Luan Van Dang Thi Nhi

TRNG I HC CN TH
KHOA NNG NGHIP & SINH HC NG DNG

B MN CNG NGH THC PHM
NG TH NHI
MSSV: 2051660
NGHIN CU CH BIN NC
CHANH DY - MT ONG
Lun vn tt nghip k s
Ngnh: CNG NGH THC PHM
Gio vin hng dn

Ths. L M HNG
Ths. LM TH VIT H
Cn Th, 2009
Lun vn tt nghip kha 31- 2009
Trng i hc Cn Th
LI CM T
Trc tin em xin cm n qu thy c trng i hc Cn Th tn tnh ging dy
v truyn t nhng kin thc v cng qu bu cho em trong nhng nm hc va qua.
Xin chn thnh cm n qu thy c B mn Cng ngh thc phm - Khoa Nng
nghip & SHD truyn t cho em nhng kin thc chuyn ngnh l nn tng
vng chc, l c s quan trng thc hin lun vn tt nghip.
Em xin chn thnh cm n c L M Hng tn tnh hng dn v truyn t nhng
kin thc v cng qu bu trong sut thi gian hc tp v thc hin ti ti trng.
V cng xin cm n cc bn sinh vin lp Cng ngh thc phm kha 31 gip ,
cng trao i, tho lun c thm nhng kin thc gip hon thnh lun vn tt
nghip.
Xin chn thnh cm n!
Ngnh Cng ngh thc phm Khoa NngNghip & Sinh Hc ng Dng
Trang i
Trng i hc Cn Th
TM LC
Nhm mc tiu to ra sn phm nc gii kht c ch bin t qu chanh dy v mt
ong thin nhin c gi tr dinh dng, cm quan cao, to cho ngi tiu dng s tin
li v an ton khi s dng sn phm bo qun trong thi gian di nhng cht lng n
nh. Vic Nghin cu ch bin nc chanh dy - mt ong c thc hin. Trn
c s mong mun sao cho sn phm c cht lng n nh, an ton v v sinh thc
phm v c th trng chp nhn, tin hnh cc kho st:
nh hng ca t l phi ch n gi tr cm quan sn phm, ch thanh trng n t
l tn tht vitamin C, qui lut thay i mt s vi sinh vt ca sn phm trong qu trnh
thanh trng v thi gian bo qun t c th tm ra ch thanh trng thch hp cho
sn phm. Qua qu trnh nghin cu kt qu ghi nhn nh sau:
Sn phm c t l phi ch: 10% dch qu, 3% mt ong, hm lng cht kh ha tan
cui ca sn phm t 200Bx cho im cm quan cao ngha l c s hi ha v mi v,
mu sc p.
Ch thanh trng c nh hng ln n s tn tht hm lng vitamin C trong sn
phm. Nhit thanh trng cng cao, thi gian gi nhit cng di th t l tn tht
vitamin C cng ln.
Sn phm c pH thp (2,9 3,5) c thanh trng nhit thp 850C vi gi tr
thanh trng PU = 8,2 pht cho sn phm c cht lng tt, bo qun 4 tun vn cha
c du hiu h hng.
Ngnh Cng ngh thc phm Khoa NngNghip & Sinh Hc ng Dng
Trang ii
Trng i hc Cn Th
MC LC
LI CM T ............................................................................................................................ I
TM LC.............................................................................................................................. II
MC LC .............................................................................................................................. IV
DANH SCH BNG ............................................................................................................. VI
DANH SCH HNH ............................................................................................................. VII
CHNG 1 T VN ................................................................................................ 1
1.1 TNG QUAN ............................................................................................................... 1
1.2 MC TIU NGHIN CU ......................................................................................... 1
CHNG 2 LC KHO TI LIU ............................................................................... 2
2.1 GII THIU NGUYN LIU ..................................................................................... 2
2.1.1 Chanh dy ............................................................................................................... 2
2.1.2 Mt ong ................................................................................................................... 5
2.1.3 ng ..................................................................................................................... 9
2.2 C S CA SN XUT NC QU .................................................................... 10
2.2.1 Yu cu ca nguyn liu trong sn xut nc qu ............................................... 10
2.2.2 Nguyn l c bn ca ch bin tri cy ng hp ................................................ 10
2.2.3 Quan h gia vi sinh vt v thc phm ng hp ................................................ 10
2.2.4 C s l lun ca thanh trng hp................................................................... 13
2.2.5 ng hc ca qu trnh v hot vi sinh vt .......................................................... 14
2.2.6 Tnh ton nh hng ca qu trnh x l nhit .................................................... 16
2.2.7 Chn ch thanh trng....................................................................................... 19
CHNG 3 PHNG TIN V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU.............................. 21
3.1 PHNG TIN TH NGHIM ................................................................................. 21
3.1.1 a im................................................................................................................ 21
3.1.2 Thi gian ............................................................................................................... 21
3.1.3 Nguyn liu v ha cht........................................................................................ 21
3.1.4 Dng c v thit b ................................................................................................ 21
3.2 PHNG PHP TH NGHIM................................................................................ 21
3.2.1 Qui trnh ch bin ................................................................................................. 22
Ngnh Cng ngh thc phm Khoa Nng Nghip & Sinh Hc ng Dng
Trang iv
Trng i hc Cn Th
3.2.2 Phng php phn tch ......................................................................................... 22

3.3 NI DUNG B TR TH NGHIM .......................................................................... 23
3.3.1 Th nghim 1: Kho st nh hng ca t l dch qu v nng ng n
gi tr cm quan ca sn phm ...................................................................................... 23
3.3.2 Th nghim 2: Kho st nh hng t l mt ong s dng n cht lng sn
phm. .............................................................................................................................. 24
3.3.3 Th nghim 3: kho st nh hng ch thanh trng n cht lng v thi
gian bo qun sn phm. ............................................................................................... 24
CHNG 4 KT QU V THO LUN ...................................................................... 26
4.1 KT QU PHN TCH THNH PHN NGUYN LIU ...................................... 26
4.2 KT QU KHO ST NH HNG CA T L PHI CH N CHT
LNG SN PHM ........................................................................................................ 26
4.3 KT QU KHO ST NH HNG CA T L MT ONG S DNG N
CHT LNG SN PHM............................................................................................. 28
4.4 KT QU KHO ST NH HNG CA CH THANH TRNG.............. 29
4.4.1 th biu din qu trnh thanh trng ................................................................. 29
4.4.2 Cc thng s ng hc ca qu trnh thanh trng v gi tr thanh trng ............ 31
CHNG 5 KT LUN V NGH........................................................................... 37
5.1 KT LUN................................................................................................................. 37
5.2 NGH .................................................................................................................... 38
TI LIU THAM KHO ...................................................................................................... 39
PH LC.............................................................................................................................. VIII
Trang v
Trng i hc Cn Th
DANH SCH BNG

Bng 1. Thnh phn cu to qu chanh dy........................................................................ 2
Bng 2. Gi tr dinh dng ca chanh dy (purple passionfruit)........................................ 3
Bng 3. Thnh phn ca mt ong........................................................................................ 6
Bng 4. Cc ch tiu ha l ch yu ca cc lai ng ct trng (ch tiu quc gia) ....... 9
Bng 5. S khng nhit ca vi sinh vt trong qu trnh x l nhit.................................. 17
Bng 6. X l nhit ngh cho cc loi sn phm khc nhau ........................................ 18
Bng 7. Cc phng php phn tch ................................................................................. 22
Bng 8. S b tr th nghim 1 ..................................................................................... 23
Bng 9. S b tr th nghim 3 ..................................................................................... 25
Bng 10. Thnh phn ca dch qu chanh dy.................................................................. 26
Bng 11. nh hng ca t l phi ch n cht lng ca sn phm ............................. 26
Bng 12. Kt qu thng k nh hng ca t l phi ch n cm quan mi ca sn
phm.................................................................................................................................. 27
Bng 13. Kt qu thng k nh hng ca t l phi ch n cm quan v ca sn phm 27
Bng 14. Kt qu thng k nh hng ca t l phi ch n cm quan mu sc ca sn
phm.................................................................................................................................. 27
Bng 15. nh hng ca t l mt ong n mu sc ca sn phm.................................. 28
Bng 16. nh hng ca t l mt ong n cht lng ca sn phm.............................. 28
Bng 17. Hng s tc tiu dit vi sinh vt kT cc ch thanh trng ...................... 31
Bng 18. Gi tr DT cc nhit cc nhit thanh trng khc nhau ................................ 31
Bng 19. Gi tr thanh trng PU ca cc ch thanh trng sn phm, (pht)................ 33
Bng 20. nh hng ca ch thanh trng n gi tr cm quan sn phm.................. 33
Bng 21. Bin i nng ng ca sn phm theo thi gian bo qun, 0Bx............... 35
Bng 22. Bin i hm lng acid ca sn phm theo thi gian bo qun, % (tnh theo
acid citric). ........................................................................................................................ 35
Bng 23. Bin i mt s vi sinh vt theo thi gian bo qun sn phm, (cfu/ml) .......... 36
Trang vi
Trng i hc Cn Th
DANH SCH HNH

Hnh 1. Nguyn liu chanh dy........................................................................................... 2
Hnh 2. Mt ong ................................................................................................................ 15
Hnh 3. S tiu dit vi sinh vt bng nhit theo thi gian................................................. 15
Hnh 4. Thi gian tiu dit vi sinh vt theo mi quan h logarite .................................... 16
Hnh 5. Biu din thi gian cht nhit ca vi sinh vt .................................................. 17
Hnh 6. Qui trnh ch bin chanh dy mt ong .............................................................. 22
Hnh 7. Bin i nhit tm sn phm trong qu trnh thanh trng nhit 750C .....29
Hnh 10. Bin i nhit tm sn phm trong qu trnh thanh trng nhit 900C ...30
Hnh 11. th biu din tc cht nhit ca vi sinh vt trong qu trnh thanh trng
sn phm ........................................................................................................................... 31
Hnh 12. th biu din mi quan h gia ln(kT) v nhit 1/T khi thanh trng sn
phm.................................................................................................................................. 32
Hnh 13. th biu din mi quan h gia Log(DT) v nhit thanh trng sn phm .33
Hnh 14. th biu din t l tn tht vitamin C trong qu trnh thanh trng ................ 34
Hnh 15. Qui trnh ch chin nc chanh dy mt ong ................................................. 37
Hnh 16. Sn phm nc chanh dy mt ong ................................................................ 38
Trang vii
CHNG 1
Trng i hc Cn Th
T VN
1.1 TNG QUAN

Rau qu ng vai tr quan trng trong dinh dng ca con ngi, chng khng
nhng cung cp cho con ngi nhng dng cht cn thit m cn gip cho qu
trnh tiu ha cc cht dinh dng mt cch dng. Nhng nm gn y ch bin
sn phm rau qu c nhng bc pht trin mnh ng gp vo s pht trin
chung ca nn kinh t quc dn. c bit, th trng nc p qu trong nc
c m rng vi nhiu chng loi phong ph v a dng hn trc v chng
ngy cng c ci tin v mu m, cht lng v gi c to nn sc hp dn
i vi ngi tiu dng. Hin nay, sn phm nc tri cy ca Vit Nam chim t
70- 80% th trng trong nc.
Hng v t nhin l vn ang c quan tm hin nay, vic ch bin tri
cy cng khng ngoi l. Cc loi nc qu khng thm ha cht vo khi iu ch,
gi nguyn cht nc p, mu sc, mi v l xu hng ca th trng quc t.
Gn y, nc p chanh dy ngy cng c a chung vi mi v ca dch qu
rt c bit v c cha nhiu vitamin cng vi nhiu nguyn t vi lng c ch cho
h tim mch. Mt ong thin nhin l loi sn phm c gi tr dinh dng cao c tc
dng tt cho sc khe, chng oxy ha. V vy, vic kt hp nc p chanh dy vi
mt ong nh s b dng ca mt ong thin nhin v s ti mt ca chanh dy
va l ngun b sung Vitamin, nng lng tt nht va c tc dng lm thng
huyt, n nh nhp tim, tng cng sc kho, lm mt c th. Sn phm c th
p ng nhu cu ngy cng cao ca ngi tiu dng. Do , vic Nghin cu ch
bin nc Chanh dy Mt ong c thc hin.
1.2 MC TIU NGHIN CU

Nhm to ra sn phm nc gii kht cn gi c tnh cht t nhin ca nguyn
liu, khng cha cht bo qun m cht lng n nh.
t mc tiu trn, ni dung nghin cu s tin hnh kho st:
nh hng ca t l phi ch n cht lng sn phm.
nh hng ch thanh trng n cht lng trong thi gian bo qun sn
phm.
Trang 1
CHNG 2
Trng i hc Cn Th
LC KHO TI LIU
2.1 GII THIU NGUYN LIU

2.1.1 Chanh dy
2.1.1.1Gii thiu
Cy chanh dy (cn gi l mc mc, lc tin,...) c tn khoa hc l Passiflora
edulis, c trng nhiu Lt. Hin nay c trng mt s ni khc vng
ng bng Sng Cu Long.
Chanh dy l loi qu mi rt c a chung nc ta trong nhng nm gn
y. T mt loi cy mc leo hoang di, ngy nay chanh dy c trng i tr
Lt, vi sn lng ngy cng tng theo nhu cu ch bin.
Tri chanh dy cha nhiu loi vitamin cng nhng nguyn t vi lng khc c
ch cho tim mch. Mi v ca dch qu cng rt c bit. Hin nay, sn phm ch
bin t chanh dy trn th trng ch yu l nc gii kht ng chai. Cc sn
phm khc cng ang c nghin cu sn xut th nghim. Bt chanh dy
c nghin cu sn xut th da trn mc ch ko di thi gian bo qun, tng
tnh tin dng, to ra mt dng sn phm mi t qu chanh dy.
Thnh phn cu to qu chanh dy
Thnh phn
V qu
Ht
T l, %
49,19
4,81
Dch qu
46,00
(Tn N Minh Nguyt v ctv, 2001)
V qu chim t l cao trn tng khi lng qu, ngoi ra do cu to phn rut c
nhng mng bao bc ht, nn trong thc t, t l thu dch qu thng nh hn kt
qu cho bng trn.
Qu sng
Qu chn
Qu c thu hoch
Nguyn liu chanh dy
Trang 2
Trng i hc Cn Th
2.1.1.2Thnh phn ha hc ca chanh dy

