Huong Dan Da CTM

V Ngc Pi, Nguyn Vn D Hng dn n chi tit my
1

Cc phn chnh trong Thuyt minh
n chi tit my

Nhn xt ca gio vin h-ng dn
Li ni u
Ti liu tham kho
Mc lc
Phn I: tnh ton ng hc h dn ng c kh
1. Tnh chn ng c in
1.1. Chn kiu loi ng c
1.2. Chn cng sut ng c
1.3. Chn tc ng b ca ng c
1.4. Chn ng c thc t
1.5. Kim tra iu kin m my, iu kin qu ti cho
ng c
2. Phn phi t s truyn
2.1. T s truyn ca cc b truyn ngoi hp gim
tc
2.2. T s truyn cho cc b truyn trong hp gim
tc
3. Tnh ton cc thng s trn cc trc
3.1. Tnh cng sut trn cc trc
3.2. Tnh s vng quay trn cc trc
3.3. Tnh m men xon trn cc trc
3.4. Lp bng kt qu
Phn II: Thit k cc chi tit truyn ng
1. Thit k b truyn ai (xch)
2. Thit k b truyn bnh rng (trc vt-bnh vt) cp
nhanh
chm
4. Kim tra iu kin bi trn cho hp gim tc
5. Kim tra iu kin chm trc
6. Kim tra sai s vn tc

2
Phn Iii: thit k cc chi tit ni
1. Thit k trc
1.1.Tnh trc theo bn mi
1.1.1. Tnh s b
1.1.2. Tnh gn ng
1.1.3. Tnh chnh xc
1.2. Tnh trc theo bn tnh (tnh qu ti)
1.3. Tnh cng cho trc
2. Tnh chn ln
1.1. Chn ph-ng n b tr
1.2. Tnh theo kh nng ti ng
1.3. Tnh theo kh nng ti tnh
3. Tnh chn khp ni
4. Tnh chn then
4.1. Tnh chn then cho trc I
4.2. Tnh chn then cho trc II
4.3. Tnh chn then cho trc III

Phn Iv: cu to v hp, cc chi tit ph v chn ch
lp trong hp
1. Thit k cc kch th-c ca v hp
2. Thit k cc chi tit ph (cht nh v, que thm
du, bu lng vng vv)
3. Chn cc ch lp trong hp

Ti liu tham kho
1. Trnh Cht, L Vn Uyn, Tnh ton h dn ng c
kh, tp I,II, NXB Gio dc, 1999
2. Nguyn Vn Lm, Nguyn Trng Hip, Thit k n
chi tit my, NXB Gio dc, 1993

3

Phn I
Tnh ton ng hc h dn ng c kh.

1. Chn ng c in:
- Chn kiu, loi ng c;
- Chn cng sut ng c;
- Chn tc ng b ng c;
- Chn ng c thc t;
- Kim tra iu kin m my, iu kin qu ti cho
ng c.
Ni dung c th ca cc b-c nh- sau:
1. 1. Chn kiu, loi ng c:
a. ng c in mt chiu:
b. ng c in xoay chiu:
Gm hai loi: ng c ba pha ng b v ng c ba
pha khng ng b. ng c ba pha khng ng b li chia
ra kiu rto dy cun v kiu rto lng sc.
Vi h dn ng c kh (h dn ng bng ti, xch
ti, vt ti... dng vi cc hp gim tc) nn s dng
loi ng c in xoay chiu ba pha rto lng sc.
1.2. Chn cng sut ng c:
Cng sut ca ng c -c chn theo iu kin nhit
nhm m bo cho nhit ca ng c khi lm vic
khng ln hn tr s cho php. m bo iu kin
cn tho mn yu cu sau:

dc
dt
dc
dm
P P >
(kW)
(1.1)
Trong :
dc
dm
P
- cng sut nh mc ca ng c;

dc
dt
P
- cng sut ng tr trn trc ng
c, -c xc nh nh- sau:
4
+) Tr-ng hp ti khng i:

dc
lv
dc
dt
P P >

(1.2)
+) Tr-ng hp ti thay i:

ck
i
ct
lv
ct
i
dc
lv
c
dt
t
t
P
P
P P

|
|
.
|
\
|
>
2
d

(1.3)
Vi:
ct
lv
P
- Gi tr cng sut lm vic danh ngha trn
trc cng tc.

