hnai-\m-I ]T\kwLw

CRITICAL THINKING INITIATIVE

Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit, Kalady email : ssuscrtical@gmail.com, blog : ssuscritical.blogspot.com

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kplrt hnai-\m-I]T\kw-Lns B`n-ap-Jy-nep {]Xnamk{]_mhXcWns - - - - `mKambn 2012 Pq 9 (i\n) cmhnse 10 \v {io. kvanX kn. B ]cn`mjbnse enwK]Zhn (Gender in Translation): aebmfamXrIsb ap\nnbp At\zjWw F {]_w Ah-Xcnnpw. kh-Iem-ime-bnse skan-\m lmfn-emWv {]_m-hXcWw \S-p-I. Xm - IrXyk-abpXs FntcWw F`yn-p-p. Imcy-]cn-]mSn 2012 Pq 9 (i\n) cmhnse 10 aWn skan-\m lm

A[y- {]_-m-hXcWw - (50-- 60 an\nv) hnjbw

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tUm. imn\mb {io. kvanX kn. B ]cn`mjbnse enwK]Zhn (Gender in Translation): aebmfamXrIsb ap\nnbp At\zjWw {in. at\m-PvIp-am kn. Fw {io. Pko- -kp-[o {io. B F. hn {io. kvanX kn. B

{]Xn-IcW - - (10- an\nv hoXw)

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adp-]Sn

ImeSn 25052012

tUm. ]n.-hn. \mcm-b-W tImUnt\

1 BapJw
hnh-\s Hcp `mjm-{]-{In-b-bm-bmWv s]mXp-hn hne-bn-cp-n-tm-cp-sX-nepw BXy-n-I-ambn AXv Hcp kmwkvIm-cnI CS-s]-S-em-Wv(Venuti 1995).As\ t\mp-tm hnh-\n cv LS-I- Ds-n-p-Xmbn ImWmw. Hv: `mj cv :kwkvImcw.Bbn-c-nsXmmbn-c-n F]XpI hsc-bp hnh\hniIe\w ]q-ambpw `mjm-tI-{nXambn-cp-p. kaaqeyX1, hyXn-bm\w2 XpS-nb knm-- `mjmtI-{n-X-ambn hnI-knp hn-p--Xm-Wv. aqe-Ir-Xn-sbbpw hnh-\-sbpw Xn-p-t\mn hniz-kvXX am\-Z-WvUamn \ hnh-\w, No hnh\w XpS-nb ]n-I-s-Sp--ep-I-fm-bn-cpp `mjm-tI-{nX hnh-\-]-T-\n {][m\ambpw \Sp hn-cp--Xv. ]noSv h sskm-n-I 3 hnh\ ]T-\-ns tI{w `mj-bn \npw kwkvIm-c-n-tev amn {]Xn-jvTn-p. hnh-\s hn]p-e-amb kmwkvIm-cnI {]h-\-ambn Ah \nhNn-p. AXv _lp-ap-Jhpw kZm-N-e-\m--I-hp-am-Wv.Hcp kmln-Xy-kw-kvImchyh--bv-Ip Xs \nc-h[n D]kwkvIm-c--fpsS k-fpw Dm-hpw. kwkvIm-c-n-\-Ip kw`-hn-p hnh--\-ns kz`m-hhpw Fm--me-tpw \n-bn--s-n-p H-. AXns kbpw Ne-\m--I-am-Wv. hnh\ ]T-\-n-tev kwth-Z-\-kn-m-- 4 ISp h-tXm-SvIqSn hnh-\-nse kmwkvIm-cnI LS-I- IqSp-X Ddn--sp. ey-`m-j-bvpw, kwkvIm-c-n-\pw, ey-`mjm hmb-\-mpw ap]-t-m D]cn {]m[m\yw e`n-p. CXn-t\mS-\p-_--ambn hnh\w Bi-b-hn-\n-ab {]{In-b-bm-sW [mc-Wbpw IqSn in-s-p. kwth-Z-\-{]-{In-b-bpsS ey-m-\-p-h-cp hmb-\-m-cpsS kmwkvImcnI ]cn-k-cw, ]qh-t_m-[w, {]Xo--I, XpS-nb LS-I- IW-n-se-Sp-m am{Xta hnh-\-ns kwth-Z\hpw hniIe\hpw ]qW-am-hp-I-bp-q. IqSp-X sa-s Bi-b-kw-th-Z\w km[y-am-Ip--Xn\v hnh-I \nc-h[n kma-{Kn-I D]-tbm-K-s-Sp-p-p. hn]p-eo-IcWw 5 (explicitation) A-s\-bmWv hnh-\-ns A\n-hm-cy-L-S-I-am-bn-Xo-cp-Xv. Bi-b-hn-\n-abw cp kwkvIm-c- Xn-e-. Hcp Iqw kwkvIm-c- Xn-emWv \S-p--Xv. {K-Imcnbpw/Im-c\pw A\p-hm-N-Icpw Xn-ep _w, kwth-Z\w \S-p ew, ka-bw, {]mbw, enwKw, kmaq-ln-I-n-Xn, ]qh-[m-c-W-I kwkvImcnI ]m-ew XpS-nb hkvXp-X-I IqSn ]cn-K-Wn-te hnh-\-ns hniIe\w ^e-{]-Z-am-hp-I-bp-q. kwkvIm-tcm-p-J-ambn hnI-kn-p-h ]pXnb Znimt_m[w hnhn[ hnm-\-im-J-Iv hnh-\-n-tev {]th-i\w \In. tImf-Wn-b\-c kao-]-\-, kv{Xo] Nn-I, A]-\nmWw XpS-nb m\-]--Xn-I hnh-\-ns AXnnbpw Bghpw hn]p-e-am-p-p(P-bm-kp-Ip-am-c:2011). kwkvImc tI{n-X-ambn A`n-hrn {]m]n hn-h\Nn-I-fn Ghpw Ne-\m--I-ambn ]ptcm-K-an-p taJ-e-bmWv kv{Xo] hnh-\-kn-m-/Nn-I. hnh-\-n Dtp \np enwK-]ZhnbpsS -{]-h-W-X-Isf FSp-p-Imnbpw tNmZyw sNbvXpw, `mj-bn-eqsS Hfnpw sXfnpw hnI-kn-p A[n-Im-c-m-]-\-ns/[zwk\ns Bhiyw t_m[y-s-Sp-n-sm-p-amWv kv{Xo]--hn-h\Nn hnI-kn-p--Xv. `mj-bn-eqsS shfn-s-Sp kmwkvImcnIkzXzw, enwK-]-c-amb kzXzw, IrXzw Fn-h-sb-p-dnv Bg-n At\z-jWw \S-nb kv{Xo]-Nn hnh\ {]{In-b-bnepw ]T-\--fnepw Dm-nb Ne-\- sjdn sska hni-Z-ambn N sNppv (Simon:1999).

2.enwK]Zhn--cq-]-I hnh-\-n
hnh\ns Bcw`w apX Ctmfap hnh\ Ncn{Xn enwK]Zhn-- ]e\nepw hnh\s kzm[o\nnpv.hnh\w aqeIrXntbmSv F{Xtmfw hnizkvXX ]pepp(How best to be faithful) F NtbmsSbmWv hnh\ hnai\ Ncn{Xw Bcw`npXv. aqe-Ir-Xnbpw hnh-\hpw Xnep _w F{X-ta sa-s-SpnsbSp-m-\mIpw Fp--X ChnSps {]iv\w. GXp kwkvIm-c-n--epw "kv{Xov 'am{Xw I]n--s-ncnp- hnhmlw F m]-\-nse Icm-dv F \nebvp hnizkvXX(Fidelity)tbmSv XsbmWv hnh\nse hnizkvXXsbbpw XmcXaysSpnbXv(]pcp-js Nmcn-{Xy-ipntbm hniz-kvX-Xtbm ChnsS {]iv\-h-cn--s-Sp-ntm) hnh\ {]{In-bsb hni-Z-am-m enwK]ZhnbpsSbpw(gender)ssewKn-I-X-bp-sSbpw (sexuality)cq]-I-fmWv hnh-Icpw sskm-n-Icpw D]-tbm-Kn-p-h--Xv. hnh\w Nmbw ]qi-em-Wv, ]I-em-Wv, ]p DSp-Wn-b-emWv Fsmw hWn--s-p.hnh-\-kn-m-- hnh-\s AS-bm-f-s-Sp-n-t]m-Xv ]cnipI\ys-b-tm, ]Xn-{h-X-sbtm, Ahn-iz-kvX-cmb Imap-In-am-sctm Hs-bm-Wv. hnh\ {]{In-b-bn-eqsS "amXr-`m-j-bpsS ]mXn-{hXyw If--s-Sptam FmWv' hnh-I DXvI-WvT-s-Sp-Xv.aqe-Ir-Xn-bpsS "]ucpj \jvSs'pdn-tmpw hnh-I hymIp-e-s-Sp-p-v."aqe-Ir-Xnsb jWvU-\m-n-I-fp' shv ]e-tmgpw hnh-I ]cmXn tIm-dp-v. C-c-n hnh-\s enwK-]-c-am-p {]h-WX 17 mw \qm-n thcp-d--Xm-Wv. {]ikvX {^p Nn-I Knkv sat\-gns (Ip){]knamb sNmtmsSbmWvv Cu {]h-WX hnh-\-n \mn-Sp--Xv.(Les Belles Infedeles If beautiful not faithful; If faithful not beautiful)hnh\w kv{Xosbtmse-bm-Wv.kp-cn-sb-n hnizkvXbmbncnn; hnizkvXsbn kpcnbmbncnn. ku-cyhpw, hniz-kvX-Xbpw kv{Xobnepw hnh-\nepw Hp-t]m-hp-I-bn-s--XmWv Cu sNmns hnh-. hnhm-l-n-se t]mse hnh-\-nepw hnizkvXX FXv inip-hns ]nXr-Xz-ns \nb-a-km-[pXzw Dd-n-p hmKvZm-\-am-Wv.ImcWw amXrXzw FXv ssPhn-I-ambn {]I-S-am-bncnpIbpw; ]nXrXzw As\bm-Xn-cn-p-Ibpw sNp-p. Npcp-n--d-m hnh-I aqe-Ir-Xn-bpsS {]`-hs kv]jvSammXncpm hnhI aqe-{K--Im-cs Pmc-k--Xn-I-sf-bmWv s]p-t]mXv Fp hcp-p. Im-hns/]nXm-hns A[n-Im-cs ]nSn--S-Ww Fv hnh-Isc \ntZinpw In-p-v. tdmkvtIm-a {]`p hnh-Isc Cs\ D]-tZ-in-p-p-v. ""Hcp kplr-ns-\ sXc-s-Sp-p--Xp-t]mse Hcp 1

aqe-{K--Im-hn-s\bpw sXc-s-Sp-p-I.B kulr-Z-n-s\m-Sp-hn hnh-I Im-hp-X-s-bmbn amdnocpw6(Quoted in Chamberlain.Venuti(ed.)2001:315).ChnsS hnh-I ]nXm-hmbn/Im-hmbn Btcm-]n--sSp-tm ]mTw /Ir-Xn ]nXmhns kwc--W-bm ]cn-]m-en--s-tS I\y-I-bmbn ]cn-W-an-p-p(ibid.,78).]mTns ]cn-ip-nbpw I\y-Im-Xzhpw kwc-n-Ww F Hcp ISa IqSn hnh-I-\n Ah-tcm-[n--s-Sp-p.hnizkvX-Xsb kw_-n Cu N-I {]I-S-am-bXv ]nXr-tI-{n-X-hy-h--bpsS `mj-bn-emsWXv {]tXyIw {inWw

2.1 sImtfmWnb ImeLw

hnh\Ncn{Xn ]noSv hcp kp{][m\-Lw sImtfm-Wn-b-en-k-ntXm-Wv. sImtfm-Wn-b ImeL--nse `mj-bpsS kzcw Iog-S--en-t-Xm-bn-cp-p. Cm-e-L--n Dmb hnh\ knm-- 7 ]mTtmSv Hcp Xcw AXn-{Iaw \S-m t{]cn-n-p-p. ]mTw Xpf-bv-s-tS--Xpw (The text must be penetrated) Xfbv-s-tS--Xp-am-sW Xc-n-ep ho-W-fpw, hnh-cW--fp-amWv tImtfm-Wn-b Ime-Lw aptmv shXv.16-mw \qm-nse slmtdkv hnh\w sNbvX Ah-k-c-n tXmakv {Umkv Hcp {]kvXm-h\ \S-p-p-v. First I have now done as the people of God were commanded to do with their captive women that were handsome and beautiful: I have shaved off his hair and pared off his nails, that is, I have wiped away all his vanity and superfluity of matter I have pieced his reason, eked and mended his similitudes, mollified his hardness, prolonged his cortal kind of speeches, changed and much altered his words ,but not his sentence ,or at least (I dare say) not his purpose(Venuti 2000: 318). Hc-Sn-a-kv{Xosb A\p-tbm-Py-bmb `mcy-bm-p--Xn\v {UmUv \Ip \nt-i--fmWv Cu _nn- tcJm-Nn{Xw ""Atm \nv Ah-fpsS hmk-m-\s \n-fpsS CS-n-tev sImp-h-cmw.'' Ah kzbw Xe apWvU\w sNp-Ibpw, \Jw-sh-p-Ibpw sNbvXp-sImpw(ibid.,319).atXXc\mb Hcp Im-hns\ hnh\w sNp-tm sshZn-I-\mbnpIqSn {UmUv IrXnsb A\p-tbm-Py-amb `mcy-bm-m-\mWv D]-tZ-in-p--Xv. AXp-hgn {UmUv IrXnsb cq]-Im--I-ambn kv{Xobmbn ]cn-hn-n-p-p.{UmUns tImf-\n-h-cW cq]-I--fn Dtv \np Cu ssewKn-Im-Xn-{IakqN\(\n`mKyhim bpfpsS `mKambn _emmc \SpsImncnp)B[p-\n-I-bp-K-nse ssewKn-I-amb Iog-S--ens\ {]Xn^ennpXp ImWmw.

2.2 B[p-\nI hnh-\-]-T-\-nse enwK]Zhncq-]-I-

2.2.1 B[p-\nI hnh-\-kn-m--fpw hnh\ {]{In-b-bpsS enwK-hI-c-Ws AI-a-gnv t{]mmln-n-np-v.tPmv sbv\-dpsS la\yqnIv tamj-\n 8 (Steiner 1975)hnh\ {]{In-bsb {]Xyn Xs _em-XvIm-c-hp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNbvXn-cnp-p. sehn kvt{Smkns kv{SIvtd B{-t]m-fPnsbbmWv sbv\ amXr-I-bmbn kzoI-cn-n-cn-p--Xv. hmp-I-sf-bpw, kv{XoI-sf-bpw, Nc-p-I-sfbpw {Ib-hn-{Ibw sNbvXpsImv Hcp Ne-\m-I kp-en-Xm-h {]m]n-p--Xn-\m-bp DZy-a--fm-bn-mWv sehn-kvt{Smkv kmaqly LS\sb \nh-Nn-p--Xv(ibid.,302).s-Im-tfm-Wn-b-en-k-hp-ambn GIo-`-hn-p-sImv ssewKnImXn{Ia-ns `mj-bm sbv\ \S-p cq]-Im--I-amb {]kvXm-h\ {UmUns cq]-In \npw Hpw hyXy-kvX-a-.sbv\-dpsS hmZs skPv KhvtdmkvIn (1977) IqSp-X hnIknnppv(Baker 2001:95). 2.2.2 CuUn- amXr-I-bn-eqsS hnh-\-{]-{In-bsb hni-Zo-I-cn-m-\mWv KmhvtdmkvIn DZy-an-Xv.tdmkvtIm-a {]`p-hns ]gb hnh\hni-Zo-I-c-W-hp-ambn Hp-t]m-Ip--XmWv Khvtdm-kvIn-bpsS \ne-]mSv.hnh-I-cn ]c-kv]c hncp---fmb cv `mh- DSseSpppsvv.KmhvtdmkvIn.]mT-ns ]mXn-{hXyw -kw-c-nWsa Ihyt_m[hpw ; H-ap _em-XvIm-c-{i-a--fpw. Hcp ]nXr-tI-{n-X-hy-h--bv-Iv ]nXm-hns/ Im-hns ]p{X-\m-bnmWv hnh-I/ kzbw \ncq-]n-p--Xv.]nXmhv Xs-bmWv ]p{Xs {]Xntbm-Kn-bpw. Atm ]mT-am-Is XrjvW-bp-Wp t`mK-h-kvXp-hmbn amdp-p. ""]mTw'' ]nXm-hns A[n-Im-c-Nn-amb iniv\m(Phallus/ pen) ]q-ambn \nh-Nn--s--Xp-am-Ip-p (ibid.,55).Hcp \c-t`mPn hnh-I-\m-sWn9 Xncn--dn-bm-\m-Imhn[w IrXnb-n {Iqc-amb ]cp-p-I Gn-p-p.Cu cv hni-I-e-\-fpw ASn-m-\]-c-ambn A[n-Im-c-ns/]nXr-tI-{nX amXr-I-bpsS ZrjvSm---fm-Wv. ChnsS ]p{X-\m-Ip hnh-I Hp-In ]nXm-hns\/Imhns\ A\p-k-cn-p-Itbm As-n \in-n-p-Itbm sNp-p. 2.2.3 hnh-\-kn-m--sf Hcp ]pXp-hm-b-\v t{]cn-n sskm-n-I-\mWv gmIv ZdnZ. At-l-ns Nn-I aqe-n\pw AXns ]p\\nn-Xnpw CS-bn \ne-\nn-h-,hn]-coX Zzzm \nb-{n--s-Sp hyXn-bm\w F k]s Iogvtaa-dn-p.\n-bn-m km[nmhn[w Cu hyXn-bm-\s amp--Xn ZdnZ bXv\n-p. hniz-kvX-X-bptSbpw A\p-I-c-W-n-tbpw ASn-m-\-n ]c--cm-K-X-ambn hnh-\s Ipt]m-n-cp coXnsb \nh-Nn-p--Xn-\p-thn ZdnZ enwK-]-Z-hnsb km]nI N-q-Sn {]Xn-jvTn-p-p. sjnbpsS {Sbw^v Hm^v sse^v (Triumph of Life) mtm-ns emscv Un tamv (LArret de mort) Fo IrXn-I-fpsS Ahn-h-\--a-Xsb (Intertranslatability) ASn-m-\-am-n-smv enwhnwKv Hm/ t_mU ssekv F D]-\ym-k-n ZdnZ \S-nb ]T-\- hnh-\-tm-Sp \psS ]c--cm-KX at\m-`m-hs am{X-a kzm[o-\-X-tbmSpw B[nIm-cn-I-X-tbm-Sp-ap at\m-`m-h-s-IqSn AXn-ew-Ln-p-p. kq hnh\w F kz]v\-ns Akm-[y-Xbn(The impossibility of the dream of translation without remnants) aqehpw hnh-\hpw Xn-ep A-cs \ne-\np Ftm Hv hnh-\-n Fmbvtmgpw Ahtijnppshpw ZdnZ hmZnpp.\n-_vZ-amb Hcp hnh-\hpw km[y-a-. Hcp hmv hnh\w sNm km[n-m Ah ZdnZbpsS A`n{]m-b-n hnh-\-ns kzm`m-hn-I -\-b-am-Wv. AXv hnh-\-ns Ahn-iz-kvX-Xtbm cmw-In-S-amb Ah-tbm A. IrXn AXns hnh-\s Htc kabw Bh-iy-s-Sp-Ibpw \ncm-I-cn-p-Ibpw sNp-p.I\ymNaw(Hymen) F ]Zw Htc kabw hnhm-l-]qo-I-c-Wnsbpw I\y-Im-Xz-n-tbpw {]Xo-I-ambn amdpXns\ DZmlcnp sImmWv aqe-Ir-Xnbpw hnh-\hpw Xnep ]c-kv]-cm-{in-X-Xz-s-p-dnv ZdnZ kwkm-cn-p--Xv.hnh-\-ns \nbaw Bh-iy-s-Sp-Xv AXn2

