Ung Dung Ma Turbo Trong He Thong Thong Tin Di Dong Cdma Diendandaihoc - VN 01430305052011

Chng 1: M Turbo
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Chng 1: M turbo
1.1. Gii thiu m turbo: M Turbo l s kt ni gm hai hay nhiu b m ring bit to ra mt m tt hn v cng ln hn. M hnh ghp ni m u tin c Forney nghin cu to ra mt loi m c xc sut li gim theo hm m ti tc nh hn dung lng knh trong khi phc tp gii m ch tng theo hm i s. M hnh ny bao gm s kt ni ni tip mt b m trong v mt b m ngoi. Chng ny trnh by: S kt ni cc m v s ra i ca m Turbo( TC). Gi thiu v m chp h thng quy (Recursive Systematic Chi tit cu trc b m ha PCCC
Convelutional Code_RSC), l c s ca vic tao ra m TC. 1.2. S kt ni m v ra i ca m turbo (TURBO CODE): Forney s dng mt b m khi ngn hoc mt b m tch chp vi gii thut gii m Viterbi xc sut ln nht lm b m trong v mt b m ReedSalomon di khng nh phn tc cao vi thut ton gii m sa li i s lm b m ngoi. Mc ch lc u ch l nghin cu mt l thuyt mi nhng sau ny m hnh ghp ni m tr thnh tiu chuNn cho cc ng dng cn li m ln. C hai kiu kt ni c bn l kt ni ni tip (hnh 1.1) v kt ni song song ( hnh 1.2) B m ho 1 r = k1/n1 B m ho 2 r = k2/n2
Ng ra
Ng vo
Hnh 1.1: M kt ni ni tip B m ho 1 c gi l b m ngoi, cn b m ho 2 l b m trong. i vi m kt ni ni tip, tc m ho: Rnt=k1k2/n1n2
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Chng 1: M Turbo
i vi m song song, tc m ho tng: Rss=k/(n1+n2) B m ho 1 r = k/n1 Ng vo B m ho r = k/n2
B ghp (Multiplexer)
Ng ra
Hnh 1.2: M kt ni song song Trn ch l cc m hnh kt ni l thuyt.Thc t cc m hnh ny cn phi s dng thm cc b chn gia cc b m ho nhm ci tin kh nng sa sai. Nm 1993, Claude Berrou, Alain Glavieux, Puja Thitimajshima cng vit tc phN Near Shannon limit error correcting coding and decoding:TURBO m CODE nh du mt bc tin vt bc trong nghin cu m sa sai. Loi m m h gii thiu thc hin trong khong 0.7dB so vi gii hn ca Shannon cho knh AWGN. Loi m m h gii thiu c gi l m Turbo, thc cht l s kt ni song song cc b m tch chp c bit cng vi cc b chn. Cu hnh ny gi l: Kt ni song song cc m tch chp ( Parallel Concatenated Convolutional CodePCCC) Ngoi ra cng c Kt ni ni tip cc m tch chp(Serial Concatenated Convolutional Code_SCCC) v dng Kt ni hn hp cc b m tch chp ( Hybrid Concatenated Convolutional Code_HCCC).Cc loi m ny c nhiu c im tng t nhau v cng xut pht t m hnh ca Berrou nn gi chung l: turbo code (TC) 1.3. B m ha tch chp h thng quy RSC: Trong b m TC s dng mt b m tch chp c bit: m tch chp h thng quy ( Recursive Systematic Convolutional Code_RSC ). 1.3.1. M tch chp h thng v khng h thng:
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Chng 1: M Turbo
M tch chp c tnh h thng l m tch chp m c mt phn t m ng ra chnh l dy tin u vo, tc l u vo ca dy tin c a trc tip n mt trong nhng ng ra ca b m. S ca b m tch chp h thng nh hnh 1.3
C1 u vo D D D
C2
hnh 1.3 B m ha tch chp h thng i vi m chp h thng th ta c th d dng xc nh t m ng ra hn so vi m chp khng h thng. Do cu trc nh vy nn yu cu ca b m ha v gii m t phc tp hn so vi m khng h thng M chp khng h thng c t m ng ra khng phn nh c dy tin u vo, tc l u ra ca b m khng ni trc tip n dy tin u vo. S ca b m chp khng h thng nh hnh 1.4
C1
u vo D
C2
Hnh 1.4 B m tch chp khng h thng 1.3.2. M tch chp quy v khng quy: M tch chp quy c t m ng ra c a hi tip tr li dy tin u vo. S nh hnh 1.5
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Chng 1: M Turbo
u vo
Hnh 1.5 b m tch chp quy M tch chp khng quy c t m ng ra ca b m khng c a hi tip tr li u vo. S nh hnh 1.4 1.3.3. B m tch chp h thng quy: m t b m ha m chp ngi ta a ra cc thng s ca b m ha nh sau : (n, k, K) trong : k : s u vo n :s u ra K:chiu di constraint lengths (s ngn ln nht trn thanh ghi) Trong k < n ta c th thm d vo lung d liu thc hin pht hin sai v sa sai. Mt b m tch chp thng thng c biu din qua cc chui g1= [1 1 1] v g2 = [ 1 0 1] v c th c vit l G = [ g1,g2] .B m ho RSC tng ng b m ho tch chp thng thng c biu din l G = [ 1, g2/g1 ] trong ng ra u tin ( biu din bi g1) c hi tip v ng vo, g1 l ng ra h thng, g2 l ng ra feedforward. Hnh 1.6 trnh by b m ho RSC
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Chng 1: M Turbo
g1
+
c1
D g2 +
c2
Hnh 1.6: B m ho RSC vi r=1/2 k=3
Mt b m ho tch chp quy c khuynh hng cho ra cc t m c trng s tng so vi b m ho khng quy, ngha l b m tch chp quy cho ra t t m c trng s thp v cng dn n vic thc hin sa sai tt hn i vi m Turbo, mc ch ca vic thc hin cc b m ho RSC l tn dng bn cht quy ca cc b m ho v tn dng s kin b m ho l h thng 1.3.4. kt thc TRELLIS: i vi b m tch chp thng thng, Trellis c kt thc bng( m= k -1) cc bit zero thm vo sau chui ng vo. Cc bit thm vo ny li b m tch chp thng thng n trng thi tt c zero ( l trng thi kt thc trellis). Nhng cch ny khng th p dng cho b m ho RSC do c qu trnh hi tip. Cc bit thm vo kt thc cho b m ho RSC ph thuc vo trng thi ca b m ho v rt kh d on. Ngay c khi tm c cc bit kt thc cho mt trong cc b m ho thnh phn th cc b m ho thnh phn khc c th khng c li n trng thi tt c zero vi cng cc bit kt thc do c s hin din ca b chn gia cc b m ho thnh phn. Hnh 1.7 l kt thc trellis :
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Chng 1: M Turbo
X A
B D D
C2
C1
Hnh 1.7: Cch thc kt thc trellis b m RSC m ho chui ng vo, kho chuyn bt n v tr A, kt thc trellis th kho chuyn bt n v tr B. 1.4. Quyt nh cng v quyt nh mm: Chui tin sau khi truyn qua knh truyn v c gii iu ch (dumodulate) th s c a n b gii m. Tn hiu ti ng ra ca b gii iu ch v ng vo ca b gii m s quyt nh qu trnh gii m l cng hay mm . Nu tn hiu n ca b gii iu ch v c b iu ch ra quyt nh tng bt l bt 0 hay 1 th gi l quyt nh cng. V d xt mt h thng s dng tn hiu ng dy l bipolar NRZ vi bin l 1V. Nu gi tr nhn c l 0,8V hoc 0,03V th u c quyt nh l bit 1. Cn nu gi tr nhn c l -0,7V hoc 0,02 th u c quyt nh l bt 0. nh vy ta thy c phng php sai st ca quyt nh cng l d 0,8V hay 0,03V th b gii m cng nhn c bt 1 d gi tr 0,8V c xc sut ng l bit 1 cao hn nhiu so vi 0,03V. Nh vy, b gii m khng c thng tin no v chnh xc ca quyt nh t b gii iu ch. Vic ny s lm cho cht lng ca b gii m khng ch ph thuc vo b gii m m cn ph thuc vo b gii iu ch v cht lng khng cao. Tuy nhin quyt nh cng d dng hn cho vic gii m. Nu b gii iu ch khng t quyt nh xem gi tr ly mu nhn c l bit 0 hay bit 1 m a thng cho b gii m b gii c y thng tin v bit sau khi
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Chng 1: M Turbo
qua knh truyn th vi cu trc ph hp b gii m s cho cc quyt nh chnh xc hn, tc l cht lng cao hn. B gii m s tnh ton cc gi tr xt tin cy ca tng gi tr v cui cng mi quyt nh. iu ny s lm gim kh nng c th xN ra li v li m tng cng c th tng 2,5 dB so vi gii m cng i vi y mi trng c SRN thp. Tuy nhin, t c li m ny th b gii m mm s c phc tp cao hn rt nhiu so vi b gii m cng. Vi kh nng tnh ton ca cc chp vi x l hay cc chp DSP cng vi khi lng b nh ngy nay th s phc tp ca b gii m mm khng cn l vn ln. v th xu hng hin nay trn th gii l s dng b gii m mm, thm ch c th gii m li cho cc loi m khi v m tch chp truyn thng bng phng php gii m mm. 1.5. M ha m turbo PCCC (parallel concatenated convolutional code) 1.5.1. B m ha: M PCCC l s kt ni song song ca 2 hay nhiu m RSC. Thng thng ngi ta s dng ti thiu 2 b m ho tch chp .S khi m PCCC tng qut c trnh nh hnh 1.7 Mi b m ho RSCi c gi l cc b m thnh phn (constituent code).Cc b m thnh phn c th khc nhau, tc m khc nhau nhng c cng c khi bit ng vo l k ,cc chui m ho ng ra bao gm mt chui h thng (chui bit vo). cc b m ho th hai tr i, chui bit nhn vo m ho trc ht phi qua mt b chn.Tt c cc chui m ho ng ra s c hp li thnh mt chui bit duy nht n bit trc khi truyn .
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Chng 1: M Turbo
c0
B m ho RSC1
x
. . . . . .
c1,i
B chn 1 . . . B chn n-1
B m ho RSC2 . . . B m ho RSCn
c2,i
Chuyn i song song sang ni tip hoc puncture
. . .
cn+1,i
Hnh 1.8: B m ho PCCC tng qut Tc m ho (code rate) ca b m ho PCCC l: r = k/n Mi bit thng tin ng vo s tr thnh mt phn ca t m ng ra (tnh h thng) v s c km theo bng ( 1/r - 1) bit ( gi l bit parity) sa li nu c. Nu r cng nh tc s bit parity i km s ln v dn n kh nng sa li cao hn rt nhiu nhng tc truyn gim i, s bit truyn nhiu hn c ngha l bng thng ln hn v tr tng ln. Theo khuyn co ca cc t chc nh chuN th gi tr r n ch nn nh nht l 1/6 . Trong qu trnh hp cc chui m ho thnh mt chui m ho duy nht ta c th dng mt k thut kh mi m l k thut xo (puncture) . Mt m Turbo tiu biu l loi c kt ni theo kiu PCCC. S khi c biu din trong hnh 1.9
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Chng 1: M Turbo
B m ho RSC1 B m ho RSC2
c1 c2 c3
B chn
Hnh 1.9: M PCCC tc 1/3 gm 2 b m ho chp h thng quy B m ho Turbo c bn c thit k bng cch kt ni song song hai b m ho h thng quy tch chp li vi nhau, hai b m ho thnh phn c phn cch nhau bi mt b chn ( interleaving). Ch c mt trong ba u ra ca hai b RSC trn l u ra ca h thng, u ra ca h thng c c bng cch thay i th t v tr ca bit u vo. Tc m ho ca b m ny l r =1/3, b m ho RSC u tin cho ra chui h thng c1 v chui chp quy c2, trong khi b m ho RSC th hai th b qua chui h thng ca n v ch cho ra chui chp quy c3 . 1.5.2. K thut xa (punture): K thut xo l k thut dng tng tc m ca mt b m ho m khng lm thay i cu trc ca b m ho.Tc m cng thp th cht lng cng cao nhng bng thng tng.V d b m tc 1/3 c th tr thnh b m ho tc 1/2 bng cch thay v 1 bit ng vo s c tng ng 3 bit ng ra m ho th ta cho ng ra m ho ch cn 2 bit. Bn cht ca k thut puncture l lm gim n theo mt qui lut no tc m ho r tng ln. V d: b m trong hnh 1.9, nu chui h thng c1 vn gi nguyn v cc chui c2 v c3 s c ly xen k. Chui c2 s ly cc bit l v cc bit chn ca chui c3 th b m s c tc 1/2. Khi b gii m nhn c chui bit n th n s thm vo chui ny cc bit 0 ti nhng ch b xo bt. Nh vy c th lm sai lch bit parity nn gim cht lng. 1.5.3. B chn (interleaver): i vi m Turbo, c th c mt hay nhiu b chn c s dng gia cc b m ho thnh phn. B chn c s dng ti b m ho nhm mc ch hon v tt c cc chui ng vo c trng s thp thnh chui ra c t m ng ra trng s cao
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Chng 1: M Turbo
hay ngc li. Lun m bo vi mt chui ng vo th ng ra mt b m ho s cho t m trng s cao cn b m ho kia s cho ra t m trng s thp lm tng khong cch t do ti thiu. B chn khng nhng c s dng ti b m ho m n cng vi b gii chn (deinterleaver) c trong b gii m ng mt vai tr quan trng. Vai tr ca b chn chnh ti b gii m mi bc l ht. Mt b chn tt s lm cho cc ng vo ca b gii m SISO t tng quan vi nhau tc l mc hi t ca thut ton gii m s tng ln, ng ngha vi vic gii m chnh xc hn. V d b chn c s dng tng trng s ca cc t m nh trong hnh 1.10
x
M h thng B m ho RSC 1 M trng s thp
c1 c2
B chn
B m ho RSC 2
M trng s cao
c3
Hnh 1.10: B chn lm tng trng s m ca b m ho RSC2 khi so snh vi b m ho RSC1 T hnh 1.10, i vi b m ho RSC1 th chui ng vo x cho ra chui m tch chp quy c trng s thp c2. trnh b m ho RSC2 cho ra chui ng ra quy khc cng c trng s thp, b chn hon v chui ng vo x thnh 1 chui mi vi hi vng cho ra chui m tch chp quy c trng s cao c3. V vy, trng s m ca m PCCC l va phi, n c kt hp t m trng s thp ca b m ho 1 v trng s cao ca b m ho 2. hnh 1.11 l mt v d minh ha. Theo hnh 1.11 chui ng vo xi cho ra cc chui ng ra c1i v c2i tng ng. cc chui ng vo x1 v x2 l cc chui hon v khc nhau ca x0. bng 1.1 trnh by kt qu ca cc t m v trng s ca cc t m
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Chng 1: M Turbo
C10 = [1100] C11 = [1010] C12 = [1001] X0 = [1100] X1 = [1010] X2 = [1001] D C20 = [1000] C21 = [1100] C22 = [1110]
Hnh 1.11. V d minh ha kh nng ca b chn Chui ng vo xi i=0 i=1 i=2 1100 1010 1001 Chui ng ra C1i 1100 1010 1001 Chui ng ra C2i 1000 1100 1110 Trng s ca t m i 3 4 5
Bng 1.1 cc chui ng vo v ng ra ca b m ha trong hnh 1.11 T bng trn cho thy trng s ca t m c th tng bng cch s dng b chn. B chn nh hng n vic thc hin m v n nh hng trc tip n c tnh khong cch ca m. Bng cch trnh cc t m c trng s thp, BER ca m turbo c ci tin ng k. V vy c nhiu b chn khc nhau c nghin cu thit k. phn sau y trnh by cc b chn tiu biu thng s dng trong vic thit k m turbo. 1.5.3.1. B chn ma trn (b chn khi):
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Chng 1: M Turbo
B chn ma trn l b chn thng c s dng nht trongg cc h thng lin lc. N vit vo theo ct t trn xung di, t tri sang phi v c ra theo hng t tri sang phi v t trn xung di. hoc c th vit vo theo hng v c ra theo ct. nh hnh di
c ra 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 ... 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
Vit vo
x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6
x7 x8 x9 x10 x11 x12
x13 x14 x15 x16 x17 x18
Vi chui vo (x1, x2, x3, x17, x18 ) dng ma trn b chn 6 3 trn th chui ra l: x1 x7 x13 x2 x8 x14 x12 x18
1.5.3.2. B chn helical: Tng t b chn ma trn (hng ct ), b chn helical cng ghi vo theo hng (hoc ct ) nhng li c ra theo ng cho. V d : cc gia tr c vo l nh bng sau x1 x2 X6 X7 x11 x12
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Chng 1: M Turbo
x3 x4 x5 Cc gi tr c ra l: X5 X9 X13 X3 X7
X8 X9 X10
x13 x14 x15
X11
X1
X10
X14
X15
Mt iu cn lu l ma trn chn helical c s hng l 1.5.3.3. B chn gi ngu nhin: B chn gi ngu nhin s dng tnh ngu nhin c nh tc l sp xp cc chui ng vo theo mt th t hon v. Gi thit di ca chui ng vo l L. hnh sau trnh by b chn ngu nhin vi L = 8.
0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
Vit vo Hon v ngu nhin c nh c ra
Hnh 1.12: B chn gi ngu nhin vi di chui ng vo L= 8 B chn gi ngu nhin s dng tnh ngu nhin c nh v sp xp chui ng vo theo th t hon v. Nh hnh trn b chn vit vo [ 01011011] v c ra [ 00011111] 1.5.3.4. B chn dch vng: Php hon v p ca b chn dch vng c nh ngha: P(i)= (ai + s)mod L Yu cu a < L, a gn bng v s=0
L v s < L trong i l ch s, a l kch c ca
bc v s l phn b (offset). Hnh 1.13 trnh by b chn dch vng vi L = 8, a=3
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Chng 1: M Turbo
Vit vo Ch s
0 0
1 1
1 2
0 3
1 4
0 5
0 6
1 7
Hon v dch vng c ra
0 0
3 0
6 0
1 1
4 1
7 1
2 1
5 0
Hnh 1.13: B chn dich vng vi L=8, a=3, s=0 T hnh trn b chn vit vo [01101001] v c ra [00011110]. Vic tch bit ln cn l 3 hay 5. b chn ny c a ra hon v cc chui ng vo c trng s 2 c cc trng s t m thp thnh cc chui ng vo trng s 2 c cc trng s t m cao. Tuy nhin, bi v tnh quy tc vn c ca b chn ny, s kh hon v cc chui ng vo trng s cao hn c cc trng s t m thp thnh cc chui ng vo khc c cc trng s t m cao. 1.5.3.5. B chn bn ngu nhin : B chn bn ngu nhin l s tha hip gia b chn ngu nhin v b chn c thit k nh l cc b chn khi v dch vng. Thut ton hon v cho b chn bn ngu nhin c m t nh sau: 1. chn ch s ngu nhin t [0, L-1] 2. chn s nguyn dng s <
L 2
3. so snh i vi cc s dng trc . i vi mi s nguyn s, so snh i nu n nm trong khong s th gi i, nu n khng nm trong khong s th tr li t u. 4. tr li t u cho n khi tt c cc v tr L c lp y.
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Chng 1: M Turbo
Vit vo
7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
9 15 12
2 10 13 1
4 7
11 14
c ra
Hnh trn trnh by b chn bn ngu nhin vi L=16 v s=2. b chn vit vo [0110100101101001] v c ra [0001110011011100]. B chn bn ngu nhin c gng a ra vi tnh ngu nhin khc phc tnh quy tc ca vic hon v. Tuy nhin, thut ton khng m bo kt thc mt cch thnh cng. 1.5.3.6. B chn chn l: B chn chn l l c trng cho m PCCC r = 1/2. Mt m PCCC r =1/2 c ly bng cch kt hp 2 chui ng ra ca m PCCC r = 1/3 thnh mt chui ng ra ca m PCCC r = 1/2. Tuy nhin, bng cch kt hp 2 chui ng ra c m ha ny, c th mt bit thng tin s khng c cc bit m ha ca n ( hoc c hai bit m ha kt hp li cho ra sa sai cho cng mt bit tin). Cng c th mt bit tin c mt hay c hai bt c m ha ca n. V vy, nu mt li xN ra cho bit tin khng y c bo v ( khng c mt bit no ca n c m ha ca n), th cht lng ca b b gii m TC c th b gim hay BER ca n c th tng. B chn chn l c th khc phc c vn ny bng cch cho php mi bit tin c mt trong cc bt c m ha ca n mt cch chnh xc. Nh kt qu ca
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Chng 1: M Turbo
b chn ny, kh nng sa sai ca m c phn b ng nht trn tt c cc bt tin. Thc s b chn ny ging nh mt cch ci tin ca k thut punture. V d b chn chn l sau Chui tin x = c1 ca L = 9 sau khi i qua b m ho RSC1 th cho ra chui m ha c2. T chui c2, ch c cc bit m ho v tr l c lu tr nh trong bng. Ch s di l v tr bit trong chui bit x1 c21 x2 x3 c23 x4 x5 c25 x6 x7 c27 x8 x9 c29
Mt b chn khi 3 3 c dng hon v chui tin tc x cho b m ha RSC2 nh sau: x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 x7 x8 x9
Chui tin tc x c vit theo ct v c ra theo hng. Chui tin c hon v cho ra chui m ha c3. T chui c3 ch c cc bit m ho v tr chn c lu tr nh trong bng di. Cc bit m ha l ca chui c3 c lu tr vi chui tin hon v x x1 x4 c34 x7 x2 c32 x5 x8 c38 x3 x6 c36 x9 -
i vi m ho PCCC r = 1/2, cc chui bit m ho sau phi c ghp vi nhau nh trong bng sau Chui tin x v chui m ha c ghp
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Chng 1: M Turbo
x1 c21
x4 c34
x7 c27
x2 c32
x5 c25
x8 c38
x3 c23
x6 c36
x9 c29
T bng trn ta thy mi bit tin c bit m ha ring ca n 1.5.3.7. B chn simile: B chn chn l nh trnh by trn cho duy nht mt bit kim tra i km theo mt bit m ho. Bng cch ny kh nng sa li ca b m c phn b u trn tt c cc bit thng tin. By gi ta xem xt mt hn ch khc khi thit k b chn : sau khi m ho c hai chui bit thng tin (mt chui gc v mt chui sau khi qua b chn) trng thi ca hai b m ho phi ging nhau. Ngoi cch kt thc trellis nh trnh by phn trc, ta vn c th thm vo sau chui thng tin mt s bit (gi l tail bits) lm cho hai b m ho kt thc cng mt trng thi zero bng cch dng mt b chn c bit gi l simile. tng ca b chn ny xut pht t tng mt khi thng tin N bit c th c chia thnh m + 1 chui vi m l s nh ca b m ha. V d vi m = 2 ta c Chui 0 = {uk k mod(m + 1) = 0 } Chui 1 = {uk k mod(m + 1) = 1 } Chui 2 = {uk k mod(m + 1) = 2 } V d nh vi b RSC ni trn vi mt N cho trc, trng thi cui cng ca b m ho m t bng trng thi ca hai D flip-flop s l s kt hp ca hai chui va nu trn th hin trong bng sau. S0N Chui 1 + chui 2 Chui 2 + chui 0 Chui 0 + chui 1 S1N Chui 0 + chui 1 Chui 1 + chui 2 Chui 2 + chui 0
N mod (m+1) 0 1 2
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Chng 1: M Turbo
Mt kt lun quan trng l t quan im trng thi kt thc ca b m ha, th t ca cc bit n l trong mi chui khng cn quan trng, ch cn chng trong cng mt chui. Mt b chn simile phi thc hin vic hon v cc bit trong mi chui a c b m ho v cng trng thi nh khi khng s dng b chn. V c hai b m ho kt thc cng mt trng thi nn ta ch cn mt tail l c th a c hai b m ho v trng thi zero cng mt lc. 1.5.3.8. B chn khung: Nu b chn simile cn s dng thm tail bit li c hai b m ho n cng mt trng thi th b chn khung li khng cn tail bit. Mi mt b RSC do tnh hi quy ca n c th c trng bng mt a thc sinh chu k L. Trong trng hp ny N bit thng tin sau khi c chn s c lu hai ln trong b nh kch thc 2N ti nhng a ch m vic c chng ra sau ny b ngn cch bng mt khong thi gian bng vi s nguyn ln ca L. Bng cch ny, nu b m ha bt u bng mt trng thi zero th s kt thc ti mt trng thi zero m khng cn thm bt k mt tail bit no. 1.5.3.9. B chn ti u ( gn ti u): B chn ti u c th c m t nh b chn cho ra cc chui m ha ng ra c trng s thp t nht. B chn ny thit k di dng v phc tp, thut ton sau ch m t s lc vic thit k ny : 1. Pht ra chn ngu nhin 2. Pht tt c cc chui tin ng vo c th 3. i vi tt c cc chui tin ng vo c th m ho thnh t m v xc nh kt qu trng s ca t m tm c phn b trng s ca t m 4. Xc nh trng s t m nh nht v s cc t m vi trng s Thut ton ny lp li vi s ln hp l v gi b chn c trng s t m nh nht l ln nht vi s lng cc t m c trng s thp nht. 1.5.3.10. kt lun : Trn y lit k mt s cc kiu chn c s dng trong m TC. Vi cng mt chui tin ng vo, c th i vi b chn ny s cho ra cc t m c trng s cao
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Chng 1: M Turbo
nhng vi b chn kiu khc li cho ra cc t m c trng s thp hn. Trong thc t c BER thp ngi ta khng s dng thun tu mt kiu chn m ngi ta thit k mt b chn mi bng cch kt hp cc u im ca cc b chn khc nhau. Cc cch thit k ny lm tng ng k cht lng ca m TC i vi tng h thng c th.
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Chng 2: Gii m m Turbo
Chng 2: Gii m m turbo

