K

K
W

W
W

W
W
Diode o

BJT o
IGBT o
MOSFET o
Thyristor o
Triac o
Diac o

KUJT o

K
WThyristor

semiconductors

General Electrics
--

Anode (A) WK
KEJ F Gate (G) Cathode (K)

Gate

(G)
G

Cathode

(K)

Anode

(A)
P

P
J

WEJ F

N
J

KSilicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR)

K
KON state

WStates of a thyristor
Forward biased stateW

KReverse biased state

KEF K
WStatic Characteristic of a thyristor

EF
K
JJJ
--

Forward leakage currentK

OAFForward Blocking (off) state

KEEJ F

JForward Breakdown Voltage

KEEJ FBCF On State

J
K

Holding IH

Kcurrent

E
F

K
JJJ

Reverse leakage current

KEEJ FODF

Avalanche
KEEJ FDEF

--

+IA

IG>IG

IG>IG
IH

IG=

B
A

VRB
-VAK
D

+VAK
VFB

-IA

WEJ F

WIdeal characteristic of a thyristor

E F
KEEJ FOAF

EEJ FOCF

KEEJ FOBF

--

IA

VAK

WEJ F

WMethods of triggering a thyristor

WThermal and light triggering

Light Activated Silicon Controlled Rectifier

K(LASCR)

--

WHigh voltage triggering

K
K

W dv triggering
dt

K
K

dv
dt

WGate triggering
E
F

{
K

WFiring circuits of a thyristor

W

K
W

--

WDC firing circuits
Eg EJ F

SWKDRg
K
KRg

KK

WEJ F
WAC firing circuits

EJ FK
DRR

KR

KRgR

KK
--

WEJ F
WPulse triggering circuits

K
EJ FKPulse transformers
CRQ

RK

Vp

KQR

--

WEJ F
WThyristor protection

EJ FK

W
K Fuse

KSnubber circuit
K

--

WEJ F
WTriac

KEJ F

Terminal
(T)
( )

Gate

(G)

G
N
K
P
N

Terminal
(T)

A
()

P
A

( )

EFEFEFWEJ F
--

K
W

TTTT
KTG

TTTT
KTG
K

KEJ F

IG>IG

IG=

IG>IG

IH
-VB
V
O

VB

WEJ F
--

WDiac
W

TTTT

TTTT
K

KEJ F

( )

Terminal
(T)

Terminal
(T)

N
()

EFEFWEJ F

EJ F

K IG
K

--

IBR
V
VB

WEJ F

--

J
J
J
J

J
J

J
J

TT J

J
TT J
J

--

W
W

K(R-L)(R)

Vm

KVm

WEF

(Thyristor)

E F (SCR)
W

EJ F

- -

Ig

Ig

EF

E F

EFW WEJ F
KEF

Single-Phase Half-Wave Controlled Rectifiers with a resistive load

KREJ F

E F

EtoF
ERFEJ F

EVoFEtoF
K

EtoZF'R'

'R'
K

EJ FtoZ
- -

'io' 'vo'EF
W'vT'
, 0 < t < t0
0

V0 = Vm sin t , t 0 < t < /

0
, / w < t < 2 /

to
toto

Kto

K'R'WEJ F

- -

KEJ FWEJ F
WAverage load voltage and current

WEJ F
EJ F

o ( avg )

.(1 + cos )

K Vm
W

EJ F

o ( avg )

0 ( avg )

J FEJ FEJ F
WE
EJ F

o ( avg )

2R

.(1 + cos )

W'Im'
EJ F

I
- -

o ( avg )

.(1 + cos )

KVm/R Im
R.M.S. value of the load voltage and current
EJ F

EJ F

o ( rms )

= V m . (1 +
2

sin 2
)
2

W
EJ F

o ( rms )

. (1

sin 2
+
)
2

E F E F
KE F

(Vdo)

WVdoEJ FE ZF

EJ F

do

=Vm

Vo

K
(Power Factor)
'PF'

W'S''P'
EJ F

PF =

P
S

EJ F

P=

I R
S=I V

EJ F

rms

rms

- -

EJ FEJ F
WEJ F
EJ F

PF =

I R
V
rms

WEJ FEJ F'R'

EJ F

PF =

1
sin 2
.(1 +
)
2
2

WJ

'Vo' KV
= EF

= oEF

W'PL'

= o EF

= oEF

o
= oEF

W'Vm'

= V s 2 = 120 2 = 169.7 V

J FEJ F
'PL''Vo(avg)'
WE

.(1 + cos )
2
2
P L = I rms R

o ( avg )

W = oEF
169.7
.(1 + cos 0o ) = 54 V
2
sin 2
169.7
V
I o( rms) = 2Rm . (1 + 2 ) = 20 1 0 = 8.485 A

o ( avg )

P =I
L

2
o ( rms )

