Unit-III ELEMENTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING MECHANICS

by Prof. Karisiddappa, MCE, Hassan

COMPOSITION OF FORCES: The reduction of a given system of forces to the simplest system that will be its equivalent is called the problem of composition of forces. RESULTANT FORCE: It is possible to find a single force which will have the same effect as that of a number of forces acting on a body. Such a single force is called resultant force. The process of finding out the resultant force is called composition of forces.

COMPOSITION OF CO-PLANAR CONCURRENT FORCE SYSTEM

COMPOSITION OF TWO FORCES: It is possible to reduce a given system of forces i.e., two forces to the simplest system as its equivalent (resultant force) with the help of parallelogram law of forces.

LAW OF PARALLELOGRAM OF FORCES: If two forces, which act at a point be represented in magnitude and direction by the two adjacent sides of a parallelogram drawn from one of its angular points, their resultant is represented by the diagonal of the parallelogram passing through that angular point, in magnitude and direction.

B RR R

R =

F1 2 + F 22 + 2 F1 F 2 cos

PROOF:

B RR R

Consider two forces F1 and F2 acting at point O as shown in figure. Let be the angle between the two forces. Complete the parallelogram ACBO .Drop perpendicular CD to OA produced. Let R be the resultant force of forces and .Let be the inclination of the resultant force with the line of action of the force.

From triangle OCD,

OC 2 = OD 2 + CD 2 OC 2 = (OA + AD ) 2 + CD 2 OA = F1 , AD = F2 cos , CD = F2 sin , OC = R R 2 = ( F1 + F2 cos ) 2 + ( F2 sin ) 2 R 2 = F12 + 2 F1 F2 cos + F2 cos 2 + F2 sin 2
2 2

R 2 = F1 + 2 F1 F2 cos + F22
2

R = F12 + F22 + 2 F1 F2 cos CD OD F2 sin tan = F1 + F2 cos tan =

= tan 1

F2 sin F1 + F2 cos

IF
IF IF

= 90 , R = F1 + F2
0

F2

= 0 , R = F1 + F2
0

F1

= 1800 , R = F1 F2

F1

F2

F1

F2

TRIANGLE LAW OF FORCES:

If two forces acting simultaneously on a body are represented by the sides of a triangle taken in order, their resultant is represented by the closing side of the triangle taken in the opposite order.

F2

F2

O
F1

O F1

POLYGON LAW OF FORCES:

If a number of concurrent forces acting simultaneously on a body ,are represented in magnitude and direction by the sides of a polygon, taken in order , then the resultant is represented in magnitude and direction by the closing side of the polygon, taken in opposite order.

C D
F3
F4 F3

F2
R
O

R2

R1
O

F1
F4

F1

F2

COMPOSITON OF FORCES BY RESOLUTION(Principle of resolved parts)

The components of each force in the system in two mutually perpendicular directions are found. Then, the components in each direction are algebraically added to obtain the two components. These two component forces which are mutually perpendicular are combined to obtain the resultant force.

F2 F1

1
X

F4 F3

Algebraic sum of the components of forces in X direction

F
x

= F1 cos 1 F2 cos 2 F3 cos 3 + F4 cos 4

Algebraic sum of the components of forces in Y f direction

F
y

= F1 sin 1 +F2 sin 2 F3 sin 3 F4 sin 4

Now the system of forces is equal to two mutually perpendicular forces ,

FX & FY

F +F F = tan F
R=
2 X 1 Y X

NUMERICAL PROBLEMS

1. Determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant of the

two forces of magnitude 12 N and 9 N acting at a point ,if the angle between the two forces is GIVEN:
F1 = 12 N F2 = 9 N

= 30 0

R = F12 + F22 + 2 F1 F2 cos R = 12 2 + 9 2 + 2 12 9 cos 30 0 R = 20.3 N

= tan 1

F2 sin F1 + F2 cos
9 sin 30 0 0 12 + 9 cos 30

= tan 1

= 12.810

2.Find the magnitude of two equal forces acting at a point with an

angle of 600 between them, if the resultant is equal to 30 GIVEN:
F1 = F2 = F , say
R = 30 3 N , = 60 0 R = F12 + F22 + 2 F1 F2 cos R = F 2 + F 2 + 2 F F cos 60 0 R = F2 + F2 + F2 R = 3F F = 30 N
3N

3.The resultant of two forces when they act at right angles is 10 N

.Whereas, when they act at a angle of 600 , the resultant is N. Determine the magnitude of the two forces. Let F1 and F2 be the two forces, Given when =900 R = 10N
148

When =600 R =

148 N

We have,

R = F12 + F22 + 2 F1F2 cos

10 = F1 2 + F 22

When =900

Squaring both sides 100= F12 + F22 When =600

148 = F12 + F22 + 2 F1 F2 cos 60 0

(1)