2.1. Gii thiu chng: Chng ny s trinh by hai thut ton gii m Turbo l : Thut ton gii m MAP Thut ton gii m SOVA So snh cht lng m PCCC vi cc loi m ra i trc 2.2. Tng quan v cc thut ton gii m: Ngoi s kt ni cc b m tch chp cng vic s dng mt thnh phn c bit l cc b chn, cn mt thnh p hn quan trng khc trong cht lng Turbo l qui trnh gii m mm c thc hin lp i lp li v phc to ch tng tuyn tnh theo kch thc khung. M PCCC c cu trc m ho kt ni song song tuy nhin qu trnh gii m PCCC li da trn s gii m kt ni ni tip. M Turbo s dng b gii m kt ni ni tip v s kt ni ni tip c kh nng chia x thng tin gia cc b gii m kt ni, trong khi cc b gii m c s kt ni song song ch yu gii m c lp nhau. Cc thng tin ny nh c tnh mm, c trao i, khai thc nhiu ln qua cc vng lp s lm tng ng k cht lng gii m. Trong khi thc hin mt vng lp gii m cc thng tin mm c trao i gia cc b gii m thnh phn, Forney chng minh c rng ng ra mm ti u cho b gii m phi l xc sut a posteriori (APP) l xc sut ca mt bit no c truyn da trn tn hiu nhn c. V phc tp ca cc m TC ch yu l do b gii m lp nn iu cn thit trc nht l tm hiu cc thut ton gii m v tm ra cch tt nht gii m m khng lm gim cht lng. Pht trin cc thut ton gii m hiu qu l mi quan tm hng u khi ci tin m TC. Hnh 2.1 trnh by ci nhn tng quan v cc h thut ton gii m da trn s trellis.
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Cc thut ton gii m da trn Trellis
Viterbi
MAP
SOVA
Max-Log-MAP
SOVA ci tin
Log-MAP
Hnh 2.1 : Tng quan cc thut ton gii m H th nht l h cc thut ton MAP cn gi l thut ton BCJR (Bahl-CockeJelinek-Raviv, tn bn ngi tm ra thut ton ny). Thut ton ny lin quan n cc thut ton gii m kh nng xy ra ln nht (ML) nhm lm gim ti a xc sut li bit. H ny bao gm cc thut ton symbol-by-symbol MAP, l phng php ti u tnh cc thng tin APP, y l thut ton dng tch, phc tp rt cao. Trong h ny cn c hai loi thut ton lm gn ng thut ton MAP tr thnh thut ton dng tng phc tp t hn m cht lng gii m gn nh tng ng l Log-MAP v phin bn gn ng ca Log-MAP l Max-log-MAP. Mt h thut ton gii m khc l mt h thut ton da trn vic sa i thut ton Viterbi (VA) c s dng thm metric b sung v VA truyn thng khng tnh cc thng tin APP, metric b sung lm iu . H thut ton gii m ny bao gm thut ton ni ting l thut ton Viterbi ng ra mm (SOVA) v thut ton t c bit n hn l thut ton Viterbi ng ra lit k ni tip (SLVA). Ngoi hai h thut ton gii m ny cn c mt s k thut gii m lp khc. Tuy cng l cc thut ton ng ra mm da trn s trellis nhng khc vi VA l mt thut ton gii m trellis ML v gim thiu xc sut li t m, thut ton MAP li nhm ti gim ti a xc sut li bit. MAP l mt phng php ti u
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c on cc trng thi v ng ra ca cc qu trnh Markov trong iu kin nhiu trng. Tuy nhin MAP t kh nng c ng dng thc t bi cc kh khn v s hc lin quan n vic biu din xc sut, cc hm phi tuyn cng mt s cc php nhn v cng khi tnh ton cc gi tr ny. Log-MAP l mt bin th ca MAP, cht lng gn nh tng ng m khng gp tr ngi trong vic ng dng trong thc t. Log-MAP c thc hin hon ton trong min logarit, nh php nhn chuyn thnh php cng v ta c c mt hm tng i d thc hin hn. Max-Log-MAP v SOVA l thut ton gn ti u dng gim bt phc tp tnh ton nhng trong knh nhiu Gauss th cht lng hai loi ny cng khng cao, c bi trong vng SNR thp. Max -Log-MAP hu nh ging vi Log-MAP ch c duy nht mt im khc l s dng mt hm n gin hn rt nhiu. Cc nghin cu cho thy Max-Log-MAP lm gim cht lng khong 0.5 dB so vi MAP/LogMAP trong knh nhiu Gauss. Cc khc bit trong vic thc hin gia cc thut ton gii m ny c th gip gii thch c s khc bit v cht lng. Ti mi bc th k trong mt trellis, MAP/Log-MAP chia tt c cc ng ra thnh hai tp ; mt tp cc ng khi bit thng tin ng vo bng 1 v mt tp cc ng khi bit thng tin ng vo bng 0. MAP/Log-MAP s tnh t s xc sut log (LLR) ca hai tp ny theo cng thc. Ngc li Max -Log-MAP s tm trong tt c cc ng chn cc ng thch hp, mt ng c kh nng ln nht cho bit thng tin ng vo bng 0. Ng ra mm ca Max-Log-MAP l LLR ca hai ng ny. Cn SOVA th b sung vo VA mt s gi tr thc v lu gi . Thut ton ny ch tm ng tn ti v mt ng cch tranh vi ng tn ti . V bn cht, SOVA s dng cng mt loi metric v c quyt nh cng nh Max-logMAP. Mc d, SOVA lun tm ng c kh nng ln nht nhng ng cnh tranh tt nht c th b loi ra trc khi kt hp vi ng ML. Kt qu l ng ra mm ca SOVA c th b sai ng so vi ng ra mm ca Max-Log-MAP v cht lng ca b gii m lp SOVA km hn Max -Log-MAP.
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Mc d thut ton MAP tt hn thut ton SOVA nhng n c cu trc phn cng v qu trnh tnh ton gii m li phc tp hn nhiu. 2.3. Gii thut MAP: B gii m l s kt hp ca nhiu b gii m (thng l hai b gii m) v gii m lp (interatively). Phn ln tp trung gii thut Viterbi cung cp gi tr ra mm (soft output or reliability information) cho mt b so snh gi tr ra mm c dng quyt nh bit ng ra. Mt gii thut khc cng c quan tm l symbolbysymbol Maximum A Posteriori (MAP) ca Balh c cng b.
1a (u k )
Deinter.
2e ( uk )
(c ; I )
(1 )
DEC1
( u; O )
A 1k
1e ( uk )
2e ( u k )
Inter.
DEC2
( u; O )
A 2k
(c( 2 ) ; I ) (c(1 ) ; I )
Inter. Deinter.
(c ( 2 ) ; I )
Hard decision
Hnh 2.2: B gii m lp MAP Gii thut gii m c thc hin nh sau: 1. Tch tn hiu nhn ra thnh 2 chui tng ng cho b gii m 1 v b gi m 2. 2. vng lp u tin ,thng tin a priori ca b gii m 1 c a v 0. Sau khi b gii m 1 a ra c thng tin extrinsic th s c chn v a ti b gii m 2 ng vai tr l thng tin a priori ca b gii m ny. B gii m 2 sau khi
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a ra thng tin extrinsic th vng lp kt thc.Thng tin extrinsic ca b gii m th 2 s c gii chn v a v b gii m 1 nh l thng tin a priori . 3. 4. Qu trnh gii m gii m c lp li nh vy cho n khi thc hin s ln Sau vng lp cui cng, gi tr c on c c tnh bng cch gii chn lp qui nh . thng tin b gii m th 2 v a ra quyt nh cng. 2.4. Nguyn l ca b gii m viterbi ng ra mm: i vi cc m tch chp th thut ton Viterbi cho ra chui ng ra ML. Cn i vi cc m Turbo, chng ta gp hai tr ngi khi s dng cc b gii m Viterbi thng thng. Th nht, b gii m Viterbi bn trong cho ra mt lot li bit lm gim i vic thc hin ca cc b gii m Viterbi bn ngoi. Th hai, b gii m Viterbi bn trong cho ra cc ng ra quyt nh cng lm ngn chn b gii m Viterbi bn ngoi nhn c cc li im ca cc quyt nh mm. C hai tr ngi ny c th c khc phc v vic thc hin gii m c th c ci tin mt cch ng k nu cc b gii m Viterbi c th cho ra cc gi tr tin cy. Cc gi tr tin cy ny i qua cc b gii m Viterbi tip sau v c xem nh l mt thng tin u tin nhm ci tin vic thc hin gii m. B gii m Viterbi b sung ny c tham kho nh l b gii m thut ton Viterbi ng ra mm (SOVA)
y L=0
u1
SOVA 1 SOVA 2
u2 L2
L1 Hnh 2.3 B gii m SOVA kt ni
Trong hnh trn y biu din cc gi tr knh nhn c, u biu din cc gi tr ng ra quyt nh cng, L biu din cc gi tr tin cy lin kt. 2.4.1. tin cy ca b gii m SOVA tng qut:
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tin cy trong gii m SOVA c tnh ton t biu trellis nh hnh:2.4
Hnh 2.4: Cc ng survivor v ng cnh tranh c on tin cy Trong Hnh 2.4 trnh by biu trellis 4 trng thi. ng lin nt ch ra ng survivor (gi thit y l mt phn ca ng ML) v ng t nt ch ra ng cnh tranh (xy ra ng thi) ti thi im t i vi trng thi 1. n gin th cc ng survivor v cnh tranh cho cc nt khc khng c v ra. Nhn S1,t biu din trng thi 1 ti thi im t. Cng vy, cc {0,1} c vit trn mi ng ch ra quyt nh nh phn c c on cho cc ng. Mt metric tch ly Vs(S1,t) gn cho ng survivor i vi mi nt v metric tch ly Vc(S1,t) gn cho ng cnh tranh i vi mi nt. Thng tin c bn cho vic gn gi tr tin cy L(t) n ng survivor ca nt S1,t l gi tr tuyt i ca 2 metric tch ly. L(t) = |Vs(S1,t) Vc(S1,t)| (2.1) Gi tr ny cng ln th ng survivor cng ng tin cy. tnh ton tin cy ny, gi thit metric tch ly ca survivor th lun lun ln hn metric tch ly ca cnh tranh. gim phc tp, cc gi tr tin cy ch cn c tnh cho ng
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survivor ML v khng cn thit tnh cho cc ng survivor khc bi v chng s c b qua sau ny. minh ho r hn khi nim tin cy, hai v d sau y c a ra. Trong cc v d ny, thut ton Viterbi chn ng survivor nh l ng c metric tch ly nh nht. Trong v d u tin, gi thit ti nt S1,t c metric survivor tch ly l Vs(S1,t) = 50 v metric cnh tranh tch ly l Vc(S1,t) = 100. Gi tr tin cy lin kt n vic chn ng survivor ny l L(t) = |50 - 100| = 50. Trong v d th hai, gi thit metric survivor tch ly khng i Vs(S1,t)= 50 v metric cnh tranh tch ly l Vc(S1,t) = 75. Kt qu gi tr tin cy l L(t) = |50 - 75| = 25. Mc d trong c hai v d ny, ng survivor c cng metric tch ly, nhng gi tr tin cy c lin kt vi ng survivor th khc nhau. Gi tr tin cy trong v d u tin c nhiu tin tng hn (gp 2 ln) trong vic chn ng survivor hn l gi tr trong v d th hai. Hnh 2.5 minh ha vn s dng tr tuyt i gia cc metric survivor v cnh tranh tch ly nh l php o tin cy ca quyt nh. Trong hnh, cc ng survivor v cc ng cnh tranh ti S1,t tch ra ti thi im t-5. Cc ng survivor v cc ng cnh tranh cho ra cc quyt nh nh phn c on i lp ti cc thi im t, t - 2 v t - 4 nh cc ch in m trong hnh. minh ha, chng ta gi thit cc metric tch ly ca survivor v cnh tranh ti S1,t l bng nhau, Vs(S1,t) = Vc(S1,t) = 100. iu ny c ngha l c hai ng survivor v ng cnh tranh c cng xc sut l ng ML. Hn na chng ta gi thit l metric tch ly survivor th tt hn metric tch ly cnh tranh ti thi im t 2 v t - 4 c trnh by trong hnh. gim bt phc tp ca hnh v, cc ng cnh tranh ny ti cc thi im t - 2 v t - 4 khng a ra. T gi thit ny, chng ta thy rng gi tr tin cy gn cho ng survivor ti thi im t l L(t) = 0, iu ny c ngha l khng c tin cy lin kt vi vic chn ng survivor. Ti cc thi im t - 2 v t - 4, cc gi tr tin cy gn cho ng survivor th ln hn 0 (L(t-2) = 25 v L(t-4) = 10) ngha l kt qu cc metric tch ly tt hn cho ng survivor. Tuy nhin, ti thi im t, ng cnh tranh cng c th l ng survivor bi v chng c cng metric. V vy c th c cc quyt nh nh phn c c
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on tri ngc nhau ti cc thi im t, t- 2, t - 4 m khng lm gim cc gi tr tin cy lin kt sut dc theo ng survivor.
Hnh 2.5 : V d trnh by vic gn tin cy bng cch s dng cc gi tr metric trc tip ci tin cc gi tr tin cy ca ng survivor, mt php tnh truy ngc cp nht cc gi tr tin cy c gi thit. Th tc cp nht ny c tch hp vo trong thut ton Viterbi nh sau : * i vi nt Sk,t trong biu trellis (p ng n trng thi k ti thi im t), lu L(t) = | Vs(S1,t) Vc(S1,t)|. * Nu c nhiu hn mt ng cnh tranh, th sau nhiu gi tr tin cy phi c tnh v gi tr tin cy nh nht c ly l L(t) * Khi to gi tr tin cy Sk,t bng + (tin cy nht)
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* So snh cc con ng survivor v cnh tranh ti Sk,t v lu li cc cp nh (MEM) trong cc quyt nh nh phn c c on ca hai con ng l khc nhau. * Cp nht cc gi tr tin cy ti cc MEM ny vi th tc nh sau : + Tm MEM thp nht ln hn 0, coi nh l MEMlow m gi tr tin cy ca n khng c cp nht. + Cp nht gi tr tin cy ca MEMlow L(t-MEMlow) bng cch gn gi tr tin cy thp nht gia MEM = 0 v MEM = MEMlow 2.4.2. S khi ca b gii m SOVA: B gii m SOVA c th c thc hin theo nhiu cch khc nhau. Nhng c l theo khuynh hng tnh ton th d dng thc hin b gii m SOVA cho cc m c chiu di bt buc K ln v kch c khung di bi v s cn thit cp nht tt c cc ng survivor. Do th tc cp nht ch c ngha cho ng ML, nn vic thc hin ca b gii m SOVA ch thc hin th tc cp nht i vi ng ML c trnh by trong hnh 2.6
Thanh ghi dch L(u) Lcy SOVA khng c th tc cp nht Thanh ghi dch
Chui trng thi
L(u)
SOVA
Hnh 2.6: S khi b gii m SOVA B gii m SOVA ly ng vo l L(u) v Lcy, l gi tr tin cy v gi tr nhn c qua cn bng tng ng, v cho ra u v L(u), tng ng l cc quyt nh bit c on v cc thng tin a posteriori L(u). Vic thc hin b gii m SOVA ny bao gm hai b gii m SOVA ring bit. B gii m SOVA u tin ch tnh
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cc metric ca ng ML v khng tnh (gi li) cc gi tr tin cy. Cc thanh ghi dch c s dng m cho cc ng vo trong khi b gii m SOVA u tin ang x l ng ML. B gii m SOVA th hai (c thng tin ng ML) tnh li ng ML v cng tnh v cp nht cc gi tr tin cy. Ta thy rng phng php thc hin ny lm gim phc tp trong tin trnh cp nht. Thay v truy ngc v cp nht 2m ng survivor, th ch c ng ML cn c x l. Mt s chi tit ca mt b gii m SOVA lp c trnh by Hnh 2.7
thanh ghi CS y2 y1 tin cy knh 4Eb/N0

