12

Chapter 1 Preliminaries

66. The points on or inside the circle centered at (! !) with radius 2 and on or inside the circle centered at (c2 0) with radius 2.

67. x# b y# b 6y  0 x# b (y b 3)#  9. The interior points of the circle centered at (! c3) with radius 3, but above the line y c3.

68. x# b y# c 4x b 2y 4 (x c 2)# b (y b 1)# 9. The points exterior to the circle centered at (2 c1) with radius 3 and to the right of the line x 2.

69. (x b 2)# b (y c 1)#  6 71. x# b y# 2, x 1 73. x# b y# 1 and y 2x 1 x# b 4x# 5x# x

" 5

70. (x b 4)# b (y c 2)# 16 72. x# b y# 4, (x c 1)# b (y c 3)#  10

and y

2 5

" 2 or x c 5 and y c 5 .

" 2 " 2 Thus, A 5 5 , B c 5 c 5 are the

points of intersection.

Section 1.2 Lines, Circles, and Parabolas

74. x b y 1 and (x c 1)# b y# 1 1 (cy)# b y# 2y# y
" 2

13

and x " c

" 2

or

" y c 2 and x 1 b

" 2 .

Thus,
" c 2

A " c

" 2

" 2 and B 1 b

" 2

are intersection points.

75. y c x 1 and y x# x# c x 1
1 5 . # 1 b 5 3 b 5 If x # , then y x b 1 # . If x 1c# 5 , then y x b 1 3c# 5 . Thus, A 1b# 5 3b# 5 and B 1c# 5 3c# 5

x# c x c 1 0 x

are the intersection points.

76. y cx and C c(x c 1)# (x c 1)# x

3 5 . # 5 c3 3 c 5 x # , then y cx # . If x 3b# 5 , then y cx c 3b# 5 . Thus, A 3c# 5 5c3 and B 3b# 5 #

x# c 3x b " 0 x

If

c 3b# 5

are the intersection points.

77. y 2x# c 1 cx# 3x# 1 " " " " x 3 and y c 3 or x c 3 and y c 3 .
" " " " Thus, A 3 c 3 and B c 3 c 3 are the

intersection points.

14
78. y

Chapter 1 Preliminaries
#
# # #

x 4

(x c 1)# 0
#

3x 4

c 2x b 1
2 3 and 2 " B 3 9

0 3x c 8x b 4 (3x c 2)(x c 2) x 2 and y y

x 4 x 4

1, or x

" 9 . Thus, A(2 1) and

are the intersection points.

79. x# b y# 1 (x c 1)# b y# x# (x c 1)# x# c 2x b 1 0 c2x b 1 x " . Hence # y# " c x # A " #

3 # 3 4

or y

and

B " c #3 #

3 #

. Thus,

are the

intersection points.

80. x# b y# 1 x# b y y# y y(y c 1) 0 y 0 or y 1. If y 1, then x# " c y# 0 or x 0. If y 0, then x# 1 c y# 1 or x 1. Thus, A(0 1), B(" 0), and C(c1 0) are the intersection points.

81. (a) A (69 0 in), B (68 .4 in) m (b) A (68 .4 in), B (10 4 in) m (c) A (10 4 in), B (5 4.6 in) m 82. The time rate of heat transfer across a material, to the temperature gradient across the material, of the material.
?U ?>

68 c 69 .4 c 0 c2.5/in. 10 c 68 4 c .4 c16.1/in. 5 c 10 4.6 c 4 c8.3/in. ?U ?> , is directly ?X ?B (the slopes ?U ?>

proportional to the cross-sectional area, A, of the material, from the previous problem), and to a constant characteristic
?X ?B

-kA ?X ?B

k=c

temperature. So a small value of k corresponds to low heat flow through the material and thus the material is a good insulator.Since all three materials have the same cross section and the heat flow across each is the same (temperatures are not changing), we may define another constant, K, characteristics of the material: K c " Using the values of ?X from ?B the prevous problem, fiberglass has the smallest K at 0.06 and thus is the best insulator. Likewise, the wallboard is the poorest insulator, with K 0.4. 83. p kd b 1 and p 10.94 at d 100 k
10.94c" 100
B? X?

pressure equation so that d 50 p (0.0994)(50) b 1 5.97 atmospheres. 84. The line of incidence passes through (! 1) and (" 0) The line of reflection passes through (" 0) and (# ") 0 m 1c1 1 y c 0 1(x c 1) y x c 1 is the line of reflection. #c

B? X? >? U?

