Mt s vn trong tnh ton sc chu ti cc ng theo Tiu chun 22TCN 272-05

Tm tt Bi ny tm tt mt s kinh nghim ca tc gi trong qu trnh p dng tnh ton sc chu ti cc ng, qua nu ln nhng kh khn trong vic p dng Tiu chun 22TCN 27205 ng thi nghin cu xut mt s phng php v cng thc c th p dng trong tnh ton thit k, nhm gip cc k s tr c th tip cn d dng v lm ch c nhng kt qu tnh ton ca mnh. Khi qut chung Vic tnh ton sc chu ti (SCT) ca cc theo cc tiu chun trc y (Quy trnh thit k cu cng theo trng thi gii hn 22TCN 18-79; Mng cc tiu chun thit k 20TCN 21-86; Mng cc tiu chun thit k TCXD 205-98) thng khng gy kh khn nhiu cho ngi thit k. Ni dung tnh ton SCT cc theo cc tiu chun ny tng i n gin v d hiu; tra bng c ma st n v cng nh cng mi cc ph thuc vo loi t (t st th da vo st I, t ct th cn c vo trng thi t) v su lp t phn b ri p vo cng thc tnh ton SCT l xong. Tuy nhin, trong qu trnh p dng Tiu chun 22TCN 272 -05 th mc d cc k s thit k khng mc bt k sai st no trong thc hin cc php tnh ton nhng khi tnh ton xong vn c cm gic bn khon, trn tr v cha hi lng vi cc kt qu tnh ton. Nhng cu hi bn khon ca nhng ngi c kinh nghim trong tnh ton, kiu nh: Khng bit tnh ton ng cha? Tnh theo phng php ny th khng t nhng theo phng php khc li tha rt nhiu? Bn khon la chn gia cc cng thc tnh, phng php tnh. Vi mong mun lm sng t nhng bn khon trn, tc gi nghin cu tip cn h thng quy trnh, tiu chun theo trit l thit k hin i, tham kho, trao i v tip thu kinh nghim tnh ton ca mt s n v t vn ln, mt s tc gi vit sch trong v ngoi nc kt hp vi hiu bit ca bn thn thng qua mt s cng trnh thit k, thi cng v c kt qu c th. thng nht trong tnh ton, ng thi to ra c hi trao i rng ri ca cc ng nghip cng nh vic t vn cho Ch u t hay thuyt phc c Thm nh, bi vit ny i su vo vic phn tch cc kh khn khi p dng 22TCN 272-05 v kin ngh mt s phng php, cng thc trong tnh ton. Cng lu rng, trong bi vit ny ch cp n SCT ca cc ng theo t nn, cn vic tnh ton SCT cc theo vt liu l tng i n gin c th xem iu 5.7.4 ca Tiu chun 22TCN 272-05. 1. Nhng kh khn khi p dng Tiu chun 22TCN 272-05 trong tnh ton 1.1 S lc v sc khng dc trc ca cc ng theo Tiu chun 22TCN 272-05 Khi qut Sc khng ca cc c th c c tnh bng cch dng cc phng php phn tch hay phng php th nghim hin trng. Sc khng cc bao gm sc khng thnh bn v sc khng mi cc. Trong tnh ton, t nn c chia lm 2 nhm chnh l t dnh (cc loi t st) v t ri (cc loi t ct, bn khng do). Cc h s sc khng tng

