)
Devout Catholic 1. Inquisition 2. Involvement in the French Wars of Religion 3. Marriage to Mary Tudor
Rivalry w/ England 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Religious Personal (Elizabeth said no) Economic: English "Sea Dogs" (Francis Drake) Military: Netherlands and France (keep others fighting, stay out of conflict) Spanish Armada 1588, bad plan
Results:
Spains heyday as a continental power was over England ensured that it would remain protestant England prepared to become a world power Dutch emerge as an independent group and a commercial center of Europe Netherlands revolted 1. 2. 3. 4. 17 independent provinces Manufacturing / banking center of Europe General discontent galvanized around rel. differences Spanish rel. policy violated the Peace of Augsburg
Protestants resented Spanish rule Margaret of Parma regent (Philip II's 1/2 sister) Calvinists go of Iconoclasm rampage 1. Put down by Margaret and Protestants alike 2. Philip II still sent troops 3. Duke of Alba
Massacred protestants, deepened divisions and hatred 1. Open revolt 2. William of Orange key figure in resistance 3. Spanish army mutinied: "Spanish Fury" at Antwerp
Pacification of Ghent 1576 12 Years Truce: ended conflict and established a free / antagonistic Dutch State
Muscovy: no reformation, remained Eastern Orthodox Christian Poland-Lithuania: Protestantism crept in, but tolerated Will fight as much as the west, difference was that their wars were dynastic
Poland-Lithuania
16th Century: Poland was the preeminent power in Eastern Europe 1. Death of the last Jagiellion monarch threw more power to nobles 2. Polish Diet: Parliamentary body 3. Sigismund (Swedish) became new king, Diet limited his power
Time of Troubles:
Began with the death of Ivan the Terrible (killed his son) 1. Civil War, Boyars refused to acknowledge a strong Tsar
Attacked by Poland-Lithuania and Sweden 1. Sigismund captured Moscow and sought to make himself Tsar 2. Boyars agreed on Michael Romanov as Tsar, repel invaders
Rise of Sweden:
Gustav I Vasa led the independence movement Charles IX next monarch, defended the Swedes from Sigismund claim to the thrown
Danish King Christian IV invaded Sweden, force unfavorable treaty upon Swedes 1. Develop alliances with England and Dutch
Gustavus Adolphus: Raised to be king, very good military tactician 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Reorganized the military (squadrons and regiments), increased training Emphasized mobility in military Best military of the day Married into Prussian nobility Expanded Swedish control over Baltic trade
30 Years War:
Europe was waiting for a major war to break out Tensions b/w Dutch & Spanish, Spanish and French, German Catholics and German Protestants, England and Spanish, Swedish and everyone in the Baltic Region 30 Years War fought in the HRE by everyone in Europe Spark that started the war: German succession 1. Electors: 3 C, 3 P, one the emperor (as King of Bohemia) 2. Kingship of Bohemia would determine the religion of the next HRE
Bohemian Revolt: Mathias (HRE) appointed his cousin Ferdinand as King of Bohemia (ensure next HRE a C) 1. Ferdinand (Hapsburg) violated the rights of the protestants 2. March on the royal palace in Prague
Mathias died, Ferdinand became Ferdinand II (HRE) Fredrick V (P) claimed the crown of Bohemia Fredrick V also controlled the Palatinate, strategically important link b/w Spanish lands in Italy and the Netherlands War broke out 1. Catholic v. Protestant (Everyone participated) 2. Battle of White Mountain
1. Ferdinand confiscated Fredricks lands and cruelly persecuted the Protestants Problem: Hapsburgs had become too powerful, posed a threat to Protestantism and the free Dutch state
Philip III + Ferdinand = loss of balance of power Hapsburgs pressed their advantage, Philip III declared war on Dutch 1. England, Holland, German Protestants, Danish (Christian IV) respond 2. von Wallenstein won again
Ferdinand pressed his luck, tried to eliminate Protestantism 1. United Lutheran and Calvinist opposition 2. Swedes join the battle / France helped pay for war 3. Catholic sack Magdeburg
Protestant forces grew under the command of Gustavus 1. Protestants began to win 2. Eventually were worn down (could not replace losses as easily)
France v. Spain
Fr. under the leadership of Cardinal Richelieu (Louis XIII) declared war on Spain Fought in the Netherlands, signaled a shift in the war political v. Religious Destructive war in which Spain eventually went bankrupt and forced to settle for peace
Peace of Westphalia
European powers lost their will to fight, the war was incredibly destructive Restored the Peace of Augsburg Settled various wars and conflicts through a series of agreements
Impacts:
War left HRE divided and economically ruined 1. Unification will be delayed
Emergence of Politics over religion in foreign affairs 1. France helped the protestants
End of massive religious wars 1. Europe was worn out, 30 Y.W. was extremely destructive