. Note that

and

are of opposite sign because heat flow is toward lower

0.0994. Then p 0.0994d b 1 is the diver's

Section 1.2 Lines, Circles, and Parabolas

85. C
5 9

15

(F c 32) and C F F

5 9

Fc

160 9

4 9

F c 160 or F c40 gives the same numerical reading. 9

86. m

37.1 100

14 ?x

?x

14 .371 .

14 Therefore, distance between first and last rows is (14)# b .371 40.25 ft.

87. length AB (5 c 1)# b (5 c 2)# 16 b 9 5 length AC (4 c 1)# b (c# c #)# 9 b 16 5 length BC (4 c 5)# b (c# c 5)# 1 b 49 50 52 5 88. length AB (1 c 0)# b 3 c 0 1 b 3 2 length AC (2 c 0)# b (0 c 0)# 4 b 0 2 length BC (2 c 1)# b 0 c 3 1 b 3 2 89. Length AB (?x)# b (?y)# 1# b 4# 17 and length BC (?x)# b (?y)# 4# b 1# 17. 4 Also, slope AB c1 and slope BC " , so AB BC. Thus, the points are vertices of a square. The coordinate 4 increments from the fourth vertex D(x y) to A must equal the increments from C to B 2 c x ?x 4 and c1 c y ?y " x c2 and y c2. Thus D(c# c2) is the fourth vertex.
# #

90. Let A (x 2) and C (9 y) B (x y). Then 9 c x kADk and 2 c y kDCk 2(9 c x) b 2(2 c y) 56 and 9 c x 3(2 c y) 2(3(2 c y)) b 2(2 c y) 56 y c5 9 c x 3(2 c (c5)) x c12. Therefore, A (c12 2), C (9 c5), and B (c12 c5). 91. Let A(c" "), B(# $), and C(2 !) denote the points. Since BC is vertical and has length kBCk 3, let D" (c" 4) be located vertically upward from A and D# (c" c2) be located vertically downward from A so that kBCk kAD" k kAD# k 3. Denote the point D$ (x y). Since the slope of AB equals the slope of CD$ we have yc3 c " 3y c 9 cx b 2 or x c2 3

x b 3y 11. Likewise, the slope of AC equals the slope 2 of BD$ so that y c 0 3 3y 2x c 4 or 2x c 3y 4. xc2

Solving the system of equations

x b 3y "" we find x 5 and y 2 yielding the vertex D$ (5 #). 2x c 3y 4 I

92. Let ax, yb, x ! and/or y ! be a point on the coordinate plane. The slope, m, of the segment a! !b to ax, yb is y . A 90 x will be acy, xb or ay, cxb, the first of these corresponds to a counter-clockwise rotation, the latter to a clockwise rotation. (a) (c" 4); (b) (3 c2); (c) (5 2); (d) (0 x);

" rotation gives a segment with slope mw c m c x . If this segment has length equal to the original segment, its endpoint y

16

Chapter 1 Preliminaries
(e) (cy 0); (f) (cy x); (g) (3 c10)

93. 2x b ky 3 has slope c 2 and 4x b y 1 has slope c4. The lines are perpendicular when c 2 (c4) c1 or k k k c8 and parallel when c 2 c4 or k " . k #

94. At the point of intersection, 2x b 4y 6 and 2x c 3y c1. Subtracting these equations we find 7y 7 or y 1. Substitution into either equation gives x 1 (1 1) is the intersection point. The line through (1 1) and (" #) is vertical with equation x 1. 95. Let M(a b) be the midpoint. Since the two triangles shown in the figure are congruent, the value a must lie midway between x" and x# , so a x bx . #
# "

Similarly, b

y by #

96. (a) L has slope 1 so M is the line through P(2 1) with slope c1; or the line y cx b 3. At the intersection point, Q, we have equal y-values, y x b 2 cx b 3. Thus, 2x 1 or x " . Hence Q has coordinates #
3 " 5 . The distance from P to L the distance from P to Q # # b c 3 # 18 # # # 4 3 2 # .

