2

2 ,
:

[
S.I.

[ - .

[ hm
.

[ .

[ .

[
.

[ .

, .

.
.
.

.

52.

[ Joule
Q = m c .

[ ...
.

[
... .

[ Ohm
... .

V
R
q e
I= =
t
t
I=

(Ampere)
.

S

R (Ohm)
: ,
:

V
I

R =

R=

Ohm ( V = I R : )

= 0 (1 + )

53.

R = R 0 (1 + ) 0 : 0 C , R 0 : 0 C ,
:

I = 1 = 2 = ... =

V = V1 = V2 = ... = Vv

V = V1 + V2 + ... + V

I = I1 + I 2 + ... + I v

R =

V
= R1 + R 2 + ... + R

1
1
1
1
=
+
+ ... +
R R1 R 2
Rv

2
W = V q = Vlt ( ) W = I R t =

Q = I2 R t
P = W / t = VI

P = I2 R = V 2 / R

V2
t
R

( R)

Joule
( )

E = P / I : () = W/q

V = E Ir :

E = I ( R + r ) : Ohm

P = EI : ()
P = V I = I 2 R : .

P = I2 r : .

54.

1: .
C R 0 = 0

R =

L
L
0C R = . = 0 (1 + ) :
S
S

L
L
L
R = 0 (1 + ) R = 0 (1 + ) R = R 0 (1 + )
S
S
S

2: :

, R 1
V1 = VA V R 2 V2 = V VB .

V1 + V2 = VA VB .

R1 I R2

AI
V1
V2
V

B
I

I +

V = VA VB , V1 + V2 = V .
: V1 = IR 1 , V2 = IR 2 V = R o .
R = IR 1 + IR 2 , R = R 1 + R 2 .
.
3: :

I1

V R 1 R 2 -

I2

I1 I 2 . I1 + I 2 = I .

R1
R2

I +

: 1 = V / R 1 , I 2 = V / R 2 I = V / R .
V / R = V / R 1 + V / R 2 , , 1 / R = 1 / R 1 + 1/R 2 R = R 1 R 2 /R 1 + R 2

55.

4: .
,
V
, , ...
I
V = VA - VB
A
B
.
t q .
:

q
q = It
t
.
I=

( U A = q VA U B = q VB . VA > VB U A > U B ).
q .
q .
: W = U A U B = qVA qVB = q ( VA VB ) = qV W = qIt
5:
.

W
W
P
E = t E = P = EI
E=
q
q
I
t
6: hm
.
t,
: W = Pt W = EIt , R: Qr = I 2 rt
r: Qr = I rt . :
2

W = Q R + Q r EIt = I 2 R t + I 2 r t E = IR + Ir
E = I ( R + r ) E = IR I =

E
R

I
A

E
+

I
B

56.

7: .
,
VA VB = V ( ) -

V V = VR , VR = V , VR = IR , V = IR .
:
W = Q R + Q r EIt = I 2 R t + I 2 r t E = IR + Ir
E = V + r V = E Ir

8:
;
V = E Ir = 0, V = E ,
, .
V = E Ir r = 0, V = E ,
, .

(R = 0),
: I =

E
E
( ).
IB =
R
r

57.

""

2
1

.
: 1 . 65, 3 . 75, 5 . 81, 7 .
83, 8 . 88, 9 . 90, 10 . 93, 12 . 98
: . 116 (3 - 6), . 117 (9, 10), . 118 (12, 14, 15)
. 119 (16, 18 - 21), . 121 (27, 28, 30 - 33), . 122 (35, 38, 39)
: . 129 (1, 4 - 7, 9), . 130 (12), . 131 (16,
20, 21, 22), . 132 (24, 25, 27, 28, 30 - 35), . 133 (36 - 40, 42)
.
3:
.. 2.4, 2.5, 2.7, 2.12,
: . 84 - 86 (1 - 12)
: 2.10, 2.11, 2.19, 2.20
4: -
.. 2.18, 2.20
: . 105 - 106 (13 - 22)
: 2.31, 2.32, 2.45, 2.48

58.

.

