Barakovic Elvis Matematika

10 Limes funkcije
Zadatak 10.1
lim
x!1
4x
2
3x + 1
2x
2
2x + 3
= lim
x!1
4x
2
3x + 1
2x
2
2x + 3
: x
2
: x
2
= lim
x!1
4
3
x
+
1
x
2
2
2
x
+
3
x
2
=
=
4 0 + 0
2 0 + 0
= 2:
Zadatak 10.2
lim
x!2
x
2
4
x 2
= lim
x!2
(x 2) (x + 2)
x 2
= lim
x!2
(x + 2) = 4:
Zadatak 10.3
lim
x!5
x
2
7x + 10
x
2
9x + 20
= lim
x!5
(x 5) (x 2)
(x 5) (x 4)
= lim
x!5
x 2
x 4
=
5 2
5 4
= 3:
Zadatak 10.4
lim
x!1
_
x
p
x
2
10x
_
= lim
x!1
x
p
x
2
10x
1

x +
p
x
2
10x
x +
p
x
2
10x
=
= lim
x!1
x
2

_p
x
2
10x
_
2
x +
p
x
2
10x
= lim
x!1
x
2
x
2
+ 10x
x +
p
x
2
10x
=
= lim
x!1
10x
x +
p
x
2
10x
: x
: x
= lim
x!1
10
1 +
p
x
2
10x
x
=
= lim
x!1
10
1 +
_
x
2
10x
x
2
= lim
x!1
10
1 +
_
1
10
x
=
=
10
1 +
p
1 0
=
10
2
= 5:
Zadatak 10.5
lim
x!0
3
p
1 + x
2
1
x
2
= lim
x!0
3
p
1 + x
2
1
x
2

_
3
p
1 + x
2
_
2
+
3
p
1 + x
2
+ 1
_
3
p
1 + x
2
_
2
+
3
p
1 + x
2
+ 1
=
= lim
x!0
_
3
p
1 + x
2
_
3
1
3
x
2

_
3
p
1 + x
2
_
2
+
3
p
1 + x
2
+ 1
=
104
Barakovic Elvis Matematika
= lim
x!0
1 + x
2
1
x
2

_
_
3
p
1 + x
2
_
2
+
3
p
1 + x
2
+ 1
_ =
= lim
x!0
x
2
x
2

_
_
3
p
1 + x
2
_
2
+
3
p
1 + x
2
+ 1
_ =
= lim
x!0
x
2
x
2

_
_
3
p
1 + x
2
_
2
+
3
p
1 + x
2
+ 1
_ =
= lim
x!0
1
3
p
1 + x
2
2
+
3
p
1 + x
2
+ 1
=
1
3
:
Zadatak 10.6
lim
x!1
3
p
x 1
p
x 1
=
_
_
smjena
x = t
6
x !1 =) t !1
_
_
= lim
t!1
t
2
1
t
3
1
=
= lim
t!1
(t 1) (t + 1)
(t 1) (t
2
+ t + 1)
= lim
t!1
t + 1
t
2
+ t + 1
=
2
3
:
Zadatak 10.7
lim
x!3
x 3
p
x + 1 2
= lim
x!3
x 3
p
x + 1 2

p
x + 1 + 2
p
x + 1 + 2
=
= lim
x!3
(x 3)
_p
x + 1 + 2
_
_p
x + 1
_
2
2
2
=
= lim
x!3
(x 3)
_p
x + 1 + 2
_
x + 1 4
=
= lim
x!3
(x 3)
_p
x + 1 + 2
_
x 3
=
= lim
x!3
_
p
x + 1 + 2
_
= 4:
Zadatak 10.8
lim
x!7
2
p
x 3
x
2
49
= lim
x!7
2
p
x 3
x
2
49

