Approximations for liquids and

solids
Using Saturated
Liquid Data
(Compressed Liquid
Rule)
Using Incompressible
Substance Model
f
f
f
f
v v
h h
u u
s s
~
~
~
~
2 1 2 1
2 1 2 1 2 1
2 1 2 1
( )
( ) ( )
( )
p v
c c c
u u c T T
h h c T T v P P
h h c T T
= =
=
= +
~
Properties for Ideal Gases
Pv nRT
Pv RT
PV mRT
=
=
=
The Ideal Gas Model:
( )
( ) ( )
u u T
h h T u T RT
=
= = +
( )
( )
v
p
du
c T
dT
dh
c T
dT
=
=
Tables A-22(E) and A-23 (E)
When specific heats
are assumed constant
Table A-20(E):
2 1 2 1
2 1 2 1
( )
( )
v
p
u u c T T
h h c T T
=
=
Requirements:
1
c
c
Z
P P
T T
~
R
R
M
=
Polytropic Process of an Ideal Gas
For a closed system:
2 1
1 2
constant
P V
P V
n
n
PV =
| |
=
|
\ .
Expansion/Compression (Moving
Boundary) Work (Ideal Gas OR liquid):
2
2 2 1 1
1
2
2
1 1
1
1
, ( 1)
1
ln , ( 1)
PV PV
P dV n
n
V
P dV PV n
V

= =

| |
= =
|
\ .
}
}
Ideal Gases ONLY:
( 1) / ( 1)
2 2 1
1 1 2
2
2 1
1
2
2
1
1
( )
, ( 1)
1
ln
n n n
T P V
T P V
mR T T
P dV n
n
V
P dV mRT
V

| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .

= =

| |
=
|
\ .
}
}