R = 8.485 2 .10 = 720 W

- -

W = oEF

169.7
.(1 + cos 45o ) = 46.1 V
2
169.7
45. 1 sin 90 0
=
.
1

. +
= 8.09 A
I o( rms ) 20
180
2
P L = 8.092.10 = 654.55 W

o ( avg )

W = oEF

169.7
.(1 + cos 90o ) = 27 V
2
90. 1 sin 180 0
169.7
=

=6 A
. +
.
1
I o( rms ) 20
2
180
P L = 6 2.10 = 360 W

o ( avg )

: = oEF

169.7
.(1 + cos135o ) = 7.91 V
2
135. 1 sin 270 0
169.7
=

= 2.56 A
. +
.
1
I o( rms ) 20
2
180
P L = 2.562.10 = 65.4 W

o ( avg )

W = oEF

169.7
.(1 + cos 180 o ) = 0 V
2
169.7
180. 1 sin 360 0
=
.
1

. +
=0 A
I o( rms ) 20
180
2
PL = 0 W

o ( avg )

''

Vo(avg) V
PL

- -

WJ

KV
Wo

K'PL' J

K'PF' J

W'Im' J

120 2
= 16.97 A
10

=Vm =
R

W J

QI
PL =

Im
4

.R.(1

o ( rms )

P
= I

2
rms

. (1

sin 2
+
)

16.97 2
60
sin 120
sin 2
+
)=
.10.(1 .
+
= 579 W
2
4
2

180

WEJ F' PF' J

sin 2
1
.(1 +
)
2
2

1
60
sin 120
.(1 .
+
) = .634 Lag.
2
2
180

Q PF =
PF =

WJ

Wo''K Hz
K'Im' J

K'Vo(avg)' J
K'Io(avg)' J

K'Io(rms)' J

K'PL' J

K'' J

- -

K'fo' J
K'PF' J

'Vm' J

= V s 2 = 150 2 = 212 V

Im J

212
=Vm =
= 21.2 A
R
10

Vo(avg) J

o ( avg )

212
= V m .(1 + cos ) =
.(1 + cos 300 ) = 63 V
2
2

Io(avg) J

o ( avg )

o ( avg )

63
= 6. 3 A
10

Io(rms)' J

QI o(rms ) =

. (1

21.2
30
sin 60o
sin 2
+
)=
. 1 .
+
= 10.45 A
2
2
2

180

'PL' J

2
rms

R = 10.452.10 = 1092 W

'R''' J

= 180 o = 180 o 30 o = 150 o

EF
W'fo'KEJ F

= 60 Hz

'PF' J
1
sin 2
.(1 +
)
2
2

1
30
sin 60
.(1 .
+
) = 0.7 Lag.
2
2
180

Q PF =

PF =

- -

Single-Phase Half-Wave Controlled Rectifiers with an Inductive Load 'R-L'

EJ F

'vo''vs'
EJ FR-L
K'vT''io'

K'R-L'WEJ F
W
WEJ F

E F'vs'

t =

= tan 1 L ''

K(Extinction angle)''
o

- -

o''

'vT' K < t <

< t <
EJ F

'R'

EJ FWEJ F
W

WEJ F

EJ F

o ( avg )

= V m .(cos cos )
2

W
- -

EJ F

o ( avg )

o ( avg )

= V m .(cos cos )
2R

W' '

sin( ) = sin( ).e

)
tan

K = tan 1 L

EJ F' '

K''''
J FK( = + )''

= o'R' = oE
K(L)
W
W
W''
K

W''

W''
K

- -

''''EJ F
''

Single-Phase Half-Wave Controlled Rectifiers with an Inductive Load and a FreeWheeling Diode

K(Free-wheeling diode)

EJ F
R-L

- -

(Short-circuit)
KEJ F

K 'R-L'EJ F
W
EJ F
KEJ F

''
KEJ F

< t <

t = ''

< t < K''

< t < < t < <t <

'R-L''vs'
vo = vs'vs' 'vo'

t = EJ FK
- -

F
< t < E

EJ FWEJ F

- -

W
W

'vo'

K
EJ F

WEJ F

o ( avg )

o ( avg )

2R

.(1 + cos )
.(1 + cos )

WJ

'R'K Hz

oK 'L'
K

W
W

V
I

o ( avg )

o ( avg )

2R

.(1 + cos )
.(1 + cos )

o ( avg )

150 2
.(1 + cos 30o ) = 63 V
2
63
I o( avg ) = 10 = 6.3 A

- -

Single Phase Full-Wave Controlled Rectifier

Resistive Load
EJ F
.R Vs

KEJ F

K 'R'WEJ F
W
T, T

T,T

T t TT
t T
KOpto-CouplerPulse Transformer

- -

W
EJ F

TTKEJ F

T,T

vs

VoTRT
K E
FR

T,T
+

T R T

oT,T T,T

TT T

vAKT

is

K io

- -

WEJ F
K 'R'
W
EJ F
EJ F
W

EJ F

o ( avg )

