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k *f fS rdu*f =HG ik f 3? aumefo"id yf M.mwf*rMKd if (Characters of
people)
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(Techmique methot)
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pkTukTpdkyfhyaum%fudk%ftkyf o+;xyfwufwkJ wufyMef 1? wify0W u
f ~Kd yf([GaH oif) y7ly7m
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vs;7wfw"d

107

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ya7if.mwf0wXKAkDvkTa7m txHuft&kDya7if.mwf v0f*Sf aoImAH afS uwfv0fu7Dk ?
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raumfy~J0wXK.rMdif*Sf ya7if.mwfo+;EGHwGTKa7mif? v 4? ya7if.mwfy:*rMdKiif (Plot or Sub story )
aqm0f 0wXKr0f=gefwtf*fS ya7if.mwf[w
dk ef [
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108

aumefo"difyM.mwf*rMdKif
(Characters of people)

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vdufya7if vs;7wfw"d
yaumHwJk o+;csLc'w
H aj 7mif? umv*Srf ;I ,kwadW v0fEHG
oGun
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5?

vYmfvufu7j tcef.mwfvkyf*rMdKif
(Seceres or background)

y~Jya7if.mwf0wXK*Sf tBumtcefememwtf
aumefo"diftcef.mwfwtf nHif*GHrHuf*w0frmef
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omwfref csLv0f0wXKr'KH ,"K va7mifvS rG ;f aomuk
rkh=m (vs;*dwkrtkyf]vDkv0fukrkh=m) *Sf aumef
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6?

wifyWdKefx|;(eJuJynmc'H)
(Techmique methot)

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(t7dik ;f pHy,f)/ acef aESe,
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AkDhyifrcsL (Style)

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113

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