ng c ly theo bng 10.5.5-2 ca tiu chun, cng trong bng ny cn ch n h s v thay i t 0,80 n 1,00. Phng php phn tch l thuyt (c tnh na thc nghim): Phng php ny c tnh ton da trn s liu cng khng ct khng thot nc ca t Su, xc nh bng th nghim nn 3 trc khng c kt khng thot nc theo Tiu chun ASTM D2850 hoc AASHTO T 234. Phng php ny ch p dng cho t dnh, sc khng l hm ca Su. V sc khng thnh bn tiu chun a ra 3 phng php (chi tit tng phng php tham chiu tiu chun) l phng php , phng php , phng php . Phng php hin trng (da trn cc th nghim hin trng): Phng php ny s dng kt qu SPT hoc CPT v ch p dng cho t ri. 1.2. Mt s kh khn khi p dng tiu chun trong tnh ton Mt s bt cp Nhn thy, theo tiu chun th phng php na thc nghim ch dng c cho t dnh, cn phng php thc nghim ch dng c cho t ri nh vy trong mt cng trnh cn phi c c s liu th nghim Su v va phi c s liu th nghim SPT th mi tnh ton c; iu ny nh hng n gi thnh cng trnh. Nh vy nu d n khng c s liu Su t th nghim m ch c s liu SPT th vic tnh ton cho lp t dnh theo tiu chun s phi quy i t SPT sang Su (cng thc tham kho ti liu [5], [6] v mt s sch nc ngoi) iu ny dn n kt qu khng cn chnh xc na. Mt s kh khn trong tnh ton Phng php ch ra trong Tiu chun 22TCN 272 -05 (theo Tomlinson 1987), theo phng php ny th h s ph thuc vo Su, cc lp a cht v chiu su ngm cc trong tng chu lc. Xc nh da vo 3 trng hp theo Tomlison 1987 ca [1] l rt kh khn, nhiu khi mang tnh ch quan v ph thuc nhiu vo quan nim ca tng ngi thit k. Mt s kh khn c th k n nh sau: Th nht l vic quan nim cc lp t sao cho ng, trong thc t cc thng xuyn qua s lp; nhng trng hp ny u phi quy v mt trong ba trng hp ca Tomlison (y chnh l mt hn ch m [1] khng ch ra, cng theo [7] th iu kin bt buc khi s dng phng php Tomlinson l s lp t 2 (lp) v lp t dui mi cc phi l lp t st cng), vy iu kin a cht Vit Nam cn c mt s trng thi t kh ph bin nh st na cng, do cng hay st th sao? Th hai, l trong ba trng hp ca Tomlinson th gi tr ch ph thuc vo gi tr Su vi ba trng hp c th ca DB l DB < 10D, DB = 20D v DB > 40D, vi DB l chiu di on cc ngm trong tng chu lc, D l ng knh hay b rng ca cc ng; cn cc trng hp trung gian th [1] cng khng nu r. Vn ny tc gi cng cp vi ngi vit ti liu [5] v c cu tr li l cc gi tr trung gian th ni suy, tuy nhin vic ni suy y l rt kh khn, thiu chnh xc v mang tnh ch quan bi v ng cong ca Tomlinson l ng cong thc nghim, cc gi tr ph thuc khng phi l tuyn tnh. Cn lu rng, bn thn Tomlinson tc gi cun sch Pile design and construction practice cng vit rng qua h v Su l c xu hng bo th (nguyn vn : tend to conservative results), ti liu [5] dng t rt k d cp ti vn ny. 2. Mt s phng php v cng thc tnh ton ngoi tiu chun

 khc phc nhng bt cp v kh khn nu trn, tc gi ngh mt s phng php v cng thc tnh ton mi c th tham kho p dng trong qu trnh tnh ton lm c s so snh, rt ra kt lun cn thit v i khi l phng php khng th thay th. 2.1. Phng php l thuyt Phng php - Tomlinson 1980: Trong nhiu trng hp (c nhiu lp t xem kp nhau ln ln) c th p dng phin bn c ca Tomlinson (1980), trong phin bn ny Tomlinson ch ua ra mt trng hp duy nht, (khc vi Tomlinson 1987 c 3 trng hp) xem phn 2.5.1.1 ca ti liu [5]. Phng php - API (American Petrolium Institute): y l phng php ca Vin du kh Hoa K, phng php ny s dng c ng sut tng v ng sut hu hiu. Ta vn dng phng trnh tnh ton nh ca Tomlinson 1987 nhng h s c tnh ton bng cng thc nh sau: = 0.5 -0.5 nu 1.0; = 0.5 -0.25 nu > 1.0 v max = 1 Vi = Su/Sv; v (hay p) l ng sut hu hiu ti im gia phn t cc ang xt. Tuy phng php API t c mi ngi bit n nh phng php Tomlinson, nhng n c nhng u im nh sau: phng php API n gin, d lp trnh (v c dng cng thc, khng phi ni suy nn vic tnh gi tr l kh d dng); qua so snh vi th nghim nn tnh cho thy API c tin cy cao hn Tomlinson; c bit nu ta biu th quan h v fi = .Su trn th vui nhng gi tr ng sut hu hiu nht nh th khng cn im k d nh ca Tomlinson, iu ny phn nh ng thc t hn. 2.2. Phng php hin trng Trong phng php hin trng, bi ny ch cp n s dng kt qu xuyn Tiu chun SPT, v y l phng php ph bin hin nay hay dng. Trong Tiu chun 22TCN 272-05 cp ti vn ny nhng ch dnh cho t ri (xem iu 10.7.3.4). Di y, tc gi trnh by thm v phng php ca Meyerhof c tp th nhiu tc gi (Schmertmanm, lai, Graham, Mac Veight...) sa i b sung lin tc trong hn 10 nm qua p dng cho mi loi cc c sn, trong mi loi t v vi tin cy cao hn. Cch tnh ny ban u c t tn l SPT91, SPT 94 ri SPT97; t nay thng nht ngi ta gi l Cch tnh Schmertmanm. Sc khng thnh bn v sc khng mi ca cc c d bo trn kt qu th nghim N60, N60 l s nht p ng SPT i c 30cm hiu chnh v 60% nng lng hu ch trong th nghim xuyn tiu chun SPT; N60 = N.CE vi: N l tr s SPT, CE = Eh/60; Eh l t l phn trm nng lng hu ch ca thit b SPT (thng Eh = 30 60). Ch vi N60 < 5 th ly N60 = 0(b qua ma st thnh bn khi t yu) v N60 > 60 th ly N60 = 60. t nn c chia lm 4 nhm: Nhm 1 l t st; nhm 2 l hn hp st bi ct, ct c nhiu bi, bi; nhm 3 l ct v nhm 4 l vi mm, ct ln nhiu v s, v hn (vic phn nhm t nn chi tit hn so vi [1] ch c t dnh v t ri). Sc khng l hm ca tr s SPT N60 (xem bng 1 v bng 2). Sc khng mi cc c ly gi tr trung