= V m .(1 + cos )

W
- -

EJ F

o ( avg )

o ( avg )

= V m .(1 + cos )
R

WEJ F
EJ F

I o( avg ) = I m .(1 + cos )

Vm
Vs

WIm Im
EJ F

=Vm =Vs
m
R
R

WEJ F
EJ F

o ( rms )

sin 2
= V m . (1 +
)
2

W
EJ F

I o( rms ) = I m .
2

(1

sin 2
+
)
2

WJ

K R HzV
Wo

KVo(avg) J
KIo(avg) J

KIm J

K'Io(rms)' J

K'PL' J

K'fo' J

K'PF' J
- -

W
W J

V
V o ( avg ) =

o ( avg )

= V m .(1 + cos )

150 2

.(1 + cos 30o ) = 126 V

W J

o ( avg )

o ( avg )

126
= 12.6 A
10

W J

=Vm =
R

150 2
= 21.2 A
10

W J

I o( rms) =

. (1

30
21.2
sin 60o
sin 2
+
)=
. 1 .
+
= 14.77 A
2
2

180
2

W J
2
2
P L = I orms R = 14.77 .10 = 2182 W
J

= 2 f = 2.(60) = 120 Hz

Io(rms) J
Is
2

R
PF = I
V I
orms
s

orms

orms

14.77.(10)
= 0.98 Lag.
PF =
150

R-L
EJ F
K(R-L)

- -

K 'R-L'WEJ F
W
T,T

T,T t =

EJ F t = +

vs T,T

t = T T

vo R

vs

T, T
< t < vo

T, T EJ FK
t = +

T vs
- -

T
t = +
L

K
EJ FEJ F

EJ F

is o
+ EJ Fo

WEJ F
K 'R-L'

- -

WEJ F
K
W

WEFEJ F
EJ F

V o( avg ) = V m .(cos cos )

EFEJ F
W
EJ F

V o ( avg ) = 2 .V m cos

Vo(avg)/R I o ( avg )
- -

WEFEJ F
EJ F

I o( avg ) = V m .(cos cos )

R

WEFEJ F

EJ F

I o( avg ) = 2 .V m cos
R

EJ F

o

o o
(rectifier)
(inverter)

(-Quadrant)

K
WVAK

EF TT

T
T
TTvs
EJ F

T2

= V s + V T1

T
KV T 2 = V s vsT

- -

WJ

HzV

.{ L >> R
K V

L >> R

o ( avg )

200 =
cos = 0.966

=
2

WEJ F
.V m cos

.(230 2 ). cos
= 15o

WJ

HzV
Wo. L >> R
KVo(avg) J

K'Io(avg) J
KIm J

K'Io(rms)' J

KIoTh J
K'PL' J

KPF J
W

Vm J

= V s 2 = 120 2 = 170 V

EF J
- -

o ( avg )

.V m cos =

.170. cos 30o = 94 V

o ( avg )

o ( avg )

94
= 9. 6 A
10

o ( avg )

= 9 .4 A

W J

orms

o ( avg )

= 9 .4 A

o J

oTh

1
2

o ( avg )

9.4
= 4.7 A
2

2
orms

R = 9.42.10 = 883.3 W

J
W
2

R
PF = I
V I
orms

orms

orms

94
= 0.78 Lag.
120

W
EJ F

EF
K

KEJ F

- -

WEJ F
K

EJ F

EJ F
WL >> R

T,T

vs
t =

TT
( t )t =

t =


( t +)

is

t+

T ,T
- -

TT
vo = - vs

t =

t = +

EJ F KT,T

WEJ F
K

- -

W
EJ FEJ F

WEE{FF

EJ F

o ( avg )

= V m .(1 + cos )

EJ F

o ( avg )

o ( avg )

= V m .(1 + cos )
R

EJ F

W
EJ F

I D ( avg ) = I o ( avg ) .

Vm
.(1 + cos )
2R

WJ

HzV
K L >> R
Wo

K'Vo' J

'Io(avg)' J

KIm J

K'Iorms' J

KID(avg) J
KIoTh J
- -

K'PL' J
KPF J

Vm J

= V s 2 = 120 2 = 170 V

EF J

o ( avg )

= V m .(1 + cos ) =

170

.(1 + cos 300 ) = 101 V

o ( avg )

o ( avg )

101
= 10.1 A
10

o ( avg )

= 10.1 A

orms

o ( avg )

= 10.1 A

D ( avg )

o ( avg )

30

= 10.1 (
) = 1.683 A
180

ooJ

oTh

( )
150
. I o ( avg ) =
.(10.1) = 4.21 A
2
360

2
orms

R = (10.1) 2 .10 = 1020 W

W J
(I)