. .
: 1, 2, 4
: 4.15, 4.17
. - .
: 3, 4, 6
: 5.1, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, 5. 9, 5.10
: 5.20, 5.21, 5.22
. - .
: 2, 3
: 6.3, 6.4, 6.10, 6.12
: 6.33, 6.34, 6.35
. .
: 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11
: 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.10, 7.11, 7.12, 7.13
: 7.29, 7.33, 7.35, 7.36
. .
: 1, 2, 3, 5, 9
: 8.4, 8.7, 8.9, 8.10, 8.11, 8.19, 8.22
: 8.26, 8.27, 8.29, 8.30, 8.32

3
2
1

1.

59.

R 1 = 2 , R 2 = 4 , R 3 = 12 .
-

R1

R2

B
R3

R 2 P2 = 36W :
.

R1 R 3 ,
. .
. V.
:

. P2 = I 22 R 2 I 22 =

P2 36W
=
I 2 = 3A
R2
42

V = 2 R 2 = 3A 4 V = 12Volt

V
12Volt
I3 = 1A
I3 = =
R3
12

R1
I

R2
B

I2
I3
R3

I = I 2 + I3 = 4A

P1 = I 2 R1 = 42 2 2 = 32W
P3 = I32 R 3 = 12 2 12 = 12W

. P = P1 + P2 + P3 = 32W + 36W + 12W = 80W

. V = V + VB
V = I R1 = 4 2 V = 8V
V = V + VB = 8V + 12V = 20V

2.

R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4

. R 2 = 20 ,

60.

R1

R 3 = 60 , R 4 = 4 .

P = 1200W R1

P1 = 360W . -

R2

I1

R3

I2

R4
I

I3
I

,r

R1 I1 = 6A :
. R1
.
. , r
. , .
:
2
. P1 = I1 R1 R1 =

. I 2 =

I2 =

P1
I12

360
= 10
36

VAB
V
I3 = AB : V = I1 R1 = 6 10V = 60Volt
R2
R3
60
60
A = 3A I3 = A = 1A
20
60

P = =

I = I = I1 + I 2 + I3 = 10A

1200W
= 120V
10A

. V = 60V , VB = I R 4 = 10 4 = 40V
V = VA = V + VB = 60V + 40V V = 100V

E V 120 100
= 2
=
I
10
. ,
R = r = 2 .
V = E Ir Ir = E V r =

I' =
P ' = E I ' = 120V 60A = 7200W

E 120
=
= 60A
r
2

61.

3. .

R2
: = 100V
R4
A R1 B
R3
r = 5. R1 = R4 = 15 R2 = R3= 30
:
+
. ,r
R1, R2, R3, R4.
. .
. R3.
. R1, R2, R3, R4 = 4.

:
. R 2,3 =

R2 R3
30 30
=
= 15
R 2 + R 3 30 + 30

R2
A R1 B I
3 R3
I
+
,r

R = R1,2,3,4 = R1 + R4 + R2,3 = 45
. I =

100V
=
=
= 2
(
R R + r
45 + 5)

R4

V = R2,3 = 2A 15 = 30V
. 3 =

V 30V
=
= 1
R 3 30
A

100
R = =
= 25
. ' =
R
'
4
R = R + r R = R r = 25 5 = 20

4. ,

R1

R4

R2

R3

,r

R
2M
A1
(RA = 0). 1 2
1
. A2
)
(R
,r
V1=10Volt.
1
1 10. 2.
2; R = 9.
1

62.

:
V1 = 10V
= 10Volt.
1

r = 1
r
2 2 -

10 =10, =

hm =

= 1A
R +r

5.

R
2R
.
B

A
= 250W
3R
4R
=
50V r = 2 :
+ E,r
. R
. V V
.
.
10 , kwh 0,1.
:
250W
=
= 5A

50V
2R 4R R 4R 4R
R =
=
=
R + 4R
5R
5
2R 3R 2R 3R 6R
R =
=
=
2R + 3R
5R
5
4R 6R 10R
R = R AB + R =
+
=
= 2R
5
5
5

. P = =

AI

R
1

I2

4R
+ E,r

2R
I3

I4

3R

R =
. R AB =

50V
=
= 10 R + r = R 2R + 2 = 10 2R = 8 R = 4

5A
16
24
= 3,2 R =
= 4,8.
5
5

63.