Gi tr dinh dng ca chanh dy (purple passionfruit)
Thnh phn
Nc
n v
%
Hm lng
75,1
Protein
2,2
Cht bo
0,7
Carbohydrate
21,2
Tro
Calcium
mg %
13,0
Phosphor
mg%
64,0
St
0,8
mg%
1,6
Natri
mg%
28,0
Kali
mg%
384,0
Vitamin A
IU
Vitamin B1
mg%
Vt
Vitamin B2
Niacin
mg%
mg%
0,13
1,5
Acid ascorbic
mg%
700,0
30,0
(Ngun: According to. US-Dept. Agr, ARS)
Gn 84% dch qu chanh dy l nc, cn li l cc hp cht thm, hp cht mu,

cc cht sinh nng lng: ng, tinh bt, v cc cht vi lng. Cht bo v
protein cha trong dch qu chanh dy khng ng k. Chanh dy cha nhiu
vitamin C v vitamin A.
Carbonhydrat:
ng: ng l thnh phn cung cp nng lng chnh trong qu chanh dy, ch
yu gm 3 loi ng: glucose, fructose, v sucrose. Glucose v fructose chim
thnh phn ch yu. Hm lng ng nh hng n v ngt ca chanh dy
Tinh bt: dch qu c hm lng tinh bt cao. Nuc chanh dy p c hm lng
tinh bt t 0,5 n 3%. Nhit ng c ca tinh bt thp, nh hng n qu
trnh x l nhit trong qu trnh sn xut nc chanh dy. Do dch qu bm ln b
mt trao i nhit, gy nng cc b, nh hng n hiu qu truyn nhit v lm
gim cht lng nuc chanh dy.
Cc acid hu c: chanh dy c hm lng acid citric cao. Acid citric bao gm tt
c cc loi acid khng bay hi chim 93-96% tng lng acid, acid malic chim t
4 -7%. Tc dng ca acid citric l gip bo v, h tr hp thu km v cc nguyn
t vi lng khc.
Trang 3
Trng i hc Cn Th
Cc acid amin: Cc acid amin trong chanh dy gm c: arginine, acid aspartic,

glycine, leucine, lysine, proline, threonine, tyrosine v valine.
Enzyme: trong thnh phn ca dch qu chanh dy vng c cha catalase, c th b
v hot hon ton 790C trong vng 75 giy. Cn trong dch qu chanh dy tm
c cha enzyme metylesterase, c th b v hot 80oC trong 60 giy. Ngoi ra,
trong chanh dy cn c enzyme protease v SH- protease.
Cc vitamin v nguyn t khong
Vitamin C: chanh dy rt giu vitamin C. Vitamin C tan tt trong nc v ng vai
tr l mt cht oxy ho, gip bo v phn m mm ca c th. Ngoi ra, vitamin C
cn ng vai tr quan trng trong s duy tr h min dch ca c th v thn ch
lm gim nh triu chng cm lnh ngi. Mt ly nc chanh dy p cung cp
khong 50% lng vitamin C cn thit trong ngy cho mt ngi trng thnh.
Vitamin A: Chanh dy cng cha rt nhiu vitamin A. Cc carotenoids c tm
thy trong chanh dy c hot vitamin A khc nhau. Viatamin A l loi vitamin
tan trong du, cn thit cho th lc, da, s pht trin v ti sinh m t bo
Cc cht khong: chanh dy cung cp cc loi cht khong nh: K, mt cht in
ly quan trng trong vic h tr s co bp tim, gip cn bng huyt p. Chanh
dy c th thay th cc loi thc n nh chui, cam. Chanh dy cn cha 10-13%
nhu cu hng ngy v Mg, mt nguyn t khong gip n nh huyt p.
Alkaloid v cc hp cht Cyanogenic: c 7 loi alkaloid trong chanh dy, 4 trong
s c xc nh v t tn l harman (c ngha l iu ho), harmin, harmol
v harmalin. Cc th nghim dc l cho thy chanh dy c tc dng an thn nh.
Hm lng alkaloid trong chanh dy 0,012 0,7%.
Trong tht qu chanh dy ngi ta cn tm thy mt cyanogenic glycoside c kh
nng gy c. Loi glycoside ny tn ti trong tt c cc giai on pht trin ca
qu chanh dy, c hm lng cao nht khi qu cn rt non, cha chn v thp nht
khi qu chn. Hm lng cyanogenic glycoside trong giai on sau cng rt thp
nn xem nh c tnh khng ng k.
Cc hp cht d bay hi:
Cc hp cht d bay hi phn ln l cc ester t C2 - C8 ca cc acid bo thng
gp nhiu loi tri cy khc. Cc sn phm phn hu ca cc carotenoid, cc cu
t cha S v cc ester bo him gp ng vai tr rt quan trng trong vic to ra
cc hng v c bit ca chanh dy.
Trang 4
Trng i hc Cn Th
Sc t: sc t chnh trong dch qu chanh dy l carotenoid. Nc chanh dy p

cha rt nhiu loi sc t vng v cam ny. Cho n nay c khong 13 loi
carotenoid c tm thy trong dch qu canh dy.
Cc Sterol thc vt: chanh dy cha tng hm lng sterol thc vt cao nht so
vi cc loi tri cy n c khc. Cc Sterol thc vt c tm thy trong tt c
cc loi thc n c ngun gc thc vt v c cc nh khoa hc cho l c kh
nng lm h thp cholesterol mu.
2.1.2 Mt ong
2.1.2.1Thnh phn ha hc ca mt ong
Thnh phn mt ong rt phc tp v thay i theo
tng loi mt. Cho n nay ngi ta pht hin
thy trong mt ong c trn 100 cht c tc dng sinh
hc quan trng v cn cho c th.
T l nc trong mt ong thng t 1622%, trung
bnh l 20%. Cc cht kh chim khong 80%.
ng: ng l thnh phn chnh trong mt ong.
C 3 loi ng ch yu l glucose, fructose v
Hnh 2. Mt ong
saccharose.
Glucose l loi ng n gin nht, t ngt nhng c th ngi hp thu trc tip
khng cn bin i. Glucose chim khong 50% tng s ng trong mt ong v
35% khi lng mt ong.
Fructose cng l loi ng n, d hp thu v cng cng thc phn t nh
glucose (C6H12O6), ch khc cng thc cu to. Lng fructose trong mt ong
cng bng lng glucose. Frutose kh kt tinh nn loi mt no c fructose lu
vn gi c th lng. Frutose c v ngt hn glucose. Hn hp fructose v
glucose c gi l ng chuyn ha ngha l c phn tch thnh ng n.
Saccharose trong mt ong cha gi c th cha ti 6%.
Bng nhng phng php phn tch hin i hin nay ngi ta bit c trong mt
ong cn c hng chc loi ng khc na.
Protein: c t 0,04 - 0,3%, trung bnh l 0,1%. Ngun gc cc protein ny l mt
hoa (protein thc vt) v t cc dch do chnh con ong tit ra (protein ng vt).
Enzyme: trong mt ong c enzyme invectase, diastase v cn c lipase, catalase,
peroxydase. Cc cht ny do ong tit ra khi lm mt.
Trang 5
Trng i hc Cn Th
Mt ong ng u trong danh sch nhng thc phm giu enzyme. Diastase trong
mt ong chuyn ha tinh bt thnh ng dextrin. Enzyme invectase chuyn
saccharose thnh glucose v fructose cn catalase th thy phn cc peroxide.
Acid: mt ong c cha trung bnh l 0,1% trong s ny ch yu l acid hu c nh
acid oxalic, citric, lactic.
Cht khong: hm lng cht khong trong mt ong thin nhin cha khong
0,03-0,2% v ng ch l s lng mt s mui khong trong mt ong rt ging
trong mu ngi.
Vitamin: hm lng vitamin trong mt ong khng nhiu lm nhng c nhiu loi.
Ngun gc ca vitamin ny l do phn hoa ln vo. Theo kt qu phn tch trong
1kg mt ong c ti 0,1mg vitamin B2; 0,1mg vitamin B1; 2mg vitamin B3; 1mg
vitamin PP; 5mg vitamin B6; 30-54mg vitaminC ngoi ra cn c cc vitamin E, K
v cc carotenoids.
Cht mu: nhng cht ny cha c nghin cu nhiu v hm lng ca chng
c th ty vo ngun mt hoa. Cht mu to ra nhng loi mt ong c mu sc t
vng h phch n mu nu sm.
Cht thm: ong ly cc cht ny t cy cho mt. Trong mt ong cn c cc acid
amin, cc ni tit t thc vt, cc cht kch thch sinh trng v nu gp phi cy
c th trong mt ong cng c nhng cht gy c cho c th.
Thnh phn ca mt ong
Thnh phn
m
n v
Hm lng
% w.w.b.
15-19
Fructose
36-50
Glucose
28-36
Saccharose
0,8-5,0
Nitrogen
0,05-0,38
Tro
0,04-0,2
pH
3,3-5,6
Acid (ch yu l gluconic)

Acid t do
%
m-eqiv/kg
Nc lin kt
0,57
9-40
<0.1
(Ngun: eg. Jarrah, Manuka, Jelly Bush, 2005)
2.1.2.2 Phn loi mt ong

Trn th trng th gii c hng chc loi mt ong khc nhau phn bit theo ngun
hoa, theo cc khu vc a l hay theo k thut thu mt, theo mu sc, mi v,
Trang 6
Trng i hc Cn Th
Theo ngun hoa, c loi ch yu thu t mt th hoa. Mt cc hoa khc c ln

vo th rt t. Loi mt ong ny him. nc ta thng gi mt ong l mt
nhn, mt to, mt vi, mt s vt nhng trn thc t cn c mt hoa khc ln
vo nhng v c t nn khng nh hng nhiu n mi v c trng ca tng
loi.
Theo khu vc a l: Chu u thng gi mt ong theo tn khu vc, thc ra
cng ch l phn loi theo ngun cy thc n.
Theo k thut thu thp mt: c 2 loi l mt tng v mt quay ly tm.
Theo mu sc, mi v th c loi mt ong khng c mu hay ch c mu rt nht
nh mt vi, nhn, bng, qu. Mt cam qut c mu h phch (mu vng nh
ng). Mu sc mt ong ty vo ngun hoa khc nhau.
Mt s mt ong rt thm v mang hng v ca nc hoa qu nh mt vi, nhn,
cam, qut hay mt hoa rng. Mi v tuy khng l yu t quyt nh cht lng
dinh dng hay tc dng cha bnh ca mt ong nhng mu sc v hng v lin
quan vi nhau. Mu nht th thm nh, mu sm th hng nng. Mu sc mi v
thng lm cho ngi tiu dng a thch c khi cn quyt nh gi thng phm.
2.1.2.3 Bo qun mt ong
Cc cht ng trong mt ong rt n nh, tuy nhin mt ong cn nhiu cht khc
d hng cho nn cng c yu cu nht nh v bo qun. Mt ong khng i hi
cao nhng mun gi c cht lng th phi ng gi v tn tr d quy m
cng nghip hay gia nh u phi tun theo nhng iu kin sau:
Hn ch vic tip xc vi khng kh, trnh m mt ong khng bin cht v
nht l ln men chua.
t ni ti, t bit l dng trong sut th cng phi ch nh sng mt
ong khng b i mu v gi c lu tc dng khng khun.
S dng cc vt liu thch hp bao gi.
ni mt, nhit ti u vo khong 140C, trnh ht sc nhng bin thin
ln v nhit .
Khng nhng ni c mi kh chu nh: xng, du, hnh, ti, mt ong s
bt mi nhanh v hng.
2.1.2.4 Cng dng ca mt ong
Do cc thnh phn ha hc ht sc phong ph, mt ong t c xa c dng
lm thuc lm thc phm cho ngi cng nh gia sc. Ngy nay, nhiu c s khoa
hc dn dn xc minh kinh nghim c truyn s dng mt ong ca cc dn tc.
Trang 7
Trng i hc Cn Th
Mt ong lm thuc
Mt ong c dng lm thuc t lu. Theo y hc c truyn, mt ong c v ngt
tnh bnh, vo 5 kinh tm, ph t, v v i trng. Mt ong dng cha nhiu bnh.
Cng dng lm thuc ca mt ong rt da dng, mi nhm thnh phn ha hc ca
mt ong c mt tc dng ring n c th nh: cha vt thng, lot d dy, bnh
gan, ng h hp,
Mt ong dng lm cht bo qun
T lu ngi ta cng bit tc dng gi c thc phm khi mc v thi ra ca
mt ong. Mt ong dng bo qun tht sng, tht trong mt ong khng nhng
ti lu m cn gi nguyn mi v t nhin trong mt thi gian di. R cy ti,
hoa qu v dch p cng c bo qun bng mt ong.
V sau ny, nhiu cng trnh khoa hc chng minh c tc dng khng khun,
chng nm mc ca mt ong. Nhng th nghim ca cc nh nghin cu Bungari
cho thy cc ht u, ng, la m trong hp y kn c mt ong, mt nm sau
vn ny mm tt, bn ngoi khng thy bin i g.
Trong y hc, ngi ta cng i n kt lun l cc m sn c th gi lu 6 thng
trong cc dung dch mt ong 10%, 16%, 25% v c 33% pha trong nc ct.
Tc dng khng khun chng nm, mc ca mt ong l do cc cht khng sinh
ong tit ra khi lm mt. Mt ong nhn to v khng c s ng gp ca ong, mt
d cc thnh phn ng nh mt ong thin nhin nhng khng c tc dng
ny.
Mt ong dng trong m phm
Mt ong gip tng thm sc p cho da. Mt ong l nguyn liu rt tt lm cc
mt hng dng trong m phm v d hp th qua da v l mt cht dinh dng c
gi tr vi da.
Mt ong dng lm thc phm
Cc loi mt ong khc nhau u c nhng c tnh chung l cung cp nng lng,
phc hi sc kho v chng stress. Mt ong t hoa Cam, Qut c tc dng tt i
vi h thn kinh, c xem l mt loi thuc an thn tuyt ho. Mt ong t hoa
Hng dng c tc dng hp thu Cholesterol d tha trong mu v l v thuc
qu cho bnh nhn x va ng mch v huyt p cao.
(Ngun: ng Thanh Khi, 1984)
Trang 8
Trng i hc Cn Th
Tc dng chng oxy ha ca mt ong