PF =

P
V I
s

L
srms

1020
120 I srms

WIs(rms)

(II)

srms

= I o ( avg )

150
= 10.1
= 9.22 A

180

W(I)(II)
- -

PF =

1`020
= 0.92 Lag.
120 .(9.22)

K
'R-L'
Single-Phase Full-Wave Half-Controlled Rectifiers with an Inductive Load

EJ F(-Quadrant)
EJ FEJ F

KEJ FD, DT, T

EJ F
L >> R
W

- -

K 'R-L'WEJ F

t = DTvs

io t

is

t =
io
t = DT

KEJ F

DTvs
+ t t =
- -

t +
DT

D T
KEJ F

EJ F
K

EJ F

EJ F

WEJ FEJ FEJ F

EJ F

o ( avg )

= V m .(1 + cos )

EJ F

- -

o ( avg )

= V m .(1 + cos )
R

WEJ F
K
WJ
vo
VEJ F

L >> R Hz
W
K =

E F

K = o

E F

K = o
K = o
- -

EF

E F

T EF

= D

DT
EFEJ F
Kvovs

D T EF

= = o

t o

voT

T t o

D T

EFEJ F
Kvovs
WEFEF EF

t
o t o

DT
o t o
EFEJ Fo t o

Kvovs
- -

EFEFEF EF
KvovsEFEJ F

EF

EF

EF

WEJ F
K

- -

W
'io''vo''vs' J
:'vAK'

'R'

'''Vo(avg)' J

KV

'io'EFh J
WK

'' J

'' J

K'' J

d J

K

'L' J
K'io'

- -

J
:(L>>R)

K J

K J

'is''io''vo' J
:

K' ' J
K' ' J

V J
:' 'K Hz

J
J
J

K J

J
VK

K' 'K Hz
J
J
J
J

EF J
K J

- -

KHzV

WK' '

J
J

- -

W
W

(duty cycle)

K

W

step-down (buck) choppers J

K

step-up (boost) chopper J

K

- -

WA Basic DC Chopper
EJ F

KRVs
S

Power Thyristor

'Insulated Gate Bipolar 'MOSFET'Transistor

KTransistor'

switches

W'ideal'

J
Kturn-on

J
Kturn-off

K J

power loss
output dc Input dc power

EJ F

V s I s = V o I o

Wpower
W

K: Vs

K??: Vo

KWIs
KWIo

- -

io

vo

KRWEJ F
WDuty Cycle
TOFF

TON

EJ F

Pulse-Width Modulation

TON
K
TOFF + TONT

D
W
EJ F

D=

ON

T ON + T OFF

= T ON
T

W
KWD

K:T
K:TON

K:TOFF

- -

VPULSE

TOFF

TON

T+TON

KWEJ F

( D ) EJ F

Base current

KCommutation circuitEF(Auxiliary Circuit)

- -

The Principle of Operation of a Basic DC Chopper Connected with a Resistive Load:

EJ Fvo

( vo Vs)Vs
S

voK

vo

EJ FVs

Kvo

W
WVo
EJ F

Vo =

ON

T ON + T OFF

.V s = T ON .V s
T

vo

Vs

TOFF

T+TON

TON

KvoWEJ F

EJ FEJ F

EJ F

- -

V o = DV s

Vo
EJ F
VoEJ FD

K V VsVs

EJ F Io

Io
W
EJ F

Vo

D
= V o = .V s
R
R

Vs

KDVoWEJ F
W
Io(rms)Vo(rms)
W
EJ F

EJ F

o ( rms )

V
=V

o ( rms )
s

=V s

D=

RIsW

- -

KPoPi

EJ F

Pi = D V s
R

KPulse-Width Modulation (PWM) J

KPulse-Frequency Modulation (PFM) J

PWM
TON

EJ FT

TON PFM

EJ F
K

KPFMPWMY

SPFM

high current ripples

K

- -

PWMY
filters
vo

vo

VS

Vo

EF

vo

VS

Vo

t
T

EF

vo

vo

VS

Vo

EF

KvoWEJ F
- -

vo

Vs
Vo

EF

vo

Vs
Vo

EF

vo

Vs

Vo

EF

voWEJ F

- -

WJ
VEJ F

W{ KHzS
KVo J
KVo(rms) J
KPi J

WEJ F J

= D V s = 0.5 (220) = 110 V

WEJ F J

o ( rms )