VAB = I R AB = 5A 3,2 = 16V

V = I R = 5 4,8 = 24V

VAB 16V
=
= 4, 2 = 1 = 5 4 = 1
R
4
V
24V
= 2, 4 = 3 = 5 2 = 3
3 = =
3R 12

. I1 =

. W = I2 R t = 52 10 10wh = 2,5kWh
10h 2,50,1 = 0,25

6. 50W 100V.
. R
. , 30min;
. R
V = 220Volt;
:
R

P = 50W V = 100V
. R =

V 2 10000
=
R = 200
P
50

R
+

v'
W
. P =
W = P t = 50W 1800s = 90000J
t
. , , :

P = V I =
I =

R=

P 50W
=
= 0,5A
V 100V

V'
V'
I =

R
R + R
V'
220

R =
200 = 440 200 R = 240
I
0,5

7. = 500W m = 1000g .
2

16%.
i. t1 1 = 20C

64.

2 = 40C. 2 CH2O  4, 2

J
g grad

ii.
t2 20C 40C , t1.
:
i. 2 :
Q = c m = 4 2 1000 (40 20) = 84000J
100J
84J
x
84000J
H 100.000J

P=

W
t

ii. P =

P=

W
W 100.000
t1 =
=
= 200s , t1 = 200s
t1
P
500

V2
R .
R

P ' =

W
W
t2 =

t2
P'

t2 W = 100.000J.

8. :

R
R
= 60V, r = 2, R1 = 10.

R2
I1 R1

V = 50V. +
R1, 1 = 4,
E,r
:
V
.
.
. R R2.
. .
. , R2, C. U = 15 10-4J,
.

. V = V = r
V
60 50
I r = E V =
A = 5A
I=
r
2
. VAB = I1 R1 = 4A 10 = 40V

VAB = I 2 2R R =

I2
I1
I

R
R1
+
E,r

65.

R2

VAB 40V
=
= 20
2I 2 2 1A

(I2 = I I1 = 5A 4A = 1A)
V = V = VAB + V 50V = 40V + V V = 10V

VB = R 2 R 2 =
. R =

VB 10V
=
= 2
I
5A

E 60V
=
= 12

5A

R = R A + r R = R r = 10

P = 2 R = 52 10W = 250W
. Vc = V = 10V
1
2U 215104
= 30F
U = CVc2 2U = CVc2 C = 2 =
2
Vc
100

9. -

R2
(), R1

R3
, ().
+
: R1 = 2, R2 = 3, R3 = 6.
. r
E,r
.
. .
.
V()
R2;
. R1
12
C = 100F
d = 2cm.
i.

6 ()
0,0
;

66.

ii. ;
:
. V - :
= 12Volt 6A =

E 12V
=
r = 2
r
r

R3

. R=R1,2,3+r.
R 2,3 =

R2

R1

R 2 R 3 18
= = 2
R2 + R3 9

+
E,r

R1,2,3 = R1+R2,3 = (2 + 2) = 4
R = r + R1,2,3 = 6
. =

12V
=
= 2
R
6

= = 12V 2A = 24W
VA = V = r = (12 2 2)V = 8Volt
V= V VAB = V R1 = 8V 4V = 4Volt
R 2 =

2
VB
42
16
= W= W
R2
3
3

. VC = VAB = I R1 = 2 2 = 4V

1
1
i. U = C VC2 = 100 106 42 = 8 104 J.
2
2
ii. E =

Vc
4V
V
=
= 200
2
d 2 10 m
m

10. -

E,r

R1
A
: = 40V, r = 1, R1 = 8, R2 = 1.
, R1,
+
++++
C = 30F,
R2
l


= 2cm. q
m = 2 10 -4kg, .
B
.
. (g = 10m/sec2)

67.

. .
. = 2, .
:
. F .
q .