2 +
p
x 3
2 +
p
x 3
=
= lim
x!7
2
2

_p
x 3
_
2
(x
2
49)
_
2 +
p
x 3
_ =
= lim
x!7
4 (x 3)
(x
2
49)
_
2 +
p
x 3
_ =
105
Barakovic Elvis Matematika
= lim
x!7
7 x
(x 7) (x + 7)
_
2 +
p
x 3
_ =
= lim
x!7
(x 7)
(x 7) (x + 7)
_
2 +
p
x 3
_ =
= lim
x!7
1
(x + 7)
_
2 +
p
x 3
_ =
=
1
14 4
=
1
56
:
Zadatak 10.9
lim
x!4
x
2
16
p
x + 5 3
= lim
x!4
x
2
16
p
x + 5 3

p
x + 5 + 3
p
x + 5 + 3
=
= lim
x!4
(x
2
16)
_p
x + 5 + 3
_
_p
x + 5
_
2
3
2
=
= lim
x!4
(x 4) (x + 4)
_p
x + 5 + 3
_
x + 5 9
=
= lim
x!4
(x 4) (x + 4)
_p
x + 5 + 3
_
x 4
=
= lim
x!4
(x + 4)
_
p
x + 5 + 3
_
= 8 6 = 48:
Zadatak 10.10
lim
x!3
x
3
27
p
12 x 3
= lim
x!3
x
3
3
3
p
12 x 3

p
12 x + 3
p
12 x + 3
=
= lim
x!3
(x
3
3
3
)
_p
12 x + 3
_
_p
12 x
_
2
3
2
=
= lim
x!3
(x 3) (x
2
+ 3x + 9)
_p
12 x + 3
_
12 x 9
=
= lim
x!3
(x 3) (x
2
+ 3x + 9)
_p
12 x + 3
_
3 x
=
= lim
x!3
(x 3) (x
2
+ 3x + 9)
_p
12 x + 3
_
(x 3)
=
= lim
x!3
_
x
2
+ 3x + 9
_ _p
12 x + 3
_
=
= 27 6 = 162:
106
Barakovic Elvis Matematika
Zadatak 10.11
lim
x!+1
_
x + 1
x 1
_
x
= lim
x!+1
_
1 +
x + 1
x 1
1
_
x
=
= lim
x!+1
_
1 +
x + 1 x + 1
x 1
_
x
=
= lim
x!+1
_
1 +
2
x 1
_x1
2

2
x1
x
=
= e
lim
x!+1
2x
x1
= e
2
:
Zadatak 10.12
lim
x!+1
_
x
2
+ 5x + 4
x
2
3x + 7
_
3x
= lim
x!+1
_
1 +
x
2
+ 5x + 4
x
2
3x + 7
1
_
3x
=
= lim
x!+1
_
1 +
x
2
+ 5x + 4 x
2
+ 3x 7
x
2
3x + 7
_
3x
=
= lim
x!+1
_
1 +
8x 3
x
2
3x + 7
_
3x
=
= lim
x!+1
_
1 +
8x 3
x
2
3x + 7
_x
2
3x+7
8x3

8x3
x
2
3x+7
3x
=
= e
lim
x!+1
8x3
x
2
3x+7
3x
= e
lim
x!+1
24x
2
9x
x
2
3x+7
=
= e
lim
x!+1
24
9
x
1
3
x
+
7
x
2
= e
24
:
Zadatak 10.13
lim
x!+1
_
x
2
+ x + 1
x
2
x + 1
_
2x
= lim
x!+1
_
1 +
x
2
+ x + 1
x
2
x + 1
1
_
2x
=
= lim
x!+1
_
1 +
x
2
+ x + 1 x
2
+ x 1
x
2
x + 1
_
2x
=
= lim
x!+1
_
1 +
2x
x
2
x + 1
_
2x
=
= lim
x!+1
_
1 +
2x
x
2
x + 1
_x
2
x+1
2x