Hai cng trnh nghin cu mi ca i hc Illinois (UI) l tin hp dn cho nhng
ngi yu thch mt ong. Mt trong hai cng trnh ny cho bit, tnh cht chng
oxy ha ca mt ong c th dng bo qun tht m khng lm hng mi v. Mt
cng trnh mi ng cho bit, bng vic nghin cu mu ngi trong phng th
nghim, ngi ta pht hin, mt ong c tc dng lm chm qu trnh oxy ha
lipoprotein mt thp (LDL), mt qu trnh dn n s kt lng ht gy x va
ng mch.
Cng nh cng trnh nghin cu ca UI nm 1999, cc nh nghin cu hai cng
trnh ny nhn nh, mt ong c mu sm, c bit l mt ong t hoa la kiu
mch c kh nng bo v hn mt ong mu sng. Nh nghin cu c bn Nicki
Engeseth, Gio s ha hc thc phm thuc i hc Khoa hc Nng nghip,
Ngi tiu dng v Mi trng ca UI cho bit: "Vn cn qu sm tuyn b
dt khot, tuy nhin, mt ong hu nh c kh nng dng lm cht chng oxy ha
trong thc n".
(Ngun: H.T.M. (Theo Sciencedaily, 10/4/2002))
2.1.3 ng
ng l loi ph liu c phm vi s dng rng nht, vi lng ln. Trong cc
loi ng n, loi s dng rng ri nht l ng ma. Trong ch bin tri cy s
dng ng ct trng l ch yu. Thng l chn dng ng ct trng loi mt
tr ln, yu cu ht ng u n, kh v ri rc, khng dng ng thi v
ng ht c mu, v ngt ca ng v dung dch nc ng phi thun khit,
tan trong nc sch c dung dch nc trong.
Cc ch tiu ha l ch yu ca cc lai ng ct trng (ch tiu quc gia)
Hng mc
Loi thng hng Loi 1
Thnh phn saccharose (%) khng t hn

ng th (%) khng nhiu hn
99,75
0,08
Ct bi (%) khng nhiu hn
0,15
0,07
1,00
2,00
99,44
0,17
0,10
0,06
Gi tr mu (0st) khng vt qu
99,65
0,15
0,05
Nc (%) khng nhiu hn
Loi 2
0,12
3,50
Tp cht khng tan trong nc khng

vt qu (mg/kg)
40
60
90
(Ngun: T Triu Hi v Cao Tch Vnh, 2002)
Trang 9
Trng i hc Cn Th
2.2 C S CA SN XUT NC QU
2.2.1 Yu cu ca nguyn liu trong sn xut nc qu
Ngi ta dng nhiu chng loi hoa qu khc nhau ch bin nc qu. Nguyn
liu cn c cc cht ng, acid, tanin, cht thm, cht mu v dch qu. Cc
ch tiu quan trng nht, c trng cho phm cht dch qu l khi lung ring,
hm lng cc cht kh v acid.
Qu dng ch bin nc qu phi ti tt, khng bm dp, su thi, chn
thch hp. Nu qu cha chn th mng t bo cng, dch bo t nn nhiu ph
liu, v do hm lng ng thp acid cao nn chua nhiu. Nhng qu qu chn
th m qu mm v b, khi p tht qu kt li khng cho dch qu thot ra, dch
qu c nhiu bt v kh lng, lc.
Nhng qu c vt rm ngoi v khng c nh hng n hng v ca dch qu,
vn dng c. Kch thc v hnh dng ca qu cng khng nh hng nhiu
n phm cht nc qu nn khng hn ch.
2.2.2 Nguyn l c bn ca ch bin tri cy ng hp
Thc phm ng hp cc khu bi kh, ng hp thanh trng ngn chn s pht
trin ca vi sinh vt thi gian lu tr c lu di. Thng qua thao tc bi kh
lm gim phn ln lng kh trong hp, ri ng kn hp ngn chn thc phm
vi bn ngoi, sau thanh trng git cht cc vi khun gy bnh v vi khun gy
thi ra lm h thc phm bn trong hp. Do hp trong iu kin ng kn nn
kh oxy v vi sinh vt bn ngoi khng th xm nhp vo bn trong hp, lm cho
thc phm em ra ngoi th trng t ti trng thi v khun v c th lu gi
c. Tc dng ch yu l c thanh trng hon ton hay khng. Bi kh v ng
kn hp c tc dng khng th thiu.
2.2.3 Quan h gia vi sinh vt v thc phm ng hp
Nguyn nhn lm h sn phm ng hp ch yu l do s tc ng ca vi sinh vt.
Nu nh thanh trng khng hon ton, vi sinh vt cn st li trong hp s pht
trin, hoc l do ng hp khng kn, khin cho vi sinh vt bn ngoi c th xm
nhp vo. iu ny s gy ra h hng thc phm trong hp.
Vi sinh vt bao gm vi khun, nm men v nm mc. Nhng vi sinh vt thng
gp trong tri cy l nm men v nm mc, vi khun tng i t. V a s tri cy
u c tnh acid, pH t 4,5 tr xung, nn s sinh trng ca vi khun b c
ch, ng thi sc khng nhit b gim xung rt nhiu. Tuy nhin, nm nem v
nm mc c th thch ng vi pH kh thp, nhng tnh chu nhit ca n thp
hn vi khun, thng thng dng nhit 700C th c th git cht nm men v
Trang 10
Trng i hc Cn Th
nm mc. Tc ng gy h thi ca nm men v nm mc ch yu l pht sinh

trc khi tri cy ng hp, sau khi b vo hp, ngoi tr rt t sn phm c bit
hoc hp khng kn gy ra h hng, thng chng khng chu c x l tng
nhit thanh trng v cng khng th sinh trng trong iu khin ng kn
ca phng php bo qun ng hp. Cc nhn t nh hng n qu trnh thanh
trng.
2.2.3.1 H vi sinh vt trong hp
Loi hiu kh
Bacillus mesentericus: c nha bo, khng c, trong nc v trn b mt rau.

Loi ny c trong tt c cc hp, pht trin nhanh nhit 370C.
Bacillus Subtilis: c nha bo, khng gy bnh, pht trin rt mnh 25-350C. Loi
ny c trong hp c, rau, tht, khng gy mi l.
Loi k kh
Clostridium sporogenes: c nh trng thi t nhin ca mi mi trng. Chng

c trong hu ht hp, pht trin 27-580C.
Clostridium patrificum: c nha bo, khng gy bnh, nhit ti thch l 370C.
Loi ny c trong mi loi hp.
Loi va hiu kh, va k kh
Bacillus thermophillus: khng gy bnh, c nha bo. Loi ny c rt t trong

hp nhng kh loi tr, nhit ti thch 60-700C.
Staphylococus pyrogenes aureus: khng c nha bo, thnh thong gy bnh v c
sinh sn c t, pht trin nhanh nhit thng.
Nm mc: t thy trong hp, d b tiu dit nhit thp.
Nm men: ch yu l Saccharomyces elipsoides c trong thin nhin. Nm men
thng thy trong hp c ng, chng c th b tiu dit nhanh nhit

600C.
2.2.3.2 S lng vi sinh vt
Chng loi vi sinh vt khc nhau, kh nng khng nhit v chu c acid ca
chng cng khc nhau. Trong vic thanh trng tri cy ng hp ch yu l dit
mt s loi vi sinh vt c kh nng chu acid v sc khng nhit khng cao. S
lng vi sinh vt cng nh hng hiu qu thanh trng. S lng vi sinh vt trong
thc phm cng nhiu th thi gian thanh trng cng di. Mc nhim khun ca
nguyn liu cng nh hng n thi gian tiu dit. V vy, trc khi ng hp,
nu nh x l khng thch ng hoc thi gian ko di u c li cho s pht trin
ca vi sinh vt. S lng vi sinh vt thng tn ti trong nguyn liu rt ln, ng
Trang 11
Trng i hc Cn Th
thi iu kin trc khi ng hp v thanh trng li thun li cho s pht trin ca
vi sinh vt, theo thi gian ko di s lng vi sinh vt s tng gp 10 ln, 100 ln.
V th, ko di thi gian t thu hoch n khi ch bin l khng c li i vi cht
lng ca thc phm. Ngoi ra, phi ch n vic v sinh, cht lng nc dng
v mt s thit b my mc tip xc vi thc phm, x l v ra sch dng c nu
khng s nh hng n hiu qu thanh trng.
2.2.3.3 acid ca sn phm (pH)
acid ca sn phm l mt nhn t quan trng nh hng n s khng nhit
ca vi sinh vt. Cn c vo tnh acid mnh ca sn phm c th phn loi thc
phm tnh acid ( pH t 4,5 tr xung) v thc phm tnh acid thp ( pH t
4,5 7,0). Kh nng khng nhit ca vi sinh vt t l nghch vi acid ca thc
phm, v th vic la chn nhit thanh trng ca thc phm ng hp ly pH l
4,5 lm bin gii phn chia. pH thp hn 4,5 c th dng p sut thng
thanh trng, tc l dng nhit 1000C hoc thp hn 1000C; cn pH cao hn 4,5
phi s dng p sut mnh hn thanh trng, tc l dng nhit 1000C tr ln.
V th khi thm acid vo trong thc phm c acid th c th nng hiu qu thanh
trng.
2.2.3.4 Phng php truyn nhit
X l thanh trng tri cy ng hp ngoi vic phi hiu r sc khng nhit ca vi
sinh vt, cn phi hiu r tnh trng truyn nhit ca hp trong qu trnh tng
thm nhit. Nh vy mi c th nm chc iu kin thanh trng.
Phng thc truyn nhit l dn nhit, i lu nhit v bc x nhit. Khi thanh
trng tri cy ng hp, nhit lng t mt ngoi ca hp truyn n chnh gia
hp, ch yu tin hnh theo cch dn nhit v i lu nhit. Nu l thc phm
trng thi lng c th lu ng (chy theo dng) dng phng thc i lu l ch
yu; nu thc phm trng thi c, rn th ch yu da vo phng thc truyn
nhit; khi thc phm hn hp gia trng thi rn v trng thi lng th dng c 2
phng thc. Trong tc truyn nhit ca phng thc i lu nhit nhanh
hn tc dn nhit rt nhiu. Tc truyn nhit cn lin quan n vt liu ca
hp ng. Bao b ch to bng kim loi do h s dn nhit ln nn tc truyn
nhit cng nhanh, nhng bao b bng thy tinh do h s dn nhit nh nn tc
truyn nhit chm.
Khi tin hnh thanh trng tri cy ng hp, nhit t thp tng ln cao cn c
mt qu trnh. Mun t c mc ch thanh trng th cn phi lm cho b phn
nhit tng chm nht trong hp (gi l "im lnh") t n yu cu ca nhit
thanh trng. Trong thc tin, tnh trng truyn nhit ni nhit tng chm
nht ca thc phm trng thi rn hoc trng thi lng c im khc nhau.
Trang 12
Trng i hc Cn Th
Thanh trng hp cn phi ly nhit tm hp (tc l nhit ca im

lnh) lm chun. Ch c sau khi nhit tm hp t n mc yu cu ca nhit
thanh trng th mi c th bo qun hp mt cch an ton.
2.2.3.5 Trng thi v ln nh ca hp khi thanh trng
Trng thi v ln nh ca hp mt d khng nh hng n tc dn nhit
nhng nh hng n thi gian dn nhit chung. V th, th tch hp cng to, vch
hp cng dy (i vi hp thy tinh) thi gian cn dn nhit cng di. Tng
t, khi thanh trng c th lm cho hp chuyn ng th dn nhit nhanh, cn gi
nguyn mt ch khng chuyn ng th thi gian dn nhit chm.
2.2.4 C s l lun ca thanh trng hp
Thanh trng thc phm ng hp l mn tc ng ca sc nng tin hnh tiu
dit vi sinh vt trong hp. Mc ch ca n l git cht tt c vi sinh vt gy bnh
v tc ng lm h thi thc phm trong hp, m bo cho thc phm ng hp
trong iu kin bnh thng khng b h thi. Cn c vo thc nghim chng
minh: hiu qu thanh trng bng sc nng khi vt qua gii hn nhit thch
ng ca vi sinh vt, nhit cng cao th hiu qu dit cng tng nhanh theo tc
tng ng. V th, ch cn chng ta tng nhit trong hp n mc git
cht vi sinh vt th c th to nn tc dng git cht vi sinh vt. Nhng trong thc
t p dng khng th nng cao nhit mt cch khng hn ch, nhit qu cao
mt d c th nng cao hiu qu thanh trng, nhng nh th c th ph hoi
nghim trng phm cht v mi v ca thc phm. Cho nn chn la nhit
thanh trng phi l mc nhit to nn hiu ng tiu dit cc vi sinh vt c hi
i vi thc phm trong hp, v mc nhit ny cng khng pht sinh nh
hng ln i vi thc phm trong hp. V vy, cn nghin cu mi quan h gia
nhit thanh trng v thi gian thanh trng, chnh l khi nhit t n mc
gy nn tc dng git cht vi sinh vt tr ln th nhit thanh trng cng cao,
thi gian thanh trng cng ngn. Ngc li, th phi ko di thi gian thanh trng.
Enzyme phng din thy phn thc phm cng to nn tc ng nht nh.
Trong ch phm ch bin nu nh c tn ti hot tnh ca enzyme thng s dn
n s bin i mu sc, mi v v cht lng sn phm. Enzyme l cht xc tc
sinh hc c bn cht l protein, di nhit cao c th khin n b ct t hoc
b ph v cu trc vng, lm mt i hot tnh ca enzyme. Khi thanh trng thc
phm hp cn phi v hot enzyme. a s enzyme di iu kin nhit
79,40C ch trong vi pht th c th b ph v.
Trang 13
Trng i hc Cn Th
2.2.5 ng hc ca qu trnh v hot vi sinh vt

