WAN Networking Protocols

WAN Connection Types

Point-to-Point connection No setup before transmission Up to 45Mbs Setup before transmission Dial-up modems or ISDN Low bandwidth

Share bandwidth Frame Relay and X.25 56Kbps to 2.048Mps

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High-Level Data-Link Control Protocol

HDLC specifies an encapsulation method for data on synchronous serial data links using frame characters and checksums. Default encapsulation used by CISCO. Everyone has its own proprietary HDLC. If your are connecting a CISCO router with another type router, you must specify an encapsulation type (protocol).
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PPP
PPP is an Internet standard protocol to provide point-to-point, router-to-router, and host-tohost connections. It supports network layer protocols
IP Novell IPX Apple Talk

It can be used over several different physical interfaces

Asynchronous serial ISDN synchronous serial High-speed Serial Interface

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Establishing PPP Communication

Communication process is established in three steps:
Link Establishment Authentication
Password Authentication (PAP) Challenge Authentication Protocol (CHAP)

Network Layer Protocol negotiation

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Link Establishment and LCP

Link Control Protocol (LCP) is responsible to configure and test the link. LCP packets can contain many different pieces of information such as:
Authentication Link Quality Monitoring and Magic Number Compression

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Configuring PPP on Cisco Routers

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Frame Relay
CSU/DSU (channel service unit/ digital service unit)

Frame Relay provides connection-oriented, Data Link layer communication via virtual circuits. ANSI defines Frame Relay as a connection between the data terminal equipment (DTE) and the data communication equipment (DCE) over high speed digital medium. CSU/DSU is located at customer location and used for encoding, filtering, and translating communication to and from the digital line.
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Frame Relay
Supports many protocols, IP, Novell IPX, Decnet, AppleTalk, .... Efficient and fast (56Kps to 44.736Mbps) since it does not perform error checking. Uses both permanent virtual circuits (PVC) and switched virtual circuits (SPC). Virtual circuits are maintained by a software and multiplexed on onto physical channels.
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Data Link Connection Identifiers (DLCI)

Frame Relay virtual circuits are identified by DLCIs. IP address need to be mapped DLCI

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How Frame Relay works

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Subinterfaces
You can have multiple virtual circuits on a single interface and treat each one as a separate interface.
R(config)>interface s0 R(config-if)>encapsulation frame-relay [ietf] R(config-if)>int s0.16 point-to-point (or multipoint)

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Mapping Frame Relay

Manual Mapping

R(config)>interface s0 R(config-if)>encapsulation frame-relay R(config-if)>int s0.16 multipoint R(config-subif)>no inverse-arp R(config-subif)>ip address 172.16.30.1 255.255.255.0 R(config-subif)>frame-relay map 172.16.30.17 16 ietf broadcast R(config-subif)>frame-relay map 172.16.30.18 17 broadcast R(config-subif)>frame-relay map 172.16.30.19 18
Using Reverse-ARP R(config)>interface s0.16 R(config-subif)>encapsulation frame-relay ietf R(config-subif)>ip address 172.16.30.1 255.255.255.0
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Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)

ISDN is a digital service designed to run over existing telephone networks. ISDN supports both voice, video, and data Call setup is faster than with a modem. Data rates are faster than one modem connection.

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ISDN Components

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ISND Terminals
Terminal adapter: A converter device that allows non-ISDN devices to operate on an ISDN network. Terminal Equipment 1 (TE1): A device that supports ISDN standards. Terminal Equipment 2 (TE2): A non-ISDN device. Network Termination 1 (NT1): A device that is attached to ISND BRI lines to provide power. It also terminates the 2-wire connection from CO and connects to the 4-wire customer network. Network Termination 2 (NT2): A provider equipment.
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Reference Points
U
The U-interface is the actual two-wire cable which connects the customers equipment to the telecommunications provider

R
The R-interface is the wire or circuit that connects TE2 to the TA

S
The S-interface is a four-wire cable from TE1 or TA to the NT1 or NT2

T
The point between NT1 and NT2, which is also called the Tinterface

S/T
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Connecting to the Provider

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ISDN Switch Types

Interfaces
Basic Rate Interface (BRI) Primary Rate (Interface)

Potential Switch Types To Be Obtained from ISDN Providers Service Profile Identifiers (SPIDs)
Functions like a phone number

basic-5ess, basic-dms100, basic-ni,....

Reference number assigned to ISDN channels

Frequently referred to as ISDN phone numbers Most modern ISDN systems now have a feature called AutoSPID
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ISDN with CISCO Router

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