Making Things Electronics

MediaTheory&Practice
BASICELECTRONICS
BASICELECTRONICS DavidWilliams &MichaelShiloh
2003MakingThingsLLC
BASICELECTRONICS
OVERVIEW
Session1 Electricityiskindoflikewater TheComponentsInside Session2 TheBinaryMiracle Switchescandoallthat?
Arrangethemjustright,andyouhaveacomputer Thecomputerdoeswhatyousaymillionsoftimesasecond Reconnectingtotherealworld
BASICELECTRONICS
ELECTRICITYISLIKEWATER
BASICELECTRONICS
LEVELSOFUNDERSTANDING
Howmuchdoyouneedtoknow? Toownacaryoudonotneedtounderstandthedetails ofinternalcombustionengines,butthedetailsleak out:gasoline,oil,batteries Todoelectronicsyoudon'tneedadegreeinmaterials scienceorsolidstatephysics,butthedetails sometimesleakout:voltage,current,OhmsLaw, etc. Thissessionandthenextarewhatwethinkyou'llneed toknowtobegintohaveanintuitivegraspoverthe fieldofelectronics.
BASICELECTRONICS
ELECTRICITY
Thinkofelectricityflowinglikewaterinapipe Theanalogytowaterisnotperfect,butithelps. Electronsarepresentandquitemoveablein everyconductor. Electricityistheorderedflowofelectronsina conductor.
BASICELECTRONICS
VOLTAGEANDCURRENT
Voltageislikewaterpressure MeasuredinVolts,V Currentislikewatervolume MeasuredinAmps,A 1/1000thofanAmpisamilliampmA PowerisVoltagexCurrent MeasuredinWatts,W 1/1000thofaWattisamilliwattmW
BASICELECTRONICS
RESISTANCE
Almosteverythingthatconductselectricityhas aresistance.Itdoesntconductitperfectly. ResistanceismeasuredinOhms() 1000=1k1,000,000=1M
BASICELECTRONICS
OHMSLAW
RelatesVoltageandCurrentinasimplecircuit V=IR Volts=Current(I)xResistance(R) (thismeansI=V/RandR=V/I)
BASICELECTRONICS
CIRCUITSWATERANDELECTRICITY
Acircuitneedsa completepath, andasourceof energy
Electricity,like water,flows onlywhenit can.
BASICELECTRONICS
CIRCUITDIAGRAMSI
CircuitDiagrams(alsocalledSchematics)area compacteasywaytorepresentcircuits. Onlytheessentialdetailsarerepresented. LiketheLondonUndergrounddrawnfor humanuse
BASICELECTRONICS
CIRCUITDIAGRAMSII
Morerealisticdiagram Vcc&GndConnections Manypaths Chip(LM555) Resistors,Capacitors Nonliterallineconnections Optionalparts
BASICELECTRONICS
PRINTEDCIRCUITBOARDS
Whenwiringupcircuitswithwiresistoomuch work Eachtrace(thinstripofcopper)replacesone wire
BASICELECTRONICS
DEMONSTRATIONCIRCUITS
Objectives Showasimplecircuit Measurevoltages&current Materials BatteryandLamp Multimeter
BASICELECTRONICS
COMPONENTS
Thecomponentsthatmakeupacircuit
BASICELECTRONICS
CONDUCTORS
Connectionsareveryimportant
Manythingsareconductivecarchassis/saltywater Strandedvs.SolidCore Solidcoreismuchmorelikelytobreakwhenflexed AWG(AmericanWireGauge)Standard AWG16LargerPowerConnections AWG18PowerConnections AWG22GoodInterconnectionSize AWG30Veryfinebreakseasily
BASICELECTRONICS
CELLS&BATTERIES
ChemicalReactionscreatingelectricity
Leadacid(carbatteryapprox2V) Alkaline(regularcellsapprox1.5V) LithiumIon(latestrechargeableapprox3.6V) FuelCells(newtechnology) SolarCells(lightconvertedintoelectricity) Fruit!(lemonswithcopperandzincelectrodes) Canputtheminseries(endtoend)toincreasevoltage Canputtheminparallel(sidebyside)toincrease current