T thc nghim ch s tiu dit vi sinh vt c th hin bi phng trnh:
dN
dt
Trong :
N: lng vi sinh vt.
kT: h s vn tc tiu dit vi sinh vt nhit T, ty theo loi vi sinh vt v
tnh cht ca hp m tr s kT thay i.
t: thi gian x l nhit (pht)
n: bc phn ng.
Trong hu ht trng hp, bc phn ng bng 1, tin trnh v hot bc nht c th
vit nh sau:
dN
N
(2)
= kT dt
Vi phng trnh vi phn (2) c th c ly tch phn theo cc iu kin

thi im ban u t = 0 th N=N0
thi im
N
t = t th N=N
(3)
N = kT .dt
Khi thc hin tiu dit vi sinh vt nhit khng i, kT = hng s (qu trnh
ng nhit)
Phng trnh (3) c th vit nh sau:
N
N = kT .dt = kT
(4)
dt
ln (N) ln (N0) = - kT. t
(5)
(6)
N0
T ta c c :
T
Trong
N : lng vi sinh vt trong sn phm thi im t (cfu/ml)
No: lng vi sinh vt ban u (cfu/ml)
(7)
= kT N n
dN
N0
dN
N0
Hoc ln
=
k 0t
N = No e k t
(1)
Trang 14
Trng i hc Cn Th
kT : h s vn tc tiu dit vi sinh vt nhit T

t : Thi gian gia nhit (pht)
nhit tiu dit vi sinh vt khng i, lng vi sinh vt gim theo hm s m
theo thi gian. iu ny c ngha tng s vi sinh vt khng th gim n 0. V
vy, khng th m bo tuyt i rng tt c vi sinh vt s b tiu dit bi mt qu
trnh no .
Nu v ng biu din v mc tiu dit vi sinh vt theo thi gian bi phng
trnh (7) ta c th theo hnh 3.
S tiu dit vi sinh vt bng nhit theo thi gian
Cng c th vit
lg
N
N0
k
2 ,3 0 3
(8)
Nu biu din theo hm logarite thp phn phng trnh (8) th l mt ng

thng, c h s gc -
k
biu th qua hnh 4.
2 ,3 0 3
Trang 15
Trng i hc Cn Th
Thi gian tiu dit vi sinh vt theo mi quan h logarite
Vi gi tr D l thi gian cn thit ti mt nhit xc nh tiu dit 90% lng

vi sinh vt ban u. c gi l thi gian tiu dit thp phn.
Theo hnh 4 v phng trnh (8), ta xy dng c mi quan h gia h s vn tc
k v thi gian D :
1
D 2,303
Phng trnh (8) c th vit

ln
N0 D
(10)
Vy thi gian tiu dit vi sinh vt

t = D lg
N
N0
(11)
2.2.6 Tnh ton nh hng ca qu trnh x l nhit

xc nh mc tiu dit vi sinh vt, cn phi bit tr s D v z biu th cho
loi vi sinh vt cn tiu dit.
Nh ta bit ng thi gian cht nhit ca vi sinh vt trong qu trnh x l
nhit l mt ng thng, ta v th biu din (hnh 5).
(9)
Trang 16
Trng i hc Cn Th
Biu din thi gian cht nhit ca vi sinh vt
- F : thi gian cn thit (tnh bng pht) tiu dit vi sinh vt, ti mt nhit
nht nh, gi tr PU c dng biu th gi tr thanh trng.
- z : khong nhit cn thit cho ng thi gian cht nhit thc hin mt
chu trnh logarite (i vi mi loi vi sinh vt v thc phm khc nhau, c gi
tr D v z khc nhau).
S khng nhit ca vi sinh vt trong qu trnh x l nhit
Nhm vi khun
D (pht)
z (oC)
Sn phm khng chua v t chua (pH > 4,5)

- Vi khun chu nhit (bo t)
- Vi khun khng chu nhit (bo t)
2,0 - 5,0 (1)

0,1 - 1,5 (1)
8 - 12
8 - 10
Sn phm chua (pH 4,0- 4,5)

- Vi khun chu nhit (bo t)
- Vi khun khng chu nhit (bo t)
0,01 - 0,07 (1)

0,1 - 0,5 (2)
8 - 10
7 - 10
Sn phm rt chua (pH < 4,0)

- Vi sinh vt khng chu nhit (vi khun
khng sinh bo t, nm men, nm mc)
0,5 - 1,0
(3)
5-7
(Ngun: Carla Weemes,1992)

Ghi ch
(1) x l nhit 121,10C

(2) x l nhit 1000C
(3) x l nhit 650C
Trang 17
Trng i hc Cn Th
X l nhit ngh cho cc loi sn phm khc nhau

Loi sn phm
Vi sinh vt lin quan
Qu trnh tc ng
pH < 3,7
Nm men, mc
PU 565,5 = 16,7
pH 3,7-4,2
Vi khun ym kh Butyric PU 858,3 = 5
pH 4,0-4,3
Vi khun ym kh Butyric PU 893,3,3 = 5
pH 4,4-4,5
Vi khun ym kh Butyric PU 893,3,3 = 10
NFPA
NFPA
(Ngun: Carla Weemes, 1997)

Ghi ch: NFPA: National Food Processors Association
Theo hnh 5 ta c th vit:

lg t lg F
1 2 1 ,1 T
= dc ca ng thng
121,1 T
lg t lg F =
(12)
(13)
C th vit li
lg
T 121,1
z
T 121,1
F = t.10
(15)
Mt cch tng qut, gi tr tit trng F c biu th:

T Tref
z
(16)
Trong
TTref : nhit tham chiu tng ng vi qu trnh x l nhit (v d i
vi qu trnh tit trng th nhit l 121,10C, i vi qu trnh thanh
trng th nhit l 1000C).
T : Nhit x l nhit (0C).
z : ty thuc vo loi vi sinh vt cn tiu dit v tnh cht ca sn phm.
Ni chung, ngi ta chn loi sinh bo t Clostridium botulinum l mc
tiu ca qu trnh thanh trng v i din cho loi chu nhit, c z = 100C.
cn thit (pht)
FTref = t.10
(14)
Trang 18
Qui c
Trng i hc Cn Th
Trong trng hp nhit thay i theo thi gian, ngi ta ghi nhn T(t), khi
gi tr F c tnh nh sau :
z
Tref
T (t )T r e f
10
.dt
(17)
N c ngha l tnh trn tng thi gian nh hng tc thi, m c biu th

bi ga tr 10(T-Tref)/z c gi l yu t Bigelow.
Cng thc Bigelow cho ta tnh c s ph hy cc bo t bi nhit trong trng
hp x l nhit khng c nh.
2.2.7 Chn ch thanh trng
Ta phi chn c mt ch thanh trng hp l, c ngha l m bo c yu
cu tiu dit cc vi sinh vt c hi trong hp , ng thi cc cht dinh dng
t b tn tht nht, phm cht sn phm tt nht.
2.2.7.1 Chn nhit thanh trng
Tt c cc loi thc phm em ng hp u l mi trng sng ca cc loi vi
sinh vt. Mt d c rt nhiu yu t nh hng n kh nng hot ng ca vi sinh
vt, trong acid nh hng rt ln, nn acid l yu t quan trng trong
vic chn nhit thanh trng.
Ngi ta chia sn phm hp thnh 2 nhm theo acid hot ng ca sn
phm, lm c s cho vic chn nhit thanh trng :
- Nhm sn phm hp khng chua v t chua c pH > 4,6
- Nhm sn phm hp chua c pH < 4,6
+ i vi cc loi hp thuc nhm khng chua hay t chua, tc l c mi
trng pH > 4,5 ( nh hp tht, c, mt s hp rau): vi sinh vt pht trin
mnh trong mi trng ny u l cc vi sinh vt chu nhit. Do , i vi cc
loi hp c mi trng pH > 4,6 cn phi c nhit thanh trng cao mi tiu
dit c cc loi vi sinh vt a nhit gy h hng hp.
+ i vi cc loi hp thuc nhm chua, tc l c mi trng pH < 4,6 (nh
hp qu, c chua, rau mui chua): cc vi khun chu nhit khng nhng khng
pht trin c m tnh chu nhit ca chng cng gim i, nn n d dng b tiu
dit khi nng cao nhit . Cc loi nm men, nm mc tuy c th pht trin mnh
c trong mi trng acid, nhng hu ht l km bn i vi nhit. Nn c th
thanh trng cc loi hp c acid cao nhit thp hn nhit thanh
trng cc loi hp t chua. Nhit thng nhit 1000C hoc thp hn,
khong 800C.
Trang 19
Trng i hc Cn Th
Khi xc nh nhit thanh trng, phi ch nhit phi l nhit ca c

khi sn phm cn c thanh trng, phi l nhit v tr trung tm ca hp
(i vi hp sn phm c th v tr trung tm l gia hp, i vi hp sn
phm lng th v tr trung tm nm 2/3 ca hp). Trong thc t, nhit v tr
ny gn bng nhit thit b thanh trng i vi hp lng, hoc thp hn
nhit thit b thanh trng 0,5 - 1,50C i vi hp c.
2.2.7.2 Chn thi gian thanh trng
mt nhit thanh trng nht nh, vi sinh vt trong hp thng khng b
tiu dit ngay tc thi, m cn phi c mt thi gian nht nh gi l thi gian
thanh trng hay thi gian tc dng nhit, k hiu l t (pht).
Trong qu trnh thanh trng, sn phm ng trong hp, khng c un nng
tc thi ti nhit thanh trng cn t c, m nhit lng phi truyn dn t
mi trng un nng, qua bao b vo lp sn phm bn ngoi, ri vo ti khu vc
trung tm ca hp. Qu trnh ny phi mt mt thi gian, gi l thi gian truyn
nhit (k hiu l t1). Khi khu vc trung tm ca hp t ti nhit thanh
trng, th gi nhit trong mt thi gian nht nh, gi l thi tiu dit (k
hiu l t2).
Nh vy, thi gian thanh trng tng qut ca hp (hay thi gian hp chu tc
dng nhit) bao gm thi gian truyn nhit (t1) v thi gian tiu dit (t2)
t = t1 + t2 (pht)
(18)
Trang 20
CHNG 3
Trng i hc Cn Th
PHNG TIN V PHNG PHP NGHIN

CU
3.1 PHNG TIN TH NGHIM

3.1.1 a im
ti c thc hin ti phng th nghim B mn Cng ngh Thc phm, Khoa
Nng nghip v Sinh hc ng dng, Trng i hc Cn Th.
3.1.2 Thi gian
Thi gian thc hin t ngy 02/02/2005 n 03/05/2005.
3.1.3 Nguyn liu v ha cht
Nguyn liu
- Chanh dy
- Mt ong
- ng saccharose.
Ha cht
- Cc ha cht phc v phn tch.
- Mi trng nui cy vi sinh tng s Plate Count Agar.
3.1.4 Dng c v thit b
- Thit b thanh trng.
- Nhit k.
- pH k, chit quang k.
- n cn, cc dng c dng phn tch tng s vi khun hiu kh.
- Cc dng c phn tch mu ti phng th nghim.
3.2 PHNG PHP TH NGHIM

Th nghim c b tr ngu nhin vi 2- 3 ln lp li. Cc s liu c phn tch
thng k bng chng trnh Statgraphics Plus 4.0, v th bng chng trnh
Microsoft Office Excel. Thng s ti u ca th nghim trc c la chn cho
th nghim sau.
Trang 21
Trng i hc Cn Th
3.2.1 Qui trnh ch bin

Nguyn liu
La chn
X l
Tch dch qu
Lc
ng
Nc
Mt ong
Phi ch
Bi kh
Rt vo bao b
Thanh trng
Lm ngui
Bo n
Thnh phm
Qui trnh ch bin chanh dy mt ong
3.2.2 Phng php phn tch

Cc phng php phn tch
Ch tiu phn tch
acid
Nng ng
Vitamin C
Vi sinh tng s
Phng php
Chun bng NaOH (0,1N) vi cht ch th l Phenolphtalein
Chit quang k cm tay
Phn tch vitamin C theo phng php Muri
m s khun lc mc trn mi trng Plate Count Agar
Trang 22
Trng i hc Cn Th
3.3 NI DUNG B TR TH NGHIM

3.3.1 Th nghim 1: Kho st nh hng ca t l dch qu v nng ng
n gi tr cm quan ca sn phm
Mc ch
B tr th nghim tm ra t l dch qu v nng ng ph hp sn phm
t gi tr cm quan cao.
B tr th nghim
Nhn t A: t l dch qu so vi nc c 4 mc ,%
A1: 5
A2: 10
A3: 15
A4: 20
Nhn t B: lng ng b sung hn hp c nng ng tng ng vi 4

mc , 0Bx.
B1: 14
B2: 16
B3: 18
B4: 20
Tng s nghim thc: A*B = 4*4 = 16 nghim thc.

