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Dynamics
Dynamics
Discrete systems Energy method Lumped-parameter analysis 1 d.o.f. Multi-d.o.f. (Eigenvalue analysis) Continuous systems Direct solving of partial differential equations Rayleighs method (the energy approach) Example: a laterally-driven folded-flexure comb-drive resonator
Reference: Singiresu S. Rao, Mechanical Vibrations, 2nd Ed., Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc., 1990
ENE 5400 , Spring 2004 1
Energy Method
Conservation of energy; the maximum kinetic energy is equal to the maximum potential energy: Tmax = Vmax Also known as Rayleighs energy method Example: Effect of spring mass ms on the resonant frequency n
Kinetic energy of spring length dy:
dTs =
l Total kinetic energy:
y dy k m x(t)
T=
ENE 5400
, Spring 2004
Contd
The total potential energy:
U=
1 2 kx 2
n =
k m + ms / 3
ENE 5400
, Spring 2004
Lumped-Parameter Model
L-shape spring
=?
x m
Simplified description of 3D physical model using minimum required number of variables (coordinates) Do we have mass-less spring? A valid assumption? Can consist of a set of ordinary differential equations depending on the number of variables In Linear Control Systems, we call them the state-space equations
ENE 5400 , Spring 2004 4
Degree of Freedom
x1 k1 m1 k2 k1 m1 x1 k2 m2 x2 k3
The minimum number of independent coordinates required to determine completely the positions of all parts of a system at any instant of time defines the degree of freedom of the system
ENE 5400
, Spring 2004
m1 x1 = m2 x 2 =
&& &&
ENE 5400
, Spring 2004
[ m ]x + [ b ] x + [ k ] x = F 0
m2
b2
In addition to the free-body diagram, equation of motion can also be derived through the Lagranges equation from the energy perspective
ENE 5400
ENE 5400
F=
F1
F2
, Spring 2004
, Spring 2004
[m ] =
m1
, [b ] =
& r
&& r
b1 + b2
k1 + k 2 b2 ,[ k ] = b2 + b3 k2
k2 k2 + k3
ENE 5400
, Spring 2004
Eigenvalue Problem
Under free vibration and no damping, natural frequencies of a multi-d.o.f system are solutions of the eigenvalue problem
The roots i = mi2/k, so i can be solved The eigenvector corresponding to the individual eigenvalue is the mode shape of the system
ENE 5400
, Spring 2004
10
[ K ] 1
x 0,
= [[ K ] 2 [ M ]] = 0 [[ I ] 2 [ K ] 1 [ M ]] = 0 , [[ I ] m2 [ D ]] = 0 k
Example
From the free-body diagram:
k1 m1 x1 k2 m2 x2 k3 m3 x3
ENE 5400
, Spring 2004
11
Contd
Let m1 = m2 = m3 = m, k1 = k2 = k3 = k, and = (k/m):
0 0
m2 0
0 m3
x2 + x3
k2 0
k2 + k3 k3
k3 k3
x2 = [ 0 ] x3
2 1 0 x1 1 0 0 x1 m 0 1 0 x2 + k 1 2 1 x2 = [ 0 ] 0 1 1 x3 0 0 1 x3
1 0 0 2 1 0 2 k 1 2 1 m 0 1 0 0 1
=0
0 0 1
ENE 5400
, Spring 2004
34444244441
2 1 0 m2 I 1 2 1 k 0 1 1
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
=0
12
m1
x1
k1 + k 2
k2
x1
Contd
= mi2/k, solve:
2 m1 k 1 = = 0.19806, 1 = 0.44504 k m
2 =
2 m 2 k = 1.55530, 2 = 1.2471 k m
2 m 3 k 3 = = 3.24900, 3 = 1.8025 k m
ENE 5400
, Spring 2004
13
k 1 0 2 0
2 1 1 2 1
1 ( 1 0 1
i k ) m 0 1 0 m 0 0 1
i x2 i x3
= k 1
1 i 0 1 0 0 0 1
i x2 = 0 i x3
1 0 0
x1i
1 0 0
x1i
x = x 1.8019 2.2470
1 1 1
x =x
3rd mode, 3 = 3.2490
r
3
2 1
0.4450 0.8020
1.0
x =x
ENE 5400 , Spring 2004
3 1
1.2468 0.5544
15
ENE 5400
, Spring 2004
16
1 .0
1. 0
ENE 5400