ewL\am-sWpw AXp-sImv Xs AhnsS hnizkvX Akm-[y-am-sWpw ZdnZ hmZn-pp10(. Cu hmZw ]tcm-ambn ssewKn-Im-Xn-{I-a-hp-ambn _-sv \np ]ccmKX hnh\ Nnvv FXn-cp-am-Wv( Venuti 1985 a).av hnh\ N-I-fn \mw Ip-h-cp hn]-coX Zzzs(Binary opposition)adn-I-S-p--XmWv ZdnZ aptm-ph-bvp hnh\ Nn.hnh\w Htc- k-abw aqe-n-tbpw cmw-Xcntbpw ]Zhn Ae--cn-pp Fv ZdnZ.AXv Ien-m-Xpw AXn-ew-Ln--s-Xpw AXn-ew-Ln--s-pImncnp--Xp-am-Wv. hnh\w sNp-Xv kv{Xobm-sW-n kv{Xo F \nebvp enwK]camb cmwXc `mhhpw hnh\{]{Inbbn Xs enwK]Zhnbm Btcm]nsncnp cmwXc `mhhpw (Secondariness) IqsSqsS GIo-`hnppshv ZdnZ.""hnhIsb shdpsX cmw]Zhnbntev XmgvtXn. Ah Hcn-epw Im-hns sk{I-dnb. Im-hn-\m kvt\ln--s-tS--bm Xs-bm-Wv.hnh\w Fgpv Xs-bmWv.AXv tIh-e-amb ]Insbgpv F \ne- adnv aqe-Ir-Xn-bpsS krjvSn-Im-c-W-amb {Inbm--I-amb cN\ F \ne-p-X-s-bms-Wpw ZdnZ(Derrida 1985:145).Cs\ Fgppw hnh-\hpw Xn \ne-\np A-cm-{i-b-s-n hmZn-p-sImv aqe-IrXn F ]Zn \ne\np kzbw-`-c-Wm-h-Im-i-s-bpw, Ip-Im-hIm-i-tbpw ZdnZ XInSwadn-p-p(subvert).Hv asm-ns IS-m-c-\m-Wv F \nev aqe-sbpw hnh-\sbpw ZdnZ Iqn-bn-W-p-p.

2.3 enwK]ZhnbpsS CSs]S ]pkvXI hn]Wnbn hn]Wnbn aqe[\\nWbnepw enwK]Zhn khntijambn CSs]Sppv. temIsmbnSpw hnhIv hfsc Xpamb hcpam\amWv e`npXv.aqe-Ir-Xnsb D]m-Z-I\mb ]pcp-j-t\mSpw hnh-\s D--amb kv{XotbmSpw kmZr-iy-s-Sp-n hcp p.hn]-Wn-bn aqe[\\nWbns AfhptImembn hn-p-Xv Cu D]m-Z\ ]p\-cp]m-Z\ \n-N-\-fmWv. Cu \nhN\ D]m-Z-\s am{X-amWv aqey-h-mb {]hr-n-bmbn hnfw-cw sNp--Xv. Cu D]mZ\{]h\w {]Xyn Xs ]pcp-tjm]m-Z-\{]-{Inb-bpam-bmWv _-s-SpXv-.Im-hns A\p-hm-Z-an-msX {]kn-o-I-cn-p hnh-\-n\v \nb-a-]-c-amb kmy-X-bn-sp h-cpp. Hcp hnh-\w P\n-p--Xn\p apt c-mIXrXzw shfn-s-Sp-p Icm {]Jym-]nv Ign-n-p-m-h-Ww. AXmWv tImn-ssd-ns Ah-Im-iw.hnh\s ]p\-cp]m-Z\w F N-q-Sn \nv D]m-Z\ {]h\w F \ne-bn-tev ]cn-hn-n-p-tm hnh\w cmwInSw F hym]m-c-n \npw aqe-IrXn F \ne-bn-tepw, hnh-\m-h-Imiw(Translation Right) FXv ssIh-im-h-Imiw F \nebn-tepw, AYhm A[n-Im-c-n-tbpw k-n-tbpw kqN-I-ambn am-s-Sp-Ibpw sNp-Xv ImWmw.Fm hnh\w D]m-Z\---]p\-cp-Xv]m-Z\ {]{Inb-I Xn-ep A-cs Cm-Xmn A[nImcm]\w F {]{Inb-p-Xs `oWn Dbpp Fp--Xp-sImv hnh\w Aan-X-ambn \nb-{n--sv hcpp. aqe-{K--Im-c taem-f\pw hnh-I ASn-bm-f\pw F an {]Xy--s Ccw hnh\ hni-Zo-I-c-W- aqe-Ir-Xn-sbbpw ey-Ir-Xn-sbbpw D-\o-N-Xz-t{i-Wn-bn Ipcp-n-bn-p.Npcpn Cu D\oNXz{]iv\fmWv s^an\nkvddv hnh\ sskmnIcpsS hnai\n\v hnt[bambXv. 2.4]cn`mjbnse enwK]Zhn:s^an\nv sskmnIcpsSbpw hnaiIcpsSbpw \ne]mSpI
hnh-\nepw hnh\knmnepw CSs] kv{XoIfmIs AhscXs hnh\ambncpXn. Ncn-{X-n _ln-jvI-cn--s--h-cpsS Iq-n BXy-n-I-ambn AI-s-p-t]m-bXv kv{Xobm-sW-n, kmln-Xy-Ncn-{X-n B ]Z-hnv FpsImpw AlX t\Sp-Xv hnh-\-am-Wv.sshIeyw _m[n hn`mKambmWv hyh kv{Xosb IXv.kmln-Xy-n sshIeyw _m[n hn`mKw hnh-\-hpw.kmln-Xy-nse hnh-\ns ]Zhn kvss{XW-am-sWpw hnh-I-scbpw A-s\-XsbmWv Icp-Xn-t]m-cp--sXpw \ntm hmUv tPmhv (Jouve 1991:17).hnh\w sNpXv Hcp kv{XobmsWn Ahcn Cc A]IjXmt_m[w {]hnppshv tPm ^vtfmdntbm(Cited in Simon 1996 :1). hnh\hpw kv{Xobpw AXm-Xns A[n-Imc t{iWn-bnse Zp_e hn`m-K-am-Wv.Rms\mcp hnh-\-amWv ImcWw Rms\mcp kv{XobmWvFv kqk Un temSv_n-s\-blmhqUpw s{]kvXm-hn-p-p(ibid.,1).AXm-bXv ]nXr-hy-h--bn-tev hnh\w sN-s kv{Xo F \ne-bvmWv Ah kzbw ImWp--Xv. aqe-Ir-Xnbpw hnh-\hpw Xn I]n--sp-t]m-cp D-\o-NXz _w, hnh-\-s-p-dn-p A`n-{]m-b--fn Dtp \np ssewKnIhpw enwKm[n]Xy]chpamb -kq-N-\-I,hnh-\-n A\n-hmcy-sav IcpXsncp hniz-kvXX Fnh s^an-\nv Nn tNmZyw sNbvXp. kv{Xobpw hnh-\hpw AXmXv A[n-Im-c-t{-i-Wn-bn XmsgnS-bn-ep m\-amWv hln-p--sX [mcW kv{Xobpw hnh-\-n\pw Xnep Xnc-o\ _s Dd-n-p. kv{Xo kaq-lw, hnh\w kmlnXyw XpS-n-b-h-bpsS D-\o-NXz {]iv\--fpw, Ah-bvn-S-bm-nb ko k]-fpw amaq-ep-Ifpw Xncn--dn-p-sImv hnain-p--XmWv s^an-\nv hnh\ knm-w.Hcp D]w F \nebvv hnh-\s \nh-Nn-p-tmgpw, {]{Inb F \nebvv AXns\ hni-Zo-I-cn-p-tmgpw `mj-bn Fgpp \np enwK-]ZhnbpsS khn-tij AS-bm-f- kv{Xo] hnh\ sskm-n-I- FSppImpp.hnh\ ]T\n kv{Xo CS-s]p XpS-n-b-tm apXmWv Cu {]iv\ IqSp-X sXgp--s--Xv. ss__n hnh-\-nse amaq-ep-Isf ]p\:]cn-tim-[-\bvp hnt[-b-amn AXnse ]pcp-jm-[n-]-Xy-{]-h-W-X-I-sfbpw bqtdm-tI-{n-X-{]-h-W-X-I-sfbpw shfnp sImp-h-Xv hnh-\-N-cn{X-nse Hcp {][m\ hgn-n-cn-hmW11. It\-Un-b s^an-\n-p-I-fmb _m_mdm tKmZmZv12,kqk Un temv_n-W-b lmhqU13,tem tNsebn14 XpS-n-b-h-cm-Wv kv{Xo] Nn-I-fpsS ap_-e-tmsS hnh\ hyh-lm-c-n sam-nepw khn-tij-ambn `mj-bnepw Dbp-I ssewKnIkqN-\-Isf i-ambn tNmZyw sNbvXXv.temI-sa-m-Sp-ap s^an-\nv Nn-I-fpsS hym]-\hpw DZvt_m-[-\hpw Fm taJ-e-bn-ep-ap hn kv{Xo apt--n\v Imc-W-am-bn. Cu apt3

- kv{XobpsS ss[j-WnI hym]m-c--fn kPo-h-ambn Xs CS-s]-p. kv{Xov Akm-[y-sav kaqlw Icp-Xnbn-cp Fmns\bpw km[y-amn XopI F hmRvO Hcp shp-hn-fn-bmbn kv{Xo Gs-Sp-p. kmln-Xob temIpw Am-Z-anI temIpw kv{XobpsS ss[j-Wn-I-amb CS-s]-S-ep-I kw`-hn-p. Am-Z-an--Ipw ]pdpw kv{Xo cN-\-Isf n]vX-s-Sp-n-bn-cp enwK-t`-Z-ns Nph-cp-I t`Znv IXr-Xz-h-XvI-c-W-n-sbpw \nb-a-h-XvI-c-W-n-sbpw ]p {]h-W-X-I-fmbn kwkvImc \nn-Xn-bpsS kvss{XW-cq-]- hne-bn-cp--s-p. \ncq-]-W--fn Ah X-fpsS cmjv{Sob \ne-]m-Sp-I Dd-n-p. hnh\nemIs aqe-sbpw hnh-\-sbpw cv {[ph--fn-embn {]Xn-jvTn-p-sIm-p ]gb [mcW inYn-eo-I-cn--s-p.s^an-\n-p-I {i- tI-{o-I-cn-Xv Ccp{[ph-n-S-bn-embn hn-p Hcp km]nI kmw{I-anI taJ-e-bn-em-Wv.inYn-eo-I-cn--s ]gb amXr-I-bn Ccp {[ph- ]pcp-j-Xzhpw kv{XoXz-hpam-bmWv hyh-l-cn--s-n-cp--sX-n ]pXnb kv{Xo k]-nse kmw{I-an-I-ta-Je D`bssewKn-I-X-bp-sS taJ-ebmbn k]n--s-Sp-p.ASp Imev {]Xy--s-n-p ]T-\- sekv_n-b ssewKnI knm--sfbpw15 ASn-m-\-am-p-p-v. hnh-I F \ne-bn Ncn-{X-n kv{Xo hln ]v,hnh-I F \ne-bvp Ah-cpsS km-c-]Y-ns KXn-thKw,Nne- {]-tXy-I-`m-j-I-fn-tev kv{Xo cN-\-I hnh\w sNp-tm Dbp-h-cp {]iv\, kv{Xoc-N-\-I kv{XoIfpw ]pcp-j-c-N-\-I ]pcp-j-mcpw hnh\w sNp--XmWv \-sX \nt-i-ns {]mtbm-Kn-I-Xbpw km[p-Xbpw XpSn \nc-h[n hnjb kv{Xo] hnhIcpsS kPoh]cnKW\bnepv. C\n aebmf`qanIbntev ISphcmw.enwK-t`-Zhpw hnh-\hpw F hnj-b-hp-ambn _-s ]T-\ ae-bm-f-n C\n-bpw DmtIXmbnmWncnpXv.hnh-\spdnv ae-bm-fnpw hnNm-c- Dmbn-cp-p.]t knm---tfm-Sp sshapJyw sImtm atm Bcpw \psS hnh\ hnNm-c-sf Nn-s-Spn Ah-X-cn-n-m {ian-n-n .auenIamb Anep hnh\ \ncq]Wfpw hna\fpw \apnpw A\yw XsbmWv.hnh\ IrXnIfpsS apJhpcbn {]XysSp hnhIcpsS IpdnpI am{XamWv Cu KWn \apv ssIapXembpXv. ae-bm-fn-bpsS hnh-\-hn-Nm-c- F-Xp-Xs \nc-h[n Kth-j-W-v hgn-Xp-d-p-p-v.ImcWw hnh\w Fpw ae-bmf kmln-Xy-_-lp-hy-h-sb ]cn-t]m-jn-n-n-p-v.AXpt]mse hnh\s ]cnNbsSpp Imcyn \psS kmlnXyNcn{X XctSnm ep_v[v ImWnnpv.hnh\w cmwXcamsW [mcW XsbmWv CXn\p ]nnepw {]hn a\:imkv{Xw.CXn Xs ]pcpjmcmb hnhIv IqSpX m\w Innbnpv.Hcp B\n Xnent\tbm Hcp \neo\ F{_-lm-ant\tbm, eoe km-tctbm am{Xta ,k-mln-Xy-N-cn-{X- \s ]cn-N-b-s-Sp-p-pq.AXnepw F{Xtbm hnim-eamWv \psS hnh-I-am-cpsS temIw.t\mmw.