BASICELECTRONICS
POWERSUPPLIES
Connectto110VACtoprovideelectricityina differentform. Beverycarefulwith110V!Itcankillyou. Anythingover50Visdangerous.
BASICELECTRONICS
SWITCHESANDPUSHBUTTONS
Connectanddisconnectcircuits
BASICELECTRONICS
RESISTORS
Asthenamesuggeststendtopresentapartial barriertoelectricityflow Recall,ResistanceismeasuredinOhms() 1000=1k1,000,000=1M Alsoneedtonoteratedpower(e.g.1/8W,5W)
BASICELECTRONICS
POTENTIOMETERS
VariableResistors Havearesistancethatvariesaccordingtothe mechanicalpositionofoneofitswiper.
BASICELECTRONICS
LIGHTEMITTINGDIODES(LEDs)
Tinylightsourcescomeinavarietyofcolors Requireverysmallcurrentbutwilltakeallyou offeralwaysusearesistor!Values between300and1Kareuseful.
BASICELECTRONICS
DEMONSTRATIONLEDs
Objectives ShowhowtouseanLED Showhowitonlyworksonewayround Showhowyouneedaresistor Showhowdifferentresistorsgivedifferent brightnesses,potentiometers Materials Solderingiron/solder/wire LED Resistor/Potentiometer
BASICELECTRONICS
CAPACITORS
Asthenamesuggeststendtostoreelectricity likeaminibattery MeasuredinFarads(F) 0.000001F=1F0.000000001=1pF Alsoneedtonoteratedvoltage
Charging Charge d Discharging
BASICELECTRONICS
DEMONSTRATIONCAPACITORS
Objectives Toshowcharginganddischarging capacitors ShowchargewithLED/resistor ShowdischargewithLED/resistor Materials Capacitor(largevalue) 2xResistor/LEDcombo SolderingIron,Solder
BASICELECTRONICS
DIODES
Familyofcomponentswhichonlyletelectricity flowoneway Manydifferentkindseachwithdifferent characteristics Maincharacteristictonoteispower(W)
BASICELECTRONICS
DEMONSTRATIONDIODES
Objectives Toshowdiodesblockingcurrent Materials Powersupply Diode 12VLamp Solder/SolderingIron
BASICELECTRONICS
SOLENOIDS
Electromagnets Currentispassedthroughthecoilanda magneticfieldiscreated Usedtoreleaselatches,lockpartsinplace,etc.
BASICELECTRONICS
MOTORS
Familyofcomponentsthatusesequenced electricityandmagnetismtomakemovement Voltage,Current,Torque&RPMoftenspecified
BASICELECTRONICS
RELAYS
ElectromechanicalSwitchesApplyacurrent tothecoilandtheconnectedswitchesare connectedanddisconnected. Carsuserelaystoswitch12V,500A! SiliconRelaysalsoavailablewithnomoving parts
Objectives Toshowsolenoids,motorsandrelays running Materials Solenoid/Motor/Relay PowerSupply
DEMONSTRATION SOLENOIDS/MOTORS/RELAYS
BASICELECTRONICS
BASICELECTRONICS
VOLTAGEDIVIDERSI
Simpleandvitalpartofelectronics.Usedthroughout electronics. Vitalintheconnectionofsensorstocomputers. Takearesistorandconnectit toapowersource. Thevoltageononesideis5V, andontheotheris0V Whatwoulditbeinthemiddle oftheresistor?
BASICELECTRONICS
VOLTAGEDIVIDERSII
Cansetthisup: Taketworesistorsof equalvalueinseriesand connectthemtoapower source. Wecanguessthatthe voltageatpis2.5Vifra=rb. Eachresistordoeshalf thework.
BASICELECTRONICS
VOLTAGEDIVIDERSIII
Andtoextendthisfurther: Whatiftheresistorsare notthesame? Wecanguessthatthe voltageatpwillbegreater than2.5Vifra<rb.Less resistance=>lessvoltage drop
BASICELECTRONICS
VOLTAGEDIVIDERSIV
