Public Administration

1. (
)

(State)
(Science)
(State policy) +



(Public Administration (art and science)

2

2. 2
1)

2)


2 1960
Paul Appleby
3
3

(Political efficiency)

(Program efficiency)

(Managerial efficiency)

(Subfields)

(Public analysis + Project appraisal)

(Decision making)

(Leadership + Motivation)

(Public law)

(Psychology)

(Social science)

(Business
administration)

: : Paul Appleby (1960)

(Economic)

(Case from foreign

countries)




(PA)

1889 1890
Johns Hopkins, Woodlow Wilson
Frank Goodnow, Deight Woldo
6

1. Waldo

(PA)




Raymond
W. Cox III, at et; (Ibid 1994:1)
(Raymond W. Cox III, et al; (Ibid:1)
The study of politic administration 1955
7

2.
(PA)
Frank Goodnow
PA
Woodlow Wilson
Politics
(Politic and Administration)
(PA)



2

(Improve government better programs
More competence employee

3. Max Weber :
4

1. (Hierarchical level)
2. (The ethic of neutrality)
3. (Merit system)
4. (Professionalism)

10

4. (Scientific management)
(Taylor)
(Division of
Labour)
One best way Idea of efficiency

Technical efficiency as the vehicle for successful
management
()
11

5. Luther Gulick
POSDCORB Planning,
Organizing, Staffing, Directing, Coordinating, Reporting (Reviewing) and
Budgeting) Herbert Simon
Proverb
Marry Parker Follet
(Social organization)

(Social learning
organization)
12

PA 19 MPA

(PA) 19

Modern governance

13





Woodlow Wilson
(The politics/Administration dichotomy)

(Patronage appointment)
?

14





(
)

15

 (The creation of
the municipal research Bureau in New York city)


2 Science of
administration

16



1916 ( Raymomd
W. Coxn III (et el; 1994:7)

(New York municipal research Bureau)
(Affiliated with Columbia University) MPA Program
(Maxwell school of citizenship and public affairs at
Syracuse university)
(Be followed shortly)
Public Raymond W.CoxIII (1997:7) Practive. New Jersey:
Practice Hale.

17

18

 Administration as science
Scientific
management
(Workers)
(Owners)
(Input)
(Out put) (
)

19

 1905 Administrative
management Brownlow Commission
(To examine and to
promote)
Brownlow

1.
(Executive
management)
20

2.

(Chief executive)
3.

(Best talent)
4.

5.

21

 2
2
Herbert Simon (1948)
(Administrative behavior)

(Proverb) PA



(Informal means)
22

 Dwight
Waldo Administrative state
(Government) 5
3
2
(Rank and File)

23

 Paul Appleby
(Morality and democratic
government) 2
1.
2.

24

 3 Simon, Woldo, Appleby

Simon

(Program) Proverb
Non program Waldo


Appleby


3 3
25

1) ()

2)
3) (Discretion)
(Rigid)

26






Intelligence

2 Herbert Simon, Dwight Waldo Pual
Appleby

27



Mino brook
conference center at Syracuse university (1968)
Anti Hierarchical
People oriented
3

28

1.

2.
4
(

3.

29

 4 2

30

31

 2
()

Public Management : A New Paradigm

32

 (GM)
1950
1970 school of
Management Public Administration Business
Administration are fundamentally the same
(ethic value perspective
BA PA profit and betterment

33



(serve the public)

(public
company)



34

 1960-1970

(reach the high peak)
PA
(social science as to better
understanding management and practices) BA

Lewin Maslow
social psychology
1970

35

 PA BA
(hierachical)

(more democratic decision style)
Cert Lewin,
Maslow Argyris,
Waldo and Appleby 1960 PA

( Raymond. Cox 1994: 9)

36

 (PA)
MPA, MBA , DPA and DBA
Paradigm


20 1980
(Global
major change )



37

(paradigm shift)
(PA) (Managerialism)
Public Management

( The theory of bureaucracy
is being replaced by economic theories or market model
)
Public Management traditional
model of Public Administration
38

 Managerial Program

(the principle of private management)
(PA)


20 1916- 1980
the traditional model of PA , which predominated for most of the
twentieth century has changed since the mid-1980 Owen E.
Hughes(2003: 1)
a flexible, market- based of PM
39

 PA and Public Management

Old Paradigm

New Paradigm

New PM
1. 1.
(TPA)
(negative consequences)
2.
2. one best way
(Weber ,1918
private
- one best way, scientific management (Taylor,
1911
3.
(bureaucratic delivery focus on policy)

sector
3.

