Magnetism 1) Properties of Magnets > A magnet attracts magnetic materials such as iron, cobalt, nickel and some alloys such as steel. > One end of a magnet always points towards the northern end of the earth, This end is called NORTH POLE. Similarly the other end of a magnet is called the SOUTH POLE. > Law of magnetic poles: Like poles repel, unlike poles attract. 2) Induced Magnetism > Induced Magnetism is the temporary magnetism of a magnetic material when it is placed near to or in contact with a magnet. > Magnet Induction is the process of inducing magnetism in an unmagnetised magnetic material. > The following diagram shows how a soft iron bar is magnetized by a permanent magnet <> > ‘There is an induced magnetism in the soft iron. The end nearer to the North pole of the permanent magnet becomes an induced South pole while the other end is induced North pole. Exam Tip: Induced Magnetism is not permanent, The soft iron bar will lose its magnetism once the permanent magnet is removed from it. 3) Magnetic and Non-Magnetic Materials ‘Magnetic Materials ‘Non-magnetic Materials Can be attracted by magnet Cannot be attracted by magnet Examples: iron, cobalt, nickel, steel, alnico | Examples: wood, copper, paper, glass, plastic www.mrroland.sg 14) Methods of Magnetisation and Demagnet i. Magnetisation by Stroking method: ‘The following diagrams show how permanent magnets are used to magnetise a steel bar. (a) Single touch b) Divided touch " { permanent ‘move the i Thagnel | pemanet tee Enagnetsiong \ | thedotted line} asl Tbar Exam Tip: ‘The end of the steel bar where the strokes finish of the end of the magnet in contact with it have the opposite polarity to that ii, Magnetisation by Electrical method > A steel bar is placed inside a solenoid through which a direct current is passed for a while. > A strong magnetic field is produced and the stee! bar is magnetized. > When viewed at an end of the bar, the current flows in clockwise direction, that end becomes a South pole. If the current flows in anti-clockwise direction, it becomes a North pole. vsecomes nenang S104 With lange becomes N-pole “numberof tens becomes pole | Current Rheostat | = ih Exam Tip: This is the best method (most efficient) to make powerful magnets. The magnetized steel bar is now called an electromagnet. iii, Demagnetisation by Heating If we heat a magnet strongly by means of a Bunsen flame, the magnet will lose its ‘magnetism very quickly iv. Demagnetisation by Hammering As in the case of heating, hammering also causes a magnet to lose its magnetism. If the magnet is hammered vigorously while lying in an east-west direction, its magnetism will become weaker and weaker. www.mrroland.sgv, _ Demagnetisation by an Alternating Current > A magnet to be demagnetized is place inside a solenoid. } The solenoid is connected to an a.c. supp! > The magnet is withdrawn far away through the solenoid in the east-west direction while the a.c. current is still flowing > As this process is repeated, the magnet will be demagné west east 1 ragret is | withdrawn faraway | Lee oryo~ switch Tow vollage alterating current supply Exam Tip: This is the most efficient method of demagnetization. 5) Magnetic Fields The region around a magnet where magnetic effect can be detected is called a MAGNETIC FIELD. There are two ways to observe the magnetic field of a bar magnet: (A) Plotting compass: ploting (Jay compass [Permanent magne? > To plot the magnetic field of a bar magnet, a small plotting compass is placed near one end of the magnet. (Position X) > The compass needle are marked with dots 1 and 2. > The compass is then shifted to position Y with the South pole of the needle pointing to dot 2 > The position of dot 3 is marked. > This process is repeated until the compass reaches the other end of the magnet. > All the dots are joined to obtain the Magnetic Field lines or Magnetic Lines of Force. > The following magnetic field pattem will be obtained. www.mrroland.sg