2x
x
2
x+1
2x
=
= e
lim
x!+1
2x
x
2
x+1
2x
= e
lim
x!+1
4x
2
x
2
x+1
= e
4
:
107
Barakovic Elvis Matematika
Zadatak 10.14
lim
x!0
sin 7x
x
= lim
x!0
sin 7x
7x
7 = 7 lim
x!0
sin 7x
7x
= 7 1 = 7:
Zadatak 10.15
lim
x!0
sin 6x
sin 3x
= lim
x!0
sin 6x
6x
6x
sin 3x
3x
3x
= lim
x!0
sin 6x
6x
6
sin 3x
3x
3
=
=
lim
x!0
sin 6x
6x
6
lim
x!0
sin 3x
3x
3
=
6
3
= 2:
Zadatak 10.16
lim
x!0
sin 3x
p
x + 4 2
= lim
x!0
sin 3x
p
x + 4 2

p
x + 4 + 2
p
x + 4 + 2
=
= lim
x!0
sin 3x
_p
x + 4 + 2
_
_p
x + 4
_
2
2
2
=
= lim
x!0
sin 3x
_p
x + 4 + 2
_
x + 4 4
=
= lim
x!0
sin 3x
_p
x + 4 + 2
_
x
=
= lim
x!0
sin 3x
_p
x + 4 + 2
_
3x
3 =
= 3 lim
x!0
sin 3x
3x
lim
x!0
_
p
x + 4 + 2
_
=
= 3 1 4 = 12:
Zadatak 10.17
lim
x!0
p
x + 1 1
sin 2x
= lim
x!0
p
x + 1 1
sin 2x

p
x + 1 + 1
p
x + 1 + 1
=
= lim
x!0
_p
x + 1 1
_ _p
x + 1 + 1
_
sin 2x
_p
x + 1 + 1
_ =
= lim
x!0
_p
x + 1
_
2
1
2
sin 2x
_p
x + 1 + 1
_ =
108
Barakovic Elvis Matematika
= lim
x!0
x + 1 1
sin 2x
_p
x + 1 + 1
_ =
= lim
x!0
x
sin 2x
_p
x + 1 + 1
_ =
= lim
x!0
x
sin 2x
2x
2x
_p
x + 1 + 1
_ =
= lim
x!0
1
sin 2x
2x
2
_p
x + 1 + 1
_ =
=
1
lim
x!0
sin 2x
2x

1
2
_p
x + 1 + 1
_ =
=
1
1

1
2 2
=
1
4
:
Zadatak 10.18
lim
x!0
sin 4x
p
x + 9 3
= lim
x!0
sin 4x
p
x + 9 3

p
x + 9 + 3
p
x + 9 + 3
=
= lim
x!0
sin 4x
_p
x + 9 + 3
_
_p
x + 9
_
2
3
2
=
= lim
x!0
sin 4x
_p
x + 9 + 3
_
x + 9 9
=
= lim
x!0
sin 4x
_p
x + 9 + 3
_
x
=
= lim
x!0
sin 4x
_p
x + 9 + 3
_
4x
4 =
= 4 lim
x!0
sin 4x
4x
lim
x!0
_
p
x + 9 + 3
_
=
= 4 1 6 = 24:
109
Barakovic Elvis Matematika
Zadatak 10.19
lim
x!0
sin 5x sin 3x
sin x
= lim
x!0
sin 5x
5x
5x
sin 3x
3x
3x
sin x
x
x
=
= lim
x!0
x
_
5
sin 5x
5x
3
sin 3x
3x
_
x
sin x
x
=
= lim
x!0
5
sin 5x
5x
3
sin 3x
3x
sin x
x
=
=
5lim
x!0
sin 5x
5x
3lim
x!0
sin 3x
3x
lim
x!0
sin x
x
=
=
5 3
1
= 2
Zadatak 10.20
lim
x!0
1 cos x
x
2
= lim
x!0
2 sin
2 x
2
x
2
= lim
x!0
2 sin
x
2
sin
x
2
x x
=
= 2 lim
x!0
sin
x
2
sin
x
2
x
2