dc
lv
P
- cng sut lm vic danh ngha trn trc ng
c:

/
dc ct
lv lv
P P q
=
(kW)
(1.4)
Trong :

ct
i
P
- cng sut ph ti ch th i trn trc cng
tc.

i
t
,
ck
t
- thi gian lm vic ch th i v thi
gian c chu k;
q
- hiu sut chung ca ton h thng; Khi xc nh

cn ch nh- sau:

+) Vi cc s gm cc b truyn mc ni tip:
q
= q
1
.q
2
.q
3
...
(1.5)
q
1,
q
2,
q
3
... l hiu sut cc b truyn v cc cp ln
trong h truyn dn. Gi tr ca chng cho trong bng
1.1.
+) Vi cc s gm cc b truyn mc song song (cc s
tch i), hiu sut ca cm cc b truyn xc nh
theo:
q

= q
i

(1.6)
Cng sut lm vic danh ngha trn trc cng tc -c
xc nh theo cng thc sau:

3
/10
ct
lv t
P F v =
(kW)
(1.7)
5
Vi, F
t
l lc vng trn trc cng tc (N); v l vn tc
vng ca bng ti (xch ti) (m/s).

Bng 1.1 Tr s hiu sut ca cc loi b truyn v cc
[1]
Tn gi
Hiu sut ca b truyn hoc

-c che kn h
B truyn bnh rng
tr
B truyn bnh rng
cn
B truyn trc vt
- t hm
-khng t hm
vi Z
1
= 1

Z
1
= 2

Z
1
= 4
B truyn xch
B truyn bnh ma st
B truyn ai
Mt cp ln
Mt cp tr-t
0,96 - 0,98
0,95 - 0,97

0,30 - 0,40
0,70 - 0,75
0,75 - 0,82
0,87 - 0,92
0,95 - 0,97
0,90 - 0,96

0,99 - 0,995
0,98 - 0,99
0,93 - 0,95
0,92 - 0,94

0,20 - 0,30

0,90 - 0,93
0,70 - 0,88
0,95 - 0,96

Ch thch: Tr s hiu sut ca cc b truyn bnh
rng cho trong bng ng vi cp chnh xc 8 v 9. Khi
dng b truyn kn vi cp chnh xc 6 v 7 th tng
tr s trong bng ln 1 ... 1,5 %.

1.3. Chn s vng quay ng b ca ng c
S vng quay ng b ca ng c (cn gi l tc t
tr-ng quay) -c xc nh theo cng thc:

p
f
n
db
60
=

(1.8)
Trong : f - tn s ca dng in xoay chiu (Hz) (f =
50 Hz);
6
p - s i cc t; p = 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6.
Trn thc t, s vng quay ng b c cc gi tr l
3000, 1500, 1000, 750, 600 v 500 v/ph. S vng quay ng
b cng thp th kch th-c khun kh v gi thnh ca
ng c cng tng (v s i cc t ln). Tuy nhin dng
ng c c s vng cao li yu cu gim tc nhiu hn,
tc t s truyn ca ton h thng tng, dn ti kch
th-c v gi thnh ca cc b truyn tng ln. Do vy,
trong cc h dn ng c kh ni chung, nu khng c yu
cu g c bit, hu nh- cc ng c c s vng quay ng
b l 1500 hoc 1000 v/ph (t-ng ng s vng quay c k
n s tr-t 3% l 1450 v 970 v/ph).

Cch xc nh s vng quay ng b nh- sau:
+) Tnh s vng quay ca trc cng tc:
- Vi h dn ng bng ti:

D
v
n
ct
t
3
10 . 60
=

(1.9)
Trong :
D - -ng knh tang dn ca bng ti (mm);
v - vn tc vng ca bng ti (m/s);
- Vi h dn ng xch ti:

zp
v
n
ct
3
10 . 60
=

(1.10)
Vi, z l s rng a xch ti; v l vn tc vng ca
xch ti (m/s); p l b-c xch ti (mm).
+) Xc nh s vng quay ng b nn dng cho ng c:
Chn s b s vng quay ng b ca ng c n
b
=
1500 v/ph (k n s tr-t n
b
= 1450 v/ph); Khi ny t s
truyn s b ca h thng u
sb
-c xc nh:

ct ct
db
sb
n n
n
u
1450
= =

(1.11)
Sau khi c gi tr u
sb
ta so snh n vi cc gi tr nn
dng v gi tr gii hn ca h thng (bng 1.2):
- Nu u
sb
nm trong khong u nn dng th n
b
=1500 v/ph;
- Nu u
sb
> u nn dng v nm trong khong u gii hn
th n
b
= 1000 v/ph;
7
- Nu u
sb
< u nn dng v nm trong khong u gii hn
th n
b
= 3000 v/ph;