thanh ghi CS thanh ghi CS
SOVA1
L1(u) + -
Le1(u)
2 thanh ghi dch song song
y3
2 thanh ghi dch song song
Le2(u) I{L2(u)}
I
CS : dch vng I : b chn I-1: b gii chn
I thanh ghi CS
SOVA2
+ I-1
I-1 u
Hnh 2.7: B gii m SOVA lp B gii m x l cc bit knh nhn c trn mt khung c bn. Nh c trnh by trong Hnh 2.7, cc bit knh nhn c tch thnh dng bit h thng y1 v 2 dng bit parity y2 v y3 t cc b m ha 1 v 2 tng ng. Cc bit ny c cn bng bi gi tr tin cy knh v c ly ra qua cc thanh ghi CS. Cc thanh ghi trnh by trong hnh c s dng nh cc b m lu tr cc chui cho n khi chng ta cn. Cc kha chuyn c t v tr m nhm ngn nga cc bit t cc khung k tip i x l cho n khi khung hin hnh c x l xong.
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B gii m thnh phn SOVA cho ra thng tin a posteriori L(ut) v bit c c on ut ( thi im t). Thng tin a posteriori L(ut) c phn tch thnh 3 s hng L(ut)=L(ut) + Lcyt,1 + Le(ut) . Lcyt,1 l gi tr knh h thng nhn c qua cn bng. Le(ut) l gi tr extrinsic c sinh ra bi b gii m thnh phn SOVA hin ti. Tin tc i xuyn qua gia cc b gii m thnh phn SOVA l gi tr extrinsic. Le(ut)=L(ut) Lcyt,1 L(ut) (2.3) (2.2) L(ut) l gi tr a priori v c sinh ra bi b gii m thnh phn SOVA trc
Gi tr a priori L(ut) c tr i t s b tr l thng tin a osteriori L(ut) ngn nga tin tc i ngc li b gii m m t sinh ra n. Cng vy, gi tr knh h thng nhn c qua cn bng Lcyt,1 c tr i nhm xa tin tc thng thng trong cc b gii m thnh phn SOVA. Hnh 2.7 trnh by b gii m m PCCC l s kt ni theo th t vng kn ca cc b gii m thnh phn SOVA. Trong s gii m vng kn ny, mi mt b gii m thnh phn SOVA c on chui tin bng cch s dng dng bit parity qua cn bng. Hn na, b gii m PCCC thc hin gii m lp nhm cho ra cc c on a priori / tin cy ng tin tng hn t 2 dng bit parity qua cn bng khc nhau, vi hy vng thc hin gii m tt hn. Thut ton m Turbo lp vi ln lp th n nh sau: 1. B gii m SOVA1 c ng vo l chui Lcy1(h thng), Lcy2 (parity), v cho ra chui Le2(u). i vi ln lp u tin, chui Le2(u)=0 bi v khng c gi tr a priori (khng c gi tr extrinsic t SOVA2). Thng tin extrinsic t SOVA1 c tnh bng Le1(u)= L1(u) - Le2(u)- Lcy1 trong (2.4)
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1. Lc = 4 2.
Eb N o rate
Cc chui Lcy1 v Le1(u) c chn l I{(Lcy1)} v I{Le1(u)}.
3. B gii m SOVA2 c ng vo l cc chui Lcy1 (h thng), v I(Lcy3)(parity c chn b gii m) v I{Le1(u)} (thng tin a priori) v cho ra cc chui I{L2(u)} v I{u} . 4. Thng tin extrinsic t SOVA2 c ly l: I{Le2(u)} = I{L2(u)} - I{Le1(u)} - I(Lcy1) Cc chui I{Le2(u)} vI{u} c gii chn v l Le2(u) v u. 5. Le2(u) c hi tip v SOVA1 nh l thng tin a priori cho ln lp k tip v u l ng ra ca cc bit c c on cho ln lp th n. 2.5. S khc nhau gi m chp v m PCCC: Ta c s khc nhau nh bng 2.1 di: Tiu chuNn Chiu di bt buc ln hn Khong cch t do ln hn Tc m ho thp hn Cc b m ho quy Cc b gii m ng ra mm M tch chp Tt Tt Khng khc Khng khc Khng khc M PCCC Xu Khng khc Tt Tt Tt
Bng 2.1 So snh m chp v m PCCC 2.6. So snh cht lng ca cc h thng m ha: T l li bit (BER) v t s tn hiu/nhiu (SN R) ca qu trnh truyn dn xc nh cht lng ca knh truyn. Tuy nhin, s khc nhau l bao nhiu cng sut (SN R) th cn thit thc hin BER thp. T l li bit l xc sut ca bt c bit no b li trong qu trnh truyn. T s tn hiu/nhiu ( Eb/N o) l t s cng sut knh/ cng sut nhiu. BER cng thp th cng tt bi v c ngha l c mt vi li trong d liu cui cng SN R cng thp th cng tt bi v c ngha l t cng sut cn thit truyn tn hiu.
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N h trn gii thiu m PCCC RSC l m c thc t tt nht bi v n c th thc hin SN R thp ti BER thp v gn vi gii hn Shannon l thuyt ti a ca thc hin knh. li m xc nh thc hin m ha nh th no. li m l s khc nhau trong SN R gia 1 knh c m ha v 1 knh khng c m ha. li m c th c xc nh bng cch o khong cch gia gi tr SN R ca bt k mt trong nhng knh c m ha no v knh khng c m ha ti BER cho trc. V d li m i vi m PCCC RSC c tc 1/2 ti BER 10-5 l khong 8,5 dB. iu ny c ngha l tn hiu c m ha PCCC c th hoc l c nhn 2,65 ln xa hn tn hiu khng c m ha ( cng mt cng sut pht), hoc l n ch cn 1/7 cng sut pht (cho cng mt khong cch). 2.7. Kt lun chng: Qua chng ny chng ta bit c r hn v m turbo, cng nh nhng u im ca n so vi cc loi m khc. N n n c ng dng vo cc h thng thng tin yu cu cht lng, tc cao.
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Chng 3: ng dng m turbo trong cdma2000
Chng 3: ng dng m turbo trong h thng tin di ng cdma2000