3.ae-bmf t\mh hnh-\-nse kv{Xokmnyw

ae-bmft\mh hnh\ Ncn-{X-nepw _lp-hy-h--bnepw bYm-{Iaw kv{Xobpw hnh-\hpw Imcy-amb CS-s]-S-ep-I \S-n-bn-p-v.kv{Xo]]camb t_m[]qhap hnh\kao]\ ChnsS {]XontXn.kmlnXo temIv ]e-hn-[-Im-c-W--fm Fn-s-Sm km[n-m-Xn-cp ]e- ]-g-b-Im-e-{]-Xn-`Ifpw X-fpsS kKm--I-X-bp-sS Bhn-jvIm-tcm-]m-[n-bmbn hnh-\s kzoI-cn-pIbmbncpp.\apv hnc-en Fm-hp Fgp-p-Im-cn-Isf ae-bm-f-t\m-h kmln-Xy-n Dq.Fm hnh-\-ns Imcyw Xptemw hyXykvX-am-Wv.Ipn-Iv thn-bp hnh-\-,kwKrloX ]p\cmJym\ kq hnh-\- XpSn \nc-h[n IrXn-I kmln-Xy-tem-In\v kv{XoI kw`m-h\ \In-bn-p-v. ae-bm-f-t\m-h kmln-Xys hn]p-e-am-p--Xn kv{Xo hln-Xpw hln-p-sIm-n-cn-p--Xp-amb ]ns\ \nm-c-ambn Xn--f-bm km[y-a-. at-sXmcp kmln-Xy-cq-]-sbpw t]mse `mj-bn BZyw {]Xy--s t\mh-ep-I16 A{Xbpw ]cn-`m-j-I-fmbn-cp-p.hn]p-e-amb A-n t\mh Fp hnfn-m-hp KW-ns]-Sp-m-hp IrXn-I-fm-bn-cp-n Ch-sbmpw. {]t_m-[-\-am-bn-cpp Cu IrXn-I-fpsS eyw.]eXpw {InkvXp-aX hnizm-k--fpsSbpw {]am-W--fp-sSbpw hnhc-W--fm-bn-cp-p.Ccp-]Xmw \qm-ns BZy-]-Ip-Xn-tbmSv IqSn-bmWv auen-Im-n t\mh Fp ]d-bm-hp IrXn-I `mj-bn {]Xy--sp XpS-n-b-Xv.kmaq-ly-]-cn-h-\m-i-b- hn]p-e-amb tXmXn hym]-cn-n-cp Ime-L--am-bn-cpp AXv. Cwo-jn\npw _wKm-fn\np-am-bn-cpp A[nIw IrXn-Ifpw hnh\w sN-s--Xv. Cwojv IrXn-I-fpsS t\cn-p XPpa-Ifpw ap bqtdm-]y `mj-I-fn \npw Cwo-jn-tev hn-p IrXn-I-fpsS XPp-a-Ifpw Cq--n-eps-Sp-p. `mc-Xob `mj-I-fn \np hnh-\--fn FwsImv apn \np-Xv _wKmfn `mj-bn \np XPp-a-I-fm-Wv17. IqSmsX lnn18 ,Xan-gv19, I-S20, admTn21 XpS-nb `mj-I-fn \np hnh-\-fpw ae-bm-f-t\m-h kmln-Xys ]cn-t]m-jn-n-n-pv (Cu IrXn-I t\cn-pw, Cwojv hnh-\--fn \npw hnh\w sN-s-n-p-v.) Cu Ime-L--n-emWv ae-bmf t\mh-enepw hnh-\-nepw kv{Xo CS-s]v XpS-n-b-Xpw.kmln-Xy-k-Jn. Sn.-kn. Ieym-Wn-b _nw N{ NmPn-bpsS hnj-hrw F t\mh 1913 ae-bm-f-n-tev ]cn-`m-j-s-Sp-pI-bp-m-bn. ae-bmf t\mh hnh-\-nse BZy kv{Xo hnh\w F \nebvv Cu IrXn khn-tij {i Aln-p-p.CXpw Ignv Hcp hj-n\p tijw am{X-amWv ae-bm-f-nse BZy kv{Xo t\mh22 Fp hntijn-n-m-hp IrXn {]kn-o-Ir-X-am-Ip--Xv. s-si-ih hnhmlw apX-embp A\m-Nm-c- kaq-l-n\v hn\m-i-I-c-am-sW kt-i-amWv _nw N{s hnj-hrw \Ip--Xv. Zmb-{I-a-ns hnhmln-sbpw \nb-a- ]cn-jvI-cn-p--Xn\p thn-bp {]tm-` tIc-f-n sImSp-n-cn-sIm Ime-L--am-bncpp AXv(t]m aWhmf:1990).Hcp Ime-L--ns A\n-hmcyX Ftm-W-amWv ssiih hnhm-l-ns hn]-p-I-sf-p-dnv {]Xn-]m-Zn-p Hcp t\mh tIc-fob ]cn-k-c-ntev hnh\w sN-s-Sp--Xv.Hcp t_m[-h-c-tWm-]m[n F ey-tm-sS-bmWv _nw N{s hnjhrw F t\mh AmeLn hnh\w sN-s-Sp--sXv ImWmw. kv{Xo{]-iv\- ssIImcyw sNbvXn-cp IrXn-I-fpsS hnh-\-nemWv BZyIme kv{XohnhI IqSp-X {i- tI-{o-I-cn-Xv(B\n Xn-ens Hp-an IrXn-Ifpw CXn\v ZrjvSm---fm-Wv). hnh\neqsS kv{Xo AXXp Ime-L--nse, cmjv{Sob, kmwkvIm-cn-I, ss[j-WnI hyh-lm-c--fn CS-s]-n-p-ap-v(Ieym-Wn-b, tZhIn t\Xym-c-, tKmaXnb, B\n-X-n, Hma-\, ]m-Xn-b-m, eoe km Fn-h-cpsS hnh-\- DZm-l-c-W-).kv{Xo t_m[-h-c-W-sbpw kaq-l-t_m-[-h-c-Whpw IS-a-sb-tmWw Ah Gs-Sp-p. Fgp-ns\ am[y-a-amn kmln-Xy-Im-cn-I kv{Xo{]-iv\-sf kaq-l-n\p apn Ah-X-cn-n-p. GI-tZiw Adp-]Xn-e-[nIw kv{Xo hnh-I Ctm-f-ap ae-bmf t\mh hnh\ Ncn-{X-n X-fpsS kPo-h-km-nyw 4

Adn-bn-n-p-v. hnh-\-n-eqsS ae-bmf kmln-Xy-N-cn-{X-n Xs Nnc-{]-XnjvT t\Snb hyn-I-fmWv A\n-Xn-epw23, eoem kmcpw24, \neo\m F{_-lmapw25 Hma-\bpw26, apw.\neo\m F{_lmw hnh\w sNbvX BtcmKy \ntI-X-\-amWv ae-bmf `mhp-I-Xzs Bg-n kzm[o-\n IrXn(BtcmKy \ntIX\w F IrXnbpsS `mjbpw {]tabhpw Amepmb av hnh\fn \npw XnIpw hyXykvXambncpp.B hnh\ns `mjXsbmWv aebmf `mhpIXzs samambn kzm[o\m B IrXnsb ]cym]vXamnb LSIw.BbncnsXmmbncn Ccp]nbn \memSs ]mh F XPpa aebmfn A\phmNIsc kzm[o\nXv AXns {]tabns khntijX sImmWv.) Cv ae-bmf t\mh hnh-\-cw-Kv hn tXmXn-ep kv{Xo ]m-fn--amWv Ip-h-cp--Xv.]ecpw Hcp [\m-Ka amKw F \nebvv hnh-\s {]tbm-P-\-s-Spn hcp-p.kao-]-Im-ev ]pd-n-d-nb IrXnI ]cn-tim-[n-m kv{Xo hnj-b-I-amb kv{Xo cN-\-I-fpsS hnh\w IqSp-Xepw kv{XoI Xs \nh-lnv hcp-Xmbn ImWmw27.(]pcpj ]mT--fpsS kv{Xohnh-\-fpw hnc-f-a-) hnh-\-eyw,coXn XpS-nb LS-I- GI-ap-J-amb H-.hnh\{]{In-b-bpw, eyhpw Imem-Ime--fn \ho-I-cn--s-p-sIm-t-bn-cn-p-p.Hcp Ac\qmv app-hsc Ime-L--ns A\n-hm-cyX F \nebvv (A-m-sX-bpw) hnh-\- samgnamw sNsnpv. tZio-b-X, ]p\-cp-m-cWw \th-m\w, IyqWnkw XpS-nb Ncn{XL-nse {][m\ kw`-h-/Nn-I hnh-\-e-y-sf ]e \nebvpw \n-bn-np-v. Cv hnh-\-ns ey-fpw coXn-Ifpw amdn.amdn-amdn h Ime-L-- hnh-\-{]-{In-b-bpsS kz`mhs amn. sXc-s-Sp-ns am\-Z-WvU-sf amn. BtKm-fo-bXbpw,Itm-fhpw, kmt-Xn-IXbpw tNv cq]-s-Sp-n-b-XmWv ka-Im-eo-\-bp-Kw._lp-ap-J-amb Atm-ev]m-Z-\-ns NSp-e-amb hym]-\-amWv Cu bpK-ns {][m\ khn-ti-j-X. A--fpsS A\--amb Dev]m-Z\w km[y-am-p Cu bpKw "hnh-\-bp-Kw' F hnti-j-W-n\v Al-am-Ip-p.]pXnb bpKw asm hnm-\-im-J-I-sfbpw t]mse hnh-\-sbpw kzm[o-\np. Itmfw hnh-\-n CS-s]v XpS-n-b-tm hnh-I-cpsS sXc-s-Sp-v, hnh-\-n\v A\p-h-Zn-p ka-bw, hnh-\-sa A[zm-\w, hnh-\ -thX\w XpSn IrXnv ]pdv \nevp \nc-h[n LS-I- hnh-\s asmcp hgnv Nn-s-Sp-m XpS-n. Cv IrXn hnh-I-bpsS/hnh-Is apn-tev FsSpIbmWv sNpXv. ]pXnbsXmv DXv]mZnnpXn\mhiyamb AkwkvIrX hkvXphmbn aqeIrXn hnpp.hnhIp apnse ey`mjm kaqlw (A\phmNI) D]t`mmfmWv. D]t`mmfpsS Bhiyn\\pkcnv IrXnsb Fs\ BIjWobamWw Fpam{XamWv Hmtcm hnhI\pw/hnhIbpw BZyta NnnpXv.ChnsS BJym\ssien am{XamWv {][m\ambnpXv. hnh\ns eyw [w hnizkvXX XpSnb hyhlmc ]pXp]cnt{]yn asmmbn ]cnWanpp.CXv ]pXnb ]pXnb kzXzcq]oIcWv hgnsbmcppp. Cv enwK]Zhn FXv hnh-\-n apImetfm {]_eamb HmWv. hnh-\w sNp IrXn-p- IqSn enwK-]-Zhn In--s-Sp-p-v.hnh\w sNp Bfns enwK-]-Z-hn--\p-k-cnv hnh-\nepw hnh-\-n\v Xnc-s-Sp-p IyXnbpsS enwK-]-Z-hn--\p-k-cnv hnh-I-cpsS enwK-]-Z-hn-bnepw hyXnbm-\- kw`-hn-tmw.Cu hyXn-bm-\-sf ap\nn hnhn[ Ncn-{X-km-ln-Xy-L--sf ]pXn-b- X-e-n \nNn-m km[n-pw.`mjbnepw {]tabnepw Hcp ]cpjenwK ]Zhn kqnp IrXnbpsS hnh\n GsSp kv{XobpsS `mjbpw ]pcpj\p thn kwkmcnp Hmbn amdpp.sshIm-cn-I-ambn A\p-Iq-en-m Ign-bp k`-fpw am\-knI-ambn ]nXm-m Ign-bm Ah--Ifpw Ccw IrXnIfn Bhn-jvI-cn--s-Spp-m-hmw.C-cw enwK-]-Z-hn-bpsS {]iv\- hnh-\-n ]e-tmgpw shp-hnfn Dbpp.]pcpj]mTns hnh\n GsSp kv{XobpsS kzXzt_m[w hyXykvXenwKt_m[neqsS {]bmWw sNp Ne\mIkzXzambn ]cnWanpp. emn Ata-cn- t\mh-en-mb acn-tbm -hKm-kv tbmkbpsS e ^okvXm shNothm F IrXn-bpsS ae-bm-f-hn-h-\-amb BSns hncpv F IrXnsb ap\nn Cusbmcp {]iv\s At\z-jn-m {ian-p-IbmWv C\n.enwK]Zhnbpw hnh\hpw F {]tabs tI{oIcnv At\zjnptm Cv aebmfn e`yamb Ghpw bpamb IrXnbmWv BSnshncpv.enwK]Zhn F hymhlmcnI\nnXn ]e \nebvpw Cu IrXnsb \nhNnppv.HmaXv IrXn AXns iIvXamb enwKm[n]Xyw kqnpp FpXmWv.IrXnbpsS CXnhrn ]pcpjs BImgvNbpw s]ImgvNbpapv.C\n hnh\{]{InbbnemsWn Cu IrXn kv]m\njn \npw Cwojntev ]cn`mjsSpnbXv Hcp kv{XobmWv(FUn-Xvt{Km-kvam).CwojvIrXnsb B[mcamn Cu IrXnsb aebmfntev ]cn`mjsSpnbXpw Hcp kv{XobmWv(BimeX).Cu cp IrXnIsfbpw Htc ]pcpj]mTns cp s]hmb\bmbn hnebncpm km[npw. Ccw ]mT\nnXn Ah t]mepadnbmsXbp kv{XossiYneyntpw Ahsc \bnpp. Cu khntijXIfmWv enwK]Zhnbpw hnh\hpw F hnjbspdnv Nnnptm BSns hncpns\ {]kIvXampXpw.

4.BSns hncp-v : LS\, {]tabw

2010 t\m_ km-\-n\v Al-\mb {]i-kvX-\mb emn-\-ta-cn- t\mh-env acntbm hKmkv tbmk-bpsS 28 Am-cm-jv{S-X-e-n {]Nmcw t\Snb IrXn-bmWv BSns hncpv kv]m\njv aqe-n \npw Cu IrXnsb The Feast of the Goat F t]cn Co-jn-tev hnh\w sNbvXXv FUn-Xvt{Km-kvam\pw29, CXns\ aebm-f-n-tev ]cn-`m-j-s-Sp-n-bXv BimeXbp-amWv 30 .2008 se anI hnh\ IrXn-p tIcf kmlnXy Am-Zan AhmUv Cu IrXnp e`n-p. Ccp]n\mev A[ymbfpw 475 ]pdfpw Dsmp cN\bmWv Z ^ov Hm^v Z tKmv.Ccp]n\mev A[ymbfpw 478 ]pdfpw BSns hncpv Dsmpp. sUman\n dnnpw AXns tkzm[n]Xnbmb dmt^ entbm\nUmkv {Splntbm samfo\bpsS sIme]mXIhpw AXns A\c^efpamWv BSns hncpnse {][m\{]tabw.A]-cn-Nn-Xhpw km[m-c-tW-X-c-hp-amb CXn-hr-- IY-]-d-n-ense ]pssi-en. ASm Ima-\--fpw, ]cn-{i-a--fpw, Ncn-{X-n\npw Pohn-X-n \npw Cd-n-h IYm-]m-{X- Ch-sbmw tNmWv tbmk-bpsS IrXn-Isf hyXn-cn--am-p--Xv. hn`n e-Ime kw`-h- Atmp-an-tmpw NmSn ad5