(contracting out)

40

Old Paradigm
5.

New Paradigm
5.

(motivation of
individual public servants)

6.

(professional

bureaucracy)

7.
7.
6. PA

41

 1980

(radical change)

(result based management)
paradigm shift traditional model
of administration is based on bureaucracy , PM is based
on markets
PM
42

A.
Osborne and Gaebler (1992) , Barzelay(1992)
Behn(1998-2001) Borins(1999), Mathiasen(1999), Holmes and
Shand(1995) OECD (1998)
B.
Hood(1995-6), Lynn(1997,2001), Pollilt(1990-3),
Gruening(2001) and Pollilt and Bouckaert(2000)
B. paradigm PA PM
Owen E. Hughes(2003:3)
Osborne(1989) 2
(choice)
43


Ostroms 1989 2
Bureaucracy and market
2 choice compulsion
bureaucracy and market are different, They are based on
different ways of looking at the world, in short, the
traditional model of administration is based on
bureaucracy ; public management is based on markets.
44

 Behn traditional model of public

administration paradigm
discipline theories, laws and generalization and traditional
model of public administration Weber, Taylor,
Wilson
Public management paradigm
3 (PM)
OECD
New management paradigm result value for money
management objectives markets
mechanisms, competition and choice and devolution to staffs
through a better matching of authority responsibility and
accountability.
45


1990 new model of public sector management

Pollitt, 1993
managerialism (Hood, 1991) ; New public management (Land and
Rogenbloom 1992) ; market-based public administration (Barzelay, 1992) ;
The post bureaucratic paradigm (Osborne and Gaebler, 1992)
entrepreneurial government
(Hood 1991)
public management 10
New Public management
46

 1980
public administration public management
(Privatization)


Rhodes Hood (1991)
3 Es
Economy, efficiency, effectiveness

47

 (Horton 1999)
Administration to managerial or from the
system of public administration to one of the new public
management (NPM 1999) (Osborne
and garbler 1991) Reinventing the
government



48




1993
Osborne and Gaebler
reinvention


49

American federal government 4

1. Cutting the red tap.
2. Putting the customer first.
3. Empowerment employees to get results.

4. Back to basics and producing better government for less.

50

 Innovative practices
New management

(OECD/Organization for economic cooperation and development
world bank and IMF public management
(Puma) the public management committee
public
management reform process in a 1990
Radical change in the
culture of public management Results, focus in clients, output and
outcome.
51

It would use management by objectives and performance

management, the use of market type mechanisms in place of
centralized command and control style regulation competition and
choice, and devolution with a better matching of authority,
responsibility and accountability. The system of PA .

Based on bureaucracy, one best way , the political interests

and separation of politic from administration.
public management paradigm is directed response
to the inadequacies of public bureaucracies (Behn 2001 : 30)
52

 public management reform

() private management flexibilities provide lesson
for government, and there can be no separation of polities from
administration therefore change of theory is from
administration to management that the former being about
following instructions and the later meaning to achieve results
and take personal responsibility for doing so (OWEN E
Hughes : 5-6)
53

Oxford Dictionary Administration

as an act of administering means to manage the affairs or to
conduct, to control the course of affair by his own action to
take charge of while Latin origins, Administration come from
minor the ministries, meaning : to serve , and hence later, to
govern management course from manus, meaning to control
by hand to serve
and to control or gain results
54

 management manager
public sector
(1)
(2)
(3)

(4) (5)

55


1980 Ronald Ragan
Margaret Thatcher 1979 (Flynn 1997,)
(Famhamand Horton 1996)( Ranson and Stewart 1994)
result
Process
3
1.


2.