F12 + F22 + 2 F1 F2 0.5

squaring both sides 148 = F12 + F22 substituting (1) in (2) 148 = 100+F1F2 F1F2 = 48 squaring equation (3),we get F12 + F22 = 482 From (1) F22 = 100 F12 Subtracting (5) in (4) (4) (5) (3) (2)

F12 100 F12 = 482 F14 100 F12 = 482

(F (F

2 1

50 = 482 + 50 2
2

2 1

) 50)

= 196

F12 50 = 14 F12 = 64 F1 = 8 N & F2 = 6 N

4.Find the magnitude and direction of the resultant force for the system of concurrent forces shown below.
Y

25 N

FX = 20 cos 300 30 cos 450 35 cos 400 F

X

30 N 20 N

= 30.70 N

F F
R= R=

Y Y

= 20 sin 30 0 + 25 + 30 sin 450 35 sin 400 = 33.72 N

450

300
X

400

F +F
2 X

2 Y

( 30.70)2 + (33.72)2

35 N

R = 45.60 N

= tan 1

FY FX 33.72 = tan 1 30.70 = 47.680

5.The 26 KN force is the resultant of two forces. One of the force is as shown in figure .Determine the other force.

26kN

12

5 3 4

10kN

X 0

Let F be magnitude of unscnorm force with Fx and Fy as its components in x and y directions. Component of R in x directions
Rx = 26 x cos 1 = 26 x 5/13 = 10kN Component of R in y direction Ry = 26 x sin 1 = 26 x 12/13 = 24kN Component F and 10kN in X direction = Fx +10 cos 2 = Fx + 10x 4/5 = Fx +8 Component of F and 10kN in y direction = Fx + 10 x Sin 2 = Fy + 10 x 3/5 = Fy + 6 Using R/x = /Fx 10 = Fx +8 24 = Fy + 6 Fx = 2kN, Fy = 18kN But F = Fx2+Fy2 = 22 + 182
F = 18.11kN

13 1 5

12

5
2 4 3

2 = tan -1 (Fy /Fx) = tan -1 (18/2) = 83.660 2 = 83.660

( inclination of F w.r.t x axis)

6.Three forces act at a point in a plate as shown in figure. If the resultant of these forces is vertical, find the resultant force and angle ..
100N 160N

.
120 N

Since the resultant force is vertical, algebraic sum of horizontal components of these must be equal to zero. 160 cos 120 100 sin = 0 120 + 100 sin = 160 cos 6 + 5 sin = 8cos Squaring both the sides (6+5 sine )2 = (8 cos )2 36 + 60 sin + 25 sin2 = 64 (1-sin2 ) 25 sin2 +64 sin2 + 60sin = 64-36 89 sin2 + 60 sin = 28 Sin2 + 0.674 sin =0.315 (sin + 0.337)2 = 0.315 + 0.3372 = 0.428 sin + 0.337 = 0.428 = 0.654 sin = 0.654 0.337 = 0.317

= sin-1 (0.317) = 18.50

Resultant force R = Fy = 160 sin + 100 cos = 160sin 18.50 + 100 cos 18.50

R = 145.60 N

7.ABCDE is a regular hexagon. Forces 90 N,P,Q,240 N and 180 N act along AB,CA,AD,AE and FA respectively as shown in the figure. Find the forces P and Q such that the resultant force is zero.

C B P
90N 300 300

Q 240N 300

600

300

A 180N F

Since the resultant force is equal to zero, Fx = 0 and Fy = 0

Fx = -180 +240 cos 300 + Q cos 600 p cos 900 + 90 cos 1200 = 0
-180 + 207.85 + 0.5 Q 45 =0 0.5Q = 17.15 Q = 34.308N

Fy = 180 sin00+240 sin300 + Q sin600 P + 90 sin1200 = 0

120 + 34.308 x sin 600 P + 90 sin 1200 = 0 P = 227.654 N

COMPOSITION OF COPLANAR NONCONCURRENT FORCE SYSTEM

MOMENT OF A FORCE: Moment is defined as the product of the magnitude of the force and perpendicular distance of the point from the line of action of the force. GEOMETRICAL REPRESENTATION OF MOMENT Consider a force F represented ,in magnitude and direction by the line AB. Let O be a point about which the moment of the force F is required. Let OC be the perpendicular drawn. Join OA and OB O
a A F B

c
Moment of force F about O= F x a = AB x OC = twice the area of triangle OAB Thus moment of F about O= 2 x Area of triangle OAB

VARIGNONS PRINCIPLE OF MOMENTS: If a number of coplanar forces are acting simultaneously on a particle, the algebraic sum of the moments of all the forces about any point is equal to the moment of their resultant force about the same point.
PROOF: For example, consider only two forces F1 and F2 represented in magnitude and direction by AB and AC as shown in figure below.
C D

R F2

A F1

Let O be the point, about which the moments are taken. Construct the parallelogram ABCD and complete the construction as shown in fig. By the parallelogram law of forces, the diagonal AD represents, in magnitude and direction, the resultant of two forces F1 and F2, let R be the resultant force. By geometrical representation of moments the moment of force about O=2 Area of triangle AOB the moment of force about O=2 Area of triangle AOC the moment of force about O=2 Area of triangle AOD But, Area of triangle AOD=Area of triangle AOC + Area of triangle ACD Also, Area of triangle ACD=Area of triangle ADB=Area of triangle AOB Area of triangle AOD=Area of triangle AOC + Area of triangle AOB Multiplying throughout by 2, we obtain 2 Area of triangle AOD =2 Area of triangle AOC+2 Area of triangle AOB i.e., Moment of force R about O=Moment of force F1 about O + Moment of force F2 about O Similarly, this principle can be extended for any number of forces.