3.1. Gii thiu chng: Trong lnh vc vin thng th hai h thng gy nhiu kh khn nht l truyn thng khng dy (wireless communication) v truyn thng a phng tin (multimedia communication -MMC) do mt s im c th ca hai loi h thng ny gy nhiu kh khn cho vic truyn thng. M TC ra i thc Ny mt qu trnh tm ti, pht trin mi nh nhng c tnh u vit ca n. chng ny trnh by cc ng dng chung ca m Turbo trong h thng truyn thng v trnh by chi tit ng dng trong h thng thng tin di ng cdma2000. 3.2. Cc ng dng truyn thng a phng tin: ng dng trong truyn thng a phng tin l ti mi c nghin cu gn y. V th c mt s nt chnh v cc vn gp phi v mt s ngh khi ng dng TC trong truyn thng a phng tin. 3.2.1. Cc hn ch khi ng dng TC vo h thng truyn thng a phng tin: Cc ng dng MMC gp phi cc rng buc sau y : 3.2.1.1. Tnh thi gian thc Mt hn ch quan trng nht ca cc ng dng MMC l thi gian eo hp. V d nh xt mt ng dng MMC l Video-On-Demand (VOD), my ch VOD truyn d liu phim n cc khch hng. Mi khung d liu c th l thng tin v mt khung hnh ca b phim. Nu cc d liu phim n chm th khch hng s c cm gic cht lng phim khng tt, phim khng c chiu trn tru. T y ta c th thy d liu multimedia c bn cht thi gian thc, s chm tr ca d liu s lm mt gi tr ca thng tin. Vn thi gian chnh l mt ro cn ln trong cc ng dng MMC. Trong khi TC cn phi c mt cu trc gii m lp tng cht lng th tnh thi gian thc qu l mt thch thc khi phi gii quyt mu thun gia thi gian p ng v t l li bit (BER). c tnh thi gian thc ny cho thy cc m TC ng dng trong MMC khng th c s vng lp ln.
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3.2.1.2. Khi lng d liu ln: Mt c tnh khc ca cc ng dng MMC l cc khi d liu ln. Ch cn mt hnh nh trong b phim cng cn ti c hng Megabit biu din. Cng vi c tnh thi gian thc th mt s lng ln cc d liu s phi c x l trong mt khong thi gian gii hn v rt ngn, nu khng h thng s gy li. Kt qu l yu cu i vi cc b m ha v gii m TC rt cao. 3.2.1.3. Bng thng gii hn: Bng thng l vn lun c quan tm hng u, nht l trong cc ng dng thc tin trong thi gian gn y v lng thng tin con ngi mong mun c truyn ti ngy cng ln m mt ti nguyn quc gia nh bng thng khng th tng. Bng thng s dng trong cc ng dng MMC rt ln (v d nh VOD thng s dng ATM), tuy nhin do khi lng d liu cn truyn ln nn bng thng ln (so vi cc ng dng trong h thng khc) vn tr thnh mt gii hn cho cc ng dng MMC. Kt qu l cc m tc thp s khng hiu qu. 3.2.1.4. Tm hiu cc c tnh ca knh truyn: Cc c tnh ca cc knh truyn trong MMC n gin v bt bin hn nhiu so vi mi trng khng dy. V vy ta c th tm hiu c cc c tnh ca knh truyn v a ra cc gii php thch hp cho tng h thng. Mt phng php tm hiu cc c tnh ca knh truyn l dng mng Bayes. Cc phng php thc hin c th tm lc nh sau : * D liu c truyn qua knh truyn v s dng nhiu loi m hnh m TC vi cc thng s khc nhau. * Ghi li cc gi tr BER * Thnh lp mt mng Bayes vi cc chnh xc ca m kt qu v cc yu t nh hng l cc nt mng. Mt ng ni trc tip s i t cc yu t n cc chnh xc ca m kt qu. * S dng cc gi tr BER ghi nhn th cho mng ny. * Tm ra mt tp hp cc thng s ti u ha cc s iu chnh 3.2.2. Cc xut khi ng dng TC vo truyn thng a phng tin:
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3.2.2.1.Kch thc khung ln: Nh cp trn, mt c tnh quan trng ca ng dng MCC l khi d liu ln. T y gi ra tng s dng kch thc khung ln cho m TC. Kch thc khung ln ng ngha vi kch thc b chn ln v s lm tng ng k cht lng ca m TC. Vi mt bng thng ln nh ca MMC th mt khi lng d liu ln c th truyn vi mt tr chp nhn c. Vi kch thc khung ln ny li m ca TC c th tng bng cc cch sau : * Gim BER ca knh truyn * Tng thi gian p ng bng cch gim s ln lp gii m hay s dng mt s ci tin gii m trnh by di y. 3.2.2.2.Ci tin qu trnh gii m: 3.2.2.2.1 Gii m ng: Phng php gii m ng gi gn trong hai im sau : * t mt ngng vng lp, tc l s ln lp ti a cho mt khung. * S vng lp thc s gii m mt khung s nh hn hay bng gi tr ngng ny v ph thuc vo kt qu gii m. iu kin ngng qu trnh gii m l khung ht li. Trong qu trnh gii m, kt qu gi tr c lng ca vng lp gii m trc c lu li v so snh vi kt qu ca vng lp gii m k tip. Nu hai kt qu ging nhau th ht li v tip tc gii m cho khung k tip. tng y l mt s khung ch cn s vng lp rt t (ch khong 2 hay 3 vng) loi b hon ton li sai, trong khi mt s khung khc rt nhiu li th cn s vng lp gii m nhiu hn t c cht lng cao hn. V th s vng lp thay i s nh hng trc tip n vic gim tr v c th cn lm tng cht lng. V d nh mt h thng s dng s ln lp gii m c nh l 10. Khi s dng h thng ny vi phng php gii m ng c s vng lp ti a l 15 th s vng lp gii m trung bnh s gim rt nhiu, ch khong 5 -7 vng. Nh vy ta tit kim c rt nhiu thi gian, tng thi gian p ng ca h thng. Thm ch c
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mt s khung nhiu li sai th gii m lp n 15 vng c th s cho cht lng cao hn ch lp 10 vng c nh. 3.2.2.2.2 Gii m u tin: Khi d liu c truyn ngoi c tnh l c s lng bit ln cn c mt s c tnh khc nh : * D liu nhn khng cn chnh xc 100%. V d nh trong VOD, nu mt s phn no ca cc khung nhn b li th c th gy ra mt s suy gim cht lng trn mt vi phn no trong hnh nh b phim. Nhng nu nhng s suy gim ny kh nh th mt ngi cng kh nhn bit hoc d dng chp nhn. iu c ngha l MMC c th chp nhn mt mc li nht nh. * Cc d liu truyn c tm quan trng khc nhau. Cng xt v d trn, nu cc li xy ra trong vng trung tm ca hnh nh th khch hng c th pht hin d dng. Nhng nu cc li gy s suy gim cht lng cc vng ln cn bin ca hnh nh th kh gy s ch hn. iu c ngha l cc d liu c tm quan trng thp s chp nhn mc li cao hn. Cc c tnh ny lm ny sinh thm mt tng l gii m theo mc u tin. Cc ng dng MMC s thm cc thng tin v u tin vo trong khung ty theo tm quan trng ca khung. Sau khi nhn c chui tin t knh truyn, b gii m s gii m tm cc t m. Sau vng lp u tin b gii m c th nhn c thng tin v mc u tin ca khung v s quyt nh s vng lp (hay phng php lp) ph hp vi khung. Theo m hnh gii m ny, lng thi gian tit kim c t cc khung c u tin thp s c dng : * Gim BER ca cc khung c u tin cao * Tng tc p ng ca h thng nh gim c s vng lp cho cc khung c u tin thp. M hnh ny khng lm tng cht lng trung bnh ca h thng. T s BER c th ln hn hay nh hn so vi cc phng php gii m khc nhng hiu qu thc
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t th hn hn. V d nh trong trng hp c th trn th hnh nh s c khch hng nh gi l tt hn. 3.2.2.2.3 Cu trc gii m Pipeline: y l mt phng php gii m khc cng vi mc ch c th lm gim ti a tr ca h thng do cc vng lp gii m gy ra. S n gin ha ca mt b gii m lp nh sau:
B gii m 1
B gii m 2
B gii m thng thng ny s lp li qu trnh gii m n ln cho mi tm y tm c c on gn ng vi t m x nht. Cu trc n gin ha ca b gii m pipeline nh sau
Vng lp1 BGM1
Vng lp 2 BGM2
Vng lp 2 BGM1
Vng lp 2 BGM 2
B nh 1
B nh 2 BGM : B gii m
B chui cc b gii m c s dng cho mi vng lp. B nh dng lu tr thng tin h thng cho cc vng lp tng ng. Theo m hnh trn, tr nh sau : * n vng lp cho t m u tin * 1 vng lp cho mi t m tip theo 3.3. Cc ng dng truyn thng khng dy:
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Truyn thng khng dy ngy cng tr nn thng dng nh nhng u im nh s lng dch v ln, kch thc thoi nh v gi c tng i chp nhn c so vi nhng li ch ca n. Khng nh cc tin b vt bc v k thut trong kch thc thoi v s lng dch v, cc giao thc hin nay nh GSM, CDMA vn s dng cc m hnh n gin nh cc m tch chp. Vi tc pht trin nh hin nay, cc thnh phn ny s c thay th bng loi m cht lng hn nh m TC m gn y nht l cc h thng thng tin th h th ba (cdma2000). c bit trong truyn thng khng dy cn phi k n truyn thng v tinh hay thm him v tr. Hin nay c xu hng gia tng c v s lng ln cht lng cc loi hnh thng tin v tinh cng nh thng tin v tr do khoa hc k thut tin b rt nhiu nc. Cc h thng tiu biu cho thng tin v tinh l h thng nh v ton cu (GPS), h thng thng tin a l (GIS), h thng truyn hnh qua v tinh. 3.3.1. Cc hn ch khi ng dng TC trong truyn thng khng dy: 3.3.1.1.Knh truyn: i vi nhiu knh truyn th m hnh knh AWGN vi nhiu tnh rt thch hp. Tuy nhin, trong mi trng khng dy th thng khng tnh do c fading ca cc tn hiu truyn. Fading l hu qu bn cht vt l ca knh truyn vi tng bin l mt qu trnh ngu nhin biu din bi mt hm mt xc sut v mt hm t tng quan. Trong knh AWGN, cc bit ch b tc ng bi nhiu : Yk = axk + nk vi nk l nhiu v a = 1 i vi knh AWGN Trong fading Rayleigh, cc t m b tc ng bi c nhiu v fading bin i theo thi gian trong knh v tuyn di ng. yk = axk + nk vi nk l nhiu v a l mt bin ngu nhin ca phn b fading Rayleigh. Phn b fading Rayleigh thng c s dng m t bn cht thay i theo thi gian theo thng k ca ng bao nhn c ca mt tn hiu fading phng,
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hay ng bao ca mt thnh phn ring l trong h thng a ng. Phn b Rayleigh l mt hm mt xc sut cho bi : P(r) =
r
r2
vi r<0 vi r 0
P(r) = 0
Knh truyn trong truyn thng khng dy c mc nhiu cao hn mi trng truyn dy. V th cc m knh phi c kh nng ng u vi mc nhiu ln. c bit nu dng trong cng tc nghin cu v tr th mc nhiu cn cao hn na. trit fading th cn c nhiu cch khc nhau v d nh tri ph. Khi trit c mt phn fading v s dng thm m TC na th cht lng t c s rt cao. Ngoi ra, mi trng truyn cn lun lun bin i. V d nh mt thu bao in thoi di ng c th va m thoi va di chuyn, mi trng truyn xung quanh cng bin i, thng s mi trng cng thay i. Chnh v s bt n nh ca knh truyn m vic tm c mt loi m thch hp l mt vic rt kh khn. V y chnh l lnh vc ng dng ch yu ca TC nh cc c tnh u vit. 3.3.1.2. Hn ch v thi gian: Cng nh cc ng dng thi gian thc khc, truyn thng khng dy cng c nhng yu cu v thi gian rt kht khe. Nht l cc thng tin thoi yu cu phi p ng nhanh. Thng tin thoi m p ng chm s tr nn v gi tr. 3.3.1.3. Kch thc khung nh: Trong truyn thng khng dy th kch thc khung truyn khng c ln v: * Knh truyn khng tin cy, nu truyn khung ln th t l li trong khung s cao hn. Nu khung b mt hay khng th khi phc th d liu ti u nhn s b mt. * Do c tnh thi gian thc nn khng chp nhn tr ln khi truyn mt khung c kch thc ln. Nh vy, vi kch thc khung nh th khng tn dng c cc c tnh u vit ca TC.
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3.3.1.4. Bng thng gii hn: Truyn thng khng dy ch s dng mt khong ph tn s c phn, mi cng ty in thoi di ng li ch c phn cho mt khu vc trong khong ny cung cp dch v cho khch hng. Nh vy bng thng rt hn ch c ngha l m hnh m ha phi c cng t bit redundant cng tt, tc l i hi tc m cao. 3.4. M ha turbo trong cdma2000: B m ha turbo thc hin m ha s liu, ch th cht lng khung (CRC) v hai bit dnh trc cho m turbo v cng chui ui m ha u ra. Nu tng cc bit s liu, cc bit cht lng khung v cc bit dnh trc l Nturbo, th b m ha to ra Nturbo/R cc k hiu s liu cng vi 6/R cc k hiu ui u ra, trong R l t l m bng 1/2, 1/3 hay 1/4. B m ha turbo s dng hai b m ha tch chp h thng, quy mc song song kt hp vi b chn, trong b chn ng trc b m tch chp th hai, hai m tch chp quy ny c gi cc m thnh phn ca m turbo. Cc u ra ca cc b m ha thnh phn c trch b v c lp t c (Nturbo +6)/R cc k hiu ra 3.4.1 Cc b m ha turbo t l 1/2, 1/3, 1/4 : Mt m thnh phn chung c s dng cho cc m turbo t l 1/2, 1/3, v 1/4. Hm truyn t ca m ny c dng sau: G(D)= 1
n0 ( D) n1 ( D) (3.1) d ( D) d ( D)
Trong : d(D) = 1 + D2 + D3 , n0(D) = 1+D + D3 v n1(D) = 1 +D + D2 + D3. b to m turbo ny s to ra chui k hiu u ra ging nh chui c to ra bi b m cho hnh 3.1 Khi u cc trng thi ca cc thanh ghi dch trong cc b m ha thnh phn c t v 0. Sau , cc bit c dch vo cc b m ha thnh phn theo v
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B to m thnh phn 1 Nturbo bit thng tin vo
X Y0
n0
Y1
n1
Trch b k hiu v lp
d