bp-Xv {Inb-I-fnse Ime- sImt a\-n-em-m-\m-Iq. tbmk-bpsS Fgp-ns apJ-ap-{Z-bmb ssien-bm-Wn-Xv. Cu coXn- Ghpw ihpw {Inbm--I-hp-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-n-cn-p IrXn-bmWv BSns hncp-v( BSns hncp-v ]pdw 7). Ncn{Xns Hcp {]tXyI Zimknbn Dmb A[nImc t]qv,t\mhense cq]]camb LSI HnWnb ssPhnI GIXm\X, `cWtatmbvasXnscbp kwLSnX {]tm]Ww,cmjv{SobZi\ns hnImk]cnWmaw, cmjv{Sob D]Pm]fptSbpw `cWm[nImcnIfpsS lo\PohnXnsbpw Xpd Nn{XoIcWw Fo LSI HptNmWv BSns hncpv F IrXnsb km[yamnbncnpXv. t\mhen cp hyXykvX ImeLfpsS ]cmaifpv. 1961 se {SqlntbmbpsS `cWImeLhpw apXv hjn\ptijw AXmbXv 1996 \npsImp {Sqlntbm `cWImespdnp HmIfpw.AXpt]mse aqv IYmXpfneqsSbmWv t\mh hnIknpXv. bpdm\nb I{_m F temI_mptymK ]mLmXw hv XfvInSp Xs As\ kinpXn\pthn apnbv hjp tijw sUman\n dnnntev aSnsbptXmSv IqSnbmWv t\mh Bcw`npXv. ham\ Imep \npsImp bpdm\nbbpsS HmaI {SqlntbmbpsS `cWImespdnp kv{Xo hoWamWv.{Sqlnbnkv `cWImes hntZiImcya{nbpw sUma\n ]mnbpsS {]knUpw sk\dpw Hs Bbncpp bpdm\nbbpsS ]nXmhv AKn I{_m.Hcp kp{]`mXn HutZymKnI]Zhn \jvSsSp AKn I{_m ]Zhn Xncnp]nSnpXn\p thn a\nma\tmsSbmsWnepw 14 hbp Xs aIsf {Sqlntbmbvv ImgvN hbvpp.Atmtgpw Itmenk`bpambp {]iv\fpw {KnwtKmIfpw KqVmtemN\mcpw Fmw tNv {Sqlntbm `cWns {]Xm]w bnnp XpSnbncpp inYneambn XpSnb t{Sqlntbm `cWkwhn[m\n \npw bpdm\nb HmSntmhpIbmWpmbXv.XpSv anNnKWnse I\ymkv{XoIfpsS cIXrXzn ]TnpIbpw {]Kev`bmb Hcp hoembnocpIbpw sNpp.Xs tk\mwKfpsS HutZymKnIhpw kzImcyhpamb Imcyfnep A{]XonXamb CSs]SepI {SqlntbmbpsS hnt\mZhpw AXnep]cn cmjv{SobIpSneX{hpambncpp.\jvSs A[nImctm No^ns A{]oXnp ImcWamWv I{_mfns\ AepXv.I{_mfns IYm]m{XneqsS Khsan\p thn khXpw kanm Xmdmb {SqlntbmbpsS tk\mwKfpsS Iqdns\pdnpw,AXn\v Ahsc kcmp {Sqlntbm F AXnka\mb `cWm[nImcnbpsS a\:imkv{X]camb inWsfpdnpap hyamb Nn{Xw IqSn t\mh \evIpp. {SqlntbmbpsS Ahkm\Znhknse Ipsd aWnqdpIsf tI{oIcnXmWv cmas IY. `cWX{sfpdnpw,kzw cmPyspdnpap hym[nI, hm[Iyw Gevnp imcocnI{]iv\fpsS BIpeXI Fnhsbpdnp at\mKXfneqsS {Sqlntbm F `cWm[nImcn \psS apnsepp.tPm F^v.sIUn {]knUmbncp Imev Atacnbpambpw Imkvt{Sm {]knUmbncp Imev Iyq_bpambpw \Sntmcp ioXIme kacsfpdnpw ,{]p_v[amb Amcmjv{S_sfpdnpw slbvnIsf IqsmesNbvXXSap kw`hsfpdnpw {Sqlntbm Hmnpp.ChnsS {SqlntbmbpsS IYm]m{Xw {]mbm[nIyhpw AXns ^eamb jWvUXzhpw, B\nb{Wanmbvabpw sImv IjvSXb\p`hnpp. 1961s ]men \Sp aqmas IYbn {Sqlntbmhns\ h[nm\p ]XnIfpambn KqVmtemN\m hgnbn Imp\npp.kmhtZm,AamZotm, AtmWntbm Cwv,AtmWntbm Un em amk FnhcmWv {Sqlntbm h[nse KqVmtemN\m.sabv 30---\v {Sqlntbm h[nsSpXn\v HcmgvNapv \Sp kw`h hnImkfmWv Cu `mKfn. Hmtcm sImebmfnpw KqVmtemN\bn ]sSppXn XfptSXmb \ymbhmZfpv. BZyw Khsans hnizkvX tkhIcmbncp Ah ]noSv {Sqlntbmhn\mepw AbmfpsS tk\bmepw Ipw NpashcmWv.ChcpsS IYbpambn _sSpnsImmWv Ames {]ikvXcmb {SqlnbnIfpsS {]hrnIsfpdnv tbmk hniZoIcnpXv. bpdm\nbbpsS IYbpsS BImwbmIs Ahkm\w hsc \s hnpt]mIpn. Ahkm\s A[ymbnemWv B clkyw ]pdmhpXv.t{]mkvt{Sv Iymkdpw hmIyns ssewKnI tijnpdhpw D {Sqlntbmhn\v bpdm\nbbpambn ssewKnI_ntesSm Ignbpn.Abm bpdm\nbbpsS I\yImXzw ssIhncepI sImv Ihcpp. t\mhens Ahkm\ A[ymbfn aqv IYmXpfpw hn BthKn sIp]ncnbpp.Cu A[ymbfn t\mhens kzcw CcpXmWv. `oXnZamb ]oU\cwKfmWv Cu A[ymbfn Nn{XoIcnsSpXv..Ico_nb Zzo]nse Xs IpSpw_mwKfpambn C\n taen kw ]pepsav Xocpam\npsImv bpdm\nb Xncnpt]mIm XmsdSpv \SptXmSv IqSn t\mh Ahkm\npp. Ncn{Xw, i-amb cmjv{Sobw, A[n-Im-cw, BWns tamtm-bvabpsS Ghpw lo\hpw {Iqchp-amb BhnjvIm-cw,hn`n---fmb ]pcp-j-Im-gvN-I XpSn enwK-]-cX-bnepw enwKm-[n-]-Xy-nepw kp-jvS-ambn \nNn--sSm ]Iz-ambn \nevp IrXn-bmWv BSns hncp-v. Cs\ i-amb ]pcp-jm-[n-]Xy {]h-W-X-bp Hcp t\mhens\ ka-Im-eo\ bpK-nse Hcp kv{Xo ]cn-`m-j-s-Sp-p-tm AXv "hnhI' F kvss{XW-enw-Ks GXnS-n-emWv {]Xn-jvTn-p--Xv Fv AS-bm-f-s-Sp-m-\mWv C\n {i-an-p--Xv.

5.BSns hncpnse enwK]Zhn LSI

{Sqln-tbm-bpsS GIm-[n-]-Xyhpw c-I-ep-jn-X-amb ss]Xr-Ihpw cmjv{Sob D]-Pm-]-fpw Ncn-{X-kw-`-hp ]nnse bmYmy-fpw BSns hncp-n hnhcn--s-Sp-p-v. AXyw kvtXm`-P-\-Ihpw, \mS-Io-b-hpamWv {Sqln-tbm-bpsS h[w.{Sqlntbm h[-n-\p-tijw KqVm-tem-N-\-m Pbn-en- Gp-hm-p ]oV-\-ap-d-I-fpsSbpw sIme-]m-X-I--fp-sSbpw hnh-c-W- hmb-\-m-cn Adpw shdppw `oI-c-Xbpw krjvSn-p-p-v. A[n-Imc-ns Ghpw {Iqcamb Zphn-\n-tbmKw F \nebvv ssewKn-I-Xbpw Cu IrXn-bn BhnjvIcnsncnpp. A[n-Im-c-a-Xn-{`-a-ns Ghpw lo\-amb Ah-bmWnXv.B-c-Xn-bp-sSbpw Alwt_m-[-n-sbpw Bhn-jvImcw--.ssewKn-I-ssh-Ir-X--fpsS Cu Bhn-jvImcw tIh-e-amb cXn-h-\-bvpdv Ncn-{X-n Fm-m-epw CSs]pt]mnp A[n-Imchpw XrjvWbpw Xn-ep kqva-eo-\m-h--bp-sSbpw,kwLj--fp-sSbpw Hm-s-Sp- IqSn-bmWv. 6

kw`mjW{][m\amWv t\mh.Alwt_m[w,hnp \nevp BtImbva,A[nImcns aXn{`aw CXnssbmw Bcq]amWv {][m\ IYm]m{Xamb {Sqlntbm.{SqlntbmbpsS BKXfpw kw`mjWfpw \ntj[mIhpw ]cnlmk{][m\hpw {Iucyw \ndXpamWv.t\mhens apgph `mhsbpw CXv kzm[o\nppv.{SqlntbmbpsS BKXfnepw kw`mjWfnepw \ndp \np {Iucyw,Ak`yfpsSbpw, AoefpsSbpw shnpd ]dn Fnh t\mhens ]pcpj`mhs Ddnppv.Cu `mKfn tZiy`mjmt`Z \nch[n D]tbmKnnpv.Ccw LSIfn hnh\w aqetm Hcp]Sn apn \npXp ImWmw. DZmlcWw 1 cmPyv D]tcm[w \ne\nevptm kzw IpSpw_w Xs cmPyn\v ]pdtbvv ]Ww ISpXns\ {Splntbm iambn FXnpp.sk\ Nndnt\mknt\mSv AXv hnem BhiySpp.{Sqlntbm cp kzcn ChnsS kwkmcnpp.cmPy`cWspdnp {SqlntbmbpsS HutZymKnI`mjWnepw IpSpw_spdnp kzImcy`mjWnepap hyXymkw {inpI {Sqlntbm Nndnt\mknt\mSv aqew Youre lucky you never married,that you dont have a family,Trujillo continued.You must have thought that it was a misfortune not to have any children.Bullshit!The great mistake of my life has been my family.My brothers,my own wife,my children.Have you ever seen disasters like them?Their only horizon is booze,pesos,and fucking.Is there one of them capable of continuing my work?Isnt it a shame that at a time like this,Ramfis and Radhams are playing polo in Paris instead of standing at my side?(P -141) The order stands he said changing his tone and the subject at the same time. Nobody, least of all a Trujillo, takes money out of the country while the sanctions are in effect.(P- 142) hnh\w \n `mKyhm\mWv.s]p sInbnn.hoSpw IpSpw_hpsampan.{Sqlntbm XpSp.IpnIfnmXv \n`mKyamsWv Bm ]dbpw.ipammsmen F\nv PohnXn ]nW Ghpw henb A_w Fs hopImcmWv.Fs ktlmZcam,`mcy a.C{Xbpw apSn hlIsf FhnsSsbnepw Inptm. Ip IpSnpI, ImipmpI, s]p]nSnpI.CXp am{Xtabpq AhcpsS Xebn.Fs tPmen XpSpsImv t]mIm Ignhp Hcps\nepaptm? Cu apSn Imev Fs IqsS \npXn\p ]Icw ]mcokn t]mbn t]mtfm Ifnpp. Fsmcp \mWtSv. Fs Dchv \ne\nevpp.hnjbhpw kzchpw Htc t]mse amnsmv {Sqlntbm ]dp. D]tcm[w \ne\nptm Hscmbmfpw cmPyn\p ]pdtbvv ]Ww IScpXv.{Sqlntbm IpSpw_ Hpw.(]pdw 146). Ime--fmbn ]pcp-j-m ssIImcyw sNbvXp-h-cp Ncn{Xw, bp-,kwL--\w, cmjv{So-bw, ssewKnIX XpS-nb {]ta-b-sf kv{Xo Bhn-jvI-cn-p -Xp-S-pIbmWnhnsS. kv{Xo`mjWns s]mXp[mcW ChnsS XInSw adnbpp.\ne-\np `mj Xs ]pcpjtI{nXamIbm kv{Xosbgpv Xs Hcp \nebvv BsWgpv XsbmWv. HscgppImcs iamb ]pcpjm[n]Xykz`mhap IrXn kv{Xo hnh\w sNptmgmIs Cusbmcp {]hWX CcnbmhpIbmWv sNpXv. ChnsS kv{XokzXzw asm-cn-S-ntev ]cmh\w sNsSpp. hnh\w sNp IrXntbmSv HpIn AanXamb ASpw Asn Hcp kv] hnhIcn DSseSppXv kzm`mhnIamWv.Cu ASphpw kv]bpw IrXnbpsS Imhntepw ZoLntmw. hnh\w sNp kabp IrXnbpsS Imhpw hnhIcpw Xnep kfpw,enwK]Zhn F LSIns CSs]SepIfpw Cu {]hWXsb A[nIampp. Hcp FgppImcs IrXn hnh\w sNp- kv{Xobvv sshIm-cn-I-ambn ]nXmm Ign-bm Ah-I t\mh-en Bhn-jvI-cn--s-Sp-p-m-hmw.Ccnep {]iv\sf adnISm\p Hcp ]cnlmcw F \nebvv kv{XobpsS IrXnI kv{XoIfpw ]pcpjamcpsS IrXnI ]pcpjamcpw hnh\w sNpXmWv \sX \ntZiw s^an\nv hnhI aptmv hbvppvv31 Hcp ]pcpjtI{nX hyhbpsS/hyhkvYbnse kv{XohnhI FXpsImv FmWv AamsSpsXv s^an\nv hnhIbmb kqk Pn sehn tNmZnppv.kv{Xosbbpw kv{Xo`mjysfbpw ]cnlknsgpXnbncnp Im_vddm C^ns eml_m\ ]mc AC^v Un^ptm F IrXnbpsS hnh\spdnv kwkmcnptmgmWv sehn Cu {]iv\w DbnpXv.Ccw IrXnI hnhI F \nebn kv{Xosb FhnsSbmWv {]XnjvTnpXv?Bmcm[\bpsS {][n[z\nbmb aqecq]s HcnIqSn Bhnp Ah bYmn CchIct?AbpsS A\mhp]tbmKnpsImv almamcpsS NnIsfbpw Bibsfbpw {]Xn^ennp Ah Hcn hnizmkhI XsbmWv.]pcpj tI{nX ]mccynse Hcp ]pcpj ]mTns hnhI kv{XoIsfbpw AhfpsS hmpIsfbpw hnpp..(Levin quoted in Venuti 2006:326). hnh\s Ipdnp sehns Cu A`n{]mbw BSns hncpns\ kw_nv Acmn Xs icnbmIpXv ImWmw.Cu hnh\n hnhI ]pcpj\p thn kwkmcnpIbmWv.Hcp Xcnepap sIp]mSpIfpanmsX.t\mhen {]XysSp Ak`yw \nd ]pcpjkw`mjWfn CXv IqSpX {]ISamWv.GXp `mjbnepw "sXdnhmv' Fp hyhlcnsSp `mjmLSIw kmam\yambn A[nImchpambn _sv \npXmW;v khntijambn AXn\v av [z\nI Dsnepw.sXdnhmpI ]pcpj`mjWfnemWv s]mXphn IphcpXv.A[nImcw tNmZyw sNsSpIbpw A[nImcn\v Den kw`hnpp F tXm P\nptmgmWv km[mcWbmbn sXdn{]tbmK t_m[]qtam At_m[]qtam kw`mjWn ISphcmdpXv.`cWtatmbvabnepw ssewKnI tatmbvabnepw Den kw`hnp ]mT`mKsf BhnjvIcnptm BSns hncpn \nch[n sXdnhmpI 7

{]tbmKnsnpv. {]tXyInv AXnImiyw BhiysSp IYmk`fn CXv \psS s]mXp[mcWIsfbpw Ihp hbvpp.ChnsS ]pcpj`mjysf Hcn IqSn Bhnm hnhI \n_nXbmIpp.t\mhen \ne\np ]mcpjys ]qWambn hnh\n \ne\nW saXmbncpncnWw hnhIbpsS {iaw.]t Cu DZya s]sgpns khntij`mhfn \nv ]pcpjkzcntev hnh\s \bnpp.]mT`mKp \np DZmcW t\mmw. {]knUv _emtKzdns t\Xrznep ]pXnb sUtam{ImnIv cmjv{Snse Aw_mkU sk\ Nndnt\mkv temI_mv \evInb kzoIcWn {SqlntbmbpsS Ahkm\Imes Hcp [oc{]hrnsbpdnv {]kwKnpXn {SqlntbmbpsS kw`mjWnse Ak`y]Z{]tbmKsfpdnv ]cmaifpv. DZmlcWw 2 aqew I have been a well-loved man.A man who has held in his arms the most beautiful women in this country.They have given me the energy to go on.Without them,I never could have done what I did.(He raised his glass to the light,examined the liquid,confirmed its transparency,the sharpness of its colour.)Do you know which was the best of all the cunts I fucked?(Forgive me ,my friends ,for the vulgarity,the diplomat apologized,Im quoting Tujillo exactly.)(He paused again,inhaled the bouquet of his glass of brandy.The silvery head looked for and found,in the circle of gentlemen listening to him,the fat ,livid face of the minister.And he concluded:)Froilans wife!(P-62) hnh\w _mdtlmWbn sUma\n ]mn t\Xm No^n\p \Inb kzoIcWn AhnSs {][m\nIsfmw ]sSpncpp.Ah Umkv sNbvXp,aZy]np.hfsc sshInbtm No^v Dtajhm\mbn ]gb kvacWI Abhndn....]mn Ahkm\np thfbn KrlmXpcXzw \nd Hcp hnImcXcf`mhw apJp hcpnsmv,GtXm Hcp Zu_eyn\v IogSp t]mse {Sqlntbm ]dp. Hcp]mSv t]cpsS t{]an\v Rm ]m{Xambnpv.cmPys Ghpw kpcnIfmb kv{XoIfpsS BenwK\n Aanpv.{]h\fn apgpIm\p Duw F\np ]IXv AhcmWv. Ahcnmbn cpsn Rm sNbvXnp Imcysfmpw sNm F\np km[npambncpn.(mv shfnns t\pbn AXns kpXmcyXbpw XovWXbpw \ndhpw Abm Ddp hcpn.)Rm ]nbnpXn hv Ghpw anI ]qdnbmcmsWdnbptam?.Ak`y ]Zap]tbmKnpXn anWw, \bX{{]Xn\n[n am]WtmsS XpSp.{Sqlntbm ]d hmNIw Rm IrXyambn DcnpIbmWv.Abm hopw \ndpn. {_mUnmnse Kamhmlnp. Xs {inp kZkycpsSbnSbn a{nbpsS Nop Icphmfn apJw.Abm ]dhkm\nnp t{^mbvems `mcy!(]pdw 69) AXp t]mse {SqlntbmbpsS kw`mjW Bhntn hcp ]mT`mKsmw ap IYm]m{X X {SqlntbmbpsS kw`mjW DcnpI am{XamWv sNpsXv Gp]dbppapv. DZmlcWw 3 HutZymKnI]Zhn hosSppXn\v kzw aIsf Xs {Sqlntbmbvv ImgvNhXnse hntZzjmSpw AajtmSpw IqSn aI bpdm\nb ]mLmXw ]nSns] At\mSv IbppXp ImWpI. aqew He visited them when the wives were beautiful.My mother was beautiful,wasnt she?I dont remember him coming here,but he might have before I was born.What did my mother do?Did she accept it?Did she feel happy,proud of the honour?That was the norm wasnt it?Good Dominican women were grateful when the Chief deigned to fuck them.You think thats vulgar?But that was the verb your beloved Chief used. Yes ,that one.Urania knows,she hs read it in her extensive library on the Era.At night ,after a few glasses of Carlos 1Spanish brandy ,Trujillo ,so careful,refined,elegent in his speech a snake charmer when he set his mind to it-would suddenly come out with the filthiest words ,talk the way they talk on a sugar plantation,in the bateys,among the stevedores on the Ozama,in the stadiums or brothels, talk the way men talk when they need to feel more macho than they really are.(P -60). hnh\w a{namcpsS `mcyam kpcnIfmsWnemWv No^v Ahsc kinncpXv.Fs A kpcnbmbncpp Ct.AbmfnhnsS hXmbn Rm Hmpn.Hcp ]t Rm P\npXn\v apmhWw.Fs A Atmsgp sNbvXp.A AXp kXnpthm? Abvv AXn ktmjw tXmnbncppthm? B _lpaXnbn A`nam\nncppthm? s]mXpthbp coXn AXmbncpp,At? No^v Xtfmsbmw t\ctmn\p hcptm \ sUman\n tXhnSnnI IrXcmbncnpw.(aqense {Inbm]Zw hnh\n \ma]Zambn amdpp.)hjfmb `mj Fv ]bvv tXmpptm AbpsS No^v D]tbmKn ]ZamWnXv. hfsc {im]qhw ,kwkvImc]qhw AtmsS kwkmcnp {Sqlntbm cm{Xnbn GXm\pw mv Imtemkv 1 kv]m\njv {_mn AIp sN tijw s]mSps\ Ghpw hrnsI ]Z D]tbmKnm XpSpw Icnn tXmnsetbm ]kmc ^mIvSdnbnsetbm Iqenmcp]tbmKnp `mj.Hkmabnse IIqenm ssaXm\fnepw thiymebfnepw ]dbp `mj.DXnepw IqSpX BWw thWsav tXmptm BWpfp]tbmKnp `mj.(]pdw 60) DZmlcWw 4 8