NUMERICAL PROBLEMS 1.For the non-concurrent coplanar system shown in fig below, determine the magnitude , direction and position of the resultant force with reference to A.
50 N

F F

= 25 20 = 5 N ( ) = 50 35 = 85 N C B = 85 N ( ) 25 N

20 N A R=

FX2 + FY2 = 52 + ( 85) = 85.15 N

2

R 35 N

R d = 35 4 + 25 3 140 + 75 d= = 2.525m 85.15

R
or

F
85 x = 35 4 + 25 3 140 + 75 x= = 2.53m 85

2.Determine the resultant of the force system acting on the plate as shown in figure given below wirh respect to AB and AD.
10N 60
0

5N
D

10Nm C

30

3m

A 14.14N 1 1

4m

B 20 N

Fx = 5cos300 + 10cos600 + 14.14cos450 = 19.33N Fy = 5sin300 - 10sin600 + 14.14sin450 = -16.16N R = ( Fx2 + Fy2) = 25.2N

F
R

= Tan-1( Fx/ Fy) = Tan-1(16.16/19.33) = 39.890 D C

FY

y A

19.33N 19.33N x

R 16.16N Tracing moments of forces about A and applying varignons principle of moments we get +16.16X = 20x4 + 5cos300x3-5sin300x4 + 10 + 10cos600x3

X = 107.99/16.16 = 6.683m Also tan39.89 = y/6.83 y = 5.586m.

3.The system of forces acting on a crank is shown in figure below. Determine the magnitude , direction and the point of application of the resultant force.
500 N 150 600 600 150 700N

150mm

150 mm 150 Cos600=75mm

Fx = 500cos600 700 = 450N Fy = 500sin600 = -26.33N R = ( Fx2 + Fy2) = (-450)2 + (-2633)2 R = 267.19N (Magnitude) Fx = Tan-1( Fx/ Fy) = Tan-1(2633/450) = 80.300 (Direction)
R Fy

Fx R x Fy

Tracing moments of forces about O and applying varignons principle of moments we get -2633x x= -500x sin600x300-1000x150+1200x150cos600 -700x300sin600 X = -371769.15/-2633 X = 141.20mm from O towards left (position).

4.For the system of parallel forces shown below, determine the magnitude of the resultant and also its position from A . 100N 200N 50N 400N R A
1m

B
1.5m

C
1m

Fy = +100 -200 -50 +400 = +250N ie. R = Fy =250N ( ) Since Fx = 0 Taking moments of forces about A and applying varignons principle of moments -250 x = -400 x 3.5 + 50 x 2.5 + 200 x 1 100 x 0 X = -1075/ -250 = 4.3m

5.The three like parallel forces 100 N,F and 300 N are acting as shown in figure below. If the resultant R=600 N and is acting at a distance of 4.5 m from A ,find the magnitude of force F and position of F with respect to A. 100N F 600 N 300N

A
4.5m

B X

C
2.5m

Let x be the distance from A to the point of application of force F Here R = Fy 600=100+F+300 F = 200 N

Taking moments of forces about A and applying varignons principle of moments, we get 600 x 4.5 = 300 x 7 + F x 200 x = 600 x 4.5 -300 x 7

X = 600/200 = 3m from A

6.A beam is subjected to forces as shown in the figure given below. Find the magnitude , direction and the position of the resultant force. 17kN 10kN 20kN 10kN 5kN 4kN B
2m
3m

C
2m

D
1m

Given tan = 15/8 sin = 15/ 17 cos = 8/17

tan = 3/4

sin = 3/5

cos = 4/5

Fx = 4 +5 cos 17 cos = 4+5 x 4/5 17 x 8/17 Fx = 0 Fy = 5 sin -10 +20 10 + 17 sin = 5 x 3/5 -10+20 10 + 17 x 15/17 Fy = 18 kN ( )

Resultant force R = 2Fx 2 + Fy2 = 0+182 R = 18 kN ( ) Let x = distance from A to the point of application R Taking moments of forces about A and applying Varignons theorem of moments -18 x = -5 x sin x 8 +10 x 7 -20 x 5 + 10 x 2 = -3 x 8 +10 x7 20 x 5 + 10 x 2 X = -34/-18 = 1.89m from A (towards left)