I=

E
40
=
A = 4A
R1 + R 2 + r 8 +1 +1

VC = VAB = IR2= 4 1 = 4V

R1

E =

VC
4V
V
=
= 200
2
m


2 10 m

E,r

mg
F = 0 F = W qE = mg q =
E

I
+

mg 2 104 10
=
C = 105 C
E
200
. Q = C VC = 30 10 6 4C = 12 10-5C

q =

1
1
U = C VC2 = 30 106 42 = 24 105 J
2
2
. = 2 I ' =

E'
2E
=
= 2I
R1 + R 2 + r R1 + R 2 + r

VC = I R2 = 2I R2 = 2VC

Vc ' 2VC
=
= 2E F mg = 2qE = 2qE




F = F mg = 2qE mg = 2mg mg = mg
(qE = mg)
E' =

F = m =

F mg
=
=g
m
m

A
++++
F

R2

E
B

mg l

68.

4
3
2
1

1.

: R1 = 2,
R2 = 4, R3 = 4, R4 = 2,6, V = 50V. :
.
. R
. V1, V2, V3, V4, I1 3

V1
R1
I

I1
I3

V3

V2
R2

V4
R4
I

R3
V

............................................................................................................................
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2.

69.

:
R1 = 3, R2 = 6, R3 = 8
V = 30Volt, :
. ,
. ,
. R4 = 10 R1, R2 R3, :
i. R4
ii. .
............................................................................................................................
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70.

3.

R1, R2, R3 20, 60, 4 . = 80Volt,

r = 1 :
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
............................................................................................................................
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4.

71.

R1 = 5 ,r. 1 1 = 2.
R1 R2 = 6 ,r
2 = 1. :
i. r
ii. .
............................................................................................................................
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72.

5.

=30W, V=30V. R1
V = 90V.
. , R1, .
. kWh ;
. R1
. . , , .
...........................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
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............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................

6.

73.

100Volt, 100W.
i. R1
= 120V r = 10.
ii. R2

.
iii. ,
.
...........................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
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74.

7.

= 810-6m,

= 1m S = 10-6m2
.
. = 6V r = 2. V

. , .

. :
i. 8sec
ii. ;
e = 1,610-19C
...........................................................................................................................
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............................................................................................................................

75.

8. r = 5
, = 20
. ;
. 75V, 375W.
i.
ii. t = 2min
iii. ;
...........................................................................................................................
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76.

9.

1 2
. :
. ,
C .
.
. 1 R2 R3;
. 2 ( 1)

4
R2
;
: = 10V, r = 1, R1 = 4, R3 = 5, C = 8F.
,

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5
4
3
2
1

77.

1
1. hm;
I

0,0

()

0,0

()

0,0

() V

0,0

() V

( 5)
2. :
. .
. .
. .
. .
;
( 5)
3. :
. .
. .
. .
. .
( 5)
4. 1, 2 3 .
2, ;
. 1 , 3
.
. 1 3 .

78.

2
. 3 ,
1 .
. 1 3 .
( 5)

3
+

5. .
R, :
. 2R

. 4R

. R/2

. R
( 5)

20
1.
I = f (V) .

(1)
(2)

. R 1 R 2
. S1 S2
.

( 8)
2. R , R 1 R 2 1
1
1
=
+
.

R R1 R 2

( 9)
3. :
. , .
. , .
( 2)
.
( 6)
30

VAB = 80V . R 1 R 1 = 5 .
I = 20A . :

R1

. I1 R 1 .
( 9)
. I 2 -

79.

A I1

B
R2

I I2
+

R 2 .

( 9)
. R 2 .
( 7)
40

R 1 , R 2 R 3

, R 4
.
V.

R 1 = 2, R 2 = 2,5,

R1

I2 B R4
R3 I3

R2

A
I

I1

R 3 = 10, R 4 = 4 I1 = 5A -

R 1 . :
.
( 5)
. I 2 , I3 , I 4
R 2 , R 3 R 4 .

( 6)
. Vo
( 6)
. R 4
t = 0,8s . : e = 1,61019 C .
( 8)

80.

10
1.
R t, Q.
,
.
. Q

. 2Q

. Q

. 4Q.
( 5)

2. Wh () ,
.
.
.
. .
;
( 5)
3. R
V. ,
;
. 4P
. 2P
. P/2
. P/4
( 5)
4. 4400W 220V.
;
. 10
. 50mA
. 2
. 20.
( 5)
5. :
. 1J
() ....................
. 1 Wh
() ....................
. 1W
() ....................
. 1 cal
() ....................
( 5)
20
1. V. .
.
( 8)

R
A

2R

81.

