Cisco Systems CCNA Version 3 Semester 1

Module 11

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Students completing this module should be able to:

Describe the functions of the TCP/IP transport layer. Describe flow control. Describe the processes of establishing a connection between peer systems. Describe windowing. Describe acknowledgment. Identify and describe transport layer protocols. Describe TCP and UDP header formats. Describe TCP and UDP port numbers. List the major protocols of the TCP/IP application layer. Provide a brief description of the features and operation of well-known TCP/IP applications.

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The Department of Defense (DoD) developed the TCP/IP reference model to provide a communication network that could continue to function in wartime.

Transport Layer

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OVERVIEW
11.1 TCP/IP Transport Layer 11.1.1 Introduction to transport layer 11.1.2 Flow control 11.1.3 Session establishment, maintenance, and termination overview 11.1.4 Three-way handshake 11.1.5 Windowing 11.1.6 Acknowledgment 11.1.7 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

11.1.8 User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

11.1.9 TCP and UDP port numbers 11.2 The Application Layer11.2.1 Introduction to the TCP/IP application layer 11.2.2 DNS 11.2.3 FTP 11.2.4 HTTP 11.2.5 SMTP 11.2.6 SNMP 11.2.7 Telnet
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11.1.1 Introduction to transport layer

MACd MACs

IPs

IPd

Ps Pd

Ps Pd

Segmentation of upper-layer application data Establishment of end-to-end operations Transport of segments from one end host to another end host Flow control provided by sliding windows Reliability provided by sequence numbers and acknowledgments
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11.1.1 Introduction to transport layer

Reliable connection-oriented
Ps Pd

IPs

IPd

MACd MACs

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11.1.1 Introduction to transport layer

Peer to Peer Communication is really communication between the headers at each layer. Layers 2 and 3 are best effort or connectionless. Layer 4 Transport is connection oriented. The connection is in the header.

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11.1.1 Introduction to transport layer

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11.1.2 Flow control

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11.1.1 Introduction to transport layer There may be more than one application using the TCP/IP stack at the same time. Port Numbers are used to keep them separate.

DNS 53 TELNET 23 SMTP 25 HTTP 80

DNS 53 TELNET 23 SMTP 25 HTTP 80

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11.1.3 Session establishment, maintenance, and termination overview

FTP

TELNET

21

23

53

Congestion can be caused by: Faster computers generate traffic volume greater than the network is able to transfer. Large numbers of computers send data to the same location at the same time. DNS 23 TELNET 80 HTTP

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11.1.3 Session establishment, maintenance, and termination overview

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11.1.3 Session establishment, maintenance, and termination overview

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11.1.4 Three-way handshake

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In TCP the three-way handshaking process begins when the sending host sends a SYN segment.

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11.1.5 Windowing

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11.1.6 Acknowledgment

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6603 6267 = 336 bytes or octets

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11.1.5 Windowing

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Window size is the size in Octets or Bytes that the device with the Source Port Transport Layer buffer is ready to accept.

This is Flow Control.

I can accept a window this big.

Source Port = 80. my Host.

Destination Port = 3551. Marcs server.

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11.1.6 Acknowledgment

The source must receive an "ACK 4" acknowledgement before sending more data.

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11.1.7 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

567 bytes or octets of data.

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567 bytes or octets of data.

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Source = 3550 Destination = 80

In TCP the three-way handshaking process begins when the sending host sends a SYN segment.

1
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Source = 80 Destination = 3550

The Destination ACK

and requests a SYN of its own.

2
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Source = 3550 Destination = 80

The Source acknowledges.

3
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Source port Number of the calling port Destination port Number of the called port

Sequence number Number used to ensure correct sequencing of the arriving data
Acknowledgment number Next expected TCP octet HLEN Number of 32-bit words in the header Reserved Set to zero Code bits Control functions, such as setup and termination of a session Window Number of octets that the sender is willing to accept Checksum Calculated checksum of the header and data fields

Urgent pointer Indicates the end of the urgent data

Option One option currently defined, maximum TCP segment size Data Upper-layer protocol data

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11.1.8 User Datagram Protocol (UDP) no guaranteed delivery of datagrams reliability provided by the application layer connectionless

Source port Number of the calling port Destination port Number of the called port Length Number of bytes including header and data Checksum Calculated checksum of the header and data fields Data Upper-layer protocol data

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11.1.9 TCP and UDP port numbers

You should at least remember these port numbers.