S b tr th nghim
S b tr th nghim 1
Nhn t B
Nhn t A
B1
B2
B3
B4
A1
A1B1
A1B2
A1B3
A1B4
A2
A2B1
A2B2
A2B3
A2B4
A3
A3B1
A3B2
A3B3
A3B4
A4
A4B1
A4B2
A4B3
A4B4
Chun b mu
Chanh dy c ra sch. Sau khi ra sch, dng dao ct qu ra lm i, dng
mung co ly khi rut qu mu vng (bao gm c ht) bn trong v qu. Qu
cng chn cng d tch rut qu. Giai on ny nn tin hnh cng nhanh cng tt
hn ch s mt mt vitamin C v cc thnh phn dinh dng khc trong rut
qu, ch ly dch qu. Sau tin hnh phi ch vi cc ch b tr v t l
mt ong c nh l 5%. un nng bi kh nhit 850C, rt chai, ng np v
thanh trng nhit 850C trong thi gian 6 pht, lm ngui, nh gi kt qu.
Kt qu ghi nhn
nh gi cm quan.
Xc nh pH, acid ca sn phm.
Trang 23
Trng i hc Cn Th
3.3.2 Th nghim 2: Kho st nh hng t l mt ong s dng n cht

lng sn phm.
Mc ch
Tm ra t l mt ong thch hp to hng v c trng cho sn phm.
B tr th nghim
Nhn t C: t l mt ong, c 5 mc , %.
C1: 0
C2: 3
C3: 6
C4: 9
C5: 12
Chun b mu
Chanh dy c ra sch. Sau khi ra sch, dng dao ct qu ra lm i, dng
mung co ly khi rut qu mu vng (bao gm c ht) bn trong v qu. Qu
cng chn cng d tch rut qu. Giai on ny nn tin hnh cng nhanh cng tt
hn ch s mt mt vitamin C v cc thnh phn dinh dng khc trong rut
qu, ch ly dch qu. Sau tin hnh phi ch vi cc t l mt ong b tr.
un nng bi kh nhit 850C, rt chai, ng np v thanh trng nhit
850C trong thi gian 6 pht, lm ngui, nh gi kt qu.
Kt qu ghi nhn
nh gi cm quan.
Xc nh pH ca sn phm, gi tr mu sc sn phm.
3.3.3 Th nghim 3: kho st nh hng ch thanh trng n cht lng
v thi gian bo qun sn phm.
Mc ch
Tm ra nhit thanh trng thch hp va c th bo qun sn phm, va
gi c hng v c trng ca nguyn liu.
Theo di s thay i ca cc thnh phn trong sut thi gian bo qun.
Kt hp vi nh gi cm quan la chn ra nhit v thi gian thanh trng
thch hp cho sn phm m bo gi tr cm quan tt v bo qun c trong
thi gian di.
B tr th nghim
Nhn t D: nhit thanh trng, (0C).
D1: 75 D2: 80 D3: 85 D4: 90
Nhn t E: thi gian thanh trng, pht.
E1: 2
E2: 4
E3: 6
Tng s nghim thc: D*E = 4*3 = 12 nghim thc.
Trang 24
Trng i hc Cn Th
S b tr th nghim
S b tr th nghim 3
Nhn t E
Nhn t D
E1
E2
E3
D1
D1E1
D1E2
D1E3
D2
D2E1
D2E2
D2E3
D3
D3E1
D3E2
D3E3
D4
D4E1
D4E2
D4E3
Chun b mu
Chanh dy sau khi x l, lc, phi ch c un nng bi kh nhit 850C,
rt chai. Tin hnh ng np v thanh trng cc ch b tr. Lm ngui v
nh gi cm quan, phn tch vitamin C, acid (%), o pH, v vi sinh vt tng s
trong sut qu trnh bo qun.
Kt qu ghi nhn
nh gi cm quan.
Bin i hm lng vitanim C trc v sau thanh trng ng vi tng ch .
Bin i nng ng theo thi gian bo qun.
Bin i hm lng acid theo thi gian bo qun.
Mt s vi sinh vt tng s (cfu/ml) theo thi gian bo qun.
Trang 25
CHNG 4
Trng i hc Cn Th
KT QU V THO LUN
4.1 KT QU PHN TCH THNH PHN NGUYN LIU

Thnh phn ca dch qu chanh dy
Thnh phn
Hm lng
o
Hm lng cht kh ha tan ( Bx)
10 -15
Hm lng acid (theo acid citric) (%)

3,42
Hm lng vitamin C (mg%)
18,88
Hm lng ng saccharose (%)
Hm lng tro (%)
11,58
0,378
Da vo kt qu bng 10 cho thy thnh phn ca chanh dy c hm lng acid

kh cao v vy phn dch qu c v chua nhiu v c nh hng nhiu n cm
quan sn phm. Tuy nhin, hm lng acid cao (pH thp) gip cho qu trnh bo
qun sn phm tt hn.
4.2 KT QU KHO ST NH HNG CA T L PHI CH

N CHT LNG SN PHM
nh hng ca t l phi ch n cht lng ca sn phm
T l
dch qu, %
10
15
20
Nng
ng, 0Bx pH
acid, %
(tnh theo
acid citric)
im cm quan
V Mu sc
Mi
14
16
18
20
14
16
18
20
14
16
18
20
14
16
18
3,41
3,42
3,40
3,35
3,22
3,18
3,20
3,18
2,95
2,94
2,96
2,98
3,06
3,08
3,07
0,24
0,24
0,24
0,23
0,28
0,28
0,27
0,28
0,36
0,36
0,37
0,36
0,59
0,57
0,57
3,0
2,6
2,3
2,9
3,3
3,9
4,0
4,5
2,8
2,7
3,3
3,6
3,8
3,3
3,5
2,4
2,8
3,0
2,4
2,8
3,3
3,7
4,6
2,5
2,8
3,7
3,1
2,4
2,8
3,2
2,9
3,1
2,5
2,9
4,1
4,0
3,9
4,2
3,8
3,8
4,0
4,4
4,1
4,4
4,4
20
3,06
0,56
3,4
3,4
4,2
Qua kt qu bng 12 cho thy khi t l dch qu tng ln th acid ca sn phm

tng theo. acid th hin chua ca sn phm v c nh hng nhiu n gi
tr cm quan.
Trang 26
Trng i hc Cn Th
Kt qu thng k nh hng ca t l phi ch n cm quan mi ca sn phm

N n g 0B x n g , T r u n g b n h
T l dch qu (%)
nghim thc
14
16
18
20
5
3,0
2,6
2,3
2,9
2,7c
10
3,3
3,9
4,0
4,5
3,9a
15
2,8
2,7
3,3
3,6
3,1bc
20
3,8
3,3
3,5
3,4
3,5ab
a
T r u n g b n h n g h i ma b t h3b, 1c 3a b, 23 , 23 , 6
Kt qu thng k nh hng ca t l phi ch n cm quan v ca sn phm
T l dch qu (%)
5
10
15
20
2,4
2,8
2,8
3,3
2,5
2,8
2,4
2,8
T r u n g b n h n g h i mb
N n g 0B x n g ,
14
16
3,0
2,4
2,7b
3,7
4,6
3,6a
3,7
3,1
3,0b
3,2
3,4
3,0b
t h 2b ,9c 3a ,42 ,53 , 4
T ru n g b n h
18
20
nghim thc
Kt qu thng k nh hng ca t l phi ch n cm quan mu sc ca sn

phm
T l dch qu (%)
5
2,9
10
4,1
15
38
20
4,1
Trung bnh nghim thc
3,1
4,0
3,8
4,4
3,7a
N n g 0B x n g ,
14
16
2,5
2,9
2,9b
3,9
4,2
4,0a
4,0
4,4
4,1a
4,4
4,2
4,3a
3,8a 3,7a 3,9a
T ru n g b n h
18
20
nghim thc
Qua kt qu bng 12 cho thy: t l dch qu nh hng khng nhiu n mi

sn phm th hin s khc bit ngha v mt thng k khng nhiu. t l 5%
dch qu th sn phm c mi chanh dy nh, t l 10% dch qu sn phm c mi
thm hoi ho d chu, cn t l 15 v 20% dch qu th sn phm c mi chanh
dy gt. V nng ng, theo kt qu thng k cho thy nng ng nh
hng khng nhiu n mi sn phm th hin s khc bit ngha v mt thng
k khng nhiu.
Da vo bng 13 cho thy khi s dng dch qu t (5%) sn phm c v nht,
nhng khi s dng nhiu (15 20 %) sn phm c v chua nn u cho im cm
quan thp. Do , theo kt qu nh gi cm quan c th chn t l dch qu 10%,
c v chua va phi.
Da vo bng 14 cho thy t l dch qu v nng ng khng nh hng n
gi tr cm quan v mu sc sn phm th hin s khc bit ngha thng k
Trang 27
Trng i hc Cn Th
khng nhiu. Tuy nhin, t l 5% dch qu sn phm c mu nht khng p, t

l 10%, 15%, 20 % dch qu th sn phm c mu vng sng p v c trng ca
chanh dy t cho thy t l dch qu cng cao th mu sc sn phm cng tt.
T cc kt qu trn cho thy c vi t l phi ch l 10 % dch qu vi nng
ng l 200Bx th sn phm c nh gi tt v mi, v, mu sc.
4.3 KT QU KHO ST NH HNG CA T L MT ONG

S DNG N CHT LNG SN PHM
nh hng ca t l mt ong n mu sc ca sn phm.
T l mt ong, (%)
0
3
6
9
12
Mu sc
Gi tr b
Gi tr a
1,24b
2,57a
1,16bc
0,72cd
0,63e
3,94b
4,94a
3,00c
2,97c
3,13c
Da vo bng 15 cho thy: t l mt ong s dng c nh hng n gi tr mu a, b

ca sn phm (c s khc bit ngha v mt thng k). Do mt ong c mu vng
sm nn nh hng nhiu n mu ca sn phm, t l mt ong s dng cao sn
phm s c mu vng sm hn.
nh hng ca t l mt ong n cht lng ca sn phm.
T l (%)
mt ong pH
03
acid, % im cm quan
(theo acid citric) Mi
V
3,15
0,29
3,2
b
3,2
b
3,9
a
3,10
0,29
4,0a
4,4
69
12
3,02
2,92
2,86
0,31
0,30
0,31
3,2
3,5bab
3,3b
3,1
2,8b
2,6
Mu sc
4,3a
3,9a
bc
c
4,0a
3,2b
T bng 16 cho thy: t l mt ong nh hng n gi tr cm quan sn phm c s

khc bit ngha v mt thng k. Sn phm khng c mt ong cho mu p
nhng mi, v khng tt. Sn phm s dng 6% v 9% mt ong c mu sc p,
mi tt, nhng v khng c a thch nhiu do khng c s hoi ho. Sn phm
s dng 12% mt ong th mu sc khng tt do mt ong c mu sm, vi t l cao
s nh hng n mu sn phm. Sn phm s dng 3% mt ong c mu sc p,
mi tt, c v ngt thanh ca mt ong kt hp hoi ho vi v chua ca chanh dy
nn c im cm quan cao. Do , theo kt qu nh gi cm quan c th chn t
l mt ong s dng l 3%.
Trang 28
Trng i hc Cn Th
4.4 KT QU KHO ST NH HNG CA CH THANH

TRNG
4.4.1 th biu din qu trnh thanh trng
80
Nhit tm sn phm (oC)
70
60
50
40
gi nhit 2 pht
30
gi nhit 4 pht
20
gia nhit 6 pht
10
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
Thi gian (pht)

Bin i nhit tm sn phm trong qu trnh thanh trng nhit 750C
90
Nhit tm sn phm (oC)
80
70
60
50
40
gi nhit 2 pht
30
gi nhit 4 pht
20
gi nhit 6 pht
10
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
Thi gian (pht)

Trang 29
Trng i hc Cn Th
90
Nhit tm sn phm (oC)
80
70
60
50
40
gi nhit 2 pht
30
gi nhit 4 pht
20
gi nhit 6 pht
10
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
Thi gian (pht)
100
Nhit tm sn phm(oC)
90
80
70
60
50
40
gi nhit 2 pht
30
gi nhit 4 pht
20
gi nhit 6 pht
10
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
Thi gian (pht)

Qua th hnh 7, 8, 9 v 10 cho thy qu trnh nng nhit v h nhit cc ch

thanh trng khc nhau din ra trong thi gian tng i di do sn phm ng
trong bao b bng thy tinh c h s dn nhit nh nn tc truyn nhit chm.
V vy, thi gian tm sn phm t nhit yu cu di nh hng khng tt
n cht lng sn phm.
Trang 30
Trng i hc Cn Th
4.4.2 Cc thng s ng hc ca qu trnh thanh trng v gi tr thanh

trng
1
y = -0,0216x - 0,0042
R2 = 0,9832
Nhit thanh trng

75 oC
y = -0,0857x - 0,0403
R2 = 0,9642
ln(N/No)
-1
80 oC
85 oC
-2
90 oC
-3
y = -0,4875x + 0,0647
R2 = 0,9949
-4
-5
y = -0,8503x + 0,0818
R2 = 0,9931
-6
0
Thi gian gi nhit (pht)
th biu din tc cht nhit ca vi sinh vt trong qu trnh thanh trng

phm
sn
T th hnh 11 cho thy khi nhit thanh trng cng cao ng cht nhit ca
vi sinh vt c dc cng ln ngha l vi sinh vt b tiu dit cng nhanh v c
th hin qua hng s tc tiu dit vi sinh vt kT.
T th ny tnh c hng s tc tiu dit vi sinh vt kT cc nhit thanh
trng khc nhau, gi tr h s gc ca phng trnh ng cht nhit chnh l kT.
kT = - tg
Hng s tc tiu dit vi sinh vt kT cc ch thanh trng
Nhit thanh trng (oC)
kT
75
0,0216
80
0,0857
85
0,4875
90
0,8503
ln(kT)
-3,8351
-2,4569
-0,7185
-0,1622
R2
0,9832
0,9642
0,9949
0,9931
Da vo hng s tc tiu dit vi sinh vt kT ta tnh c gi tr DT theo cng

thc:
1/DT = kT/2,303 hay DT = 2,303/ kT
Gi tr DT cc nhit cc nhit thanh trng khc nhau
kT
75
0,0216
80
0,0857
85
0,4875
90
0,8503
DT (pht)
106,6204
26,8728
4,7241
2,7085
Log(DT)
2,0278
1,4293
0,6743
0,4327
Trang 31
Trng i hc Cn Th
T kt qu bng 18 cho thy nhit thanh trng cng cao, hng s tc tiu
dit vi sinh vt kT cng ln v gi tr DT cng nh. Ngha l nhit thanh trng
cng thp th thi gian cn thit mt s vi sinh vt gim i 10 ln cng di, hay
ni cch khc nhit thp, thi gian gi nhit di mi c th m bo cc ch
tiu vi sinh vt mc gii hn cho php.
S ph thuc ca nhit T vo hng s tc tiu dit vi sinh vt kT c biu
th bi phng trnh Arrhenius:
1
Ea TT re f T
kT= kTref exp
Khi ta v th ln(kT) theo (1/T) th h s gc ca ng thng l gi tr -Ea/R.