D = 220 0.5 = 155.6 V

=V s

EJ F J
W

=D

V
R

2
s

= 0 .5

2202
= 2420 W
10

WStep-Down (Buck) DC Choppers

WCase of An Inductive Load

EJ FK

EJ Fdv/dt S

EF
- -

K
W
S
EJ F

S K 'S'
D EFEJ F

R-LSVs

vo t TON
K EFEJ F

t = TONS

EFEJ F

EFEJ F

t TOFF

EFEJ FK
EFEJ F

K t TOFF

Kdv/dt

- -

io

+
VD

vo

EF

io

Is=io

vo

VD=Vs
ID=

Is=

EF

io

vo

ID=io

EF

KWEJ F

- -

WContinuous Current Mode

EFEJ F

K J

K J
KS J

filterK

>> L/R

I max
I min
EJ FEJ FKT

EFEJ F

t TON SVs
EFJ TON t T

EFJ SisEFJ
EFJ EFJ EFJ

TON t T
t TON is
W

- -

EJ F

+
I o = I L = I max I min

Vo
TON

TOFF

Vs

TON

T+TON

EF

ID

Imax

Imin

TON

Is

EF

T+TON

Imax

Imin

TON

T+TON

io

EF

Imax

Imin

TON

T+TON

EF
- -

KWEJ F
W
EJ F

=Vo
R

WEJ FEJ F
EJ F

max

+ I min = 2 V o
R

K I max I min

W
EJ F

EJ F

=L

dio

dt

dio

=V o

dt

VO io
=
L
t

iO =

VO
t
L

W iO
EJ F

iO = I max I min

W t

EJ F

t = TOFF

WEJ FEJ FEF

EJ F

I max I min

I max I min =

Vo
TOFF
L

EJ FEJ F
Vo Vo
+
TOFF
R 2L
V
V
= O O TOFF
R 2L

EJ F

I max =

EJ F

I min

W I P P = iO
EJ F

I P P = I max I min

EJ F

I P P = TOFF V 0

- -

IDIsS
WD
EJ F

EJ F

I s = D I o = T ON I o
T

= (1 D ) I o = T OFF
T

K ID Io

is

T
K Vs
WDiscontinuous Current Mode
D

SKS

SK

K
KTON t T

EJ FEJ F

EJ F
S

EJ FKTON
TON t TS

K t TONS

- -

KL
K
EJ FImin

I min = 0 = VO VO TOFF

2L

V o =T OFF V o
R
2L

EJ F

L = R T OFF
2

- -

Vo

Vs

TON

T+TON

t
T

EF

ID

Imax

TON

T+TON

EF

Is

Imax

TON

io

T+TON

EF

Imax

TON

T+TON

EF

KWEJ F
- -

WJ
EJ F

V
KHz S K mH

W VEF

KD J

KTON J
KVo(rms) J
KIo J

KImaxImin J
KIp-p J

Ip-p J
K KHz

Ip-p J
K mH
W

WEJ F J
QV o = D V s

D =V o =

50
= 0.5
100

WEJ F'TON' J
D = T ON
T

T ON = D T =
T ON =

D
f

0.5
= 0.5 ms
1000

W'TOFF' J

OFF

= T T ON = 1 0.5 = 0.5 ms

WEJ F J

o ( rms )

=V s

D =100 0.5 = 70.7 V

- -

W J

50
=V o =
= 0 .5
R 100

EJ FEJ F J
Vo Vo
50
50
+
TOFF = +
0.5 = 5.25 A
R 2L
10 2 * 50
V
V
50
50
= O O TOFF =
0.5 = 4.75 A
R 2L
10 2 * 50

I max =
I min

WIP-P J

PP

= I max I min = 5.25 4.75 = 0.5 A

{ KHzIP-P J
W

OFF

= (1 D)T =

(1 D)
f

(1 0.5)
= 0.1 ms
5*103
V
V
50
50
I max = o + o TOFF = +
0.1 = 5.05 A
10 2 * 50
R 2L
V
V
50
50
0.1 = 4.95 A
I min = O O TOFF =
10 2 * 50
R 2L
I P P = I max I min = 5.05 4.95 = 0.1
A
T OFF =

IP-P

KHz mHIP-P J
W{

OFF

= (1 D)T =

(1 D)
f

(1 0.5)
= 0.1 ms
5*103
V
V
50
50
I max = o + o TOFF = +
0.5 = 5.05 A
R 2L
10 2 * 250
V
V
50
50
I min = O O TOFF =
0.5 = 4.95 A
R 2L
10 2 * 250
I P P = I max I min = 5.05 4.95 = 0.1
A
T OFF =

- -

IP-P
K

IP-P

WJ

EJ F

K mH V
KHzS

W{ msTON

KD J

KTOFF J
KVo J
KIo J

KVo(rms) J
K J

W J

T=

1
1
=
=1 ms
f 1 *103

0 .5
= 0.5 ms
D = T ON =
T
1

W J

OFF

= T TON =1 0.5 = 0.5 ms

W J

= DV s = 0.5*100 = 50 V

W J

50
=V o = = 5
R 10
- -

W J

o ( rms )