2. 4,5V 15W i. 3V ii. 5V. ;

( 8)
3. (
V2
. R
, .
;
( 9)

) : P = I2 R P =

30
= 2,2KW V = 220V.
. ;
( 6)
. ;
( 7)
. t = 1h
0,68/KWh;
( 6)
. 100Kg
18C 68C; C = 4, 2 J 0 C
g
40
50W/100V 100W/100V
.
225V. , :
.
( 8)
.
( 5)
.
( 5)
. ;
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82.

10
1. :
.
. ,
.
.
. .
;
( 5)
2. ... :
.
.
.
.
.
;
( 5)
3. ;
. V
. ...
. V r
. ... r
( 5)
4.
.

. V
. 2 r
. 2 r
2
. VP
R
E
. r
. E r
. E

1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .

83.

.
( 5)

20
1. (,r), ... r .
. ;
( 2)
.
= r
( 6)
2. ,r ,
R.
I =

3.

V = f ( I ) , (,r) .
( 8)

30
, 100V. , 75 V
2,5 .
,
:
. ... r .
( 5)
. R .

E
.
R+r
( 9)

V(V)
10

I (A)

R
A

I
E, r

( 5)

84.

. , ()
.
i. .
( 5)
ii. R
( 5)
iii.
( 5)
40
4V - 6W.
R = 8
r = 1 , :
.
( 6)
. ...

( 7)

, r

. R.
( 6)
.
.
( 6)
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85.

10
1. 1,2
1
3 . 2,
2
;
3
. 1 ,
3 .
+ . 1 3 .
. 3 , 1 .
. 1 3 .
( 5)

2. 1,
:
. 1s
. 0,1C 0,1s

. 1C 0,1s,
. 0,1C 1s.
( 5)

3.
. Ohm

I
A.

I
B.

I
.

I
.

.
.
.
. .
( 5)

4. Joule
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.
.
.
.

86.

;
( 5)

5. .

.
.
.
.
.
.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

J
W

( 5)
20
1.
. .
( 10)

2. 1KWh; 1KWh
S.I.
( 7)

3. R. , ;
( 8)
30
R 1 = 5 R 2 = 10
r = 5 3 . R 2 I 2 = 2A , :

87.

. ...
( 9)
.
( 4)
.
( 4)
.
( 4)
.
( 4)
40
:
R 1 = 2, R 2 = 3, R 3 = 4, E =10V, r =1 C =10F
:
. .
( 6)

. .
( 6)

R1

R3

R2
, r

. .
( 7)
. .
( 6)
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88.

1
1. :
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.
. .
. .
;
( 5)
2.
:
. .
. .
. .
. .
;
( 5)
3. ,
;
. EI = I 2 R + I2 r

. EI = I 2 R I 2 r

. V 2 r + I 2 R

. V 2 r I2 R

I
E, r

( 5)
4. :
. W =

V2
R t

. W = I2 R t

. P =

V2
R t

. P = I 2 R t

R :
. .
. .
. .
. .
( 5)
5. R.
:
. R

. 0

2R
3

R
4

R
R
R

89.

A.
.

B.
.

.
( 5)

20
1.
;
. .
( 3)

R2 = R

R1 = R

I
E, (r = 0)

.
R 1 .
( 3)
. .
( 3)
. ,
, .
( 3)
2. K , r
R 1 R 2 . : (1), R 1 (2)
R (3). :
. r.
( 3)
. R 1 .
( 2)
. R .
( 2)

90.

. R 1 R 2 .
( 3)
. R 2 .
( 3)
30
R 1 , R 2 , R 3 R 4 V
6, 6, 3 6 ,
.
10
R 3 4. 5
.
. ,
;
( 3)
.

(2)
(3)
(1)
2

( 7)
. .
( 6)
. 24 , kWh 0,07 .
( 9)
40

= 120V r, R 1 = 10 .
= 10. , R 2 ,
= 30. :
. r

R1

R3

R2
+

R4

( 5)
. R 2
.
( 7)

. R 1 ;
( 5)
. ;
Joule, kWh.
( 8)