{Sqlntbm Xs ssewKnIambn IogvsSpnb cm{Xnsbpdn bpdm\nbbpsS hniZoIcWfn ]pcpj`mjbn kwkmcntn hXns\pdnp am]Ww IqSnbpv. aqew He was disappointed.Now I know why,but that night I didnt.I was slender,very thin,and he liked full bodied women with prominent breast and hips. Voluptuous women.A typically tropical taste.He even must have thought about sending this skeleton back to Ciudad Trujillo.Do you know why he didnt ? Because the idea of breaking a virgins cherry excites men. Aunt Adelina moans .Her wrinkled fist raised,her mouth half opened in an expression of horror and censure,she implores her ,grimacing, but does not manage to say a word. Forgive my frankness,Aunt Adelina.its something he said,later.Im quoting him exactly, I swear:Breaking a virgins cherry excites men.Petan,that animal Petan, gets more excited breaking them with his finger. (P- 460) hnh\w Abmv ss\cmiya\p`hsp.AsXpsImmsWv Ctmsg\ndnbmw.]t Av B cm{Xnbn F\nXdnbnmbncpp.saenp t\v NcSpt]msebmbncpp Rm.Abmv \nd icochpw FSpp]nSn apeIfpw Acspap s]ptfmSmWp Xmev]cyw.aZmekIfmb s]p.IrXyambnpw DjvWtaJemcpsS A`ncpNn.Cu An]cs knbpZmZv {Sqlntbmbntev XncnbpXns\pdnp t]mepw AbmfmtemNnncnpw.FpsImmWXv sNmXncpsXdnbmtam?I\yIamcpsS sNdnbpSbvpXv BWpv DtP\apmpsa tXm sImmWv. BUen\m Ambn Cs\ ]p hnfnp ]dbpXn anWw Abm ]dXmWXv.kXyambnpw Abm ]d AtX hmpI Rm BhnXmWv.I\yIamcpsS sNdnbpSbvpXv BWpsf DtPnnpw.B Pp ]o\v hncep hv AXpSbvptm IqSpX InbmIpw.(]pdw 462) sUma\n dnnns\ B{Ianm bpssWUv tvkv assds\ Abbvpsa A`yqls {Sqlntbm \nmchevcnpp.B \nmchevIcWneqsS B{]iwk IqSn \Spp {Sqlntbm.{SqlntbmbpsS kw`mjWfn \ndp \nevp Alwt_m[s Hp IqSn Bhntn hcpp hnh\n. {Sqlntbm assd\n Xs ]cnioeI\mbncp sskaWnt\mSv ]dbpp. DZmlcWw 5 aqew Trujillo is not one of those leaders who abandon power when the bullets fly.I learned what honor is at your side,in the Marines.I learned that one is a man of honor at every moment.And men of honor dont run.they fight ,and if they have to die,they die fighting.Not Kennedy or the OAS,not Betancourt the repulsive black faggot or Fidel Castro the Communist,none of them is going to make Trujillo run from the country that owes everything it is to him. The Constitutional Sot began to clap,but when many hands were lifted to follow suit ,Trujillos gaze cut short the applause . Do you know what the difference is between those cowards and me,Simon ?he continued ,looking into the eyes of his old instructor .I was trained in the Marine Corps of the United States of America.Ive never forgotten it. You taught me,in Haina and in San Pedro de Macors.Do you remember?Those of us from that first calss of the Dominican National Police are made of iron.Rancorous People said DNP stood for Dominican Niggers Panic.The truth is, that class of men changed the country,they created it.Im not surprised that what youre doing for this nation because you are real Marine,like me.A loyal man.Who dies without bowing his head,looking at the sky like Arabian horses.Simon,no matter how badly your country behaves ,I bear it no grudge.Because I owe what I am to the Marines. One day the United States will regret being ungrateful to its Caribbean partner and friend.(P-204-05) hnh\w shSnbpI Nodnmp hcpXp Iv A[nImcapt]npbmf {Sqlntbm.Av FmsemsWv assdkn hv Xmfn \nmWv ]TnXv.Hmtcm \nanjhpw Hcm Aph \mbncnpsav Rm ]Tnp.Ap a\pjy cstmSpIbn.Ah s]mcpXnsmncnpw. acnpIbmsan s]mcpXnacnpw.sIUntbm HFFtm B hrnsI Ip Idp s_tImtm IyqWnpImc ^nZ Imkvt{Smtbm Hpw hnNmcnm,{Sqlntbm ]WnsXSp Cu cmPyp \nv Abmsf HmSnm Ignbn. B `ocpfpw Rm\pw XnsemWp hyXymksadnbptam sska? Abm Xs ]gb ]cnioeIs Intep t\mnsmv XpSp.F\np ]cnioe\w e`nXv bpssWUv tvkv Hm^v AtacnbpsS assd tIm]vkn \nmWv.Rm\Xv Hcnepw adn.slbv\mbnepw kms]t{Zm Un atImdnepw \nfmsWs ]TnnXv,Hm pptm sUma\n \mj\ t]menkn \np Hmcn s]bmmcmbncp R CcppsImpXohcmbncpp. Un F ]n Fm "sUma\n \ntKkv ]m\nIv' FmWsav Akqbmep ]dncpp.kXyn B Xcn s]bmmcmWv cmPys amnadnXv.krjvSnsSpXv.Cu cmjv{Sn\p thn \n sNp Imcy Fs 9

AZv`pXsSppn.ImcWw \n Hcp assd\mWvFstmse hnizkvXXbpbm.Xe Ip\nmsX BImitp t\mn acnph.Ad_ncXncIsftmse.sska \nfpsS cmPyw F{X tamiambn s]cpamdnbmepw Rm hntZzjw ]pepIbn..ImcWw Rm FmtWm AXn\v Rm assd\pItfmSv ISsncnpp. Xs Ico_nb ]mfnbpw kplrpamb cmPytmSv \ntISp ImWnXn Hcp Znhkw bpssWUv tvkv tJZnpw.(]pdw 209) Cu JWvUnI,Cu hmIy Fn\v CXnse hmpI t]mepw ]pcpjkh\mafnepw kwIfnepamWv kwkmcnpXv. bpdm\nbbpsamp ]cmPbs thgvNsbpdnv {Sqlntbm Hmp Ahkcfnsemw ]mT`mKv Ak`y]Z [mcmfw D]tbmKnpImWpp.{SqlntbmbpsS BWns ]cmPbamWv hmkvXhn {Sqlntbm F `cWm[nImcnsb Ghpw IqSpX ]cmPbsSppXv.{SqlntbmbpsS ]cmPbs ASbmfsSpm t\mhenp]tbmKnp hmpIfnepw Ak`y]Z{]tbmK ImWmw. DZmlcWw 6 aqew This wasnt an enemy he could defeat like the hundreds,the thousands he had confronted and conquered over the years,buying them,intimidating them,killing them. This lived inside him,flesh of his flesh,blood of his blood.It was destroying him at precisely the time he need to be stronger and healthier than ever.That skinny little cunt had brought him bad luck.(P- 18) Cgn sImf{Xbpw Xm tXmevnpIbpw hnebvp hmpIbpw \mWw sISppIbpw sImpIfbpIbpw sNbvX BbncWn\v i{Xpfn \nv hyXykvXamWnXv.CXv AbmfpsS Dn AbmfpsS amwkns amwkhpw cns chpambn Pohnp HmWv.IqSpX Icppw BtcmKyhpw thWsap kabsmw AXv IrXyambn Abmsf tXm]npw.saenpWnb B ]pebmSntam Abmv Zu`mKyamWv sImphXv.(]pdw 25) BSns hncpnse kv{XoIsfpdnv ]cmainp `mjW kv{XoIsf ]cnlmky IYm]m{Xtfm D]t`mKhkvXptfm BbmWv ASbmfSppXv.^vteUnbmb tUmWm acnb, {Sqlntbm can kv{Xo IYm]m{X, bpdm\nb Fnhscpdnv {Sqlntbm \Sp kw`mjWsfmw Xs ]pw \ndXpw, Ak`yhpw Aoehpw IeXpamWv.IYm]m{XfpsS enwK]Zhnbv\pkcnv kv{Xo]cmaifnse kzcfn GpdnepI kw`hnpXv ImWmw.Htc Imcyns \mevv hyXykvX kw`mjW ImWpI. Xm Ghpw B{Kln aI dmw^nkv cmjv{Sobn ImWnp \nwK`mhn {Sqlntbm tJZnpp.Cu tJZ{]IS\ns `mjbn ASnbncnp sseKnIXbpsSbpw enwKm[n]Xynsbpw kqN\I kv{Xosb Fs\bmWv Nn{XoIcnpsXv ImWpI. DZmlcWw 7 aqew Ah,If only Ramfis,the son he had longed for,were capable of continuing his work.But he did not have the slightest interst in politics or the country;all he cared about was booze,polo, and women.Fuck!General Ramfis Trujillo, head of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Dominican Republic,playing polo and fucking the dancers at the Lido in Paris while his father did battle here alone against the Church,The United States ,conspirators,and cretins like Pupo Romn.He moved his head,trying to shake off those bitter thoughts.In an hour and a half he would be in San Cristbal,in the peaceful refuge of the Fundacin Ranch surrounded by fields and gleaming stables,beautiful woods ,the broad Nigua River,whose unhurried movement through the valley he would observe through the tops of Mahogany trees,royal palms,and the great cashew tree by the house on the hill. It would do him good to wake there tomorrow, stroking the sweet little body of Yolanda Esterel as he contemplated the tranquil,unsullied landscape.It was the prescription of Petronius and King Solomon:a fresh little cunt to restore youth to a veteran of seventy years.(P 348) hnh\w Xmt\hpam{Kln Xs aI dmw^nkn\v Xs {]hrn XpSpsImpt]mIm\mbncpsn!]t, Ah\v cmjv{Sobntem cmPyns Imcyfntem bmsXmcp Xmev]cyhpan.]qkmh, t]mtfm, s]pBsI AXmWv Ah\p Xmev]cyw.Hs Dun. sUma\n dnnns kmbp[tk\m s]mXphn`mKw ta[mhn P\d dmw^nkv {Sqlntbm ]mcnknse entUmbn t]mtfm IfnpIbpw I UmkpImcnspfpambn atcn]mSn \SpIbpw.Ahs A\mIs k`bpambnpw bpssWUv tvkpambpw KqVmtemN\mcpambpw ]yqtm tdmas\tmep sambpIfpambnpw Hbvv bpw sNpp.... Hc aWnqdn\pn Xm km{Intm_ensepw. ^mkntbm tdnse kam[m\]qWamb A`bm\v.hbepIfpw IpXncmebfpw at\mlcamb ImSpw hoXntbdnb \nKzm\Znbpw sImv Nps ew.hoSn\Spv Ipnse atlmKWnhrfpsSbpw cmPIobamb ]\IfpsSbpw IqIipamhnsbpw DnsmpInSbneqsS ]pgbpsS aKXn Xm \nconpw.imn \nd \naeamb {]IrXnbpsS kucyamkzZnpsImv ,sbmemU Fdens a[pcw \nd sNdpicocw XmtemenptImv,\msf AhnsS DWsgptevpXv Abmv KpWw sNpw.s]t{SmWnbnsbpw tkmfa cmPmhnsbpw IpdnSnb\pkcnmWXv.Fgp]Xv hbmb hr\v \hbuh\w XncnsInm thXv Hcp ]pXp]p ]pebmSnn.(]pdw 353) {SqlntbmbpsS hchpw Imv \np KqVmtemN\mcmb sNdpmcpsS kw`mjW nepw kv{Xosb D]t`mKhkvXphns\ \njv{]bmkw ImWmw, {inpI. DZmlcWw 8 aqew 10

It seemed like a dream,Imbert mused. Difficult,and a long way off.Like when youre a kid and imagine youll be a hero,an explorer,a movie satr.Damn,I still cant believe itll be tonight. If he comes ,Salvador grumbled. Ill bet anything you want,Turk,Amadito repeated,full of conviction. The thing that makes me wonder is that todays Tuesday,Antonio de la Maza complained.He always goes to Sanb Cristbal on Wednessday. Youre one of the adjutants,Amadito,and you know that better than anybody.Why did he changed the day? I dont know why,insisted the lieutenant. But hell go.He put on his olive-green uniform.He ordered the blue Chevrolet.Hell go. He must have a nice piece of ass waiting for him at Mahogany House,said Antonio Imbert. A brand-new one thats never been opened. If you dont mind ,lets talk about something else.Salvador cut him off. I always forget we cant talk about asses in front of a saint like you,the man at the wheel apologized. Lets just say he has something nice planned in San Cristbal.Can I say it like that, Turk?Or does that offend your apostolic ears too?(P-32) hnh\w Hcp kz]v\w t]mse tXmpp,Cws_v ]dp.hnizknm hnjaw tXmpp.Hcp]mSv Zqscsbnbt]mseIpnbmbncnptm \ hnNmcnnt, henb [oc\mhpw, ]cyth\mhpw, kn\nam\S\mhpw Fsms.tO, F\nntmgpw hnizmkw hcpn AXv Cv cm{Xn \Spsav. Abm hm kmhtZm apcp. Rm s_p hbvmw, AamZotm DdtmsS Bhnp. Cp sNmmgvNbmWtm, AtmWntbm Un emamkm ]dp. Abm km[mcW km{Intm_en t]mImdv _p[\mgvNtXmdpat?AXpsImmWv F\np kwibw tXmpXv AamZotm, \o AbmfpsS AUvPpt?\n\v Imcy IptdqSn \mbndnbmatm FmWbm XobXn amnbXv? ImcWw F\ndnbn.]t, Abm Fmbmepw t]mIpw, Xo.se^vv\v hopw Ddv \In.Henhv {Ko bqWnt^mw [cnnpv.\oe jhse Cdm ]dnpapv. atlmKWn lukn sImmhp GsXnepw Ncv FnbnpmIpw.]pXp]p, Bcpw sXmpt\mnbnnm Xcw,AtmWntbm Cw_v ]dp. hntcm[ansn \apv thsdsbsnepw ]dbmw,kmhtZm CSs]p. Hm, \nstmsemcp ]pWymfs apn hv NcpIsfn ]dbcpsX Imcyw Rm adpt]mIpp,nbdnn\pSpncp Abm a tNmZnp.km{In_en ckIcamb Ftm Nne ]XnI Abm Bkq{XWw sNbvXnpsv amndmtem?As\ ]dbmtam Xpo?AtXm \ns sslnI {ihtW{nbv AXnepw {][ntj[aptm?(]pdw 39). HutZymKnI]Zhn hosSppXn\v Xs D]tbmKnXpt]mse hfbpsS ]ShpI Nhpnbdm Xs Asbbpw D]tbmKsSpntbm Fv bpdm\nb Xs ]nXmhnt\mSv ImiytmsS Xs kwkmcnpp,]nXmhns tcmKmh t]mepw IWmmsX.Fm bpdm\nbbpsS kw`mjWw Ak`yntev hgpXntmIppan. No^n\v Xs Asbbpw ImgvNshncptm Fv bpdm\nb AajmsS At\mSv tNmZnpp. DZmlcWw 9 aqew Ive become an expert on Trujillo.Instead of playing bridge or golf ,or riding horses ,or going to the opera ,my hobby has been finding out what happened during those years.Its a shame we cant have a conversation.You could clarify so many things for me, you lived them arm in arm with your beloved Chief, who repaid your loyalty so shabbily.For insatance, I would have liked for you to tell me if His Excellency also took my mother to bed. Did you allow it?Resign yourself to it?Use it to further your career?(P-55) hnh\w Rm Ctmsgmcp {Sqlntbm hnZKv[bmbnpv--{_nUvtPm tKmt^m Ifnmt\m IpXnc khmcntm Hscm ImWmt\m t]mImsX, B ImeLn FmWv kw`hnsXv IspIbmWv Fs tlm_n.\apv kwkmcnm IgnbmsX t]mbXv IjvSambntmbn.Ipsdmcy hyamncm ]bvv Ignbpambncpp.No^v Atbvp {]nbs Bfmbncpnt?AbmfpsS ssI tImp]nSnt Ap \SncpXv.Abm B hnizkvXXbvv \nyamb {]Xn^ehpw Xp.F\nv Hcp Imcyadnm sImmsapv.lnkv FIvkekn Fs AbpsS IqsSbpw InSnptm? Av AX\phZntm kXnv ASnbncptm.DbbpsS ]ShpI Ibdm thn AXp]tbmKsSpntbm?(]pdw 62). {SqlntbmbpsS aI dmw^nknsbpw acpaI t]m^odntbmhnsbpw BWs XmcXayw sNp t\mhenns Xs `mjbn BtImbva AXns DmbnbnsepXp ImWmw. 11