D = 100 0.5 = 70.7 V

=V s

W J
0 .5
L = T OFF R =
*10 = 2.5 ms
2
2

WJ
EJ F

K mH V

Hz AIp-p

W msTON
KD J

KTOFF J
KIs J
KID J

KImaxImin J

W J

T=

1 1
=
=10 ms
f 100

4
D = T ON = = 0.4 ms
10
T

W J

OFF

= T TON =10 4 = 6 ms

W J

=D

= 0.4 * 20 = 8 A

W J

= (1 D ) I 0 = (1 0.6) * 20 =12
- -

WImaxImin J

max

=Io +

max

=Io

p p

p p

4
= 22 A
2
4
= 20 = 18 A
2

= 20 +

T
=

L 500
=
=125 ms and
R
4

T = ms

WJ
EJ F

K V
W V KHzS
KD J

KIo J
K J

KImaxImin J

W
W J
D =V o =

15
= 0 .6
25

W J

15
=V o = = 3 A
R 5

W
J

OFF

= (1 D) T =

(1 D ) (1 0.6)
=
= 0.1 ms
f
4

0 .1
L = T OFF R =
* 5 = 0.25 mH
2
2

- -

W J

I max =

Vo Vo
15
15
+
TOFF = +
* 0 .1 = 3 + 3 = 6 A
R 2L
5 2 * 0.25
V
V
I min = O O TOFF = 3 3 = 0
R 2L

'D' J

J
K J

K J
K J
: J

KEF J

J
K

V J
W{KHzK

K J
K J

K J
K J
K J

- -

V J
WKV

K J

KEF J

KHz

K V V
KETON,TOFFF

KHzKmH

W{

K J
K J

K J

K J
KKHz J

K J

- -

W
W

'Inverters'

KKKKIGBT

- -

W
'Voltage Source Inverter(VSI)' K
K

'Current Source Inverter(CSI)' K

K

W
(induction motors)

KEinduction heatingF

K(synchronous motors)

KEaircraft power suppliesF

KEuninterruptible power supplies UPSF

KE high-voltage DC transmissionF

KEstandby power suppliesF

o
o

EbatteryF
Esolar cellF

LL

KL

- -

The Basic Inverter

WR
EJ F

SS
EJ FSS

SS
Vs

S SKSS

SS

EJ F'T'
W'fo'
EJ F

- -

1
Hz
T

Vs

Vo

Vs

KRWEJ F

- -

Vs

Vs
S

T
2

Vs

3T
2

Vs
S

T
2

Vo

Vs
S

T
2

3T
2

-Vs

S, SWEJ F

K SS

- -

'filter'

K'PWM'

Voltage Source Inverter (VSI)

K
-Phase Half-Bridge (VSI) Inverter

EJ F

'Vs' S ,S
K
KKK

- -

Case of a Resistive Load R

EJ F S ,S

t S S R

'Vs'T/

S
T/ t
SSi

t = T/ S T
i '-Vs'
i i S

f REJ F
/T

K'Vs'
is
S

Vs

iD
D

Vo
-

+
is

Vs

iD
D

WEJ F
- -

Vo

Vs
S

T
2

-Vs

3T
2

WEJ F
Case of an Inductive load

io
Vo

K
K EJ F

Vo t T/
ioK D S
t t
D

t t T/ VS
S

t T/S
K t t T/

- -

Vo

Vs

T
2

-Vs

3T
2

Vo

Vs

io

T
2

3T
2

-Vs

T
2

3T
2

T
2

WEJ F
St = T/
VS S
- -

D
Dt=t
t t T S

S S

T/ t T
EJ F KT

io

EJ F
i ,i

io

t T/
KT/ t T

W
W
EJ F

V =V
o

WV(rms)

EJ F

W
EJ F

4V s

V 1( rms ) =

n =1, 3, 5 ,...

sin nt

rad/s n
Wn =
EJ F

- -

1( rms )

4V s

= 0 .9 V s

WJ
{ 'R'EJ F

WK V'Vs'

K'Vo(rms)'

EF

K'Io(rms)'

EF

K'V(rms)'

EF

K'Po'

EF

o ( rms )

=V s = 24

WEJ F
V

o ( rms )

o ( rms )

EF

EF

24
= 10 A
2 .4

EF

WEJ F

1( rms )

= 0.9V s = 0.9 * 24 = 21.6 V

V
=

o ( rms )

EF

= 24 = 240 W
2 .4

-Phase Voltage Source Bridge Inverter

R

EJ F

K
- -

S, SS, S
S, S S, S S, S

'T/' S, S
t T/ S, S W

S,S

'Vo' S, S
S, S S, S 'Vs'
T/ t T
S, S

EJ F '-Vo'

KVs
'fo'

Kfo = /T'T'
is
is
S

is

iD

D
+

Vs

is
S

iD

Vo
R

is
S

iD

iD
D

WEJ F

- -

Vo

Vs
S, S

S, S

T
2

S, S

3T
2

-Vs

WEJ F

WVo(rms)

EJ F

WV(rms)

EJ FEJ F n =

WJ

{ 'R'EJ F

WK V'Vs'

K'Vo(rms)'

EF

K'Io(rms)'

EF

K'Po'

EF

K'V(rms)'
- -

EF

W
?

