LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION

MODELS/APPLICATIONS

EQUILIBRIUM RELATIONSHIPS
PHASE RULE FOR LLE
=CP +3 FOR 3 COMPONENTS / 3 PHASES =3 3 3 3 + =

VARIABLES INCLUDED
PRESSURE TEMPERATURE 4 COMPOSITIONS (2 IN EACH PHASE)

LLE DIAGRAMS - FORMS

LLE CAN BE PRESENTED IN VARIOUS FORMATS
TRIANGULAR, CARTESIAN,

McCABE-THIELE
Cehreli, S.; Bilgin, M, .Quaternary Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium of Water + Acetic Acid + Propionic Acid + Solvent (Amyl Alcohol, Cyclohexyl Acetate, or Toluene) Systems, J. Chem. Eng. Data; (Article); 2004; 49(5); 1456-1459.

OTHER LLE PLOTS

Kim, J.-K.; Park, D.-W., Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium for the Quaternary System Toluene + Water + Propionic Acid + Ethyl Acetate at 25 C and Atmospheric Pressure , J. Chem. Eng. Data; (Article); 2005; 50(2); 625-629

LLE PLOTS

Kim, J.-K.; Park, D.-W., Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium for the Quaternary System Toluene + Water + Propionic Acid + Ethyl Acetate at 25 C and Atmospheric Pressure , J. Chem. Eng. Data; (Article); 2005; 50(2); 625-629

LLE PLOTS CARTESIAN SOLVENT-FREE PLOT

PERRYS Ed. 7, PAGE 15-7

SINGLE STAGE LLX MODELS

MASS BALANCES INCLUDE OVERALL AND COMPONENT NEED EQUILIBRIUM DATA TO CALCULATE EQUILIBRIUM CHANGES STAGE EFFICIENCY LESS THAN 100% RESULTS IN A CHANGE IN RELATIVE LOCATION OF xa VS xa* EMPLOYS LEVER RULE

 TYPICAL MODEL FOR PROCESS:

SINGLE STAGE LLX MODELS

Pandit, P.; Basu, S., Dye and Solvent Recovery in Solvent Extraction Using Reverse Micelles for the Removal of Ionic Dyes , Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.; (Article); 2004; 43(24); 7861-7864.

MULTIPLE STAGE LLX MODELS

MODEL USES OVERALL AND COMPONENT MASS BALANCES EQUILIBRIUM DATA USED INITIALLY TO DETERMINE MINIMUM SOLVENT (L/V) RATIO (PONCHON-SAVARITT)
LOCATES ya,min ON EXTENDED EQUILIBRIUM TIE LINE PASSING THROUGH xa USE LEVER RULE TO DETERMINE Vb,min

LOCALIZED EQUILIBRIUM VALUES CAN RESULT IN ACTUAL Vb,min VALUES BEING HIGHER AND THIS WILL BE NOTICED IN ACTUAL DESIGN IF Ncalc =

MULTIPLE STAGE LLX MODELS

SEQUENTIAL FEED NORMALLY COUNTERCURRENT
Nishihama, S.; Hirai, T.; Komasawa, I., Separation and Recovery of Gallium and Indium from Simulated Zinc Refinery Residue by LiquidLiquid Extraction , Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.; (Article); 1999; 38(3); 10321039.

MULTIPLE STAGE LLX MODELS

DESIGN IS BASED ON RATIO OF Vb,act TO Vb,min USED TO LOCATE ya,act DESIGN POINT BASED IN INTERSECTION OF xa-ya LINE WITH xb-yb LINE. STAGES ARE STEPPED OFF BY ALTERNATING BETWEEN INTERSECTIONS ON EQUILIBRIUM ENVELOPE DEFINED BY EQUILIBRIUM TIE LINES AND LINES FROM DESIGN POINT.