x
2
4
=
=
2
4
lim
x!0
sin
x
2
x
2
lim
x!0
sin
x
2
x
2
=
1
2
1 1 =
1
2
:
Zadatak 10.21
lim
x!0
1 cos x
2
x
2
sin x
2
= lim
x!0
2 sin
2 x
2
2
x
2
sin x
2
= lim
x!0
2 sin
x
2
2
sin
x
2
2
x
2
2

x
2
2
4
sin x
2
x
2
=
=
2
4
lim
x!0
sin
x
2
2
x
2
2
lim
x!0
sin
x
2
2
x
2
2

1
lim
x!0
sin x
2
x
2
=
=
1
2
:
Zadatak 10.22
lim
x!+1
x [ln (x + 1) ln (x 1)] = lim
x!+1
x ln
_
x + 1
x 1
_
=
= lim
x!+1
ln
_
x + 1
x 1
_
x
=
= ln lim
x!+1
_
x + 1
x 1
_
x
=
110
Barakovic Elvis Matematika
= ln lim
x!+1
_
1 +
x + 1
x 1
1
_
x
=
= ln lim
x!+1
_
1 +
x + 1 x + 1
x 1
_
x
=
= ln lim
x!+1
_
1 +
2
x 1
_x1
2

2
x1
x
=
= ln e
lim
x!+1
2x
x1
= ln e
2
= 2 ln e = 2:
Zadatak 10.23
lim
x!+1
3x
_
ln
_
x
2
+ 5x + 4
_
ln
_
x
2
3x + 7
_
=
= lim
x!+1
3x ln
_
x
2
+ 5x + 4
x
2
3x + 7
_
=
= lim
x!+1
ln
_
x
2
+ 5x + 4
x
2
3x + 7
_
3x
=
= ln lim
x!+1
_
x
2
+ 5x + 4
x
2
3x + 7
_
3x
=
= ln lim
x!+1
_
1 +
x
2
+ 5x + 4 x
2
+ 3x 7
x
2
3x + 7
_
3x
=
= ln lim
x!+1
_
1 +
8x 3
x
2
3x + 7
_
3x
=
= ln lim
x!+1
_
1 +
8x 3
x
2
3x + 7
_x
2
3x+7
8x3

8x3
x
2
3x+7
3x
=
= ln e
lim
x!+1
8x3
x
2
3x+7
3x
= ln e
lim
x!+1
24x
2
9x
x
2
3x+7
=
= ln e
lim
x!+1
24
9
x
1
3
x
+
7
x
2
= ln e
24
= 24 ln e = 24:
Zadatak 10.24
lim
x!+1
3x
_
ln (x + 1) + ln (x 4) ln
_
x
2
+ 5x + 6
_
=
111
Barakovic Elvis Matematika
= lim
x!+1
3x ln
_
(x + 1) (x 4)
x
2
+ 5x + 6
_
=
= lim
x!+1
3x ln
_
x
2
3x 4
x
2
+ 5x + 6
_
=
= lim
x!+1
ln
_
x
2
3x 4
x
2
+ 5x + 6
_
3x
=
= ln lim
x!+1
_
1 +
x
2
3x 4
x
2
+ 5x + 6
1
_
3x
=
= ln lim
x!+1
_
1 +
x
2
3x 4 x
2
5x 6
x
2
+ 5x + 6
_
3x
=
= ln lim
x!+1
_
1 +
8x 10
x
2
+ 5x + 6
_
3x
=
= ln lim
x!+1
_
1 +
8x 10
x
2
+ 5x + 6
_x
2
+5x+6
8x10