Bng 1.2 T s truyn nn dng v gii hn ca cc truyn
ng
Loi truyn ng
T s
truyn
nn dng
T s truyn
gii hn
B truyn ai
B truyn xch
B truyn bnh rng tr
h
B truyn bnh rng cn
h
Hp gim tc bnh rng tr:
- 1 cp
- 2 cp
- 3 cp
Hp gim tc bnh rng cn 1
cp
Hp gim tc bnh rng cn -
tr
Hp gim tc trc vt 1 cp
Hp gim tc trc vt 2 cp
Hp gim tc bnh rng -
trc vt
Hp gim tc trc vt - bnh
rng
1,5 - 4
1,5 - 5
1,5 - 6
1,3 - 4

1,5 - 8
8 - 40
31,5 - 180
1 - 5
8 - 31,5
8 - 60
300 - 800
20 - 315
20 - 315
1 - 6
1 - 6
1 - 12,5
1 - 8

1 - 11
4 - 60
25 - 326
1 - 8
6,3 - 40
6,5 - 80
42,25 - 3600
14,6 - 480
14,6 - 480

- Nu u
sb
nm ngoi khong t s truyn gii hn th
dng hp gim tc nh thit k khng ph hp vi s liu
cho. Khi ny cn chn li hp gim tc loi khc cho
ph hp.
1.4. Chn ng c thc t
Cn c vo cng sut ng tr tnh tin hnh tra
bng chn ng c c cng sut nh mc tho mn iu
kin (1.1) v c s vng quay ng b ca ng c l gi
tr xc nh -c.
8
1.5. Kim tra iu kin m my, iu kin qu ti cho
ng c
a. Kim tra iu kin m my cho ng c:
Khi khi ng, ng c cn sinh ra mt cng sut ln
thng sc ca h thng. V vy cn kim tra iu
kin m my cho ng c.
iu kin m my ca ng c tho mn nu cng thc sau
m bo:

dc
bd
dc
mm
P P >

(1.12)
Trong :
dc
mm
P
- cng sut m my ca ng c (Kw):
( ) / /
dc dc
mm k dn dm
P T T P =
vi T
k
v T
dn
v m men khi ng v m men
danh ngha ca ng c (tra bng ng c).

dc
bd
P
- cng sut cn ban u trn trc ng c (kW):

dc
lv bd
dc
bd
P K P =

Nu ng c chn khng tho mn iu kin (1.12)
th cn chn li ng c c cng sut nh mc ln hn
ri kim nghim li.
b. Kim tra iu kin qu ti cho ng c:
Vi s ti thay i, trnh cho ng c b qu
ti cn kim tra qu ti cho ng c theo iu kin sau:

dc
qt
dc
P P >
max

(1.13)
vi :
dc
P
max
- cng sut ln nht cho php ca ng c
(kW);

dc
dm
dn
dc
P
T
T
P
max
max
>

dc
dm
P
- cng sut nh mc ca ng c (kW);
Gi tr
max
/
dn
T T tra bng thng s ng c;

dc
qt
P
- cng sut t ln trc ng c khi qu ti,
chnh l cng sut trn trc ng c ca gi tr ti ln
nht trong s ti.
Nu iu kin (1.13) khng tho mn, cn chn li
ng c in ri kim tra li.