?EJ F

EF

WEJ F

o ( rms )

=V s = 48

o ( rms )

o ( rms )

EF

48
= 20 A
2 .4

EJ F

1( rms )

= 0.9V s = 0.9 * 48 = 43.2 V

EF

V
=

o ( rms )

EF

= 48

2 .4

= 960 W

'R-L'
'R-L' EJ F

EJ F

io 'Vo' EJ F 'R-L' 'R'

- -

D, D, D, D S, S, S, S
'is'

is
is
S

is

iD

iD
D

Vo
Vs

+
is
S

iD

is
S

iD
D

KWEJ F

'vo'EJ F 'io'
t t t S, S

t = t
t t t = T/
'Vs' D, D
t S, S

'Vo' t T/
t T/ 'Vs'
t = t 'io'

t = T/
- -

t = T/
S, S

'Vs'D, D
T/ t t

Vo = - Vs
t = t 'io'

T/ t t S, S

t t T 'io'

S, S
'Vs'S, S

Vo = - Vs

'Imax' t=T, t= 'Imin'

Imint=T/, t=T/

- -

vo

Vs

io

T
2

3T
2

-Vs

is, is

T
2

is, is

3T
2

T
2

iD, iD

3T
2

iD, iD

T
2

3T
2

3T
2

is

T
2

T
2

WEJ F
K

- -

KEJ F

W
EJ F

V s + ( I V s ) et /
min
R
R
=

T
i
o
( t + ) /
V
R s +( I max +VR s ) e 2

KL/RW

T
0t c
2
T
t T
2

KWImin

KWImax

W
EJ F

I min = I max
W

EJ F

I max = I min =

1 e T / 2

R 1 + e T / 2

WJ
'R'EJ F

K V 'Vs' L = mH
W Hz

- -

W
W
T=

1
= 0.0167 s
60

L 0.025
= =
= 0.0025 s
R
10
T
0.0167
=
= 6.67
2 2 * 0.0025

WEJ F

I max = I min =

100 1 e 6.67
.
= 9.31 A
10 1 + e 6.67

WEJ F

(t ) =

100
100 t / 0.0025
+ (9.31
)e
10
10

= 10 19.31 e t / 0.0025

io (t ) =

0t

100
100 (t
+ (9.31 +
)e
10
10

= 10 + 19.31 e (t 0.00835) / 0.0025

1
120

0.0167
) / 0.0025
2

1
1
t
120
60

Inverter Voltage Control Techniques

W
K K
K K

K K

- -

PWM

Pulse-Width Modulation PWM

KSingle Pulse-Width Modulation K

KMultiple Pulse-Width Modulation K

KSinusoidal Pulse-Width Modulation K

EJ FK
S, S

EJ F

FKAcAr

AcArE

AcAro

WModulation Index
- -

EJ F

M=

A
A

WVo
EJ F

V o =V s

KWM
KWVs

KWAr
KWAc

. :

Vo
Ac
Ar
t

g
t

vo

2 2

+
2 2

S, SWEJ F

- -

fo

EJ FKfc

W
EJ F

P=

f
2f

c
0

m
2

f
f

c
o

KWP
KWfc

KWfo

KWmf
MM

Vs

/P
W
EJ F

V o =V s

- -

e
Ac
Ar

/fc

vo

Vs

-Vs

m
+m

WEJ F

S, SEJ FK

fcfo

K
EJ FVo
W

V o =V s m
m =1

W
- -

KWP
Km: m
KWVs

Ac
Ar

/fc

vo

Vs

m
t

-Vs m

S, SWEJ F
K

Current Source Inverter CSI

K
- -

-Phase Current Source Bridge Inverter

EJ F

t T/S, S W

S, S E F S, S L
S, S T

S, S

T/ t T -I t T/ I

EJ FK T
K

- -

is

vo
+

Vs

io

WEJ F
is
I
t
io
I
S , S

S, S

T
2

S, S

-I

t
3T
2

WEJ F
- -

J
J

J
J

J
J

V J

'Vo'

WK
-

'V' -

K -

K
EJ F

- -

W
W

Va

--

Speed Control of a DC Motor Using single-Phase Controlled Rectifiers

EJ F

EJ FK

LaiaVa
Z H

EJ F

( ) =

2 2

cos ( )

EJ F
= o=

Va()

(> )

= o
K
K

--

WEJ F

WEJ F
W
--

EJ F

Va = Ea +Ia Ra

EJ F

E a = K = Kb

EJ F

T a = K I a = KT I a

Ea

EJ F

WN

2 N
60

PKb, KT

WaZ

EJ F

K =K
b

PZ
2a

Va()Ta
EJ FEJ FEJ F
EJ F

=V a

( )