, Spring 2004
17
2 M ( x ,t ) 2 y( x , t ) + f ( x , t ) = A( x ) 2 x t 2 2 2 y( x , t ) ] + f ( x ,t ) = A( x ) 2[ x t 2 4 2 y( x , t ) y( x , t ) EI + A = f ( x ,t ) 4 x t 2
18
, Spring 2004
EIT (t )
d 4Y ( x ) d 2T (t ) + AY ( x ) =0 dx 4 dt 2 EI / A 4Y ( x ) 1 d 2T (t ) = = a = 2 Y ( x ) x 4 T (t ) dt 2
(3) (2)
ENE 5400
, Spring 2004
20
10
= 2
EI EI = ( l )2 A Al 4
EI
d 2Y (l ) = 0 dx 2
0
C1(cos l + cosh l ) C2 (sin l + sinh l ) = 0 (6 ) cos l cosh l sin l sinh l = 0 (7 ) (cos l + cosh l ) (sin l + sinh l )
So,
ENE 5400
, Spring 2004
dY (0) = 0 dx Y (l ) = 0
( C2 + C4 ) = 0
Y (0) = 0
C1 + C3 = 0
C3 = C1 C 4 = C 2
324 41
22
11
Contd
From the last matrix, we get the determinant:
tan l = tanh l
The many roots of this equation, nl, will define the natural frequencies:
n = ( n l )2
Mode shape: Yn(x), Y(x), yn(x,y), and y(x,t):
EI Al 4
C2 n = C1n (
from (5) cos n l cosh n l )(sin n x sinh n x )], from (4 ) sin n l sinh n l
yn ( x , t ) = Yn ( x )( An cos n t + Bn sin n t )
ENE 5400
ENE 5400
n =1
y( x ,t ) =
, Spring 2004
12
Rayleighs Method
An approximate analysis using the energy perspective to find the fundamental natural frequency of continuous systems The kinetic energy of a beam:
T=
Assume a harmonic variation y(x,t) = Y(x)cos(t), the maximum kinetic energy:
Tmax =
2
2
l 0
Y 2 ( x )A( x )dx
ENE 5400
, Spring 2004
25
Contd
The potential energy V of a beam: (neglecting the work done by the shear forces)
Vmax
ENE 5400
1 = 2
d 2Y ( x ) 2 EI ( ) dx 0 dx 2
l 26
, Spring 2004
13
Rayleighs Method
By equating Tmax to Vmax, we obtain:
l
2 =
EI (
d 2Y ( x ) 2 ) dx dx 2 l AY 2 ( x )dx
2 =
l1
Where is Y(x) from? You have to choose Y(x), and make sure: (1) it is a reasonable beam deflection curve; (2) Y(x) must satisfy the beam boundary conditions
ENE 5400 , Spring 2004 27
anchored 1 h l x
=
2
= 1.5343(
ENE 5400 , Spring 2004 28
Eh 2 1 / 2 ) l 4
l1
E1I1(
d 2Y ( x ) 2 ) dx + dx 2 l1 A1Y 2 ( x )dx +
d 2Y ( x ) 2 ) dx + l1 dx 2 l2 A2Y 2 ( x )dx +
l2
E2I2 (
14
Spring Constant kx
When the resonant plate moves Xo under a given force Fo, the point B and D moves Xo/2, respectively The force acting on each beam is Fo/4 The slope at both ends of the beams are identically zero
truss
beam
anchor
plate
30
ENE 5400
, Spring 2004
15
Contd
The deflection curve of beam AB is:
ENE 5400
, Spring 2004
31
= =
x AB (y ) =
1 1 1 2 M p v 2 + M t vt2 + vb dM b p 2 2 2
(Fx / 4 ) (3Ly 2 2y 3 )
12EI z Fx L3 48EI z
for 0 y L
x AB (L ) = X o / 2 = x AB (y ) =
ENE 5400
, Spring 2004
32
Xo y 3 2 L
y L
16
Contd
So the velocity profile for segment AB (multiply ) is:
dy
13 2 2 X o M AB 280
ENE 5400
, Spring 2004
33
Contd
Similarly for beam CD, the deflection curve is:
truss
=
ENE 5400
83 2 2 X o M CD 280
, Spring 2004
K .E . CD =
2 X o 2 M CD 2L
3 y 2 L
vCD ( y ) = X o 1
3 y 2 L
y L
y L
dy
34
xCD ( y ) = X o + ( x AB ( y )) = X o 1
3 y 2 L
y L
anchor
plate
X o2 2 M AB 8L
34444244441
K .E . AB =
v2 AB
y L
y L
1 2
( X o )2
y L
y L
3 2
v AB ( y ) =
X o y 3 2 L
y L
dM AB
3 2
dM AB =
M AB dy L
beam y
17
Since,
M AB = MCD =
ENE 5400
Contd
The total maximum K.E. is
=
ENE 5400 , Spring 2004
Mp +
1 12 Mt + M 4 35 b
36
P .E .max =
, Spring 2004
1 1 6 M p + Mt + Mb 2 8 35
Xo
Fx dx =
Xo 0
k x x dx =
1 2 kx X o 2
kx
18