9
2. Phn phi t s truyn
T s truyn (TST) chung ca ton h thng u

xc
nh theo:

ct
dc
n
n
u =

(1.14)
Trong : n
c
- s vng quay ca ng c chn (v/ph);
n
ct
- s vng quay ca trc cng tc (v/ph).
Vi h dn ng gm cc b truyn mc ni tip c:
u
= u
1
. u
2
. u
3
...
(1.15)
Vi: u
1,
u
2,
u
3
... t s truyn ca cc b truyn trong
h thng.
Sau y trnh by cch phn phi TST ca mt s
tr-ng hp c th:
2.1. T s truyn ca cc b truyn ngoi hp gim tc
K hiu u
h
l TST ca hp gim tc (HGT); u
ng
l TST
ca b truyn ngoi hp. TST ca b truyn ngoi th-ng
-c xc nh theo kinh nghim nh- sau:
+) Vi h dn ng gm HGT 1 cp ni vi 1 b truyn
ngoi hp th:
u
ng
= (0,7 0,75) u
h

Do :

( )

= u u
ng
75 , 0 7 , 0

(1.16)
Hay ta c:

ng
h
u
u
u

=

(1.17)
Nu b truyn ngoi l b truyn ai, gim sai s
do vic quy chun -ng knh cc bnh ai, nn quy chun
gi tr tnh -c theo dy TST tiu chun nh- sau:
1,00; 1,12; 1,25; 1,4; 1,6; 1,8; 2,00; 2,24; 2,50;
2,80; 3,15; 3,55; 4,00; 4,50; 5,00.
+) Vi h dn ng gm HGT 2 cp bnh rng ni vi 1 b
truyn ngoi hp th:
u
ng
= ( 0,15 0,1 ) u
h

Hay
10

( )

= u u
ng
1 , 0 15 , 0

(1.18)
(tr s nh dng khi u
h
ln).
+) Vi h dn ng gm HGT trc vt 2 cp; trc vt -
bnh rng hoc bnh rng - trc vt ni vi 1 b truyn
ngoi hp th:
u
ng
= ( 0,125 0,025 ) u
h
Hay

( )

= u u
ng
025 , 0 125 , 0

(1.19)
(tr s nh dng khi u
h
ln).

2.2 T s truyn ca cc b truyn trong hp gim tc
a. Vi hp gim tc bnh rng tr 2 cp khai trin
- T s truyn ca hp c th phn theo ch tiu tit
din ngang ca hp nh nht (cng chnh l bi trn
HGT hp l nht). Khi ny TST ca b truyn cp chm -c
xc nh theo cng thc sau [2]:

2
3
2
1
0, 96
ba
h
ba
u u

(1.20)
Trong :
ba1
;

ba2
- h s chiu rng bnh rng cp
nhanh v cp chm.
Trong thc t, th-ng
2 1
/ 1, 2 1,3
ba ba
= ; nu chn
2 1
/ 1,3
ba ba
=
th ta c cng thc sau [2]:

3
2
1,1
h
u u =

(1.21)
- T s truyn ca hp cng c th phn theo hm a
mc tiu vi th t -u tin cc hm n mc tiu sau:
khi l-ng cc b truyn, m men qun tnh thu gn v th
tch cc bnh ln nhng du nh nht; khi ny t s
truyn cc cp c th tra bng 3.1 [1] hoc tnh theo
cng thc:

3
2
1
825 , 0
h
u u ~

(1.22)

11

b. Vi hp gim tc bnh rng ng trc
- Vi HGT bnh rng ng trc c th tnh TST b truyn
cp nhanh u
1
theo cng thc [3]:

( )
0,47
0,43
1
1
2
1,34 7,9 0.4 0, 033 2,5
ba
h h
ba
u u u
| |
= + +
|
\ .

(1.23)
c. Vi hp gim tc bnh rng cn - tr 2 cp:
Vi HGT bnh rng cn - tr 2 cp, nhn -c
chiu cao ca HGT nh nht c th tnh t s truyn b
truyn bnh rng cp nhanh u
1
cng thc sau [4]:

( )
3
2
2
2
5 , 0 1
073 , 1
be be
h ba
K K
u
u
~

(1.24)
Trong : K
be
- h s chiu rng vnh rng bnh rng
cn; K
be
= 0,25 0,3;

ba2
- h s chiu rng bnh rng tr;
ba2
=0,30,4.
Khi K
be
= 0,3 v
ba2
= 0,4 (cc gi tr ti -u) ta c
[4]:

3
2
32 , 1
h
u u ~

(1.25)

d. Vi hp gim tc bnh rng cp nhanh tch i
Vi HGT cp nhanh tch i, nhn -c kch th-c
tit din ngang ca hp nh nht (cng chnh l bi
trn HGT hp l nht), TST ca b truyn bnh rng cp
chm xc nh theo cng thc [5]:

0.333
2 2
2
1
0.8055
C ba
h
ba
K
u u
| |
~
|
\ .