iu khin Chuyn mch vo v tr trn v dch tng bit ca Nturbo bit s liu; sau chuyn mch vo vi tr di v tng bit ui trong s ba bit ui ca b m ha thnh phn 1, sau khng ngng dch cho ba bit ui ca b lp, m thnh phn 2 B chn turbo
B m ha thnh phn 2
X Y0 Y1
n0 n1
d
iu khin Chuyn mch vo v tr trn v dch tng bit ca Nturbo bit s liu; sau chuyn mch vo vi tr di v tng bit ui trong s ba bit ui ca b m ha thnh phn 1, sau khng ngng dch cho ba bit ui ca b lp, m thnh phn 2
Hnh 3.1
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tr ca cc chuyn mch trn hnh v. mch thay i chu k tng bit s liu v bit ui. Cc k hiu ra ca s liu sau m ha c to ra bng cch dch cc b m ha thnh phn Nturbo ln khi cc kha v tr trn v trch b cc u ra theo nh quy nh bng 3.1. 0 mu trch b c ngha l k hiu ny s b xa v 1 c ngha l k hiu ny c cho qua. i vi mi bit vo, u ra ca cc b lp m thnh phn s c t vo chui X, Y0,Y1, X, Y0, Y1. Trong qu trnh to ra cc k hiu t s liu vo m ha s khng thc hin lp 3.4.2 Kt cui m turbo: B m ha turbo to ra 6/R cc k hiu ui u ra tip sau cc k hiu ca cc bit s liu c m ha. Chui k hiu ui u ra cng ging nh chui c b m ha to ra hnh 3.1. Cc k hiu ra c to ra sau khi Nturbo bit c dch vo cc b m ha thnh phn vi cc kha v tr trn. 3/R k hiu ui ra u tin c to ra bng cch dch b m ha thnh phn 3 ln vi kha tng ng v tr di v ng thi trch b cng nh lp cc k hiu ra ca b m ha thnh phn ny. 3/R cc k hiu ui ra nhn c bng cch dch b m ha thnh phn 2 ba ln vi kha tng ng ca n v tr di qu trnh ny kt hp vi trch b v lp cc k hiu u ra ca b m ha thnh phn ny. Cc u ra ca cc b m ha thnh phn i vi tng chu k bit ui s c t vo chui X, Y0, Y1, X, Y0, Y1 vi X ra trc. Mu trch b v lp k hiu ra ca b m ha thnh phn c quy nh bng 3.2 . Trong mu trch b, 0 ngha l k hiu b xa cn 1 ngha l k hiu c cho qua. i m turbo 1/2, cc k hiu ui ra i vi 3 chu k bit ui u tin s l XY0 cn cc k hiu ui ra i vi ba chu k bit cn li s l XY0. i vi m turbo 1/3, cc k hiu ui ra i vi 3 chu k bit ui u tin s l XXY0 cn cc k hiu ui ra i vi ba chu k bit ui cn li s l XXY0 . i vi m turbo 1/4, cc k hiu ui ra i vi 3 chu bit ui u tin s l XXY0Y1 cn cc k hiu ui i vi 3 chu k bit cn li s l XXY0Y,1.
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3.4.3. Cc b chn Turbo: B chn turbo l mt b phn ca b m ha turbo c nhim v chn khi cho s liu, ch th cht lng khung (CRC) v cc bit dnh trc nhn c u vo ca b m ha Turbo. B chn turbo hot ng nh sau. Ton b chui bit u vo ca b chn turbo c vit vo ma trn nh ln lt theo mt trnh t cc a ch v sau ton b chui ny c c ra t b nh theo mt trnh t cc a ch c xc nh theo th tc trnh by di y T l m u ra X Y0 Y1 X Y0 Y1 1/2 11 10 00 00 01 00 1/3 11 11 00 00 11 00 1/4 11 11 10 00 01 11
Bng 3.1. Mu trch b cho cc chu k ca bit s liu Lu : i vi tng t l m bng trch b s c c t trn xung di sau t tri sang phi T l m u ra X Y0 Y1 X Y0 Y1 1/2 111000 111000 000000 000111 000111 000000 1/3 111000 111000 000000 000111 000111 000000 1/4 111000 111000 111000 000111 000111 000111
Bng 3.2. Mu trch b cho cc chu k bit ui
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Lu : i vi m turbo 1/2, bng trch b c c t trn xung di sau t tri sang phi. i vi cc m turbo 1/3 v 1/4 bng trch b c c t trn xung di ng thi vi lp X v X sau c t tri sang phi Gi s trnh t ca cc a ch vo l t 0 n Nturbo-1, trong Nturbo l s cc k hiu b chn s c xc nh theo th tc c cho hnh 3.2 nh sau:
n MSB (in+4i5) Cng 1 v chn n LSB n bit Nhn v chn n LSB n bit a ch tip theo ca u ra b chn (n+5) bit (i0i4tn1t0)
MSB
B m (n+5) bit
n bit LSB (tn-1t0)
Tra cu bng
Xa nu u vo Nturbo
5 LSBs (i4i5)
Dnh trc bit
5 bit (i0i4)
Hnh 3.2 th tc tinh ton a ch u ra b chn xen turbo 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. xc nh thng s b chn: n, trong n l s nguyn nh nht Nturbo 2n+5 . Bng 3.3 cho cc thng s ny. khi u b m (n+5) bit vo 0. ly ra n bit trng s cao nht (MSB) t b m v cng 1 c gi tr mi. Sau xa tt c tr n bit trng s thp nht (LSB) ca gi tr ny. tra cu bng 3.4 theo a ch c bn nm bit trng s thp nht (LSB) ca b m. lu rng bng ny ph thuc vo gi tr n. nhn cc gi tr nhn c bc 3 v 4 ri xa tt c tr n bit trng s thp nht (LSB). o v tr cho nm bit trng s thp nht (LSB) ca b m. to a ch ra th vi cc bt trng s cao (MSBs) nhn c bc 6 v cc bit trng s thp (LSB) nhn c bc 5.
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8. 9.
tip nhn a ch ra th ny nu n khng ln Nturbo , ngc li xa b. tng b m v lp li cc bc t 3 n 8 cho n khi nhn c tt c Nturbo a ch ra cho b chn. Thng s ca b chn Turbo n 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 Bng 3.3. Thng s ca b chn turbo n=5 27 3 1 15 13 17 23 13 9 n=6 3 27 15 13 29 5 1 31 3 n=7 15 127 89 1 31 15 61 47 127 n=8 3 1 5 83 19 179 19 99 23 n=9 13 335 87 15 15 1 333 11 13 n=10 1 349 303 721 973 703 761 327 453
Kch thc khi ca b chn Turbo Turbo (Nturbo) 378 570 762 1.146 1.530 2.298 3.066 4.602 6.138 9.210 1.282 20.730 Bng ch s 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 n=4 5 15 5 15 1 9 9 15 13
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9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
15 7 11 15 3 15 5 13 15 9 3 1 3 15 1 13 1 9 15 11 3 15 5
3 15 3 13 1 13 29 21 19 1 3 29 17 25 29 9 13 23 13 13 1 13 13
9 15 31 17 5 39 1 19 27 15 13 45 5 33 15 13 9 15 31 17 5 15 33
17 119 15 57 123 95 5 85 17 55 57 15 41 93 87 63 15 13 15 81 57 31 69
1 3 13 13 3 17 1 63 131 17 131 211 173 231 171 23 147 243 213 189 51 15 67
1 121 155 1 175 421 5 509 215 47 425 295 229 427 83 409 387 193 57 501 313 489 391
95 241 187 497 909 769 349 71 557 197 499 409 259 335 253 677 717 313 757 189 15 75 163
Bng 3.4. quy nh bng tra cu cho b chn Turbo 3.4.4. Phi hp tc trong h thng cdma2000: Phi hp tc c ngha l lp hoc trch b cc k hiu knh truyn ti (vit tt l TrCH) t c tc k hiu nh nhau cho cc knh c tc bt khc nhau cc knh v tuyn khc nhau. Lp cao s n nh thuc tnh ca phi
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hp tc cho tng TrCH. Thuc tnh ny l bn c nh v ch c th thay i theo thng bo ca lp cao. Thuc tnh phi hp tc c s dng tnh s bit cn lp hoc trch b. Trong h thng cdma2000, lp k hiu v trch b k hiu c thc hin sau b m ha knh. Mu lp v trch b ph thuc vo cu hnh v tuyn (RC: Radio configuration). Di y ta xt mt s th d v lp v trch b k hiu cdma2000 Lp k hiu m Cc k hiu m u ra ca b m ha hiu chnh li thun s c lp theo quy nh bng 3.5 Kiu knh Knh truy nhp (ch cho tc tri ph mt) Knh truy nhp ci tin S k hiu m sau lp/ k hiu m 2 4 (9600 bit/s) 2 (19200 bit/s) 1 (38400 bit/s) Knh iu khin chung ng ln 4 (9600 bit/s) 2 (19200 bit/s) 1 (38400 bit/s) Knh iu khin ring ng ln Knh c bn ng ln RC 1 hay 2 2 8 (1200 hay 1800 bit/s) 4 (2400 hay 3600 bit/s) 2 (4800 hay 7200 bit/s) 1 (9600 hay 14400 bit/s) RC 3,4,5 hay 6 16 (1500 hay 1800 bit/s) 8 (2700 hay 3600 bit/s) 4 (4800 hay 7200 bit/s) 2 (9600 hay 14400 bit/s) Knh m b sung ng ln (RC 1hay 2) 1
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Knh b sung ng l
Bng 3.5 quy nh bng tra cu cho b an xen turbo 3.4.5. chn trong cdma2000: Chn thng i vi m ha knh tng hiu qu ca sa li. trong thng tin di ng do pha inh su, cc bit thng xN ra tng cm di. Tuy nhin m ha y knh c bit l m tch chp ch hiu qu nht khi sa cc li ngu nhin n l hoc cc cm li khng qu di. i ph vi vn ny ngi ta chia khi bn tin cn gi thnh cc cm ngn ri hon v cc cm ny vi cc cm ca cc khi bn tin khc, nh vy khi xN ra cm li di mi khi bn tin ch mt i mt cm y nh v phn cn li ca khi bn tin vn cho php cc dng m ha knh khi phc c khi ng sau khi sp xp li cc cm ca khi bn tin theo th t nh pha pht. Chng hn ta c 4 khi bn tin hnh 3.3 ta chia mi khi thnh 4 cm v nh s cho cc cm ny t 1 n 4, sau hon v cc cm vi nhau bng cch ghp chung cc cm 1 vo mt khi v cm vo mt khi gi s pha thu cc cm 2 b mc li, sau khi sp xp li cc khi bn tin cc cm 1, 3, 4 cn li s cho php m ha knh khi phc li khi ng 3.4.5.1. Chn khi: i vi knh ng b, cc knh tm gi, cc knh qung b, knh n nh chung, knh iu khin v cc knh lu lng ng xung, tt c cc k hiu sau lp v trch b (nu c) s c chn khi. Cc k hiu u vo ln lt c vit vo b an xen theo a ch t 0 n kch thc khi (N) tr mt. Cc k hiu sau an xen c c ra theo trnh t hon v t a ch Ai nh sau: Ai = 2m(i mod j) + BROm ([i/j]) Trong : i = 0 n N-1 [x] biu th s nguyn ln nht nh hn x v BROm(y) biu th gi tr m bit o ca y (chng hn BRO3(6) = 3). (3.2)
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Cc khi bn tin c phn thnh 4 cm nh
Cc khi bn tin sau an xen v pht
Cc khi bn tin thu sau khi gii an xen
Cm bi tc ng xu bi pha inh
X: l cm b hng
Hnh 3.3. Nguyn l an xen Cc thng s ca b an xen: m v j c quy nh bng 3.6 hnh 3.4 cho thy cu hnh ca b an xen i vi cc ch DS non OTD (direct spreading non Orthogonal Transmit diversity: n sng mang khng s dng phn tp pht trc giao), DS OTD (n sng mang vi phn tp pht trc giao) v MC (Multicarrier: a sng mang). 3.4.5.2. chen a khung: Khi s bit ca knh b sung ng xung l 360 hay ln hn, BS phi cho php an xen knh b sung hai hoc khung lin tip theo quy nh c xc nh bi MULTI_FRAME_LENGTH. Cu trc ca b chn khi n khung (n=2 hay 4) ging nh cu trc ca b chn n khung. Thng s an xen cho b chn n khung c quy nh bng 3.7 Kch thc an xen 48 96 m 4 5 j 3 3 Kch thc an xen 144 288 m 4 5 j 9 9
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192 384 768 1.536 3.072 6.144 12.288 72
6 6 6 6 6 7 7 3
3 6 12 24 48 48 96 9
576 1.152 2.304 4.608 9.216 18.432 36.864 128
5 6 6 7 7 8 8 7
18 18 36 36 72 72 144 1
Bng 3.6 cc thng s chn TTI 10 ms 20 ms 40 ms 80 ms S ct C1 1 2 4 8 Cc mu hon v gia cc ct {0} {0,1} {0,2,1,3} {0,4,2,6,1,5,3,7}
Bng 3.7. cc mu hon v gia cc ct 3.4.5.3. chen OTD: Khi s dng ch OTD, b an xen khi s phn lung cc k hiu vo thnh hai lung. Mi lung c an xen theo th tc c trnh by 3.3.1 . Khi th hai c dch vng N/4 k hiu sau hai khi c ghp chung. Dch vng c thc hin bng cch dch 3N/4 k hiu n cui khi ny v N/4 k hiu n u khi ny. Th tc dch vng c cho hnh 3.4 3.4.5.4 chn MC: i vi ch MC, b an xen khi s phn lung cc k hiu u vo thnh ba khi N/3 k hiu. Cc k hiu vo k b an xen khi (k = 0,1,2) ln lt c ghi vo b nh cc a ch t 0 n N/3 1. cc k hiu sau an xen c c ra theo trnh t hon v t a ch Ai nh sau:
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Ai = 2m((i+[kN/9]mod J) + BROm([(i+[kN/9])/J]) (3.3) Trong : i = 0 n N/3-1 [x] ch th s nguyn ln nht nh hn hay bng x v BROm(y) ch th gi tr m b o v tr ( chng hn BRO3(6)=3). Sau ba u ra ca cc khi an xen ghp chung vi nhau. Qu trnh an xen khi MC c thc hin ng thi cho c an xen khi v dch vng khi nh hnh 3.4
Cc k hiu vo
B chn khi (N k hiu)
Cc k hiu ra
a) ch DS Non - OTD
B chn khi (N/2 k hiu ) Cc k hiu vo DEMUX B chn khi(N/2 k hiu Dch vng N/4 k hiu MUX
Cc k hiu ra
b) ch DS OTD
B chn khi (N/3 k hiu
Cc k DEMUX hiu vo
B chn khi (N/3 k hiu B chn khi (N/3 k hiu)
Dch vng [N/9] k hiu Dch vng [N/9] k hiu
MUX
Cc k hiu ra
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c) cc ch MC chc nng ca DEMUX l phn phi ln lt cc k hiu vo cho ng trn v ng di. chc nng ca MUX l kt hp ln lt cc k hiu vo t ng trn v ng xung di. hnh 3.4. cu trc cc b an xen khi N k hiu 3.5 kt lun: Qua chng ny ta bit c nhng ng dng ca m TC vo trong truyn thng a phng tin v truyn thng khng dy, c th l ng dng trong cdma2000. Nhng kh khn khi thc hin tm ra nhng cch khc phc nhng nhc im nhm mang li nhng tin ch hn na ca cng ngh CDMA i vi cuc sng con ngui. B m s dng trong cdma2000 s c m phng trong chng tip theo gip ta hiu su hn v n.
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Chng 4: chng trnh m phng
CHNG 4: CHNG TRNH M PHNG M TURBO TRONG H