1
y = -32285x + 89,044
R2 = 0,9692
ln(k )
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
0,00274 0,00276 0,00278 0,0028 0,00282 0,00284 0,00286 0,00288
Nhit 1/T (1/K)

th biu din mi quan h gia ln(kT) v nhit 1/T khi thanh trng sn phm
T th hnh 12 ta c phng trnh:

y = - 32285x + 89,044
Ea = 32285 * 8,314 = 268418 (J/ mol).
Da vo gi tr nng lng hot ho cho thy nng lng cung cp cn thit m ti
vi sinh vt b v hot i vi sn phm l Ea = 268,418 (kJ/mol).
Trang 32
Trng i hc Cn Th
Gi tr z c tnh ton da vo thi gian cht nhit, bng cch v th ca

log(DT) theo nhit thanh trng T, h s gc ca th chnh l gi tr -1/z.
2,5
1,5
log(D )
y = -0,1108x + 10,283
R2 = 0,9658
0,5
0
70
75
80
85
90
95
th biu din mi quan h gia Log(DT) v nhit thanh trng sn phm
T th hnh 13 c phng trnh:

y = - 0,1108x + 10,283
H s gc ca phng trnh l -1/z .
-1/z = - 0,1108
z = 1/0,1108 = 9,02530C hay z = 90C.
Chn nhit tham chiu Tref = 850C, ta tnh c gi tr thanh trng PU.
Gi tr thanh trng PU ca cc ch thanh trng sn phm, (pht)
Nhit thanh trng (0C)
75
80
85
90
0,4
1,4
4,1
21,7
0
0,6
2,0
6,2
28,9
Thi gian gi nhit, (pht)

2
4
6
0,8
2,5
8,2
36,1
0,9
3,1
10,2
43,2
Gi tr PU ph thuc nhiu vo nhit thanh trng, nhit thanh trng cng cao
th gi tr PU cng ln, tc l thi gian tiu dit vi sinh vt cng nhanh (th hin
bng 19).
Nhit
thanhca
trng
0(C)
nh
hng
ch
thanh trng n gi tr cm quan sn phm
2
75
6,8
80
8,0
85
7,7
90
6,3
Trung bnh nghim thc
7,8
7,5
7,8
6,9
7,7a
Thi gian gi nhit (pht)

Trung bnh
4
6
nghim thc
7,0
7,8a
6,7
7,4ab
6,1
7,2b
6,6
6,6c
7,5a
6,6b
Trang 33
Trng i hc Cn Th
Kt qu bng 20 cho thy nhit thanh trng nh hng khng nhiu n gi tr

cm quan ca sn phm, nhit 900C cho im cm quan thp v khc bit
ngha vi cc mu sn phm cn li. Tuy nhin, thi gian gi nhit cng nh
hng nhiu n gi tr cm quan ca sn phm, thi gian gi nhit 2 pht v 4
pht nh hng n gi tr cm quan khng c s khc bit nhng thi gian gi
nhit 6 pht th c s khc bit ngha v mt thng k. V vy, nhit thanh
trng cng cao, thi gian gi nhit cng di nh hng nhiu n cm quan sn
phm do mt nhiu mi t nhin c trng ca sn phm.
80
70
T l tn tht (%)
60
50
gi nhit 2 pht
gi nhit 4 pht
40
gi nhit 6 pht
30
20
10
0
75 oC
80 oC
85 oC
90 oC
th biu din t l tn tht vitamin C trong qu trnh thanh trng
T th hnh 14 cho thy vitamin C l thnh phn rt d b bin i di tc

dng ca nhit , nh sng c bit l trong qu trnh bi kh rt nng vitamin C
tip xc nhiu vi oxy trong khng kh v qu trnh nng nhit gi nhit giai
on thanh trng cng gy tn tht nhiu n hm lng vitamin C. cng mt
nhit thanh trng nhng thi gian gi nhit cng lu th t l tn tht vitamin C
cng cao, cng mt thi gian gi nhit nhng nhit thanh trng cng cao th t
l tn tht cng ln. Tuy nhin, thanh trng nhit cao nhng thi gian gi nhit
ngn th t l tn tht vitamin C t hn so vi thanh trng nhit thp thi gian
gi nhit ko di.
Trang 34
Trng i hc Cn Th
Bin i nng ng ca sn phm theo thi gian bo qun, 0Bx.

Nhit thanh
Thi gian bo qun (tun)
trng (0C)
Thi
gi gian
nhit (pht) 0
1
2
3
4
2
20,2 20,1 20,1 19,4 18,8
75
4
20,1 20,1 20,1 20,0 19,6
6
20,2 20,1 20,2 20,2 20,2
2
20,2 20,2 20,0 20,0 20,4
80
4
20,2 20,2 20,0 20,1 20,1
6
20,2 20,0 20,1 20,1 20,2
2
20,2 20,2 20,2 20,4 20,1
85
4
20,2 20,4 20,2 20,4 20,1
6
20,2 20,2 20,2 20,4 20,0
2
20,4 20,4 20,4 20,4 20,4
90
4
20,6 20,4 20,4 20,4 20,6
6
20,6
20,6
20,4
20,6
20,4
Bin i hm lng acid ca sn phm theo thi gian bo qun, % (tnh theo acid
citric).
N hit
( C)
Thi gian
thanh
trng
0
gi nhit (pht) 0
1
2
3
4
2
0,23 0,22 0,23 0,24 0,38
75
4
0,22 0,22 0,22 0,24 0,36
6
0,22 0,23 0,23 0,23 0,24
2
0,22 0,20 0,24 0,25 0,24
80
4
0,22 0,21 0,24 0,24 0,24
6
0,21 0,25 0,25 0,24 0,24
2
0,26 0,26 0,27 0,27 0,28
85
4
0,26 0,24 0,27 0,26 0,27
6
0,26 0,26 0,27 0,27 0,28
2
0,31 0,30 0,30 0,32 0,32
4
0,31 0,34 0,33 0,31 0,32
90
6
0,32
0,31
0,30
0,32
0,30
Trang 35
Trng i hc Cn Th
Bin i mt s vi sinh vt theo thi gian bo qun sn phm, (cfu/ml)

Nhit
thanh trng(0C) gi
Thi
gian
nhit (pht) 0
1
2
3
4
2
4,0.101 4,5.101 5,6.101 8,6.101
75
4
3,8.101 4,2.101 5,3.101 6,1.101 1,37.102
6
3,7.101 3,4.101 3,1.101 4,7.101
2
2 ,61 .31,70 .11 04 ,0 . 1 0
80
4
2 ,41 .21,50 .11 02 ,9 . 1 0
6
2,0.101 2,2.101 2,6.101 2,4.101
2
1 ,61 .21,00 .11 02 ,2 . 1 0
85
4
5,0.100 4,0.100 2,0.100 7,0.100 3,0.100
6
2 ,00 .41,00 .01 02 ,0 . 1 0
2
7,0.100 1,2.101 9,0.100 1,1.101
90
4
< 10 , 60 ,. 01 .001 04 , 0 . 1 0
6
< 1 0,0< .1 ,00 0. 1< 01 ,0 . 1 0
1,79.102
7,8.101
3,8.101 8,4.101
1
3,1.101 3,3.101
2,9.101
1
2,1.101 2,5.101
1
6,0.100 5,0.100
1,0.101
0
5,0.100 3,0.100
0
<1,0.100 <1,0.100
Cng vi s bin i mt s vi sinh vt trong thi gian bo qun, hm lng

ng v hm lng acid ca sn phm cng thay i tng ng cc ch
thanh trng (bng 21 v 22). Sn phm c nhiu vi sinh vt pht trin th hm
lng ng gim, hm lng acid tng do vi sinh vt s dng ng v hot
ng sinh ra acid.
Theo tiu chun Vit Nam (TCVN 6096 1995, TCVN 5042 1994) quy nh v
vi sinh vt trong cc dng nc ng chai: tng vi khun hiu kh mc cho php
ti a l 102 (cfu/ml). Da vo kt qu bng 23, nhit thanh trng 750C trong
thi gian gi nhit 2 pht v 4 pht u c lng vi sinh vt vt qua khi gii
hn cho php sau 4 tun bo qun, v thi gian gi nhit 6 pht lng vi sinh vt
nm trong gii hn nhng kh cao v c kh nng tng ln nhng tun tip theo.
S gia tng mt s vi sinh vt cn c gii thch da vo kh nng chu nhit ca
vi sinh vt, nhit thanh trng thp (750C) cc vi sinh vt cn sng st vn cn
hot lc mnh nn c kh nng pht trin nhanh mt s sau 4 tun bo qun. Do
sn phm c pH thp (2,9 -3,5) vi sinh vt tn ti ch yu l vi sinh vt khng chu
nhit (vi khun khng sinh bo t, nm men, nm mc) nn nhit thanh trng
800C, 850C v 900C u t yu cu v mt s vi sinh vt sau 4 tun bo qun v
nhit cng cao thi gian gi nhit cng di th vi sinh vt b tiu dit cng
nhiu. Tuy nhin, nhit cao v thi gian gi nhit di nh hng nhiu n cht
lng sn phm. Nhit thanh trng 850C, thi gian gi nhit 4 pht tuy vi sinh
vt cn sng st nhng hot lc cn rt thp nn mt s hu nh khng tng trong
4 tun bo qun nn ch tiu vi sinh vt t yu cu v sn phm n nh. Do ,
ch thanh trng ny c chn la.
Trang 36
CHNG 5
Trng i hc Cn Th
KT LUN V NGH
5.1 KT LUN
Qua thi gian Nghin cu ch bin nc chanh dy mt ong kt qu ghi nhn
nh sau:
Sn phm c t l phi ch: 10% dch qu, 3% mt ong, hm lng cht kh ha
tan cui ca sn phm t 200Bx cho im cm quan cao ngha l c s hi ha v
mi v, mu sc p.
Ch thanh trng c nh hng ln n s tn tht hm lng vitamin C trong
sn phm. Nhit thanh trng cng cao, thi gian gi nhit cng di th t l tn
tht vitamin C cng ln.
Do sn phm c pH thp (2,9 3,5) c thanh trng nhit thp 850C vi gi
tr thanh trng PU = 8,2 pht cho sn phm c cht lng tt, bo qun 4 tun vn
cha c du hiu h hng .
Qui trnh ch bin nc chanh dy mt ong
Nguyn liu
La chn
X l
Tch dch qu
Lc
ng (200Bx)
Mt ong 3%
Phi ch
un nng 850C
(Bi kh)
Rt vo bao b
Thanh trng 850C, PU 859 = 8,2 pht
Lm ngui
Bo n
Thnh phm
Qui trnh ch chin nc chanh dy mt ong
Trang 37
Trng i hc Cn Th
5.2 NGH
Do thi gian c hn cn mt s vn cha c nghin cu, trong thi gian ti
nu c u kin nn tin hnh kho st thn mt s vn :
- Kho st nh hng ca mt ong n kh nng bo qun sn phm.
- Tm cc bin php khc phc hin tng lng ca sn phm.
Sn phm nc chanh dy mt ong
Trang 38
Trng i hc Cn Th
TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Trn Linh Thc. 2005. Phng php phn tch vi sinh vt trong nc, thc
phm v m phm. Nh xut bn Gio Dc.
2. ng Thanh Khi. 1984. S ch v bo qun cc sn phm ca ong. Nh xut
bn Nng Nghip. H Ni.
3. H Vn Thuyt, Trn Quang Bnh. 2000. Bo qun rau qu ti v bn ch
phm. Nh xut bn Nng Nghip.
4. Nguyn Vn Tip, Quch nh, Ng M Vn. 2000. K thut sn xut hp
rau qu. Nh xut bn Thanh Nin.
5. T Triu Hi, Cao Tch Vnh. 2002. K thut ch bnin tri cy. Nh xut bn
Thng K.
6. L M Hng. 2006. Gio trnh Cng ngh ch bin thc phm ng hp.
Trng i hc Cn Th.
7. L M Hng, Bi Hu Thun. 2000. Bi ging Nguyn l bo qun thc
phm. Trng i hc Cn Th.
8. Dng Th Phng Lin. 2001. Bi ging kim tra cht lng thc phm bng
phng php cm quan. Trng i hc Cn Th.
9. Carla Weemes. 1997. In pack themal processing of food. Laboratory of food
technology, Leuven university, Belgium.
Trang 39
Trng i hc Cn Th
PH LC
Phng php phn tch
Phn tch vitamin C theo phng php Muri
Ha cht
Acid oxalic 1%
HCl 1% (ly 2,3ml HCl m c + nc ct va 100ml ta c dung dch HCl
1%)
Dung dch m
- Na2HPO 4
11,876 g/l 3V- 90ml
- KH2PO4
9,087 g/l
2V 60ml
Pha dung dch 2-6 diclophenol- indophenol

- Mun pha 500ml th ta c lng ha cht:
- Cho 90 ml Na2HPO4
- 60ml KH2PO4
vo bnh nh mc 500 ml lc u
- 0,15g/ 350ml 2-6 diclophenol- indophenol

Cch tin hnh
Cn 5g dch qu cho vo bnh nh mc 100ml vi 20 ml HCl 1%, acid oxalic
1% cho vo bnh n vch 100 ml.Lc k 10 pht ri lc qua giy lc th.
Ly t dung dch lc 10 ml em chun bng 2-6 diclophenol-indophenol
n mu pht hng.
Tin hnh song song vi mu i chng gm 8 ml acid oxalic 1% v 2 ml
HCl1% em chun bng 2-6 diclophenol-indophenol n mu pht hng.
Cng thc tnh s mg vitamin C trong 100 g dch qu:
X =
(a b)V1100 * 0.088
V2 m
(m g % )
Trong :
V1: th tch dch chit ban u (ml)
V2: th tch dung dch ly nh chun (ml)
m: trng lng mu vt (g)
a: s ml thuc th 2-6 diclophenol-indophenol trung bnh khi chun mu.
Ngnh Cng ngh thc Khoa Nng Nghip v Sinh Hc ng Dng
Trang viii
Trng i hc Cn Th
b: s ml thuc th 2-6 diclophenol-indophenol trung bnh khi chun mu