DZmlcWw 10 aqew Poor Ramfis.He suspected that his son didnt even like women very much.He liked the appearance,he liked people to say he was the best lover in the country,better even than Porfirio Rubirosa,the Dominican known all over the world for the size of his prick and his prowess as an international cocksman.Was the great fucking machine playing polo with his sons on the field of Bagatelle?The fondness he had felt for Porfirio ever since hed joined his corps of military adjutants,a feeling he still had despite the failed marriage to his oldest daughter ,Flore de Oro improved his mood.Porfirio had ambition and he had fucked great cunts from the Frenchwoman Danielle Darrieux to the multimillionaire Barbara Hutton,without giving them so much as a bouquet of flowers;instead he squeezed them and became rich at their expense.(P -24) hnh\w ]mhw dmw^nkv!Xs aI\v kv{Xo hnjn icnp Xmev]cyw t]mepapmhnsv Abmp tXmn.AhcpsS cq]w CjvSamWv.cmPys Fhpw henb ImapI\mWv Xms\v innSnI ]dp\SpXpw CjvSamWv.enwKns henhpw Amcmjv{S tImgnchpw sImv hniz{]knn t\Snb t]m^odntbm dq_ntdmktbm tIa\msWp ]dp \Sppv.Ghpw DZm\mb B ^nMv sajo _mKmsXn ssaXm\v Xs atfmsSmw t]mtfm Ifnpptm?t]m^odntbm anendn AUvPppIfpsS tk\bn tN Ap apX Abmv Aht\msStm Hcp hmeyw A\p`hsncpp.B Hma AbmfpsS aqUv icnbmn.Ctmgpw Abmv AtX hmeyw Dv.dq_ntdmkbpambn Xs aq aI ^vtfm Un HtdmkbpsS hnhmlw XIXn\p tijhpw.Dbpbv t]mIWsav Xmev]cyaph\mWv t]m^ndntbm.\nch[n tIas tXhnSnnIsf Ah ]nbnpv.{^pImcn Um\ntbse Zmcnbq apX htImSoizcn _m_dm l hsc.Hcp ]qsnepdw Hpw Xs Ah Ahmpw sImSpnn.]Icw Ahsc ]ngnqnsbSpv AhcpsS sNehn [\nI\mbn.(]pdw 31) apIfn sImSpncnp \mev DZmlcWfpw GXmv Htc Imcyspdnp XsbmWv {]Zn]mZnpXv.Fm {SqlntbmbpsS IYm]m{Xw ]dbptm AXv Ak`ynsbpw AXncpI t`Znpp.KqVmtemN\mcn AXv bphmfpsS kw`mjWnteXp t]mse BhnjvIcnsncnpp.bpdm\nbbntesptmtgv AXns hocyw \t Ipdpt]mbnpXpw ImWmw.ChnsS hnhI kv{Xobvp thnbpw ]pcpj\p thnbpw kwkmcnpp. ChnsS `mjbn kv{Xo hn`nkzXzfneqsS amdnamdn kcnpXp ImWmw. D]t`mKhkvXp FXn Ihnv kv{Xobvv GsXnepw Xcnep khntij ASbmf Cu IrXnI \evIpXmbn tXmpn.t\mhense {][m\ kv{Xo IYm]m{Xamb bpdm\nb I{_m t]mepw Xm hnt[bamIp ssewKnI]oU\pdv s_\n^mIvSsd AwKoIcnpXns kqN\Ifpw ImWmw. bpdm\nb Ikn\mb eqknUnbmSv ]dbpp. DZmlcWw 11 aqew I lied to you ,Lucinda,I dont have a lover.She smiles vaguely,her voice still breaking. Ive never had one, I never will.Do you want to know everything, Lucindita? No man has ever laid a hand on me again since that time.My only man was Trujillo.Its true.(P- 470) hnh\w eqknUnm, Rm \ntmSv shdpsX ]dXmWv.F\nv ImapIs\mpan,Ah anb Hcp Nncn Nncnp.AhfpsS i_vZw ]Xdnbncpp. F\nv Hcnepw As\ Hcm Dmbnn.C\n DmhpIbpan.\n\v Fmmcyhpw tIt.AXn\p tijw Hcp ]pcpj\pw Fs sXmnp t]mepan.{Sqlntbm am{Xambncpp Fs PohnXnse Htcsbmcp ]pcpj.kXyamWXv.(]pdw 472---73). ]pcpj\nmsXbp kv{XoPohnXw iq\yamsW [z\nbpw bpdm\nbbpsS hmpIfnepv. DZmlcWw 12 aqew Ive studied,I work, I earn a good living.But Im empty and still full of fear.Like those old people in New York who spend the whole day in the park, staring at nothing.Its work,work,work until Im exhausted.You have no reason to envy me ,I assure you.I envy all of you.Yes ,yes I know, you have problems, hard times ,disappointments.But you also have families,husbands, children, relatives, a country .Those things fill your life.But Papa and His Excellency turned me to a desert.(P- 470) hnh\w Rm ]Tnp,tPmen sNppv.\hw kmZnppapv.Fnpw Rm s]mbmWv. Ctmgpw Fsbpn `bw \ndncnpIbmWv.\yqtbmn ]mnencpv iq\yXbntev t\mn kabw sNehgnp hbmbhsctmse. tPmen,tPmen,tPmen am{XamWpXv.Ipgp Xfcpw hsc tPmen sNpI.Akqb tXmm ]mIn\v Hpw F\nn.adnv F\nv \ntfmsSmw AkqbbmWv.Xobmbpw \nv {]iv\fpv.IjvSImeapmbnpv.\ncmisSm [mcmfw Imcyfpv.icn Xs.]t \nsmw hoSpw IpSpw_hpapv.`mhpw IpSpw_hpw IpnIfpw _pfpapv.kzw cmPyapv.Chsbmw \nfpsS PohnXs \ndbvpp.v ]bpw lnkv FIvkeknbpw IqSn Fs PohnXw shdpw acp`qanbmn amnfp.(ibid.,472---73). IpSpw_hpw IpnIfpamWv kv{XoIfpsS PohnXns \ndhv F ]ccmKX ]pcpj[mcWbt Cu hmIyfnse D[z\n. 12

t\mhens\ kw_n \nWmbIamb A[ymbamWv Ahkm\tXv.A[nImcns adhn \Sp ssewKnI NqjWns {Iqchpw thZ\mP\Ihpamb cwKamWv Ahkm\s A[ymbn hnhcnsSpXv. temI_mptZymKbmb bpdm\nb I{_mfns HmIfn Bcw`np t\mh CSbn hnXpnbpw hnnsmnbpw Ahkm\whsc BImwtbmsS \s Iqnsmvt]mIpp.]noSv hnhcnsSp 14 hbp s]Ipnbpw 74 XnI hr\pw Xnep ssewKnI thgvN hmb\mcn at\mthZbpw Adpw Dfhmpw. Hcp NeNn{Xns tjmpIt]mse cXnsshIrXsf BhnjvIcnpIbmWv. ChnsS Aoew \ndp]pXbp hmpIsf Xs XncsSpv {]tbmKnncnpp. \psS oemoeioev HcpXcnepap Hfnbpw adbpw ChnsS I]nnn. hmIyw Xs BWs IhsSpncnpp F Xncndnhv {Sqlntbmbn henb BLmXamWv krjvSnpXv.B \nanjs AXnPohnm Abmv Ignbpn. {SqlntbmbpsS `mhI BhnjvIcnm hnhI D]tbmKnncnp ]ZfmWv `mjbpsS enwK]Zhn FXns\ kw_nv Cu hnh\s IqSpX {][m\ampXv. DZmlcWw 13 aqew Thats enough playing dead, beautiful, she heard him order, a changed man. On your knees. Between my legs. Thats it. Take it in your hands and mouth. And suck it, the way I sucked your cunt. Until it wakes up.Too bad for you if it doesnt, beautiful. I tried, I tried. In spite of my terror, my disgust, I did everything. I squatted on my haunches, I put it in my mouth, I kissed it, I sucked it until my gorge rose. Soft, soft. I prayed to God it would stop.(P- 465). hnh\w "Nt]mse InSXv aXn. amdnb `mhtmsS Abm Bm]npXv Ah tIp."apn \nv \ns ImepInSbn As\Xs. AXv \ns ssIbnseSpv hmbn hv Fnv Cuv. Rm \ns ]qdv CunbXpt]mse. AXv FgptphcpXphsc sNv. AsXgptv hnsn \ns Imcyw IjvSamWv. Rm ]Wnsp. IjvSsv {ianp `oXnbpw Adpsamsbpmbnpw Fmw Rm sNbvXp. \nep Ipnncpv Rm\Xv hmbvpn ISn. AXnep hp. On hcpnSw hsc Rm\Xon. a. a. CXv \ndpnntW Fv ssZhtmSv {]mnp.(]pdw 467) Fm {Sqlntbmhn\v Ahfpambn _sSm Ignbpn. X\nv IpdpsI h Hcp "\cpv s]Ipn' I\yIbmbn Xncnpt]mIpp F Nn Abmsf D\mpp. bpdm\nbbpw AhfpsS A AKn I{_mfpw CtXsmn Xst\mn ]cnlkntmw.AXv klnm Abmmhpn. As\ Abm B s]IpnbpsS I\yImXzw hncepIsImv IhsSppp. XovWamb Cu cwKns hnh\w ImWpI. DZmlcWw 14 aqew Youre wrong if you think youre leaving here a virgin. So you can laugh at me with your father, he spelled out, with mute fury, spitting as he spoke. He seized her by the arm and threw her down beside him. Assisted by movements of his legs and waist, he mounted her. That mass of flesh crushed her, pushed her down in to the mattress, the smell of cognac and rage on his breath made her dizzy. She felt her muscles and bones crumbling ground to dust. She was suffocating. But that did not prevent her from feeling the roughness of that hand, those fingers, exploring, digging forcing their way into her. She felt herself pierced stabbed with a knife;a lightning bolt ran from her head down to her feet. She cried out, feeling as if she were dying. Go on screech, you little bitch, see if you learn your lesson, the wounding, offended voice of His Excellency spat at her. Now open up. Let me see if its really broken or if youre faking it.( P- 465-66) hnh\w ChnsS\nv I\yIbmbns Xncnpt]mImsav \o hnNmcnppsn sXntmbn. \n\pw \ns Xpw As\ Fs Ifnbmn Nncnm\mhpsap hnNmcnt. Abm tIm]m\mbn Aedn. ]dbpXn\nSbn Abm Xpppmbncpp. Abm Ahsf ssIp]nSnv hensSpv XsbSptsdnp.ImepIfpw Acspap]tbmKnv Xpgv AhfpsS apIfn Ibdn amwk`mcw Ahsf sRcnp. AXhsf InSbntev hogvn. AbmfpsS izmknse tImymnsbpw t{Im[nsbpw Kn Ahv XeNpn. Xs amwkt]inIfpw, AnIfpw sRcnp XIp s]mSnpt]mIpXpt]mse izmkw apn. AXn\nSbnepw B ssIhncepIfpsS ]mcpjyw Ah\p`hsp. XncbpIbpw BgvnpgnpIbpw AhfpsSbpntev _ew{]tbmKnv ISpIbpw sNp hncepI Xm IpnpfsXpt]mse AhptXmn. InsImv Ipnbmset]mse. AhfpsS s\dpI sXmv ImeSnhsc Hcp annW]mp. Ah \nehnfnpt]mbn. Xm acnpIbmsWv tXmn. sISpIqhn hnfnmsXSn Iqo.\ns Rm icnp ]Tnnpw. lnkv FIvkekn {hWnXhpw A]am\nXhpamb hmpI AhfpsS ta Xpn. Imep Ihp]nSnsSo. AXv icnp s]mntbm AtXm \o Fs IfnnpIbmtWm Fv t\ms. (]pdw 468). `oXn-Z-amb Cu cwKs {]Xo-Im--IX Hp-an-m ]-bmbn Bhn-jvI-cn-p-I-bmWv hnhI.ISpw-Ibv]m Cu k`-ns Dc-nepw De-nepw {Iqc-Xbpw `bm-\-I-Xbpw Adpw shdppw Ie an{i-hn-Im-cs 13

hmb-\-m-cn Df-hm-pI F ZuXy-n hnhI hnP-bn-n-cn-p-p. Cu hnh-c-W--fn aX-]ctam kmwkvIm-cn-Itam Bb Hcp kZm-Nmc (found morality) t_m[hpw sXp-t]mepw hnh-Isb Ae-n-m-Wpn-. Cu hnh-c-W--fn hnhI ]ucpjs Bhn-jvI-cn-m t]m `mjsb kzcp-q-p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cnp-p. Fm Cu JWvUnIIfpw AXnse hmpIfpw bYmn ]pcpj\p thn am{Xw FgpXsXmWv. AXv kwkmcnpXv ]pcpjmcmb A\phmNItcmSpamWv. Ii-\-amb cmjv{Sobhpw ssewKnIXbpw ssIImcyw sNp Xc-n-ep Ccw t\mh-ep-I hnh-\n-\mbn sXc-s-Sp-m Hcp Zim-_vZ-n\p apv hsc Hcp ]t kv{XoI Xmev]cyw t]mepw {]I-Sn-np ImWp-I-bn-. kmaq-ln-I-amb \nc-h[n kwK-Xn-I Ah-cpsS Ccw C-S-s]-S-ep-Isf ]cnan-X-s-Sp-n-bn-cp-p. Ccw k`--fn Hcp hf-p-sIn ]d-btem ? {]Xo-Im-Iamb BJym-\-tfm BWv \mw kv{Xobn \npw s]mXp-hn {]Xo-n-p-I. ]pcp-jm-[n-]Xyw \nd-p-\n-evp Ccw hyh-lm-c--fpsS BJym-\-n {]Xy-b-imkv{X-]-c-amb \ne-]m-Sp-I Nne-tm-sg-nepw kv{XobpsS kwth-Z-\-{]-{In-b-sb ]cn-an-X-s-Sp-m-dpap-v. ChnsS Hcp Xpd-s-gp-n\v kv{Xo Xm-dmbncnp-p.t\mhen CSIep hcp hnhn[ IYm]m{X\pkcnv kwkmcnm hnhI \n_nXbmhpIbmWv. FgppImcnIfpsS IrXnI hnh\w sNptm B IrXntbmSv Hcp ktlmZco`mhw klPambns DSseSppXn\m FgppImcs IrXn hnh\w sNpXnt\m ASptmsSbpw BbmktmsSbpw FgppImcnbpsS IrXn hnh\w sNm km[npsapw kqk lmhqUv A`n{]mbsSpp(quoted in Simon 1996:30).kv]nhmIv aptmv hbvp ZrVssa{Xn kqnpsImp hmb\bmWv hnh\w 32 F \ntihpw IqSpX ^e{]ZamhpXpw FgppImcs IrXn FgppImc\pw FgppImcnbpsS IrXn FgppImcnbpw hnh\w sNptmgmsWp tXmpp. Fm FgppImcs IrXn hnh\w sNp hnhI ]etmgpw IrXnp apn ASnbdhp sNm \n_nXbmhpp.sehn A`n{]mbsSpw t]mse Hcp ]pcp-j-]m-T-ns s]]m-T-\nnXn A-bpsS A \mhn\v (Mothers father tongue) {]m[m\yw sImSp-pp. BSns hncpv F hnh\hpw AXns aqeIrXnbmb Z ^ov Hm^v Z tKmpw Acmn Bmcm[\bpsS {]Xn[z\nbmb aqes cphw BhnpIbmWv.Cu hnh\ {]{Inb ]pXnb Hcp kzXz-cq-]o-I-c-W-n\v hgn-h-bvp-p. \nnX ka-b-tv ss[j-WnIhym]-c--fn ]pcp-j-kz-Xzs Bhmlnp hnhI Hcp {Smkv--sPtUUv s]mkn-j-\n-tev hymhn--s-Sp-p.Ncn{Xw Fpw GIm[n]XnIsf am{Xta krjvSnnpq(Cu ]Zn\v GsXnepw `mjbn kv{XoenwK]ZapXmbn Adnhn;GIm[n]Xnbmb Hcp kv{Xosbbpw)BSns hncpv Ncn{Xnse Fm GIm[n]XnIsfbpw Ipdnp IYbmWv.ChnsS ZpcnXfpw tIm]fpw A[nImchpw Aoens hgnI tXSpp.Ncn{Xhpw cmjv{Sobhpw cXnbpw ssewKnIm[n]Xyfpw ssItImv \np AXniamb ]pcpjm[n]Xyn\v Npm ]nSnp BSns hncpv t]mep IrXnbn hnhI F kzXzn\v Fv {]kn?IYm]m{X\pkcnv hyXykvXfmb CSfneqsS {]bmWw sNpIbmWv hnhI.Cu Fgppw `mjWhpw ^en kv{XoenwK]Zhnbn \npw ]pcpjkam\amb enwK]Zhnbntev hnhIsb \bnpp. 6.D]-kw-lmcw Hcp ]pcpj ]mTs hnh\w sNp kv{Xo bYm-n Hcp Cc h-IXzw hln-pp FmWv kqk Pnsehn A`n-{]m-b-s-Sp--Xv.BSns hncppt]mse iIvXamb enwKm[n]Xyw kqnp IrXnIfnemIs Cu {]hWX km[mcWbnIhnv CcnbmIpp. \ne\nevp `mj Xs ]pcpjtI{nXamIbm Cusbmcp Ah-m-hn-tijw kv{Xobn kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw kw`-hn-p--Xm-Wv.i-amb cmjv{Sobw ssIIm-cyw- sNp t\mh-ens hnh-\-n Gs hnhI-bpsS enwK-]-Z-hn-bpsS ssiYneynepw B-cy-s-Sm-s\m-p-an-.hnh-\-nse khntij-\n-e-p Cu kzXzm-hn-jvImcw `mj-bnse kvss{XW-`m-hs Dbn-m-p hnh-\-am-sf kzoI-cn-Ww Fv \nt-in-p s^an-\nv hnh\ Bi-b-v FXn-cmbmWv hnpXv. `mjbpsS BtImbvabn aebmf`mj Cwnjns\bpw ISnshp ImgvN Cu hnh\n ImWmw.]pnwKi_vZfnm F{Xsb{X Ak`y]ZfmWv aebmfn. hnh\ns s^an\nv knmw BhiysSpXv ZdnZ ]dbpXpt]mse Imhpw hnhIbpw/I\pw tNp hnm km[np Hcp klhnzns taJebmWv.Fm Cv hnh\n kPohambn GspsImncnp kv{XoI Cu klhnXzns taJebn Xs \nKqVambncnp enwK]ZhnbpsS cm{obs tNmZyw sNpp.CXn Ahmbnp Hcp hnai\w kqk Pn sehntXmWv. Im_vsddm Cs^ntXp t]mse {]Xybimkv{X]cambn A\pIqenm Ignbm Hcp IrXn hnh\n\v sXcsSpWtam Fp Xs s^an\nv hnhI BisSpp.ImcWw Ccw hnh\ Fm A[nImchpw aqen Xs \nn]vXampp.IrXnbpsS A\pIcWbpnsb A\p[mh\w sNbvXpsImpw AhnizkvXXbvsXnsc AhnizkvXX ]pensmpap Hcp adphmb\bmWv A\nhmcysav sehn(Levine 1983). Imhnsbpw hnhIcpsSbpw enwK]Zhnbvpdtp kmcamWv s^an\nv hnhIp apnep Hcp shphnfn.FgppImcnbpsS IrXn hnh\w sNp hnhIbpw FgppImcs IrXn hnh\w sNp hnhI\pw Htc Xcnep A[nImc hyhIfnemWv {]hnpXv hnh\w ASnsSp Ccw enwKt`Z\nnXnIfpsS {]h\sfmw hmkvXhn AnadnstSXpv. Fm hnh\ns Cu \nebvp s^an\nv knm bYmn Hcp Dtm]ybmWv.hnh\nse hyhm]nX [mcW aqew /hnh\w Imhv /hnhI Fo Zzzsf ]pcpj\pw kv{XobpambmWv hyhlcnncpXv.Fm hnh\nse kao]Ime]T\ Cu Ccp{[phsfbpw \ntj[npp.s^an\npI {i tI{oIcnpXv Ccp{[phnSbnep Ne\mIamb kmev]nItaJebnemWv. kmaqlnIhpw kmlnXobhpamb ]pXnb kzXz\nnXnIfpsS CSamWv Cu kmev]nItaJe. AY\nnXnbpsS HSpm {]hmlamWv CXns apJap{Z.ChnsS Fmcnepap A[nImct{iWnIfpw Dqe\w sNsSpp.