THNG THNG TIN DI NG CDMA2000 4.1 Gii thiu chng: Trong chng ny trnh by chng trnh m phng b m turbo s dng trong h thng thng tin di ng th h 3 theo chuNn CDMA2000. Chng trnh c vit bng ngn ng Matlab, thng qua chng trnh m phng gip ta kim tra li l thuyt v hiu su hn v m turbo,cng nh kh nng ng dng ca m turbo khi tc bt cao Qua cho chng ta nh gi c nhng c im nh kh nng sa li ...m cc loi m ha knh khc khng c. Trong chng trnh m phng ta nhp cc bit s liu vo khc nhau, s ln lp gii m khc nhau, cng nh s bit khung thu c kt qu gii m, BER khc nhau. B m ny c hm truyn nh sau: G(D)= 1
n0 ( D ) d ( D) n1 ( D) d ( D)
Trong d(D) = 1+D2+D3 , n0(D) = 1+D+D3 v n1(D) = 1+D+D2+D3 4.2. Lu thut ton: 4.2.1. Lu thut ton chng trnh m ho theo bt:
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Begin
nhp bt vo input, nhp ma trn trng thi state
g = [1011;1101;1111] i=1
Output(i)=g(i,1)*input i=i+1 j=2
Output(i)=xor(output(i),g(i,j)*state(j-1) j=j+1
j<4 S
i<3 S
State = [input,state(1:2)
End
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4.2.2. Lu thut ton m ho chui d liu u vo: begin
N hp chui d liu cn m ha X g = [1011;1101;1111] state = zeros (1,3) i=1
i<=length(X)
d_k = rem( g(1,2:K)*state', 2 )
d_k = X(1,i)
a_k = rem( g(1,:)*[d_k state]', 2 ); gi hm m ha bt [output_bits, state] = encode_bit( a_k, state);output_bits(1,1) = d_k; y(3*(i-1)+1:3*i) = output_bits;
i = i+1 i < 3+length(x) S Xut y
End
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4.2.3. Lu thut ton tnh cc ma trn ca trng thi trellis: Begin
g = [1011;1101;1111]
i=1 trng thi i
i = i+1
Tnh cc ma trn: N ext_out: u ra khi u vo l bit 0/1 ng vi thanh ghi trng thi hin ti i Last_out:u ra trc khi thanh ghi chuyn n trng thi hin ti i N ext_state: trng thi thanh ghi tip theo khi u vo l bit 0/1 v thanh ghi ang trng thi i Last_state: trng thi thanh ghi trc khi chuyn n trng thi hin ti i
i<8 S N ext_out Last_out N ext_state Last_state
End
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4.2.4. Lu thut ton gii m turbo: Begin N hp s ln lp Chui d liu nhn c bn thu y j=1 i=1
i = i+1
-Da vo s trellis tnh cc metric i vo tng nt -So snh cc metric tm ra ng sng -Lu cc ng sng theo mng L_all
j = j+1
i <length(y) S
j < lan lap S a ra cc bit gii m
End
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4.2.5. Lu thut ton tnh li bit v li khung: Begin
- nhp thut ton gii m - nhp kch thc khung - nhp s ln lp - nhp t l nng lng - nhp s khung li
m li = 0 M ho
cng nhiu
gii m m li
m li < gii hn S BER FER
End
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4.3. giao din v kt qu chng trnh m phng: Giao din chng trnh
Khi chn Exit chng trnh s thot cn chn continue chng trnh s tip tc cho ra trang nhp thng s vo
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Ta nhp chui d liu vo, t l tn hiu trn nhiu, s ln lp gii m, t l m truyn i c 3 t l l 1/2, 1/3, 1/4. chn EN CODE tip tc ti trang m ho
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xut hin b m ho Turbo CDMA2000 chui d liu a vo sau khi qua b chn hon v ngu nhin cho ra chui mi a vo b m ho thnh phn th hai. Ta chn CON TIN UE a ra kt qu m ho .
Ta thu c kt qu m ho nh trn hnh v a ra chui tin cn truyn i ph thuc vo vic chn t l m trc. chn BACK quay v trang trc, chn EXIT thot, chn CON TIN UE tip tc n trang sau.
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xut hin s li dng gii m, tin hnh gii m chui tin nhn c y chui ny c mt s bt li khc vi chui truyn. ta tip tc chn RESULT a ra kt qu gii m.
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ta tip tuc chy chng trinh tnh t l li bit v li khung khi nhp cc thng s u vo khc nhau th ta thu c nhng gia tr li bt v li khung khc nhau. V c th khc nhau
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Sau khi tnh li xong n s a kt qu n v th
Ta chy chng trnh m phng nhiu ln ta a ra mt s nhn xt nh sau:
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+ Khi s ln lp tng t th t l li bit cng nh t l li khung u gim. vic thc hin m Turbo c ci tin nhiu, iu ny l do sau khi thng tin c chia s gia cc b gii m c nhiu thng tin v ng vo v v vy a ra quyt nh chnh xc hn Khi s ln lp tng ln hn 2 th vic thc hin ca m Turbo cng c ci tin .Tuy nhin ,mc ci tin khng c cao , iu ny l do sau ln lp ,cc b gii m ly c ht thng tin ca m ng vo v do d : khng cho ra ng ra cc gi tr bin i na nh trong ln lp th nht .V vy, c th ni vic thc hin ca m Turbo s t n mc ngng sau vi ln lp N u s ln lp tng hn mc ngng th vic thc hin m Turbo s b gim xung, sau mc ngng th cc ln lp sau khng em n thng tin khc hn n cc b gii m N h vy ,vic thc hin m Turbo tng khi s ln lp tng v thi gian s dng gii m cng tng tuyn tnh theo s ln lp .V vy ,ngi thit k phi iu chnh s ln lp sao cho p h hp gia vic thc hin ca m v thi gian gii m. Tuy nhin ,trong qu trnh gii m ,thut ton SOVA phi chu 2 loi mo Mo th nht l cc ng ra mm vt qu ti u thng c b bng h s chia mc Mo th hai l s tng quan gia thng tin bn ngoi v bn trong hay s tng quan gia ng ra mm ca mi b gii m tng ng vi cc bit kim tra chn l ca n v chui d liu ng vo thng tin + nu s lng khung a vo cng ln th BER v FER cng thp + m s hot ng tt khi ta la chn kch thc khung ln. + t l li khung(FER) thng ln hn t l li bit(BER) nhng ln lp cng ln th BER~FER
4.4 Kt lun v hng pht trin ca ti