R
T
K K
a

WEJ FEJ F
EJ F

2 2V s

cos ( )

R
T
K K
a

(Rad/Sec)(N.m) Ta

o
W
--

EJ F

2 2V s

cos ( )

oEJ F

> = o=
EJ FK

KEJ FTa

KEJ F

KEJ FEFEF

oWEJ F

--

WEJ F

EF

EF

WEJ F

--

WEJ F
rpm, HP, V

KEJ F

Kb = KT KVs= V Ra = { Ia= A

=o
= {
W

J
J
K J

WEJ F
QT a = K T

T a = 1.74 * 38 = 66.121 N .m

WEJ F J
=

2 2V s

cos ( )

R
T
K K
a

2 2 260
0 .3
cos ( )
66.121
1.74
1.74 2
= 116.56 6.55 = 110 rad / sec

WEJ F
2 N
60
60 60 * 110
N =
=
= 1051 rpm
2
2
Q =

W J
PF = V a I a

V I
s

W
--

=
a

2 2V s

cos ( ) =
PF =

V
V

2 2 * 260

a
s

cos (30 o ) = 202.82 V

202.82
= 0.78
260

Speed Control of A DC Motor Using DC Choppers

EJ F

EJ FEJ FK

W EJ F
EJ F

V a = DV s
KD

WEJ F
--

WEJ F
KVs = V

Ra = { , La = mH, Kb = { V/rpm

{ ms(TON)
K AN = rpm

WEJ F,EJ F

= K b N + Ra I a

= 0.05 * 2000 + 0.5 * 40 = 100 + 20 = 120 V

WEJ F
D =V a =

120
= 0 .8
150

W
Q D = T ON = f T ON
T
0 .8
D
f =
=
= 500 Hz
T ON 1.6 *10 3

--

W
J

rpm, kW, V J
KEJ F

KVs= V Ra = { Ia= { A

Kb = KT =
W =o

J
K J

KVs = V J
W

Ra = { , La = mH, Kb = { V/rpm

ms(TON)
K AN = rpm

--

=, =, =

Vo= V, Io= A, Po= W, PF= lag

Vo= V, Io= A, Io(rms)= A, Po= W, ISCR(avg)=

A, IFWD(avg)= A

ITh(avg)= A, ITh(max)= A, VTh(max)= V, Po= W

V, A, V, A, W

D=, Is(avg)= A, Is(rms)= A

Ton= ms, Toff= ms

V, A, V, A, A, A, A, , mH

V, V, W

V, V, W

N.m, rpm,

Hz

--

()

Ashfaq Ahmed : Power Electronics for Technology, Prentice-Hall,

.

()

M. H. Rashid: Power Electronics: Circuits,

Applications, Second Edition, Prentice-Hall, .

()

David A. Bradley: Power Electronics, Second Edition, Nelson

Thornes, .

()

Ned Mohan, Tore M. Undeland, and William P. Robbins: Power

Electronics: Converters, Applications, and Design, Second Edition,
John Wiley & Sons, .

--

Devices,

and

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J J
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

J J

J J

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J J
K K K K K K K K K K K J J J

K K K K K K K K K K K K

J J J

K K K K K K K K K K J J J

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

J J J

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

J J

K K K K K K K K K K

J J J

K K K K K K K K K K

J J J

K K K K K K K K K K K

J J J

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

J J

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
K K K K K K

K K K K K K K

EFJ

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

J J

J J

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
K K K K K K K

J J

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

J J

J J

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

J J

K K K J
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
K K K K K K K K K K

J J

J J

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
K K K K K K K

J J J

K K K K K K K K K K K K K
K K K K K K K K

K K K K K K K K K

J J J

K K K K K K K K K K K
K K K K K K K K

J J J

J J J

K K K K K K K K K K K

K K K K K K

J J

R-LJ J J
J J J

J J J

VAKJ J J

K K K K K K K K K K K K
K K K K K K K K K K K

J J

J J J

K K K K K K K K
K K K K K K K

K K K

J J J
J J J

'R-L'J

K K K K K

J J

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

J J

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

K K K K K K K

K K K K K K K K

RJ

K K K K K K K K K

J J

J J

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

J J

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

K K K

J J

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

J J

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

J J

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J J

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

J J

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

RJ J

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J
K K K K K K K K K J J
K K K K K K K K K K K K K

K K K K K K K K K K K K K

J J J

J J J

K K K K K K K K K K K J J

K K K K K K K K K K K K K RJ J J
K K K K K K K K K K K

'R-L'J J J

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J J
K K K K K K K K K K K J J J
K K K K K K K K

J J J

K K K K K K K K K K J J J
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
K K K K K K K K K K

J J

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
J

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

K K K K J

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K