Turn over to private providers either by contract or
direct sale
56

3.
Highly unpopular
Mediocrity
World Bank
IMF
()
cost

57

 1970










Old public administration Public management
public choice theory, principle /agent, the theory of transaction
cost theory

58


()
Managerialism


(Old PA)
Public choice is a sub -branch of economic though concerned while the
application of microeconomic to political and social areas (Mueller
1989)

59




Stigler (1975:171)

incentive system





empirically

60

maximum role for market force

=
minimum role for government

axiom of theory Private markets are better than
government or political market

61



public choice

public choice model private
sector and attempts to find incentive schemes public choice model
contracting out introducing the
transaction cost theory
managerial change

public choice theory principle/agent theory New institution
economics theory
62


restructuring management
public administration Poor theory

70







63


Contracting out




Education, Tax, health care, anti trust regulation,
environment, and monetary policy


64

 (Technological change)
Government management
Main driving forces both toward new from of public management and
away form traditional bureaucracy ICT
e-government, computer, system, interest linkages, new
databases could lead to a reconceptuclization of the very way that
bureaucratizes work.
public management Traditional public
administration 1980 The main reason for this change is simply that
old model did not work well.
very poor Process out of touch of reality

65







(Technology and profit driven management style)

66

Utilitarian value

67













68

69



(

Public choice



Maximizing gain Minimizing loss

70







Do no harm
(Do not violate constitution freedom)


71




Talor






20

72

 Public morality
1984 York Willbern


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Raymond W. Cox III. (1994:19

73


The consent of the people

()

74

 (2542:185)
(14 19) 5
1. Love
2. Endeavour
3. Economy
4. Explorer
5. Mass education
( )
75

 21 8

1.
2. Liberty
3. Equality
4. Democracy
5. Liberalization
6. Competition
7. Alliance
8. Investment
.
76




7 58
7

77

7
1. (Reactive)
2.
3.
4.
5. () ()
6.
7. ()

78

7
1. (Proactive)
2.
3.
4. ( )
5. ( )
6.
7. ( )
)

79


Good governance

80

 ( )

81

 :


2550
2540 2540

.. ..
2540


Trust and confidence
82











Violent will not work anywhere
anyplace, as school, family, government.
83

 Division of Labour
100

84




19 2549 1 19
2550

85

2550
.
10

.



ADB

86

87


Policy Science Yehezkel Dror, Public policy making Re
Examined (1968) Pennsylvania, Chandler publishing company.

88

1. Policy science

Dror
Hebrew of Jerusalem




89

1. Dror[1]
Means to solving them


Spiritual problems of human life, Eliminate conflict and
personal suffering, Determine final values and reliefs or solve
problems one and for all.
[1] Y Dror 1968 (2549)
Examined Pennsylvania : Chardler publishing company.
90

2. Dror

Eurekas

3. ()


A policy science

Dror

91

Policy making knowledge deals with the problems

of how to make policy about making policies. That is,
policymaking knowledge dealing with meta-policy. Policy
science can therefore be partly described as the discipline
that searches for policy knowledge, that seeks general
policy issue knowledge and policy making knowledge, and
integrated them into a distinct study.

92

4.
(1) Very complex. ()
(2) Dynamic process. ( )
(3) Various components. ()
(4) Make different contributions. ()

(4.1) The role of parliament is highly sensitive to public
opinion and pressure groups.
1
(4.2) The merit selected civil service is moderately
insensitive to public opinion and pressure group.

93

(4.3) The courts are highly insensitive to public

opinion and pressure groups.

(5) Decide according to decision-making model.

Dror
(6) Major guideline public policy, in most case, lays down
general directives, rather than details instruction Dror Policy
Strategy and tactics.


94

(7) For action most public policy making, are extended to result
in action such as efficiency drives in government, are action oriented
policy may be declared in order to mislead an opponent.

(8) Directed at the future policies must always deal with an

uncertain future or face with the major problem that must be faced by
best possible optimal policy making. The solution will require extensive
use of methods for reducing uncertainty and compensating for it, and
such methods must therefore be a main subject of policy science.
95

(9) Mainly by government organs

Private policy and making public policy
public policy private persons
and non-governmental structures.
(10) Formally aim at achieving formal aim is to
achieve.
(11) What is in the public interest.
(12) By the best possible means.