bnh ca 2 im cch pha trn mi cc mt on l 8D v cch pha di mi cc mt on l 3,5D; vi D l ng knh hay b rng ca cc. Lu , theo cch tnh Schmertmanm, th khng dng c h s sc khng nh mc 10.5.5.2 ca Tiu chun [1], cng theo phng php ny c thm khi nim sc chu ti huy ng. Sau khi tnh c sc khng thnh bn n v qs v sc khng mi n v qp, ta nhn vi din tch thnh bn As v din tch mi cc Ap. ta c tng sc khng thnh bn Qs v tng sc khng mi cc Qp. Khi sc chu ti huy ng s c tnh theo cng thc: Qh = Qs + Qp/3 i vi cc b tng v cc thep ch H. Qh = Qs + Qp/2 i vi cc ng thp. V sc chu ti cho php c coi l [Q] = Qh/2; nh vy c th thy h s ssc khng thnh bn s = 1/2 v sc khng mi p = 1/6 i vi cc ng b tng. Bng 1: Sc khng thnh bn fi hay qs (kPa), cch tnh Schmertmanm SPT K Loi t hiu 1 t st 2 Hn hp st bi-ct; ct c nhiu bi, bi 3 Ct 4 vi mm; ct ln nhiu v s, hn Cc b tng 2.N (110-N)/41,84 2.N (110-N)/47,86 1,82. N 0,96.N Cc thp ch H 2.N(110-N)/55.72 -2,17+3,16N-0,044N2 + 2,36.10-4N-3 1,11.N 0,73. N Cc ng thp 18,58+20,93Ln(N) 23,27+10,08Ln(N) 5,55+14,56Ln(N) 1,72+12,83Ln(N)

Bng 2. Sc khng mi cc qp (kPa), cch tnh Schmertmanm SPT Loi t Cc b tng v Cc thp ch H t st 67. N Hn hp st bi-ct; ct c 153. N nhiu bi, bi 3 Ct 306 . N 4 vi mm; ct ln nhiu v 345.N s, hn (Ch : Trong Bng 1 v bng 2 cho gn khi trnh by, N60 c vit l N) Kt lun v kin ngh i vi ngi lm cng tc thit k nn mng cn thu trit mt lun im rng mi tnh ton mng cc theo l thuyt u ch l d tnh, kt qu phi c kim nghim qua thc t th ti hin trng v thc t sc chu ti ca cc ph thuc nhiu vo tng v K hiu 1 2 Cc thp ch H 46.N 92.N 126. N 184. N

tr xy dng, nh hng ca qu trnh thi cng; cng nh tnh chnh xc ca cc s liu thit k. Trong qu trnh tnh ton, thit k cn kt hp tnh bng nhiu phng php, nhiu cng thc khc nhau qua c th so snh cc kt qu v rt ra kt lun cn thit. Trong tnh ton c bit lu ti th nguyn ca cc i lng nu trong cng thc. V tm quan trng ca h s sc khng ct khng thot nc (Su) khi thit k mng cc trong t dnh theo h thng tiu chun mi nn trong cng tc kho st a cht k thut cng nh khi tin hnh cc th nghim trong phng phi c bit coi trong phng php th nghim v tnh bt buc phi c cng nh tnh chnh xc ca thng s ny. KS. Nguyn Huy Hon, KS. Nguyn Dng (Ngun tin: T/C Cu ng Vit Nam, s 12/2006)