(1.26)
Vi
2
1 1,3
C
K =
.

e. Vi hp gim tc bnh rng cp chm tch i
Vi HGT cp chm tch i, nhn -c kch th-c
tit din ngang ca hp nh nht (cng chnh l bi
12
trn HGT hp l nht), TST ca b truyn bnh rng cp
chm xc nh theo cng thc [6]:

2 2
3
2
1
1.2776
C ba
h
ba
K
u u
~

(1.27)
Vi
2
1 1,3
C
K =
.
f. Vi hp gim tc bnh rng - trc vt:
- Vi HGT bnh rng - trc vt, bnh rng ln
khng nhng su qu trong du cng nh- c th b tr
gn HGT, t s truyn ca b truyn bnh rng u
1
c th
tra theo th hnh 3.25 [1], hoc c th tnh theo cng
thc sau (dng khi u
h
< 100):

17 , 0 012 , 0
5
1
+ ~
h h
u u u

(1.28)
- nhn -c kch th-c ca b truyn trc vt -
bnh vt nh nht v kt cu ca hp hp l, t s truyn
ca b truyn bnh rng u
1
-c xc nh theo cng thc:
+) Khi m men xon trn trc ra T
r
= 10
5
10
6
Nmm th:

123 , 0 22 , 0 1 , 1
1
+ + ~
p p
T T u

(1.29)
+) Khi m men xon trn trc ra T
r
= 10
6
8.10
6
Nmm
th:

181 , 0 032 , 0 89 , 1 97 , 0
1
+ + ~
p p
T T u

(1.30)
Trong :
5
10
r
p
T
T =

T
r
- m men xon trn trc ra (Nmm).

g. HGT trc vt 2 cp:
Vi HGT trc vt 2 cp c th phn phi t s truyn
nhm t -c kt cu ca HGT l hp l nht [7], khi ny
t s truyn ca b truyn trc vt - bnh vt cp chm
s l:

2
30,97 u ~

(1.31)
13
T s truyn b truyn trc vt bnh vt cp nhanh u
1
xc
nh theo cng thc:

1 h 2
u u / u =

(1.32)
Ch : nu u
1
<8 th ly u
1
=8 v tnh li u
2
theo cng
thc:

2 h
u u / 8 =

(1.33)
3. Tnh ton cc thng s trn cc trc
K hiu cc ch s tnh ton nh- sau: ch s "c" k
hiu trc ng c; cc ch s "I", "II", "III". ch trc
s I, II v III.

3.1. Tnh cng sut trn cc trc
Vi s ti thay i, chn cng sut danh ngha l
cng sut ln nht.
- Cng sut danh ngha trn trc ng c tnh theo cng
thc (1.4):

ct
dc lv
dc lv
P
P P
q
= =

- Cng sut danh ngha trn cc trc I, II v III xc
nh theo cc cng thc sau:

dc
I dc I o
P P q q
=

II I I II o
P P q q
=

III II II III o
P P q q
=

3.2. Tnh s vng quay ca cc trc
- Tc quay ca trc I:
I dc
dc
I
u
n
n
=

Vi u
dc-I
- t s truyn ca b truyn ( hoc khp ni )
ni gia ng c vi trc I.
- T-ng t ta c: n
II
= n
I
/u
I-II
; n
III
= n
II
/u
II-III

...

3.3 Tnh m men xon trn cc trc
14
M men xon trn trc th k -c xc nh theo cng
thc sau:

k
k
k
n
P
T
6
10 . 55 , 9
=

3.4. Lp bng kt qu
Cc kt qu tnh trn l s liu u vo cho cc
phn tnh ton sau, do vy cn lp bng thng k theo mu
sau:
Bng kt qu tnh ton:

Trc
/c I II III Cng
tc
Cng sut
(kw)

T s truyn
(-)

S vng
quay(v/ph)

M men (Nmm)

15
Phn II: Thit k cc chi tit truyn ng
1. Thit k b truyn ai (xch)
nhanh
chm
4. Kim tra iu kin bi trn cho hp gim tc
Vi hp gim tc bi trn ngm du, cc bnh rng
(bnh vt) ln (hay bnh b dn) -c ngm trong du.
Kim tra iu kin bi trn l kim tra cc bnh
ln u ngm trong du v khong cch gia mc du nh
nht v mc du ln nht phi ln hn mt tr s cho
php (th-ng bng 8 n 10 mm).