i chng.
0,088: s mg vitamin C tng ng vi 1 ml thuc th 2-6 diclophenolindophenol nng 0,001N.
Vitamin C bn trong mi trng acid, s dng HCl do trong mi trng c HCl
bn mu tt, acid oxalic n nh vitamin C khi trch ly.
Phn tch ch tiu vi sinh vt tng s
Chun b mi trng
Cn cc mi trng nui cy v ha tan trong nc ct vi hm lng xc nh
trong bnh nu mi trng. Dng np bt kn ming bnh, un cch thy ha tan
hon ton cc thnh phn mi trng trong nc.
Pha long dung dch nc mui nng 0,85%. Dng pipet ht 9ml nc mui
pha long cho vo ng nghim dng pha long mu trc khi cy, y np ng
nghim k.
Ra sch a Petri, cc dng c ly vi sinh, pipet. Dng giy giy bo gi tt c c
dng c trn a vo t thanh trng.
Tin hnh thanh trng t mi trng, dng c thy tinh, dng c cy vi sinh,
nc mui sinh l 1210C trong thi gian khong 15 pht.
Chun b mu v tin hnh cy mu
Nguyn tc: m s khun lc mc trn mi trng thch dinh dng t mt
lng mu xc nh trn c s mi khun lc hnh thnh t mt t bo duy nht,
Mi trng: Nutrient Agar hoc Plate Count Agar,
Tin hnh: s dng phng php pha long mu v m a nhng nng pha
long khc nhau, Mi mu tin hnh nui cy 3 nng pha long lin tip, mi
nng 2 a.
Dng pipet v trng ly 1ml mu pha long cho vo gia a Petri, rt vo mi
mu khong 15ml thch dinh dng, lc trn a xui v ngc chiu kim ng
h, mi chiu 5 ln, a c t ln mt phng ngang cho ng t nhin, Khi mi
trng ng lt p a v t vo t m 370C trong 24 - 48 gi.
c kt qu: m s khun lc trn cc a, dng nhng a c s m ph hp
(25-250 khun lc theo FDA) tnh gi tr trung bnh ca cc nng pha long
v quy ra lng vi sinh vt trong 1ml mu, kt qu c tnh l s khun lc (cfu)
trn 1ml mu
Kt qu c tnh theo cng thc:
Trang ix
X =
(n +1 0
1
Trng i hc Cn Th
n2 +10 2 n3 + ... +10 ( n1) ni d
Trong :
X: s khun lc trn 1 ml mu (cfu/ml) (cfu: colony forming unit)
C : Tng khun lc m c cc a
n1 : s a m c nng pha long th nht
n2 : s a m c nng pha long th hai
ni : s a m c nng pha long th i
d: pha long cho s m th nht
Xc nh mu ca nguyn liu bng my o mu Photoelectric colorimeter
(Askar A. and H. Tretow, 1993)
Nm 1952, Hunter pht trin thnh cng h thng o mu sc trong thc phm.
Trong h thng, mt phng th hin mu sc c xc nh bi ba chiu L, a, b.
Gi tr a+ ch mu , a- ch mu xanh l cy.
Gi tr b+ ch mu vng, b- ch mu xanh dng.
Gi tr L ch sng, L 0 ch mu en, L100 ch mu trng.
Trang x
Trng i hc Cn Th
nh gi cm quan sn phm
Phng php cho im
Bng 1. Ch tiu cm quan cho th nghim 1 v 2
Tn ch tiu im
Mi
Mu sc
Yu cu
Mi chanh dy v mt ong hi ha, d chu
Mi chanh dy v mt ong t hi ha
Mi chanh dy hoc mt ong qu mnh hoc qu nht khng hi ha
2
1
Mi chanh dy v mt ong qu nht kh pht hin

Mi chanh dy v mt ong rt kh pht hin
V chua ngt, rt hi ha
V chua ngt, hi ha
V chua ngt, hi hi ha
V chua r hoc ngt r t hi ha
V chua hoc ngt qu r, khng hi ha
Sn phm c mu vng c trng, sng p
Sn phm c mu vng hi nht hoc hi ti, c trng
Sn phm c mu sm hoc nht, t c trng
Sn phm c mu kh nht hoc kh ti, km c trng
Sn phm c mu qu nht hoc qu ti, khng c trng
Phng php u tin theo thang im ca Hodonic

Bng 2. Ch tiu cm quan cho th nghim 3
Mc m t
im tng ng
Thch cc
Thch rt nhiu
Thch va phi
Thch hi hi
Khng thch khng chn
Chn hi hi
Chn va phi
Chn rt nhiu
Chn cc
(Ngun: Dng Th Phng Lin, 2001)
Trang xi
Trng i hc Cn Th
Kt qu nh hng ca ch thanh trng n t l tn tht vitamin C

Bng 3. nh hng ca qu trnh thanh trng n s tn tht vitamin C
Ch thanh trng
Hm lng vitamin C (mg %)
Nhit
Trc
Sau
thanh trng (0C) Thi
gian (pht) thanh trng thanh trng
gi nhit
75
80
85
90
2
4
6
2
4
6
2
4
6
2
4
3,52
3,52
3,52
3,87
3,87
3,87
3,52
3,52
3,52
3,75
3,75
2,82
2,52
2,04
3,06
2,24
1,76
2,64
1,89
1,41
2,57
1,76
20,0
28,5
42,0
21,3
42,2
54,5
25,0
46,5
60,0
31,5
53,1
3,75
1,16
69,0
T l tn tht
vitamin C (%)
Trang xii
Trng i hc Cn Th
Kt qu gi tr thanh trng (PU) cc ch thanh trng

Chn nhit tham chiu Tref = 850C, v c tr s z = 90C
Bng 4. Nhit tm sn phm v gi tr PU nhit thanh trng 750C
Gi nhit 0 pht
Nhit
(0C)
PU (pht)
59,5
61,0
63,0
64,5
66,0
67,0
69,0
70,0
71,0
72,0
73,0
73,5
74,5
75,0
73,0
69,0
64,0
59,0
55,0
51,0
47,0
44,0
42,0
40,0
39,0
0,001468
0,002154
0,003594
0,005275
0,007743
0,010000
0,016681
0,021544
0,027826
0,035938
0,046416
0,052750
0,068129
0,077426
0,046416
0,016681
0,004642
0,001292
0,000464
0,000167
5,99E-05
2,78E-05
1,67E-05
0,000010
7,74E-06
Tng PU 0,446727
Gi nhit 2 pht
Gi nhit 4 pht
Gi nhit 6 pht
Nhit
Nhit
Nhit
(0C)
PU(pht)
(0C)
PU(pht)
(0C)
PU(pht)
59,5
61,0
63,0
64,5
66,0
67,0
69,0
70,0
71,0
72,0
73,0
73,5
74,5
75,0
75,5
74,5
73,0
69,0
64,0
59,0
55,0
51,0
47,0
44,0
42,0
0,001468 59,5
0,002154 61,0
0,003594 63,0
0,005275 64,5
0,007743 66,0
0,010000 67,0
0,016681 69,0
0,021544 70,0
0,027826 71,0
0,035938 72,0
0,046416 73,0
0,052750 73,5
0,068129 74,5
0,077426 75,0
0,087992 75,5
0,068129 75,0
0,046416 75,0
0,016681 74,5
0,004642 73,0
0,001292 69,0
0,000464 64,0
0,000167 59,0
5,99E-05 55,0
2,78E-05 51,0
1,67E-05 47,0
40,0 0,000010
39,0 7,74E-06
0,602849
0,001468 59,5 0,001468

0,002154 61,0 0,002154
0,003594 63,0 0,003594
0,005275 64,5 0,005275
0,007743 66,0 0,007743
0,010000 67,0 0,010000
0,016681 69,0 0,016681
0,021544 70,0 0,021544
0,027826 71,0 0,027826
0,035938 72,0 0,035938
0,046416 73,0 0,046416
0,052750 73,5 0,052750
0,068129 74,5 0,068129
0,077426 75,0 0,077426
0,087992 75,5 0,087992
0,077426 75,0 0,077426
0,077426 75,0 0,077426
0,068129 75,0 0,077426
0,046416 75,0 0,077426
0,016681 74,5 0,068129
0,004642 73,0 0,046416
0,001292 69,0 0,016681
0,000464 64,0 0,004642
0,000167 59,0 0,001292
5,99E-05 55,0 0,000464
44,0 2,78E-05 51,0 0,000167
42,0 1,67E-05 47,0 5,99E-05
40,0 0,000010 44,0 2,78E-05
39,0 7,74E-06 42,0 1,67E-05
40,0 0,000010
39,0 7,74E-06
0,757702
0,912554
Trang xiii
Trng i hc Cn Th
Gi nhit 0 pht
Nhit
(0C)
PU (pht)
Gi nhit 2 pht
Gi nhit 4 pht
Gi nhit 6 pht
Nhit
Nhit
Nhit
(0C)
PU(pht)
(0C)
PU(pht)
(0C)
PU(pht)
58,0
61,0
63,0
65,5
68,0
70,5
73,0
74,5
76,0
77,0
78,0
78,5
79,0
80,0
80,0
77,0
72,0
63,0
56,0
51,0
47,0
44,5
42,0
0,001000 58,0 0,001000 58,0 0,001000 58,0 0,001000

0,002154 61,0 0,002154 61,0 0,002154 61,0 0,002154
0,003594 63,0 0,003594 63,0 0,003594 63,0 0,003594
0,006813 65,5 0,006813 65,5 0,006813 65,5 0,006813
0,012915 68,0 0,012915 68,0 0,012915 68,0 0,012915
0,024484 70,5 0,024484 70,5 0,024484 70,5 0,024484
0,046416 73,0 0,046416 73,0 0,046416 73,0 0,046416
0,068129 74,5 0,068129 74,5 0,068129 74,5 0,068129
0,100000 76,0 0,100000 76,0 0,100000 76,0 0,100000
0,129155 77,0 0,129155 77,0 0,129155 77,0 0,129155
0,166810 78,0 0,166810 78,0 0,166810 78,0 0,166810
0,189574 78,5 0,189574 78,5 0,189574 78,5 0,189574
0,215443 79,0 0,215443 79,0 0,215443 79,0 0,215443
0,278256 80,0 0,278256 80,0 0,278256 80,0 0,278256
0,278256 80,0 0,278256 80,0 0,278256 80,0 0,278256
0,278256 80,0 0,278256 80,0 0,278256 80,0 0,278256
0,129155 77,0 0,129155 80,0 0,278256 80,0 0,278256
0,035938 72,0 0,035938 80,0 0,278256 80,0 0,278256
0,003594 63,0 0,003594 77,0 0,129155 80,0 0,278256
0,000599 56,0 0,000599 72,0 0,035938 80,0 0,278256
0,000167 51,0 0,000167 63,0 0,003594 77,0 0,129155
5,99E-05 47,0 5,99E-05 56,0 0,000599 72,0 0,035938
3,16E-05 44,5 3,16E-05 51,0 0,000167 63,0 0,003594
1,67E-05 42,0 1,67E-05 47,0 5,99E-05 56,0 0,000599
0,000010 40,0 0,000010 44,5 3,16E-05 51,0 0,000167
42,0 1,67E-05 47,0 5,99E-05
40,0 0,000010 44,5 3,16E-05
42,0 1,67E-05
40,0 0,000010
Tng PU 1,41432
1,970827
2,527339
3,083851
Trang xiv
Trng i hc Cn Th
Gi nhit 0 pht
Nhit
(0C)
PU (pht)
61,0
63,0
64,5
66,5
68,0
70,0
72,0
75,0
77,5
79,0
81,0
82,5
84,0
85,0
83,0
80,0
72,0
65,0
57,0
52,0
48,0
44,5
42,0
41,0
40,0
39,0
0,002154
0,003594
0,005275
0,008799
0,012915
0,021544
0,035938
0,077426
0,146780
0,215443
0,359381
0,527500
0,774264
1,000000
0,599484
0,278256
0,035938
0,005995
0,000774
0,000215
7,74E-05
3,16E-05
1,67E-05
1,29E-05
0,000010
7,74E-06
Tng PU 4,111834
Gi nhit 2 pht
Gi nhit 4 pht
Gi nhit 6 pht
Nhit
Nhit
Nhit
(0C)
PU(pht)
(0C)
PU(pht)
(0C)
PU(pht)
61,0
63,0
64,5
66,5
68,0
70,0
72,0
75,0
77,5
79,0
81,0
82,5
84,0
85,0
85,5
85,0
83,0
80,0
72,0
65,0
57,0
52,0
48,0
44,5
42,0
41,0
0,002154 61,0
0,003594 63,0
0,005275 64,5
0,008799 66,5
0,012915 68,0
0,021544 70,0
0,035938 72,0
0,077426 75,0
0,146780 77,5
0,215443 79,0
0,359381 81,0
0,527500 82,5
0,774264 84,0
1,000000 85,0
1,136464 85,5
1,000000 85,0
0,599484 85,0
0,278256 85,0
0,035938 83,0
0,005995 80,0
0,000774 72,0
0,000215 65,0
7,74E-05 57,0
3,16E-05 52,0
1,67E-05 48,0
1,29E-05 44,5
40,0 0,000010
39,0 7,74E-06
6,248298
0,002154 61,0 0,002154

0,003594 63,0 0,003594
0,005275 64,5 0,005275
0,008799 66,5 0,008799
0,012915 68,0 0,012915
0,021544 70,0 0,021544
0,035938 72,0 0,035938
0,077426 75,0 0,077426
0,146780 77,5 0,146780
0,215443 79,0 0,215443
0,359381 81,0 0,359381
0,527500 82,5 0,527500
0,774264 84,0 0,774264
1,000000 85,0 1,000000
1,136464 85,5 1,136464
1,000000 85,0 1,000000
1,000000 85,0 1,000000
1,000000 85,0 1,000000
0,599484 85,0 1,000000
0,278256 85,0 1,000000
0,035938 83,0 0,599484
0,005995 80,0 0,278256
0,000774 72,0 0,035938
0,000215 65,0 0,005995
7,74E-05 57,0 0,000774
3,16E-05 52,0 0,000215
42,0 1,67E-05 48,0 7,74E-05
41,0 1,29E-05 44,5 3,16E-05
40,0 0,000010 42,0 1,67E-05
39,0 7,74E-06 41,0 1,29E-05
40,0 0,000010
39,0 7,74E-06
8,248298
10,2483
Trang xv
Trng i hc Cn Th
Gi nhit 0 pht
Nhit
(0C)
PU (pht)
60,0
62,0
64,5
68,0
70,5
74,0
77,5
79,5
81,5
83,5
85,0
86,5
87,5
88,0
88,5
89,5
90,0
89,0
86,0
80,0
71,0
63,0
54,0
49,0
44,5
43,0
41,0
40,0
Gi nhit 2 pht
Gi nhit 4 pht
Gi nhit 6 pht
Nhit
Nhit
Nhit
(0C)
PU(pht)
(0C)
PU(pht)
(0C)
PU(pht)
0,001668 60,0 0,001668 60,0