Do quy m v thi gian thc hin n c hn nn trong n khng th trnh by ht mi vn ca m Turbo m ch tp trung vo cc vn ct li ca m Turbo kt ni song song. N goi ra do hn ch v thi gian nn vic phn tch k v cc yu t nh hng n cht lng b m cng hn ch v cc bin php ci
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tin cht lng b m TC cng ch mi c mt s t v cha i su vo chi tit. y ch xin nu mt s hng c th nghin cu tip v m Turbo theo cc cng trnh nghin cu trn th gii v ngi vit ngh + N ghin cu cc thut ton gn ti u khc + p dng trong cc h thng Hybrid ARQ + ng dng trong truyn thng khng dy th h th ba v c th l th t + N ghin cu b sung cc m TC c chiu di cc m thnh phn bin i + N ghin cu s dng L thuyt bin i Wavelets trn trng hu hn to ra cc loi ECC mi hay ci tin n gin ha cc m ECC c N goi ra c th m rng nghin cu v FEC hn na bng cc m khc cng ang c nghin cu p dng vo thc tin nh : + M Woven : mt dng gn tng t vi m Turbo + M Turbo Block Code : m Turbo ci tin t m khi + M GC (Generic Codes) + H m SPC (Sparse Graph Codes) + M LDPC (Low Density Parity check Codes), PA (Product Accumulate Codes) hay GPA (Generalized Product Accumulate Codes). + M TCM (Turbo Codes Modulation) : Kt hp TC v iu ch. + Cc loi kt hp m ha ngun v m ha knh + Tm hiu v m Turbo kt ni ni tip( SCCC). + Tm hiu v m Turbo kt ni hn hp(HCCC). + ng dng m Turbo vo cc h thng truyn thng th h th 4. + Thit k b chn ti u s dng cho tng b m Turbo c th.
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Ung Dung Ma Turbo Trong He Thong Thong Tin Di Dong Cdma Diendandaihoc - VN 01430305052011

