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Completely: Chapter 7: Respiration
Completely: Chapter 7: Respiration
Completely: Chapter 7: Respiration
AEROBIC
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
MAIN SUBSTRATE:
ANAEROBIC
Oxygen Oxidation
Glucose
Breakdown
Incompletely Completely
5/ 6
+ Oxygen
Exhales
1. Abdominal muscles contract 2. Air pressure inside Trachea increased 3. Air drawn out
CO2
O2
Inhales
1. Abdominal muscles relax
4. Air drawn in
Gill arch
1. Mouth opens
6. Mouth closes
10. Operculum open due to the high pressure in the buccal cavity
Glottis
Glottis closes
Lungs expand
Inhalation
Exhalation
5. AIR IS FORCED IN
4. VOLUME OF THORACIC CAVITY DECREASES AND PRESSURE IN THORACIC CAVITY INCREASES 3. DIAPHRAGM RELAXES AND CURVED UPWARD
P6
EXHALED AIR
INHALED AIR
P1
PARTIAL PRESSURE OF CO2 IS HIGHER IN THE CELLS THAN THE PARTIAL PRESSURE OF CO2 IN THE BLOOD CAPILLARY. CO2 DIFFUSES OUT OF THE CELLS
HAEMOGLOBIN + O2
OXYHAEMOGLOBIN
1. 7% - DISSOLVED CO2 IN THE BLOOD PLASMA 2. 23 % CARBAMINOHAEMOGL OBIN 3. 70 % - BICARBONATE IONS ( HCO3- )
PARTIAL PRESSURE OF O2 IS HIGHER IN THE BLOOD CAPILLARY THAN THE PARTIAL PRESSURE OF O2 IN THE BODY CELLS. O2 DIFFUSES OUT OF THE CELLS
TISSUE CAPILLARIES CO2 DIFFUSES FROM BODY CELLS --> BLOOD PLASMA --> RED BLOOD CELLS CO2 REACTS WITH WATER --> CARBONIC ACIDS ( H2CO3) *CARBONIC ANHYDRASE CARBONIC ACIDS DISSOCIATES TO FORM H+ AND HCO3 HCO3 DIFFUSE FROM RED BLOOD CELLS --> BLOOD PLASMA -
LUNG HCO3 DIFFUSES FROM BLOOD PLASMA --> RED BLOOD CELLS FORM CARBONIC ACIDS (H2CO3) BREAKS DOWN --> CO2 + H2O CARBONIC ACIDS DISSOCIATES TO FORM H+ AND HCO3 DIFFUSE OUT OF THE BLOOD CAPILLARIES & INTO ALVEOLI
CENTRAL CHEMORECEPTORS
CONCENTRATION OF CO2
NERVE IMPULSE
RESPIRATORY CENTRE
NERVE IMPULSE
(MEDULLA OBLONGATA)
DIAPHRAGM
PERIPHERAL CHEMORECEPTORS
INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES
i) Based on the diagram, fill in the blanks with the correct answer on how the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood is regulated during a vigorous activity.
Sample answer P1- During vigorous activity, the concentration of carbon dioxide as a result of active cellular respiration P2- The carbon dioxide react with water to form carbonic acid which results in a .. in the pH level of the blood and tissue fluid that bathing the brain P3- The drop in pH is detected by the . in the medulla oblongata
P4- and detected by . ( carotid bodies and aortic bodies ) P5- The central chemoreceptors and pheripheral receptors send . to the respiratory centre in the medulla oblongata P6- The respiratory centre sends nerve impulses to the . and the .., causing the respiratory muscle to contract and relax faster P7- As a result, the breathing and ventilation rate causes .. oxygen inhaled and the oxygen concentration return to the normal level P8- As excess carbon dioxide is . from the body, the carbon dioxide concentration and pH value of the blood return to .