96

5. Public policy formally aims not only at achieving. What is in the

public interest, but doing so by the best possible means. In abstract
terminology public policy aims at achieving the maximum net benefit (Public
interest achieved less cost of achievement).
Benefits and costs take in part the from of realized values and
impaired value, respectively, and can not in most cases be expressed in
commensurable unit. ()
6. Offend, quantitative. Techniques can therefore not be used in this
area of public policymaking, but neither the qualitative significance of
maximum net benefit as an aim was the necessity to think broadly about
alternative police policies in terms of benefits and as costs is therefore
reduced.
97

7. The interdependence between ends and means is most

important. Often ends, that is, both operational and general value
change because of innovation in means eliminating
poverty by social action because a widely accepted goal when
science began to be regarded as making it possible to eliminate
poverty.
Reaching the moon and penetrating space were adopted as
main targets of public policy in the unified state and the soviet
union often developments in technology put those targets within the
image of the possible.
98

 12

Planning is a major means of policy making.
Explicit
Professor Dror. Public policy
Private policy making, decision making and planning
The cultural socio-psychological determinism.

8. Optimal model of public policy making Dror
(AIE) System analysis
Management science Functional Structure Approach
Management science Control concept
Structure Process
99

 A B
VS
A
1.In aim, explaining real systems.
2.In the abstractness of the models
employed, verbal.
3.In the concreteness of what most of
the models refer to, primitive (and,
less complex) societies.
4.In the implied or explicit standards
of evaluation, survival.

From : Y-Dror (1968:20)

B
Improving old system.
Mathematical.
Formal organizations.
Optimality.

100

9.
Dror

Method from modern management

sciences Dror
public policy making Dror
An optimal qualitative model Modern system analysis
terminology Dror

1)

2
101

2)



3)


Public policy making system is therefore a dynamic and
open system constellation ()
4) Normative
Behavioral models Normative Dror

Net out put
102

10. 2
1)

2) Appraisal
Output = x 1,000,000

Ascertain level x-n 1,000,000 2
( )
2 ()
Net Output Input
Net output
Net-Output
Net Output
Output minus inputInput
103

Output
, , , , ,
,

Output



104

 Output

Net output
Output Input
(Commensurable Units)

Output

(Distorts)
Factorial knowledge
105

11. 2 : 2 Approximate criteria

4
1) (Ind-Va)

2) (De-Va)

3) Interdependent
variables
4) (Non-causally)

106

 Net Output
2




Process pattern criteria
Output, Structure Input


Causal criteria (Group 1,2, 3)

107

 Input
Input
2
( )
(Intervening Va)
(Dep Va)

108

 Means of standard
1,500 Output, Structure, Input 7
1) 1967 1966
2)
3) (x)
(y)
4)

5)

6)

7) (y) (x)
(y)

109

12. The optimal model. Dror 3 Meta-policy making,

policy making, and post policy making 3
18 Meta-policy making 7

1) Processing values.
2) Processing reality.
3) Processing problems.
4) Surveying, processing. And developing resources. ,

5) Designing, evaluating, and redesigning the policy making system.

6) Allocating problems, values and resources.

7) Determining policy making strategy.

110

The policy making 7

8) Sub-allocated resources.
9) Establishing a set of other.
10) Significant values, with some order of priority for them.

12) Preparing a set of major alternative policies, including some good ones.

13) Preparing reliable Predictions of significant benefits and costs of the various
alternatives.

14) Comparing the predicted benefits and costs of the various alternatives and
identifying the best ones.

15) Evaluating the benefits and costs of the best alternatives and deciding whether
they are good or not.

111

The post policy making stage has three level as.

15) Motivating the executing of the policy.
16) Executing the policy.
17) Evaluating policy making after executing the policy.
18) Communicating and feedback channels inter annexing all phases.

Note Meta-policy making means policy making on the policy making. The
scientific gospel which preaches that. Rationality, science, and knowledge are the new
saviors of humanity. The growing intelligence of mankind seams not to be growing
rapidly enough to achieves of technology create. : (Fata manganese
) Shaping the future Muddling through
112

2.
Optimal
model
1.
2. Means to

3.