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Ung Dung Ma Turbo Trong He Thong Thong Tin Di Dong Cdma Diendandaihoc - VN 01430305052011

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Chng 1: M Turbo

Hnh 1.1: M kt ni ni tip B m ho 1 c gi l b m ngoi, cn b m ho 2 l b m trong. i vi m kt ni ni tip, tc m ho: Rnt=k1k2/n1n2

i vi m song song, tc m ho tng: Rss=k/(n1+n2) B m ho 1 r = k/n1 Ng vo B m ho r = k/n2

B chn 1 . . . B chn n-1

Chuyn i song song sang ni tip hoc puncture

M h thng B m ho RSC 1 M trng s thp

x7 x8 x9 x10 x11 x12

x13 x14 x15 x16 x17 x18

x13 x14 x15

Vit vo Hon v ngu nhin c nh c ra

bc v s l phn b (offset). Hnh 1.13 trnh by b chn dch vng vi L = 8, a=3

Hon v dch vng c ra

Mt b chn khi 3 3 c dng hon v chui tin tc x cho b m ha RSC2 nh sau: x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 x7 x8 x9

Chng 2: Gii m m Turbo

Chng 2: Gii m m turbo

Chng 2: Gii m m Turbo

Cc thut ton gii m da trn Trellis

Chng 2: Gii m m Turbo

Chng 2: Gii m m Turbo

Chng 2: Gii m m Turbo

L1 Hnh 2.3 B gii m SOVA kt ni

Chng 2: Gii m m Turbo

tin cy trong gii m SOVA c tnh ton t biu trellis nh hnh:2.4

Chng 2: Gii m m Turbo

Chng 2: Gii m m Turbo

Chng 2: Gii m m Turbo

Chui trng thi

Chng 2: Gii m m Turbo

thanh ghi CS y2 y1 tin cy knh 4Eb/N0

2 thanh ghi dch song song

2 thanh ghi dch song song

Chng 2: Gii m m Turbo

Chng 2: Gii m m Turbo

Cc chui Lcy1 v Le1(u) c chn l I{(Lcy1)} v I{Le1(u)}.

Chng 2: Gii m m Turbo

Chng 3: ng dng m turbo trong cdma2000

Chng 3: ng dng m turbo trong h thng tin di ng cdma2000

Chng 3: ng dng m turbo trong cdma2000

Chng 3: ng dng m turbo trong cdma2000

Chng 3: ng dng m turbo trong cdma2000

Chng 3: ng dng m turbo trong cdma2000

Vng lp1 BGM1

Chng 3: ng dng m turbo trong cdma2000

Chng 3: ng dng m turbo trong cdma2000

Chng 3: ng dng m turbo trong cdma2000

Chng 3: ng dng m turbo trong cdma2000

B to m thnh phn 1 Nturbo bit thng tin vo

Chng 3: ng dng m turbo trong cdma2000

Chng 3: ng dng m turbo trong cdma2000

Bng 3.2. Mu trch b cho cc chu k bit ui

Chng 3: ng dng m turbo trong cdma2000

n bit LSB (tn-1t0)

Dnh trc bit

Chng 3: ng dng m turbo trong cdma2000

Chng 3: ng dng m turbo trong cdma2000

Chng 3: ng dng m turbo trong cdma2000

Chng 3: ng dng m turbo trong cdma2000

Chng 3: ng dng m turbo trong cdma2000