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11.1.9 TCP and UDP port numbers

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11.1.9 TCP and UDP port numbers

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11.1.9 TCP and UDP port numbers

Numbers below 1024 are considered well-known port numbers. Numbers above 1024 are dynamically assigned port numbers.

Registered port numbers are those registered for vendor-specific applications.

Most of these are above 1024.

1024 is 10 bits. There are 16 bits (65,536) available for port numbers. 00000011 11111111

All zeros in the first six positions means it is a well-known port number.
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11.1.9 TCP and UDP port numbers

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OVERVIEW
11.1 TCP/IP Transport Layer 11.1.1 Introduction to transport layer 11.1.2 Flow control 11.1.3 Session establishment, maintenance, and termination overview 11.1.4 Three-way handshake 11.1.5 Windowing 11.1.6 Acknowledgment 11.1.7 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

11.1.8 User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

11.1.9 TCP and UDP port numbers 11.2 The Application Layer11.2.1 Introduction to the TCP/IP application layer 11.2.2 DNS 11.2.3 FTP 11.2.4 HTTP 11.2.5 SMTP 11.2.6 SNMP 11.2.7 Telnet
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Application Layer

eg. Dialog Control is Session Layer in OSI Application Layer in TCP/IP

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11.2.1 Introduction to the TCP/IP application layer

Domain Name System (DNS)

File Transfer Protocol (FTP) Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) Telnet

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11.2.2 DNS

eg. http://www.harvard.edu/

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11.2.2 DNS

eg. Non-Profit organizations

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11.2.2 DNS

.us .ca .au .cl .de .hk

USA Canada Australia Chile Germany Hong Kong

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11.2.3 FTP and TFTP In Semester 2 we will use TFTP to load and retrieve ISO images from a router.

FTP uses TCP thence is connection oriented.

TFTP uses UDP thence is NOT connection oriented.

Both TFTP and FTP are used to transfer files between systems. TFTP is limited to Read, Write and Mail.

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11.2.4 HTTP
DNS can use either TCP or UDP.

DNS is used to translate a web address into an IP address.

HTTP (not shown port 80) uses TCP thence is connection oriented.

Eg. http://uno.slctech.org/~clark/ the TCP protocol is http, the domain name is slctech.org, the machine is uno, and the folder is ~clark.
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11.2.5 SMTP
SMTP offers very little security no authentication

Email servers communicate with each other using SMTP.

Clients collect their mail using POP3 or IMAP4.

SMTP uses TCP

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11.2.6 SNMP
Network Management System is the central point for SNMP. It uses the majority of memory resources. Agents report back to the NMS the status of the items in their MIBs

Managed devices: Eg. Routers, switches, hosts etc.

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Network management system (NMS) NMS executes applications that monitor and control managed devices. The bulk of the processing and memory resources required for network management are provided by NMS. One or more NMSs must exist on any managed network. Managed devices are network nodes that contain an SNMP agent and that reside on a managed network. Managed devices collect and store management information and make this information available to NMSs using SNMP. Managed devices, sometimes called network elements, can be routers, access servers, switches, and bridges, hubs, computer hosts, or printers. Agents are network-management software modules that reside in managed devices. An agent has local knowledge of management information and translates that information into a form compatible with SNMP.

Managed devices

Agents

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11.2.7 Telnet

Telnet uses TCP thence is connection oriented.

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Nov-03 Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod11 St. Lawrence College Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada Clark slide 47

OVERVIEW
11.1 TCP/IP Transport Layer 11.1.1 Introduction to transport layer 11.1.2 Flow control 11.1.3 Session establishment, maintenance, and termination overview 11.1.4 Three-way handshake 11.1.5 Windowing 11.1.6 Acknowledgment 11.1.7 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

11.1.8 User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

11.1.9 TCP and UDP port numbers 11.2 The Application Layer11.2.1 Introduction to the TCP/IP application layer 11.2.2 DNS 11.2.3 FTP 11.2.4 HTTP 11.2.5 SMTP 11.2.6 SNMP 11.2.7 Telnet
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FIN

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