(b) L has slope c 4 so M has slope 3

3 4

3 4

and M has the equation 4y c 3x 12. We can rewrite the equations of

the lines as L: x b y 3 and M: cB b 4 y 4. Adding these we get 25 y 7 so y 84 . Substitution 3 12 25 into either equation gives x 4 84 c 4 12 so that Q 12 84 is the point of intersection. The distance 3 25 25 25 25 from P to L 4 c
12 # 25

b 6 c

84 # 25

(c) M is a horizontal line with equation y b. The intersection point of L and M is Q(c" b). Thus, the distance from P to L is (a b 1)# b 0# ka b 1k .
C (d) If B 0 and A 0, then the distance from P to L is A c x! as in (c). Similarly, if A 0 and B 0, the C B distance is B c y! . If both A and B are 0 then L has slope c A so M has slope A . Thus, B

L: Ax b By C and M: cBx b Ay c Bx! b Ay! . Solving these equations simultaneously we find the
# # #

1.3 FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS 1. domain (c_ _); range [1 _) 3. domain (! _); y in range y range (! _).
" t

2. domain [0 _); range (c_ 1] , t 0 y#

" t

b Thus, (?x)# b (?y)# aAx A ByBbCb b

# # ! # !

kAx bBy bCk A bB

and y ! y can be any positive real number

# # !

# !

# # !

# !

A aAx bBy bCb aA b B b

, and (?y)# y

aA bB bcBCcA y bABx A bB

B aAx bBy bCb aA bB b

P to Q equals (?x)# b (?y)# , where (?x)#

# !

# !

point of intersection Q(x y) with x

"

22 5 .

ACcB aAy cBx b A bB

BCbA aAy cBx b . A bB # b x aA bB bcACB ABy cB x A b

and y

The distance from

Section 1.3 Functions and Their Graphs

4. domain [0 _); y in range y
" 1 b t

17

, t 0. If t 0, then y 1 and as t increases, y becomes a smaller

and smaller positive real number range (0 1]. 5. 4 c z# (2 c z)(2 b z) 0 z [c2 2] domain. Largest value is g(0) 4 2 and smallest value is g(c2) g(2) 0 0 range [0 2]. 6. domain (c2 2) from Exercise 5; smallest value is g(0) " and as 0  z increases to 2, g(z) gets larger and # larger (also true as z  0 decreases to c2) range < " _ . # 7. (a) Not the graph of a function of x since it fails the vertical line test. (b) Is the graph of a function of x since any vertical line intersects the graph at most once. 8. (a) Not the graph of a function of x since it fails the vertical line test. (b) Not the graph of a function of x since it fails the vertical line test. 9. y " c " x (a) No (x !; (c) No; if x ",
" x " x

c " ! x 1 and x !. So,

" x

"

c "  !;

(b) No; division by ! undefined; (d) ! "

10. y # c x # c x ! x ! and x #. x ! x ! and x # x % So, ! x %. (a) No; (b) No; (c) ! %

x 11. base x; (height)# b # x# height # 3 #

x; area is a(x)

" #

(base)(height)

" #

(x)

3 # x

3 4

x# ;

perimeter is p(x) x b x b x 3x. 12. s side length s# b s# d# s

d 2

; and area is a s# a

" #

d#

13. Let D diagonal of a face of the cube and j the length of an edge. Then j# b D# d# and (by Exercise 10)
$ # #

D# 2j# 3j# d# j

d 3

. The surface area is 6j#

6d 3

2d# and the volume is j$ d 3

x x

$#

d 3 3

14. The coordinates of P are x x so the slope of the line joining P to the origin is m
" x, x m ,
#

" x

(x 0). Thus,

" m .

15. The domain is ac_ _b.

16. The domain is ac_ _b.

18

Chapter 1 Preliminaries
18. The domain is c_ !.

17. The domain is ac_ _b.

19. The domain is ac_ !b r a! _b.

20. The domain is ac_ !b r a! _b.

21. Neither graph passes the vertical line test (a)

(b)

22. Neither graph passes the vertical line test (a)

(b)

xby" y1cx or or kx b yk 1 x b y c" y c" c x