Optimal public policy making

113

1.) (E (V + and G) Value + Goal

(1.1) Intelligence
(1.2)
(1.3) Benefits Cost
(1.4)
(1.5)
(1.6)
2.)

(1)

(2)
(3) ()

114

1.

2.
3.

4.

Traditional disciplines , ,

Social science disciplines

, ,

Economic disciplines
()


Abstract disciplines
Applied ethics

115

Dror social science

(Orientation to
action) 2 Dror

116


Meet the needs of policy
making Traditional disciplines

Create many vacuums
All the
disciplines As being outside their proper domains


() (
)
117





Dror
The basics
of the disciplines that are most relevant to policy science
Social sciences Anti
innovative bogeyman ( )

118



Designing interdepartmental curriculums

Traditional single discipline Single
disciplines professional associations
Inter - disciplinary

Graduate level Policy science center
Policy science
(
)
119

 Dror Management Science

2 System management Cybernetics,
Information theory, Engineering, Economic Action
Improving operations
Reliability and efficiency

Holistic views
Better integration
with social science Social science




120

 Man-machine system


Jerry W.
Forrester MIT
Industrial Dynamics
Sale their goods ()

121

3. Policy science
Professor Y Dror

Dror Harold Lasswell (1951)[1]

A
new interdisplinnary field and the discovery of policy knowledge to do a policy making
as the new field of policy science Dror
Policy science
1.) (PS)



[1] Y Dror Harold Lasswell, The policy orientation Stanford university, press.
122

123

2.)




3.)

124

4.)

Dror


Kennedy
School of government The center for advance study in
the behavior science

2


Brainstorming
125

5.)





Boomerang affects
Value Fact






126

6.) Try to achieve a holistic attitude

A
sector The intelligence
collecting phases Operations of unitary
organizations Management science (Aspire)




Reliability and exactness (
)
127

7.) Will be action oriented 2 (a)

(b)

(b)
()
(
) A voiding professional jargons

Jargon
(Ad nauseam)
Dror


128


Traditional social
science


(Ad
nauseam)

129









Policy knowledge
Dror

130





(
3 )
( 2548 5.3% )

131

8.) Favor innovation

Normative optimal model

Empirical study

9.) Available experience
Special policy
research institute


132

10.)




Policy knowledge

1. ?
2. Optimal model
?
3. Rational, Operation know ledge, Management science, Decision making
science?
133


Public management as organization theory
()



Intrinsic value

Analog (Classical Theory)

134

(1) (Max Weber)

(2) Administration Theory (Lyndall
Urwick)
(3) Swenhfic Management
(Taylor) Mary Parker Fulletlt
Social interaction

(4) (Organization)
(Human Relation Theory Elton Mayo)
(5)
(Informal organization)
(Chester Barnard)
135

 (Norbert Wiener)
Cybernetics

(Inputs) (Process)
(Outputs) (Feedback)

136


Market Model
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

7.
8.
9.

Stmcture

Flat
Value

Benefit
Result based
Open system
CEO, Flexible, Radical Change
( )

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

7.
8.

Bureaucratic Model

(
)
Tall
(Ethics) Red tape
(Position)
Rule Regulation

Fix Rigidity

Close system
System order by law
:

137


(Re - engineering)
(Down sizing) (Revitalization)
(Reinventing)
(Streamlining) (Innovation)
(Wages and benefits) Managerial
(Fast track)
Old Lamed elephant Kirkhard
A non hierarchical
organization
Hierarchy
138

 Public management Bureaucracy is

dead Hierarchy is at bay
At
bay

139

 Public
management as democratic organization

(People consent) Representative
government The right to vote





140


...







141

(Veto power)



142




.








143

144

145




2550
35.8
1. 21 61 6%

2. . 3.2% 1
3. . 3.8% 1
146

 Skill 62%
65%

Run stand still
Run backward
5




2550

147


. ... 2457 93
? 60 2457

.

.


Virtue

148

1.
2. Legitimacy
3. Liberty
4. Community
5.



.

Bureaucracy versus democracy

149



.. 2550


Public management



Loving kindness Forgive and
forget
4

150



Public management

151