Nowwehavesomethinguseful Whatifwesubstituteone oftheresistorsfora resistivesensorofsome kind? Wecanguessthatthe voltageatpwillbe dependentonthequality sensed.
BASICELECTRONICS
VOLTAGEDIVIDERSV
VariableResistorscanworklikethistoo Withthiscircuit,wecan sensetherotational positionofashaftora linearposition Thevoltageatpwillbe dependentontheposition ofthewiper.
Objectives Tomirrortheforegoingvoltagedivider discussionwithvoltagedividerexamples Materials Multimeter SolderingIronandSolder Resistors ResistiveSensors(Bend/Light)
DEMONSTRATIONVOLTAGE DIVIDERS
BASICELECTRONICS
BASICELECTRONICS
TRANSISTORSI
Developedtoswitchandamplify Comeinalargenumberofdifferentvarieties, shapesandsizes
BASICELECTRONICS
TRANSISTORSII
MOSFETsaretransistorsthatmakeverygood switches
Averysmallsignalonthegate canswitchverylargeloadson andoffthousandsoftimesa second.
BASICELECTRONICS
DEMONSTRATIONTRANSISTORS
Objectives Toshowtheoperationofatransistor Materials Multimeter SolderingIronandSolder Motor/Halogen BigMOSFET MOSFETdatasheet
BASICELECTRONICS
BINARY
Thegatewaytodigitalelectronics
BASICELECTRONICS
THEDECIMALNUMBERSYSTEM
Attheriskofstatingtheobvious Wecountbygoingthroughourlistofnumbersymbols untilwerunout 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, Whenwerunout,wemarkthatfactwithadigitin anothercolumnandstartagain 8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15, Whenwerunoutagain,weuseanothercolumn 98,99,100,101,102,103,
BASICELECTRONICS
THEBINARYNUMBERSYSTEM
Binaryisidentical,exceptweonlyhave0and1 Wecountbygoingthroughourlistofnumbersymbols untilwerunout 0,1, Whenwerunout,wemarkthatfactwithadigitin anothercolumnandstartagain 0,1,10, Whenwerunoutagain,weuseanothercolumn 10,11,100,101,110,111,
Youcanconverttodecimal,sinceyouknowhowbig eachcolumnis32,16,8,4,2,1 11002=1x8+1x4+0x2+0x1=1210 Youcanaddandsubtractbinarynumbers(andallother arithmeticaloperations) 0010 1000 + 01100110 1000 0010 Eachcolumniscalledabit.Eightbitsarecalleda byte.
JUSTLIKEAREALNUMBERING SYSTEM
BASICELECTRONICS
BASICELECTRONICS
THEBIGSTEP
Sowhatssocoolaboutanumberingsystem thatonlyhas2digits? Eachdigitcanbeunambiguouslyrepresented byavoltageonawire. Andyoucandowhateveryouwantwithit.
BASICELECTRONICS
83
Whatis8310or010100112?
BASICELECTRONICS
MATERIALS
BASICELECTRONICS
Materials
PowerSupply 1.5VCell Wire Solder SolderingIron LEDs Resistors(1K&500) Potentiometer Diodes(highishcurrent) BendSensor Photocell Bendsensor MOSFET&Datasheet Motors Halogens

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MediaTheory&Practice

BASICELECTRONICS DavidWilliams &MichaelShiloh

Arrangethemjustright,andyouhaveacomputer Thecomputerdoeswhatyousaymillionsoftimesasecond Reconnectingtotherealworld

Electricity,like water,flows onlywhenit can.

Objectives Toshowsolenoids,motorsandrelays running Materials Solenoid/Motor/Relay PowerSupply

Objectives Tomirrortheforegoingvoltagedivider discussionwithvoltagedividerexamples Materials Multimeter SolderingIronandSolder Resistors ResistiveSensors(Bend/Light)

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