259

1 ( 2004 , 2008)
f (x) = c (c) = 0.

f (x+h) - f (x) = c - c = 0 h 0
f (x + h) - f (x)
0
= Aim = 0 .
Aim
h0
h0h
h
(c) = 0.
2 ( 2002 , 2003 , 2007)
f (x) = x (x) = 1.

f (x + h) - f (x) = (x + h) - x = h h 0
f (x + h) - f (x)
h
Aim
= Aim = 1.
h0
h0h
h
(x) = 1.
3
f (x) = x2 (x2) = 2x.

f (x + h) - f (x) = (x + h)2 - x2 = x2 + 2xh + h2 - x2 = h . (2x + h)

h 0

f (x + h) - f (x)
h (2x + h)
= Aim
= Aim (2x + h) = 2x .
h0
h0
h0
h
h
Aim

(x2) = 2x.

4 ( 2001 , 2006)
f ,
c . f (x) c . f(x).

.
F (x) = c f (x).
F (x + h) - F (x) = c. f (x + h) - c . f (x) = c. [f (x + h) - f (x)]
h 0
c [ f (x + h) - f (x)]
F (x + h) - F (x)
f (x + h) - f (x)
= Aim
= c Aim
= c f(x)
h0
h0
h0
h
h
h
Aim

(c . f (x)) = c . f(x).

260 -

 5 ( 2000 , 2005)
f , g ,
f (x) + g (x) f(x) + g(x).

F (x) = f (x) + g (x).

F (x + h) - F (x) = [f (x + h) + g (x + h)] - [f (x) + g (x)]
= f (x + h) + g (x + h) - f (x) - g (x)
= [f (x + h) - f (x)] + [g (x + h) - g (x)]
h 0
[ f (x + h) - f (x)] + [g (x + h) - g (x)]
F (x + h) - F (x)
= Aim
Aim
h0
h0
h
h
f (x + h) - f (x)
g (x + h) - g (x)
= Aim
+ Aim
h0
h0
h
h
= f(x) + g(x)
(f (x) + g (x)) = f(x) + g(x).
6 ( 2002)
fi v
:
) 0 fi 1, i = 1 , 2 , , ,
) f1 + f2 + + f = 1.

0
v
v
i
0 fi 1
v
v
v
v
v

v + 2 + ... +
v
) f1 + f2 + ... + f = 1 + 2 + ... + = 1
=
=1

) 0 v i v

7 ( 2002)

( U B) = P(A) + P(B).

() = , () = ,
B + ,
( B) = N(A) + N(B).

N(A B)
N(A) + (B)
N(A)
N(B)
P(A B) =
=
=
+
= P(A) + P(B)
N()
N()
N()
N()

261

8 ( 2003, 2006)

() = 1 - P(A).

= , ,
( A) = () + () () = () + ()
1 = () + () () = 1 - P(A).
9 ( 2000 , 2005)

( B) = P(A) +
P(B) - ( ).

( B) = N(A) + N(B) - ( )
N(A) + N(B)
.
N(A B)
N(A) + (B) - N(A B)
N(A)
N(B) N(A B)
P(A B) =
=
=
+
N()
N()
N()
N()
N()

= P(A) + P(B) - P(A B)

10 ( 2004)
, P(A) P(B).

(A) (B) N(A) N(B) P(A) P(B).

N()

N()

11 ( 2001, 2007)


( - B) = P(A) - ( ).

-
( - ) ( ) = .
() = ( - ) + ( )
( - ) = () - ( ).

262 -

263


f x0
Aim f (x) = f (x 0 ) .
x x0

f
x1 , x2 ,
x1 < x2, f (x1) < f (x2).
f
x1 , x2 ,
x1 < x2, f (x1) > f (x2).
f
f
.
f x0
, x
x0, f (x) f (x0).
f
x0 , x
x0, f (x) f (x0).
f,
f.
f x0,
f (x 0 + h) - f (x 0 )
Aim
,
h0
h
. f(x0).
y = f (x) x x = x0,
f x0.

f A (x0 , f (x0)), f(x0),
f (x 0 + h) - f (x 0 )
= .
f(x 0 ) = Aim
h0
h

x = f (t),
t0 (t0) = f (t0).

= g (t),
t0 (t0) = g (t0).

264 -

 f, f,
f (x + h) - f (x)
,
f (x) = Aim
h0
h
.
f,
f f.

,
.

.

.

( ).
.

.


.

.
.



.
i xi
X
xi X
.
fi xi vi,
v
fi = i , i = 1, 2, ..., v.
v
(xi , vi).

265


(xi , fi).
Ni xi
Ni = v1 + v2 + + vi i = 1 , 2 , , ,
x1 , x2 , , x ( )
v .
Fi xi
Fi = f1 + f2 + + fi i = 1 , 2 , , ,
x1 , x2 , , x ( )
v .

. .
+

2
, .
[ , ) - .




.
ti x = xiv i x = x f .
x=
i i
v
v
x
xi

xw
x w + x 2 w 2 + ... + x w
x= 1 1
= i i
w1 + w 2 + ... + w
wi
w1, w2, , w .
,
v , ""
,
.
v
,
"" ,
.

266 -



.
:
R,
s2,
s,
CV.
R

.
2
s
2
2
ti - x )
xi - x ) v i
(
(

2
2
s =
s =
v
v
2

s = s

s
CV =
100%
x
,
CVA < CV .
, CV 10%.

.


.

.

.

.
o .
.

267


().

,
= .

:


(
).

.
(Laplace 1812)

()

()
=
P(A) =

()

= { 1 , 2 , , }
. i
(i)
i :
0 (i) 1,
(1) + (2) + + () = 1,
= { 1 , 2 , , }

() = (1) + (2) + + ().


( ) = () + ()

( ) = () + () - ( )

268 -