8x10
x
2
+5x+6
3x
=
= ln e
lim
x!+1
8x10
x
2
+5x+6
3x
= ln e
lim
x!+1
24x
2
30x
x
2
+5x+6
= ln e
24
= 24:
Zadatak 10.25
lim
x!+1
_
x + 3
x + 2
_x
2
+x+1
x+1
= lim
x!+1
_
1 +
x + 3
x + 2
1
_x
2
+x+1
x+1
=
= lim
x!+1
_
1 +
x + 3 x 2
x + 2
_x
2
+x+1
x+1
=
= lim
x!+1
_
1 +
1
x + 2
_x
2
+x+1
x+1
=
= lim
x!+1
_
1 +
1
x + 2
_
(x+2)
1
x+2

x
2
+x+1
x+1
=
= e
lim
x!+1
1
x+2

x
2
+x+1
x+1
= e
lim
x!+1
x
2
+x+1
x
2
+3x+2
= e
1
= e:
Zadatak 10.26
lim
x!2
_
x
2
_ 1
x2
=
_
_
smjena
t =
1
x2
=) x = 2 +
1
t
x !2 =) t !1
_
_
= lim
x!+1
_
1 +
1
2t
_
t
=
= lim
x!+1
_
1 +
1
2t
_
2t
1
2
= e
1
2
:
112
Barakovic Elvis Matematika
Zadatak 10.27
lim
x!0
e
ax
1
x
=
_

_
smjena
t = e
ax
1 =) e
ax
= t + 1
=) ax = ln (1 + t) =) x =
1
a
ln (1 + t)
x !0 =) t !0
_

_
=
= lim
t!0
t
1
a
ln (1 + t)
= a lim
t!0
t
ln (1 + t)
= a lim
t!0
1
ln(1+t)
t
=
= a
1
lim
t!0
ln(1+t)
t
= a
1
lim
t!0
1
t
ln (1 + t)
=
= a
1
lim
t!0
ln (1 + t)
1
t
= a
1
ln lim
t!0
(1 + t)
1
t
=
= a
1
ln e
= a:
Zadatak 10.28 Izracunati lijevi i desni limes funkcije
f(x) =
3x x
2
x 4
u tacki x = 4:
L(4) = lim
x!4

3x x
2
x 4
=
_
_
smjena
x = 4 "
" > 0; " !0
_
_
= lim
"!0
3 (4 ") (4 ")
2
4 " 4
=
= lim
"!0
12 3" 16 + 8" "
2
"
= lim
"!0
"
2
+ 5" 4
"
=
= lim
"!0
_
" 5 +
4
"
_
= 0 5 + lim
"!0
4
"
= +1:
D(4) = lim
x!4
+
3x x
2
x 4
=
_
_
smjena
x = 4 + "
" > 0; " !0
_
_
= lim
"!0
3 (4 + ") (4 + ")
2
4 + " 4
=
= lim
"!0
12 + 3" 16 8" "
2
"
= lim
"!0
"
2
5" 4
"
=
= lim
"!0
_
" 5
4
"
_
= 0 5 lim
"!0
4
"
= 1:
Zadatak 10.29 Izracunati lijevi i desni limes funkcije
ln
_
x
2
1
_
113
Barakovic Elvis Matematika
u tacki x = 1:
L(1) = lim
x!1

ln
_
x
2
1
_
= ln lim
x!1

_
x
2
1
_
=
_
_
smjena
x = 1 "
" > 0; " !0
_
_
=
= ln lim
"!0
_
(1 ")
2
1
_
= ln lim
"!0
_
1 + 2" + "
2
1
_
=
= ln lim
"!0
_
2" + "
2
_
= 1:
D(1) = lim
x!1
+
ln
_
x
2
1
_
= ln lim
x!1
+
_
x
2
1
_
=
_
_
smjena
x = 1 + "
" > 0; " !0
_
_
=
= ln lim
"!0
_
(1 + ")
2
1
_
= ln lim
"!0
_
1 + 2" + "
2
1
_
=
= ln lim
"!0
_
2" + "
2
_
= 1:
114