0,002783 62,0 0,002783 62,0
0,005275 64,5 0,005275 64,5
0,012915 68,0 0,012915 68,0
0,024484 70,5 0,024484 70,5
0,059948 74,0 0,059948 74,0
0,146780 77,5 0,146780 77,5
0,244844 79,5 0,244844 79,5
0,408424 81,5 0,408424 81,5
0,681292 83,5 0,681292 83,5
1,000000 85,0 1,000000 85,0
1,467799 86,5 1,467799 86,5
1,895736 87,5 1,895736 87,5
2,154435 88,0 2,154435 88,0
2,448437 88,5 2,448437 88,5
3,162278 89,5 3,162278 89,5
3,593814 90,0 3,593814 90,0
2,782559 90,0 3,593814 90,0
1,291550 90,0 3,593814 90,0
0,278256 89,0 2,782559 90,0
0,027826 86,0 1,291550 90,0
0,003594 80,0 0,278256 89,0
0,000359 71,0 0,027826 86,0
0,000100 63,0 0,003594 80,0
3,16E-05 54,0 0,000359 71,0
2,15E-05 49,0 0,000100 63,0
1,29E-05 44,5 3,16E-05 54,0
0,000010 43,0 2,15E-05 49,0
41,0 1,29E-05
40,0 0,000010
Tng PU 21,69523
28,87313
0,001668 60,0 0,001668

0,002783 62,0 0,002783
0,005275 64,5 0,005275
0,012915 68,0 0,012915
0,024484 70,5 0,024484
0,059948 74,0 0,059948
0,146780 77,5 0,146780
0,244844 79,5 0,244844
0,408424 81,5 0,408424
0,681292 83,5 0,681292
1,000000 85,0 1,000000
1,467799 86,5 1,467799
1,895736 87,5 1,895736
2,154435 88,0 2,154435
2,448437 88,5 2,448437
3,162278 89,5 3,162278
3,593814 90,0 3,593814
3,593814 90,0 3,593814
3,593814 90,0 3,593814
3,593814 90,0 3,593814
3,593814 90,0 3,593814
2,782559 90,0 3,593814
1,291550 90,0 3,593814
0,278256 89,0 2,782559
0,027826 86,0 1,291550
0,003594 80,0 0,278256
0,000359 71,0 0,027826
0,000100 63,0 0,003594
44,5 3,16E-05 54,0 0,000359
43,0 2,15E-05 49,0 0,000100
41,0 1,29E-05 44,5 3,16E-05
40,0 0,00001 43,0 2,15E-05
41,0 1,29E-05
40,0 0,000010
36,06076
43,24839
Trang xvi
Trng i hc Cn Th
Kt qu thng k
Kt qu thng k nh hng t l phi ch dch qu v nng ng n gi
tr cm quan ca sn phm
Bng 8. Phn tch phng sai v im cm quan mi ca sn phm theo t l dch qu v
nng ng sn phm, 0Bx.
Analysis of Variance for mui - Type III Sums of Squares
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Source
Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F-Ratio P-Value
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------MAIN EFFECTS
A:Ti le dich qua
33,2188 3
11,0729 10,61 0,0000
B:Nng ng
5,06875 3
1,68958
1,62 0,1874
RESIDUAL
159,706 153
1,04383
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------TOTAL (CORRECTED)
197,994 159
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bng 9. Kim nh LSD v im cm quan mi ca sn phm theo t l dch qu

Multiple Range Tests for mui by Ti le dich qua
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Method: 95,0 percent LSD
Ti le dich qua Count LS Mean
Homogeneous Groups
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------5%
40
2,7
X
15%
40
3,1
XX
20%
40
3,5
XX
10%
40
3,925
X
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bng 10. Kim nh LSD v im cm quan mi ca sn phm theo nng ng

sn phm, 0Bx.
Multiple Range Tests for mui by Nng ng
Nng ng Count LS Mean
Homogeneous Groups
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------16
40
3,125
X
14
40
3,225
XX
18
40
3,275
XX
20
40
3,6
X
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bng 11. Phn tch phng sai v im cm quan v ca sn phm theo t l dch qu v
nng ng sn phm
Analysis of Variance for vi - Type III Sums of Squares
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Source
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------MAIN EFFECTS
A:Ti le dich qua
18,9188 3
6,30625
7,05 0,0002
B:Nng ng
20,7688 3
6,92292
7,74 0,0001
RESIDUAL
136,806 153
0,894158
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------TOTAL (CORRECTED)
176,494 159
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Trang xvii
Trng i hc Cn Th
Bng 12. Kim nh LSD v im cm quan v ca sn phm theo nng ng sn

phm, 0Bx.
Multiple Range Tests for vi by Nng ng
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------Method: 95,0 percent LSD
Homogeneous Groups
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------14
40
2,525
X
16
40
2,925
X
20
40
3,375
X
18
40
3,4
X
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bng 13. Kim nh LSD v im cm quan v ca sn phm theo t l dch qu

Multiple Range Tests for vi by Ti le dich qua
Homogeneous Groups
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------5%
40
2,65
X
20%
40
2,95
X
15%
40
3,025
X
10%
40
3,6
X
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bng 14. Phn tch phng sai v im cm quan mu sc ca sn phm theo t l dch qu
v nng ng sn phm
Analysis of Variance for mau sac - Type III Sums of Squares
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Source
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------MAIN EFFECTS
A:Nng ng
1,26875 3
0,422917
0,60 0,6160
B:Ti le dich qua
49,2187 3
16,4062 23,28 0,0000
RESIDUAL
101,5 144
0,704861
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------TOTAL (CORRECTED)
156,194 159
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bng 15. Kim nh LSD v im cm quan mu sc ca sn phm theo t l dch qu

Multiple Range Tests for mau sac by Ti le dich qua
Homogeneous Groups
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------5%
40
2,85
X
15%
40
4,0
X
10%
40
4,05
X
20%
40
4,275
X
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contrast
Difference
+/- Limits
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Trang xviii
Trng i hc Cn Th
Bng 16. Kim nh LSD v im cm quan mu sc ca sn phm theo nng ng

sn phm, 0Bx.
Multiple Range Tests for mau sac by Nng ng
Homogeneous Groups
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------18
40
3,7
X
14
40
3,725
X
16
40
3,825
X
20
40
3,925
X
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kt qu thng k nh hng ca t l mt ong s dng n gi tr cm quan

sn phm
Bng 17. Phn tch phng sai v im cm quan mi ca sn phm theo t l mt ong s
dng
ANOVA Table for mui by ti le mat ong
Analysis of Variance
----------------------------------------------------------------------------Source
----------------------------------------------------------------------------Between groups
9,36 4
2,34
2,55
0,0441
Within groups
87,15 95 0,917368
----------------------------------------------------------------------------Total (Corr.)
96,51 99
Bng 18. Kim nh LSD v im cm quan mi ca sn phm theo t l mt ong s dng

Multiple Range Tests for mui by ti le mat ong
ti le mat ong Count Mean
Homogeneous Groups
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------6%
20
3,2
X
0%
20
3,2
X
12%
20
3,25
X
9%
20
3,5
XX
3%
20
4,0
X
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bng 19. Phn tch phng sai v im cm quan v ca sn phm theo t l mt ong s
dng
ANOVA Table for vi by ti le mat ong
----------------------------------------------------------------------------Source
----------------------------------------------------------------------------Between groups
38,3 4
9,575 12,69
0,0000
Within groups
71,7 95 0,754737
----------------------------------------------------------------------------Total (Corr.)
110,0 99
Trang xix
Trng i hc Cn Th
Bng 20. Kim nh LSD v im cm quan v ca sn phm theo t l mt ong s dng

Multiple Range Tests for vi by ti le mat ong
Homogeneous Groups
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------12%
20
2,55
X
9%
20
2,8
XX
6%
20
3,1
X
0%
20
3,2
X
3%
20
4,35
X
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bng 21. Phn tch phng sai v im cm quan mu sc ca sn phm theo t l mt ong
s dng
ANOVA Table for mau sac by ti le mat ong
----------------------------------------------------------------------------Source
----------------------------------------------------------------------------Between groups
12,14 4
3,035
3,38
0,0124
Within groups
85,3 95 0,897895
----------------------------------------------------------------------------Total (Corr.)
97,44 99
Bng 22. Kim nh LSD v im cm quan mu sc ca sn phm theo t l mt ong

Multiple Range Tests for mau sac by ti le mat ong
Homogeneous Groups
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------12%
20
3,2
X
6%
20
3,85
X
0%
20
3,9
X
9%
20
4,0
X
3%
20
4,25
X
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kt qu nh hng ca t l mt ong phi ch n gi tr mu sc sn phm

Bng 23. Phn tch phng sai v gi tr mu sc a ca sn phm theo t l mt ong
ANOVA Table for a by ti le mat ong
----------------------------------------------------------------------------Source
----------------------------------------------------------------------------Between groups
7,26364 4 1,81591 26,18
0,0000
Within groups
0,693533 10 0,0693533
----------------------------------------------------------------------------Total (Corr.)
7,95717 14
Bng 24. Kim nh LSD v gi tr mu sc a ca sn phm theo t l mt ong

Multiple Range Tests for a by ti le mat ong
Homogeneous Groups
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------12%
3
0,626667
X
9%
3
0,726667
XX
6%
3
1,15667
XX
0%
3
1,24333
X
3%
3
2,57333
X
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Trang xx
Trng i hc Cn Th
Bng 25. Phn tch phng sai v gi tr mu sc b ca sn phm theo t l mt ong

ANOVA Table for b by ti le mat ong
----------------------------------------------------------------------------Source
----------------------------------------------------------------------------Between groups
8,62623 4 2,15656 15,27
0,0003
Within groups
1,41187 10 0,141187
----------------------------------------------------------------------------Total (Corr.)
10,0381 14
Bng 26. Kim nh LSD v gi tr mu sc a ca sn phm theo t l mt ong

Multiple Range Tests for b by ti le mat ong
Homogeneous Groups
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------9%
3
2,97333
X
6%
3
3,00333
X
12%
3
3,13333
X
0%
3
3,93667
X
3%
3
4,94
X
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kt qu nh hng ch thanh trng n gi tr cm quan sn phm

Bng 27. Phn tch phng sai v im cm quan sn phm theo nhit thanh trng v
thi gian gi nhit.
Analysis of Variance for diem cam quan - Type III Sums of Squares
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Source
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------MAIN EFFECTS
A:nhiet do thanh trung
22,5 3
7,5
7,76 0,0001
B:thoi gian giu nhiet
25,8 2
12,9 13,34 0,0000
RESIDUAL
110,2 114
0,966667
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bng 28. Kim nh LSD v im cm quan sn phm theo thi gian gi nhit
Multiple Range Tests for diem cam quan by thoi gian giu nhiet
Level
Count LS Mean
Homogeneous Groups
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------6
40
6,6
X
4
40
7,5
X
2
40
7,65
X
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bng 29. Kim nh LSD v im cm quan sn phm theo nhit thanh trng
Multiple Range Tests for diem cam quan by nhiet do thanh trung
Level
Count LS Mean
Homogeneous Groups
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------90
30
6,6
X
85
30
7,2
X
80
30
7,4
XX
75
30
7,8
X
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Trang xxi
Trng i hc Cn Th
Trang xxii

Luan Van Dang Thi Nhi

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

Luan Van Dang Thi Nhi

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Luan Van Dang Thi Nhi

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

TRNG I HC CN TH

KHOA NNG NGHIP & SINH HC NG DNG

Gio vin hng dn

Lun vn tt nghip kha 31- 2009

Lun vn tt nghip kha 31- 2009

Lun vn tt nghip kha 31- 2009

Lun vn tt nghip kha 31- 2009

3.2.2 Phng php phn tch ......................................................................................... 22

Lun vn tt nghip kha 31- 2009

DANH SCH BNG

Lun vn tt nghip kha 31- 2009

DANH SCH HNH

Lun vn tt nghip kha 31- 2009

1.1 TNG QUAN

1.2 MC TIU NGHIN CU

Lun vn tt nghip kha 31- 2009

2.1 GII THIU NGUYN LIU

(Tn N Minh Nguyt v ctv, 2001)

Nguyn liu chanh dy

Lun vn tt nghip kha 31- 2009

2.1.1.2Thnh phn ha hc ca chanh dy

(Ngun: According to. US-Dept. Agr, ARS)

Gn 84% dch qu chanh dy l nc, cn li l cc hp cht thm, hp cht mu,

Lun vn tt nghip kha 31- 2009

Cc acid amin: Cc acid amin trong chanh dy gm c: arginine, acid aspartic,

Lun vn tt nghip kha 31- 2009

Sc t: sc t chnh trong dch qu chanh dy l carotenoid. Nc chanh dy p

Lun vn tt nghip kha 31- 2009

Acid (ch yu l gluconic)

(Ngun: eg. Jarrah, Manuka, Jelly Bush, 2005)

2.1.2.2 Phn loi mt ong

Lun vn tt nghip kha 31- 2009

Theo ngun hoa, c loi ch yu thu t mt th hoa. Mt cc hoa khc c ln

Lun vn tt nghip kha 31- 2009

Lun vn tt nghip kha 31- 2009

Tc dng chng oxy ha ca mt ong

Loi thng hng Loi 1

Thnh phn saccharose (%) khng t hn

Ct bi (%) khng nhiu hn

Nc (%) khng nhiu hn

Tp cht khng tan trong nc khng

(Ngun: T Triu Hi v Cao Tch Vnh, 2002)

Lun vn tt nghip kha 31- 2009

Lun vn tt nghip kha 31- 2009

nm mc. Tc ng gy h thi ca nm men v nm mc ch yu l pht sinh

Bacillus mesentericus: c nha bo, khng c, trong nc v trn b mt rau.

Clostridium sporogenes: c nh trng thi t nhin ca mi mi trng. Chng

Bacillus thermophillus: khng gy bnh, c nha bo. Loi ny c rt t trong

thng thy trong hp c ng, chng c th b tiu dit nhanh nhit

Lun vn tt nghip kha 31- 2009

Lun vn tt nghip kha 31- 2009

Thanh trng hp cn phi ly nhit tm hp (tc l nhit ca im

Lun vn tt nghip kha 31- 2009

2.2.5 ng hc ca qu trnh v hot vi sinh vt

Vi phng trnh vi phn (2) c th c ly tch phn theo cc iu kin

ln (N) ln (N0) = - kT. t

Lun vn tt nghip kha 31- 2009

kT : h s vn tc tiu dit vi sinh vt nhit T

Tng s nghim thc: AB = 44 = 16 nghim thc.