X
2
m
a
x
X
2
m
i
n
X
4
m
i
n
X
4
m
a
x
X
m
a
x
X
m
i
n
4
m
i
n
4
m
a
x
2
m
i
n
2
m
a
x

Hnh 2.1

Gi x l khong cch t cc mc du n tm trc.
Chiu su ngm du ti thiu ca bnh rng -c ly nh-
sau:
-Vi bnh rng tr (hnh 2.1): l
min
=(0,752).h v l
min

>10mm. Trong , h l chiu cao rng. Khi ny ta c:
min min
2
l
d
X
a
=

-Vi bnh rng cn (hnh 2.2): bi trn ngm du
cn ngm cc bnh ln ngp ht chiu di rng. Khi ny ta
c:
l
min
= bsin
o
-5
T ta c:

5 sin
2
min
+ = o b
d
X
ae

16
Chiu su ngm du ti a ca cc cp bnh rng ph
thuc vo vn tc vng v. Khi v>1,5m/s: l
max
=l
min
+10mm

b
X
2
m
a
x
X
2
m
i
n
X
4
m
i
n
X
4
m
a
x
o

Hnh 2.2

Khi vs1,5m/s: Vi b truyn bnh rng cp nhanh: l
max
=1/6
bn knh bnh rng. Vi b truyn cp chm: l
max
=1/4 bn
knh bnh rng. Khi ny ta c:

max max
2
l
d
X
a
=

Chn mc du chung cho c hp:
X
min
=min(X
2min
,X
4min
)
X
max
=max(X
2max
,X
4max
)

5. Kim tra iu kin chm trc
trnh cc bnh rng chm vo cc trc ca hp gim
tc, cn m bo cc bnh rng cch cc trc quay t nht
7 n 10 mm. Khi ny cn kim tra iu kin chm trc
(sinh vin t xy dng cng thc kim tra).

6. Kim tra sai s vn tc
Kim tra sai s vn tc theo cng thc sau :
% 4 % 100 s
= A
n
n n
n
thuc

Vi

n
= n
c
thuc
thuc
u
d

Ti liu tham kho
[1] Trnh Cht, L Vn Uyn, Tnh ton h dn ng c
kh, tp I, NXB Gio dc, 1999.
17
[2] Vu Ngoc Pi, A method for optimal calculation of total
transmission ratio of two step helical gearboxes,
Proceedings of The National conference on Engineering
Mechnics, Volume 1, Hanoi, October 12-13, 2001, pp. 133-
136.
[3] Vu Ngoc Pi, Nguyen Dang Binh, Vu Quy Dac, Phan Quang
The, Effective method for Optimal splitting of Total
transmission ratio of Coaxial helical gearboxes, School
on Computational Sciences and Engineering: Theory and
Application, March 3-5, 2005, Ho Chi Minh City, pp. 96-
99.
[4] Vu Ngoc Pi, A new and effective method for optimal
calculation of total transmission ratio of two step bevel
- helical gearboxes, International colloquium in
mechanics of solids, fluids, structures and interactions,
Nha Trang, Vietnam (2000), pp. 716- 719.
[5] Vu Ngoc Pi, Optimal Calculation of Partial
Transmission Ratios of Helical Gearboxes with First-Step
Double Gear-Sets, Int. Workshop on Advanced Computing and
Applications (ACOMP 2008), Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam,
2008, pp. 287-294.
[6] Vu Ngoc Pi, A study on optimal determination of
partial transmission ratios of helical gearboxes with
second-step double gear-sets, International Journal of
Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences (IJMPES),
Vol.2, No.2, 2008, ISSN 1307-7465, pp. 99-102.
[7] V Ngc Pi, V Qu c, Phn phi t s truyn cho hp gim tc trc vt hai
cp theo ch tiu kt cu ca hp hp l nht, Tp ch Khoa hc v Cng ngh, i
hc Thi nguyn, S 1 (41) 2007, Trang 65-69.

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