MULTIPLE STAGE LLX MODELS

McCABE THEILE DIAGRAM CAN BE CONSTRUCTED FROM DATA FROM PONCHON-SAVARITT ALTERNATELY, IF B & S ARE RELATIVELY IMMISCIBLE AND FLOWS ARE SPECIFIED, THEN INERT FLOW MODEL CAN BE USED FOR THE OPERATING LINE. USING COMPONENT BALANCES FOR SOLUTE, A:

MULTIPLE STAGE LLX MODELS

INERT FLOWS MODEL
OE AL VRL xa yb xb + ` =L` L` V 3 x 3 x a 3 y b b F R IN E IM O TR SA E TG xa L` 3 x a ya + ` V 3 y a

y n+ xn 3 + ` V =L` 3 x 3 3 y n + n

ya + ` V 3 y a

L' = NON-TRANSFERRING B IN RAFFINATE AND V' = NON-TRANSFERRING S IN EXTRACT. CAN BE PLOTTED WITH EQUILIBRIUM LINE ON McCABE-THIELE FOR CALCULATIONS

LLX EQUIPMENT
MIXER-SETTLERS
A+B S

EXTRACT EXTRACT LAYER FAFFINATE RAFFINATE LAYER

MIXER

SETTLER

LLX EQUIPMENT SPRAY TYPE EXTRACTION TOWER

Chen, Liang-Huei (Chia-Nan Coll of Pharmacy and Science); Lee, YuhLang, Effects of a surfactant on the mass transfer in spray-tower extraction column, Chemical Engineering Journal, v 73, n 1, 1999, p 7781

SPRAY TYPE EXTRACTION TOWER USES A SPARGER FOR LIGHT LIQUID AND DISPERSER FOR HEAVY LIQUID OVERFLOW IS LIGHT/UNDERFLOW IS HEAVY

SIEVE TRAY EXTRACTION TOWER SIMILAR TO DISTILLATION UNIT

J. Antonio Rocha, J. Carlos Cardenas, Cesar Sosa, and Jorge Rosales, Preliminary design of sieve tray extraction columns. 1. Determination of the column diameter. Flooding velocities in sieve tray extractors , Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.; 1989; 28(12) pp 1873 - 1878

SIEVE TRAY EXTRACTION TOWER LIGHT LIQUID INVENTORIED UNDER EACH TRAY BUBBLES OF LIGHT LIQUID PASS THROUGH COUNTERFLOW OF HEAVY LIQUID DOWNCOMERS ARE USED TO TRANSFER HEAVY LIQUID DOWN THE COLUMN

SIEVE TRAY EXTRACTION TOWER DOWNCOMER DESIGN

J. Antonio Rocha, J. Carlos Cardenas, Cesar Sosa, and Jorge Rosales, Preliminary design of sieve tray extraction columns. 1. Determination of the column diameter. Flooding velocities in sieve tray extractors , Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.; 1989; 28(12) pp 1873 - 1878

YORK-SHEIBEL COLUMN
YORK-SHEIBEL COLUMNUSES AGITATION TO MIX MATERIAL FOR EACH STAGE WITH SETTLING OCCURING OUTSIDE THE AGITATION ZONE

PODBEILNIAK CENTRIFUGAL
PROVIDES A SINGLE STAGE HIGH g CONTACTING
CONTACTING REGIME
LIGHT OUT HEAVY IN

LIGHT IN

HEAVY OUT

 TYPICALLY ARE THOSE IN WHICH DISTILLATION IS NOT ECONOMICALLY ATTRACTIVE SULFOLANE PROCESS (UOP) -RECOVERY OF AROMATICS, COMBINES DISTILLATION WITH LLE
http://www.uop .com/objects/5 5%20Sulfolane .pdf

PROCESSES THAT UTILIZE LLX

PROCESSES THAT UTILIZE LLX

BIOTECH AND BIOPHARM
SEPARATION OF HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT FATTY ACIDS FROM VEGETABLE OILS
Alfred Thomas, Fats and Fatty Oils, Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry Copyright 2002 by Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA

PENICILLIN

PENICILLIN PRODUCTION PROCESS

Joseph A. Shaeiwitz, Joseph D. Henry, Jr., Biochemical Separations , Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry Copyright 2002 by Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA

SUPERCRITICAL EXTRACTION
SOLVENT IS AT SUPERCRITICAL CONDITIONS SUPERCRITICAL SOLVENT HAS THERMODYNAMIC AND TRANSPORT PROPERTIES THAT ARE SIMILAR TO A LOOSE LIQUID OR A DENSE GAS.

PROCESS DESCRIBED IN TEXT DECAFFINATION IS MORE LIKE SUPERCRITICAL LEACHING

SOLUTE EXTRACTION BASED ON SOLUBILITY IN SUPERCRITICAL PHASE PRODUCT IS OBTAINED BY LETTING PRESSURE DOWN TO SUBCRITICAL CONDITIONS

TYPICAL SC PROCESS

Eldridge, R. B., Oil Contaminant Removal from Drill Cuttings by Supercritical Extraction, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.; (Article); 1996; 35(6); 19011905.