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kaaqeyX(Equivalence)Hcp Imev hnh\ns tI{\bambncp knmw.Iymvt^mUv(1965),\nU---tS_(1969),Sqdn(1980a),]nw(1992 a),tIm(1995)XpSnb sskmnI kaaqeyXsb tI{amnsmv hnh\s \nhNnp.Cu \bw hnh\n A{]khpw hnh\]T\n\v lm\nIchpamsWv kvs\ tlm_nbpw(1988),sPdpw(1993)hmZnpsImv kaaqeyXsb \ncmIcnpp.kaaqeyX hnh\sbpw hnh\w kaaqeyXsbbpw \nhNnpp Fp hmZnpsImv ]nw (ibid)ChbpsS hpf_s kqvaampp.aqeIrXnbnepw Imhnepw A[nImcs \nn]vXamnbXn\m ]noSv Cu \bw ]qWambpw ]nXsp. 2 hyXnbm\w(Shift) `mjmtI{nXamb asmcp hnh\ knmw.hnh\ {]{Inbbn kzm`mhnIambn kw`hntmhp amsfbmWv hyXnbm\w F hyhlmcw sImv hnhnp hcpXv.t{kmXey `mjIfnepw kwkvImcfnepw \ne\nevp hyhm]camb hyXnbm\fmWv bYmn hnh\nse hyXnbm\n\v ImcWw.`mjmimkv{Xns ]cn[nIp hmWv Iymvt^mUv(1965)hyXnbm\sfpdnv N sNpXv. 3 _lphyhm knmw(Cma Cuh tkml) _lphn[am kmlnXycq]sf Dsmp Ne\mI hyhbmbmWv kmlnXyw Fv tkml.hyXykvX hyhIfpsS kamlmcamWv _lphyh._lphyhbpsS tI{m\w BPnpXn\p thn hnhn[ kmlnXycq] \nccw _e]coWfn GspsImncnpp KnZtbm Sqdn hnh\n apamXrI F kev]w A{]kamsWp hmZnp.\nehnep hnh\sf AXXns kmwkvImcnI ]men A]{KYnWsapw Sqdn. lmkv amcn(B knmw) `nkwkvImc Xnep kwthZ\{]{InbbmWv hnh\w Fv amcn(Baker 2001:3)D]t`mmv kwthZ\w kp{KlamIpw hn[w AhcpsS ]qhm\sbpw kmwkvImcnI kmlNcysfbpw hnh\n IWnseSpWsap shao. (Baker 2001:235) 4 kwkvImctI{nXambn hnIknp hnp hnh\ knm.kaImeo\bpKnse hnh\hntjWn IqSpX CSs]Sm km[np knm.aqeey IrXnI Xnep XmcXaynt\m `mjmimkv{Xnt\m hnh\ ]T\n ]nspw D]t`mmfpw Hcp Iqw hnZK[cpw Xnep CS]mSp am{XamWv hnh\sapw Cu sskmnI hmZnpp. 5 hn]peoIcWw(Explicitation) aqeIrXnbn Aeo\ambncnptXm,kqN\Ifn kwn]vXamnbncnptXm Bbnp hnhcsf eykwkvImcnse hmb\mcs kp{KmlyXp thn hniZoIcnsgpXp \bw.hnh\nse IqntepIsfbpw hn]peoIcWambn hymJym\npp hn\bv-- Zm_\vv.(Baker 2001)Fm Iqnt IqSpX kmlnXobamb HmsWpw hn]peoIcWw Hcp \nnX kev]amsWpw \nU(Nida 1964). 6 Roscommon begins benignly enough,advising the translator to Chuce an author as you chus a friend,but this intimacy serves a potentially subversive purpose: United by this Sympathetick Bond , You grow Familiar,Intimate,and Fond; Your thoughts,your Words,your Stiles,your souls agree, No longer his Interpreter,but He.(T.R.Steiner 1975 :77) 7 Cmepmb hnh\ hniZoIcWsf knmsa hyhlmcn DsSpm Ignbn.Fmw A\p`hpdnpIfmbncpp.]eXpw aX{KfpsS apJhpcbn FgpXsXpw Bbncpp.CXn tlmtdkns hnh\ apJhpcbn {UmUv \Snb ]cmaifmWv s^an\nv NnIcm IqSpX tNmZyw sNsXv. (cited in Chamberlain .Venuti(ed.)2001:318.) 8 ]Z{]tbmKn {]Xyn Xs \ndp \nevp enwKm[n]Xy kqN\I sImv s^an\npIfpsS ISp hnain\p hnt[bambn sbv\dpsS amXrI.hnh\{]{Inbsb sbv\ \mev Lfmbn hn`Pnpp. 1.{]mYanI hnizmkw aqeIrXnbn a\nemtXmb Ftm Ds hnhIs BZytabp hnizmkamWv CXv(Initiative trust:The translators first move is an investment of belief;a belief and trust that ther is something there in the ST that can be understood.) 2.cmas kao]\s sbv\ Hcm{IaWkz`mhtmSv IqSnbp ssItbw \Sent\mSv kmZriysSpppsbv\dpsS Cu kao]\amWv hmkvXhn s^an\npIfpsS cqhnai\n\v hnt[bambXv.(Aggression or penetration)This is an incursiveextractive invasive move the translator invades,extracts and brings home.) 3.cmw Ln t{kmX`mjbn \npw DunsbSp kns\ hmpIfnepw hmKfnepw kzbw]qWamb ey`mjbntev sImphcpp Cu Ln(Incorporation(embodiment)it refers to the ST meaning extracted by the translator in the second movement being brought into the TL,which is already full of its words and meanings.) 4.Compensation or the enactment of reciprocity is the crux of the mtier and morals of translation. 9 tImfWnb\c hnh\NnIfn {][m\s Hmb Cu kao]\w {_koen \nmWv ISphcpXv.\ct`mP\sa cq]Is ASnm\sSpnsmp Cu Nn 1920 se HmtkzUv Un B\vt{UUvkns {KnemWv BZyw {]XysSpXv.{InkvXphns camwk `npI F {]XoImI `mjWs Xtiobcmb Hcp hn`mKw {_koepIm AXns `uXoImn a\knempIbpw Hcp t]mNpKokv sshZnIs\ Ah `npIbpw sNbvXp.A\pjvTm\]camb Cu NSns\ ]noSv hnh\hpambn IqnbnWpIbmbncpp Un Imkv ktlmZcam.A[n\nthinXcpw AhcpsS `mjbpw DuPh[I{]ZmbIfmsWpw Ahsc `npsImv DuPnXcmbnotc Bhiyw Xpsp Xtiob P\X hnizknp.Fp IcpXn A[n\nthiP\X _elo\cmsW kqN\ ChnsSbn.adnv bqtdm]yamsc `nm\p Icppw t]mjImwisf kzoIcnm\pw Amhsb ]pdwXm\pap hnthN\inbphcmsWpap NnbntemWv Cu cq]Iw \s \bnpXv.(Munday 2001:136) 10 The law of translation requires transgression ,so that fidelity is impossible( D errida Quoted in Baker 1998:96) 11 Bbncnsmmbncn sXmqnaqn ]pdp h Fenk_v ^ntbmskbpsS Searching the Scriptures F {Kw.Gjy, B{^n ,emddn\tacn ,t\ohtacn ,sekv_nb ,s^an\nknse Xs \nch[n hoWt`Z Fnh Cu {Kn Dsmnnpv.s^an\nv ss__n cwKs BZy IrXnbmWv Fenk_v teUn mWns The Womens Bible.Fm CXn\v shfp hKmcnbmb bqtdm]yAtacn kv{XobpsS ImgvNmSp am{XamWv DsmpsX hnai\apmbn.CwKvfojv IrXnbnse hK]cX lo{_phneptm Fdnbm lo{_p ]Tnp ss__n hymJym\n eqkn tm kv{Xosb cmwXcamp Hpw Xs ss__nfnensp hyamn.tacn ^n sImkmns At the Start.Genesis Made New:ATranslation of the Hebrew Text (1992)F IrXnbn BZw Groundling BWv It FmWv BZs ]cmainpXv.The Lord God sent him forth to till the ground from
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which he was taken.(Genesis 3:23,Revised Standard Version) sImkmns hnh\w Cs\ Elohim sent it away from the garden of Eden to serve the ground from which it was taken. 12 ]mTs \nccw ]p\cN\pw ]p\hmb\pw hnt[bamnsmv AXn Aeo\ambncnp enwKt`ZkqN\Isf Isn Ahbnse kvss{XWhyhlmcsf ASnhcbnp {]Zinnpp s^an\nv hnhI Fv _m_dm tKmZmZv(Munday 2001:132). 13 My translation practice is a political activity aimed at making language speak for women.So my signature on translation means;This translation has used every translation strategy to make the feminine visible in language.(de lotbiniere harwood cited in Simon 1996:15) 14 hnh\ knmfnepw {]{Inbbnepw {]ISamb enwKt`Zcq]Isf hniIe\w sNbvX s{^v s^an\nkvddv.(Gender Metophorics of Translation.Venuti(ed.)2000). kao]Imev {]Xys sIbvXv lmshbpsSbpw,eqbnkv thm^vtfmtmbpsSbpw,P\n shvemUnsbpw ]T\ DZmlcW. hnh\n ey`mjmhmb\mc\pw kwkvImchpw {]m[m\yw e`npXpSnbtm apXv hnh\w IpsdqSn DchmZnzw BhiysSp {]hrnbmbn amdn.{]tXyInv ASnas/AcnIphcns IogmfkzXzfpsS Dbnsgptevns ImeLamb Cv hnh\w `mcn DchmZnap tPmenbmWv.s{^v Cwnjv kmlnXyIrXnIfnse tK `mjW ]cn`mjsSpm t\cn sshjaysfpdnv sIbvXv lmhn Translating Camp Talk: Gay Identities and Cultural Transfer F D]\ymkn N sNpp(Venuti 2000).]nXrtI{nXamb hyhm]nX`mjbn tK sekv_nb kzXz \nIrjvSambpw ]cnlmkyambpw BWv ASbmfSpntmcpXv.CXn \npw hyXykvXambn ey`mjbnepw kwkvImcnepw tKbpw sekv_nb\pw D]tbmKnp `mj Xs D]tbmKnp sImv Cusbmcp {]iv\n\v ]cnlmcw ImWpIbmWv sImbvXv lmhn.CXn\p thn CcpkwkvImcfnepap tK sekv_nb hynIfpambn CS]gIpIbpw Ahcp]tbmKnp {]tXyIXcw tImUv `mjI Xs hnh\n D]tbmKnpIbpw sNbvXp.hyhm]nXkaqln IogmfkzXzsfv s]mXphn ap{Z Ips ChscqSn s]mXpXzw F Ahbntev DsSpm\p P\m[n]Xyat\m`mhamWv hnh\n\p thn C{Xb[nIw kabw sNehnSm lmhnsb t{]cnn LSIw. s{^v sekv_nb FgppImcn antj Iqkns IrXn Cwojntev ]cn`mjsSpnb kqk lmhqUpw en]nhn\ymk{Iasbpw hymIcWsbpw km[mcWbn \npw hyXykvXambn {]tbmKnpsImv ]pXnsbmcp Fgppk{Zmbss ]cnioenpp. Fm BSns hncppw AXns aqeIrXnbpw AcnIphevIcns Fm kzXzpw FXncmbmWv \nevpXv.Cu IrXnIfn tKbpw {SmkvsPdpw Ip\pw,BWpw s]pw sI hKhpsambmWv. XomSI ]ptcmKXn(1840)hn.dh.tPmk^v ]nv]n{Knwkv t{]mkkvtPm _\y.CtX IrXn ]ctZin tambm{X(1841) F t]cn Bv Uo tIminbpw,kmcnbpsS {]bmWw(1847) F t]cn dh.kn aypdpw hnh\w sNbvXp. ^ptam\n Fpw tImcpW Fpw t]cmb cp kv{XoIfpsS IY hn.dh.tPmk^v ]nv(^paWn Hm IcpWm _n_cImXssd lm apkv) LmXIh[w(1877)hn.dnmUv tImfnkv (Z tb sbvtImfnkv aZm) Bamdmw (1866)Iq D ^nentmkv.tjIvkv]nbdpsS tImaUn Hm^v Ftdgvkns kw{Klhnh\w) 17 aebmfntep hnp_wKmfn t\mh ]cn`mjI ]nI ]qWa tPmk^v ]ov.^ptam\n Fpw tImcpW Fpw t]cmb cv kv{XoIfpsS IY,1852 ]ctaizc ]n,hn.B.tKmdm(c_o{ \mY SmtKm.tKmdm.)Xriq kmlnXy AmZan,1962. chnha,sI.A(Xmcmi _m\Pn .\m.) XriqIdv _pIvkv,1967. kXymn,Fw.F.Rm sNhntbmncnpw. (KtP{Ipam an{X). F._n.Fkv, amXr`qan, 1973, chnha.]tY ]mmen.(_n`qXn`qj _tm]m[ymb)tImgntmSv]qW ]_vfntjkv,1977. Ipamc,Fw.]n. Bkkacw.(Xt]mhnPbtLmjv))tImbw \mj\ _pIvm,1977. kXymn,Fw.F.kymcmKw.(\mcmb KwtKm]m[ymb)amXr`qan _pIvkv, 1984. chnha.]cmPbw.(AiptXmjv apJPn #v#p]p]pIIl__q)tImbw Un.kn._pIvkv 1986. chnha.BZilnp tlm.(_n`qXn`qj _tm]m[ymb)tImbw \mj\ _pIvm,1989. \mYv,sI.Pn.khykmNn.(icXvN{ NmPn)kn.sF.kn.kn. _pIvkv,1989. IymWnb,_n.honepw ]pdpw.(c_o{\mY SmtKm)kmlnXy{]hI klIcWkwLw, tImbw \mj\ _pIvm,1989. aebmfnse BZy t\mh(ImXssd lm apkv)tImbw Un.kn._pIvkv,1989. eoemkm.Cncn NqSn\p thn.(_ptZh Kpl)tImbw \mj\ _pIvm,1989. iinIpam,Fw.sI.P\KWa\((_na an{X)Xncph\]pcw {]`mXv _pIv lukv,1990. kpld,_n.Fw.AarX]p{Xn.(IaZmkv)kmlnXy{]hI klIcWkwLw, tImbw \mj\ _pIvm,1991. ZmtamZc \mb,F.Fw.agbn IpXn cm{Xn.(_ptZh t_mkv)kn.sF.kn.kn. _pIvkv,1991. \mcmbW Imcq.]cnWoX.(icXvN{ NmPn) kmlnXy{]hI klIcWkwLw, tImbw \mj\ _pIvm,1991,Un.kn._pIvkv,1992. eoemkm.BcWyns A[nImcw.(almtizXm tZhn)tImbw Un.kn._pIvkv,1992. chnha.KWtZhX.(Xmcmi _m\Pn)tImbw Un.kn._pIvkv ,1992. eoemkm.ZqcZin\n.(iotjp aptJm]m[ymb)kmlnXy{]hI klIcWkwLw, tImbw \mj\ _pIvm,1992. eoemkm.cpZmen(almtizXm tZhn) ImgntmSv]qW ]_vfntjkv,1995. chnha.adnn.(at\mPv _kp)tImbw \mj\ _pIvm, 19961998. Ipamc,Fw.]n.imn\nhmkv.(Xt]mhnPbtLmjv)tImbw \mj\ _pIvm,1998. iinIpam,Fw.sI.ZpK(Pcmk)eoemkm.X]s A.(almtizXm tZhn) klrZb _pIvkv,1998. cmatat\m ]qtgv.NXpc[ymbn.(SmtKm)Xriq kpe` _pIvkv,2000. chnha,sI.a{apJcw.(\mcmb KwtKm]m[ymb)amXr`qan _pIvkv,2003. kXymn,Fw.F.s\ns KoXw.(kmhn{Xn tdmbv).amXr`qan, 2003. Ipamc,Fw.]n. kzKw tXSp a\pjy.(kp\n KwtKm]m[ymb, tImbw kXymn,Fw.F.Ntem I.(_na an{X)amXr`qan _pIvkv,2003. iinIpam,Fw.sI.Rm Hmanpp.(_na an{X)Xncph\]pcw {]`mXv _pIv
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lukv, 2003. kXymn,Fw.F. {]`pfpw `rXycpw.(_na an{X,kmln_v _o_o Hm Kpemw)tImbwUn.kn._pIvkv, 2004. kXymn,Fw.F. _oKw tacn _nizmkv(_na an{X,)tImbw Un.kn._pIvkv,2004. kXymn,Fw.F.Xpcpv.(kmhn{Xn tdmbv).amXr`qan. 2004. kXymn,Fw.F.AmSnIfnepw NIfnepw.(h\^q)amXr`qan _pIvkv,2004. eoemkm.\b\ F AZv`pX _me.(kXyPnXv td)amXr`qan _pIvkv,2007. KoXm hcmP.]pecnbpsS \ndw.(ktcmPv _tm]m[ymb)amXr`qan _pIvkv,2008. B\v.Ihn _yLSnbmbpsS PohnXhpw acWhpw.(almtizXm tZhn)) tImbw Un.kn._pIvkv,2009. Ipamc,Fw.]n.cw.(kp\n KwtKm]m[ymb)Xriq {Ko _pIvkv, iinIpam,Fw.sI.Fs Nen{X PohnXw(_cmPv kmn) iinIpam,Fw.sI.anYp\eLv\w(_na an{X) eoemkm.kXyw AkXyw.(almtizXm tZhn) eoemkm.A2 `mKw.(almtizXm tZhn) eoemkm.Akabw.(_naI) eoemkm.cmw \(_ptZh Kpl) eoemkm.cw IYI.(_ptZh Kpl) eoemkm.hn\ymkw.(_ptZh Kpl) eoemkm.tkmWm sI.(kXyPnXv td) eoemkm.KmMvtSmnse Ipgw.((kXyPnXv td) eoemkm.Ifhp t]mb tbip.(kXyPnXv td) eoemkm.Pbv _m_ ^eqZ.(kXyPnXv td) eoemkm.kltbmmhv.(Znthyp ]menXv)tImgntmSv ]qW ]ntjkv,1990. eoemkm.JmcnPv.(cam]Z Nu[cn)tImbw \mj\ _pIvm,1986. eoemkm.Xncn Aev]w CSw.(cam]Z Nu[cn) tImgntmSv ]qW ]ntjkv,1991. eoemkm.IrjvW hosSnbn.(sskZv apkvX^ kndmPv) eoemkm.AcWob.(icXvN{ NmPn) eoemkm.A. eoemkm.Zpw\k. eoemkm.A`bw. eoemkm.A`na\yp. \mYv,sI.Pn.Zm.() \mYv,sI.Pn.a\pjys cq].() \mYv,sI.Pn.tij{]iv\w.(icXvN{ NmPn) \mYv,sI.Pn.AanX.(biv]m) kpld,_n.Fw.In\mhv. kpld,_n.Fw.samgn. IrjvW Ipn,sI.tet_ tZhns \mbnI.({]Xm] N{Np)tImbw \mj\ _pIv m,1993. IrjvW Ipn,sI.tamXncw.(\nlm cRvP Kp]vX)Xncph\]pcw {]`mXv _pIv lukv,1981. t]mn,Fw.sI.F.Ap \pWI.(Xna \kvdn){Ko _pIvkv,2006. IrjvW \ym,hn.Un.EXpt`Z.(Iateiz)tImbw \mj\ _pIv m,1985. IjvWIpn ,sI.Nnenhe.(biv]m){Ko _pIvkv. eoem km.Pmc.(_ptZ_v Kpl){Ko _pIvkv,2007. eoem km.lrZbw.(cam]Zv Nu[cn)){Ko _pIvkv,2006. t]mn,F.sI.F.`qXZzo]v.(Pb tPmhmZm)Xriq Idv _pIvkv,1988. \neo\m F{_lmw.CcpgnI.(Pcmk){Ko _pIvkv,2006. Ipamc,Fw.]n.Zo]vXnabn.(kp\n KwtKm]mymb)){Ko _pIvkv,2005. kXymn,Fw.F.BImismmcw.(\mcmb KwtKm]mymb)amXr`qan,2004. ]mn,Fw.sI.F.An]hXw.(]cmic)Xriq Idv _pIvkv,1986. Ipamc,Fw.]n.cm{Xnbn DWncnph.(Xt]mhnPbtLmjv)Nn ]ntjgvkv. Ipamc,Fw.]n.Bkkacw. Ipamc,Fw.]n.arKobX. Ipamc,Fw.]n.\cIw. Ipamc,Fw.]n.aqmwIv. Ipamc,Fw.]n.\nim]w. eoem km.A.(almtizXm tZhn))tImbw Un.kn._pIvkv,1985. IrjvWIpn,sI.{io {ioKtWialna.(almtizXm tZhn)Xriq Idv _pIvkv, eoem km.hn\ymkw.(_ptZ_v Kpl)tImgntmSv ]qW ]ntjkv,1981. chnha.3 _n Pbdmw an{i ebn.(aXn\n)Nn ]ntjgvkv,1982. Ipamc,Fw.]n.IevI.(anln BNmcy)tImgntmSv ]qW ]ntjkv,1991. t]mn,Fw.sI.F.ag.(cam]ZNu[cn)tImbw Un.kn._pIvkv,1982. kXymn,Fw.F.]m taL\.(km_n{Xn tdmbv)amXr`qan,2003. chnha.Ddm cm{Xn.(kXn\mYv `mZpcn)\mj\ _pIv {Sv,1982. eoemkm.A]cmPnX.(_n`qXn `qj _tm]mymb){Ko _pIvkv,2009. cho{ha.BZilnp tlm.(_n`qXn `qj _tm]m[ymb)amXr`qan,2006. t]mn,Fw.sI.F.bp[njvTnc Pw.(_na an{X){Ko _pIvkv,2007. eoemkm.CmaXn Hcp \ZnbpsS kmc]Z.(_n`qXn `qj _tm]mymb){Ko _pIvkv,2008. eoem km.Akabw.(_na Iu)tImbw Un.kn._pIvkv,1986. cm[mIrjvW,sI.{]`mXn adXv.(_na an{X)tImbw Un.kn._pIvkv,1987. chnha,sI.{]Xn lmPcpv.(_na an{X)amXr`qan,2003. kXymn.Fw.F.inemen]n.(\mcmb KwtKm]mymb)amXr`qan,2006. 18 aebmfntep hnplnn t\mh ]cn`mjI ]nI ]qWa tKmhnpdpv,kn.Hcp IgpXbpsS Xncnp hchv.(Inj N)sNdpXpcpn: htm {Kmebw,1966. ZnhmIc t]mn,C.sI.]mSn tImt{aUv.(biv]m)Xncph\]pcw: Nnm ]_vfntjgvkv,1981. \mYv,sI.Pn.Pbbut[b.(cmlp kmwIrXymb)FdWmIpfw: kn.sF.kn.kn. _pIv lukv,1988. am[h ]n,]n.Xav.(`ojva kmn)tImbw: \mj\ _pIvm,1988. kpIpamc,Smm]pcw.k]vX{Kojva.(apIv cmPv B\v)amXr`qan,1988. F.B.]n,Xncphmv.apXv \mev]Xv AXv.({]`mI atz)tImbw:

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\mj\ _pIvm,1989. kp[mwip NXpthZn.HgpIp PohnXw,AcZnhkw.(biv]m)tImbw: \mj\ _pIvm,1989. cho{\mY \mb,]n.sI.KwK Fs A.(ss`ch{]kmZv Kp]vX) Xncph\]pcw: {]`mXv _pIv lukv,1989. _meIrjvW,hn.apjn tNe.(^Woiz \mY tcWp. taem Gbv.) tImgntmSv: ]qW ]_vfntjkv, 1991. ZnhmIc t]mn,C.sI.\nae.(t{]wNv) kn.sF.kn.kn. _pIv lukv,1991. hmcnb,]n.F.Abnmc.(apIcmPv B\v)tImbw: Un.kn._pIvkv,1991. \mYv,sI.Pn.Xnen.(Pbi {]kmZv) kn.sF.kn.kn. _pIv lukv,1991. am[h]n,]n.amZmkns amfnI.(`ojva kmn)tImgntmSv: ]qW ]ntjkv, 1991. i{XpLv\.kXy`ma.(Ipe]Xn sI.Fw.apjn)tImbw: \mj\ _pIvm,1992. ZnhmIc t]mn,C.sI.{]Xn.(t{]wNv)tImgntmSv: ]qW ]_vfntjkv,1993. IrjvW \ym,hn.Un._kn.(`ojva kmn)tImbw: \mj\ _pIvm,1993. am[h]n,]n.cmPnv.(ssPt\{Ipam)tImbw: Un.kn._pIvkv,1994. ZnhmIc t]mn,C.sI.tkhmkZ\w.(t{]wNv)tImgntmSv: ]qW ]_vfntjkv,1995. kp[mwip NXpthZn.AarXhpw hnjhpw.(AarXem \mK)Xriq: kmlnXy AmZan,1998. APbv,knp.IatbmKw.(\tc{ tImbven. A`nm)Xriq: Idv _pIvkv,1999. IrjvW Ipn,sI.ZmZ tImt{aUv.(biv]m)kn.sF.kn.kn. _pIv lukv,1999. ZnhmIc t]mn,C.sI.tKmZm\w(t{]wNv. tKmZm)Xriq: kmlnXy AmZan, 2000. IrjvW \ym,hn.Un.PmeIn.(CemN{tPmjn)tImbw: Un.kn._pIvkv, 2000. APbIpam,knp.A`ypZbw.(\tc{ tImbven)Xriq: Idv _pIvkv,2003. ZnhmIc t]mn,C.sI.aSn awKeyw.(t{]wNv) ZnhmIc t]mn,C.sI.\mcn.(knbmcmav icKp]vX)Xriq: Idv _pIvkv,1958. ZnhmIc t]mn,C.sI.awKf kq{Xw.(t{]wNv)tImbw: Un.kn._pIvkv, ZnhmIc t]mn,C.sI.Aib. ZnhmIc t]mn,C.sI.{`m. ZnhmIc t]mn,C.sI.Igpacw. ZnhmIc t]mn,C.sI.Iimpime. ZnhmIc t]mn,C.sI.InthenI. ZnhmIc t]mn,C.sI.hgn]ngh. ZnhmIc t]mn,C.sI.Abpw Imdepw. ZnhmIc t]mn,C.sI.thmK apX KwK hsc. ZnhmIc t]mn,C.sI.sImeacn \np IpdnpI. ZnhmIc t]mn,C.sI.h\.(t{]wNv) ZnhmIc t]mn,C.sI.cwK`qan.(t{]wNv) ZnhmIc t]mn,C.sI.ImbmIev]w.(t{]wNv) ZnhmIc t]mn,C.sI.t{]am{iaw.(t{]wNv) ZnhmIc t]mn,C.sI.t{]athZn.(t{]wNv) ZnhmIc t]mn,C.sI.hcZm\w.(t{]wNv) ZnhmIc t]mn,C.sI.t{]a]an.(t{]wNv) kp[mwip NXpthZn.\Zn kap{Zntep Xs. kp[mwip NXpthZn.NnnnXdnb taml. kp[mwip NXpthZn.Pmcw. kp[mwip NXpthZn.XpfkoZmkv. kp[mwip NXpthZn.Xoc`qan. kp[mwip NXpthZn.Qmkn dmWn. IrjvW Ipn,sI.DmZw.(lkcmPv cl_) IrjvW Ipn,sI.kv{Xo.(AIne) IrjvW Ipn,sI.k]vXjn aWvUentev.(kqWm\v) IrjvW Ipn,sI.Hcp IgpXbpsS BIY(Inj N) IrjvW Ipn,sI.{]Xn`.(ltc IrjvW taXm_v) IrjvW Ipn,sI.sImSpmn s] PohnXw.(amam htc) IrjvW Ipn,sI._p th]ncnbpp.(tKmhn amln) IrjvW Ipn,sI.altizXbpsS Ubdn.(Pcmk) IrjvW Ipn,sI.Imem tNm.(ZpKm{]kmZv J{Xn) IrjvW Ipn,sI.AhfpsS aWnbd.(Inj N) IrjvW Ipn,sI.AeIS.(Pcmk) IrjvW Ipn,sI.lukv kP.(thWptKm]m dmhp) IrjvW Ipn,sI.B{ibw.(Pcmk) IrjvW Ipn,sI.he.(biv]m) IrjvW Ipn,sI.tamlknwKv(hnPb]m XymKn) IrjvW Ipn,sI.sImeacn Ibdpw apt].(Xa) IrjvW Ipn,sI.kmKc N{Ihn.(ZpKm{]kmZv J{Xn) IrjvW Ipn,sI.kphWtcJ.(ZpKm{]kmZv J{Xn) IrjvW Ipn,sI.kzK]pcn.(ZpKm{]kmZv J{Xn) IrjvW Ipn,sI.kmtIXw.(ZpKm{]kmZv J{Xn) IrjvW Ipn,sI.]nXrfpsS An.(\hIm _dph) IrjvW Ipn,sI.Ce sImgn acw.(H.]n.iakmcYn) IrjvW Ipn,sI.BhcWw.(h\^q) IrjvW Ipn,sI.am\ZWvUw.(h\^q) IrjvW Ipn,sI.Ahs A.(_n.sI `mNmcy) IrjvW Ipn,sI.aWsmmcw.(Inj a) IrjvW Ipn,sI.\anX.(Pcmk) IrjvW Ipn,sI.\oXn]oTw.(Pcmk) IrjvW Ipn,sI.iXLv\n.(_otc{Ipam `mNmcy) IrjvW Ipn,sI.tlmtmMv kpcn.(Inj N) IrjvW Ipn,sI.\mem \mep hgn.(sI.F.Amkv)

18


IrjvW Ipn,sI.Nncnp Nnm.(h\^q) IrjvW Ipn,sI.cp Xpn shw.(sI.F.Amkv) IrjvW Ipn,sI.PohnX kacw.(\m\mIv knMv) IrjvW Ipn,sI.eX.(Kpem_v Zmkv t{_m) IrjvW Ipn,sI.ssev t_mbv.(sI.F.Amkv) IrjvW Ipn,sI.CpaXn.(tkv tKmhn Zmkv) IrjvW Ipn,sI.Inq dmWn(F.F.IrjvW dmhp) IrjvW Ipn,sI.hnScp ]qsamv.(amam htc) IrjvW \ym,hn.Un.At[mtemIw. IrjvW \ym,hn.Un.sImSpmv.(Iateiz)\mj\ _pIvm, IrjvW \ym,hn.Un.InI. IrjvW \ym,hn.Un.hfsc Xmaknpt]mbn. IrjvW \ym,hn.Un.]alnjn. IrjvW \ym,hn.Un.Cu Hcp \nanjn\pthn. IrjvW \ym,hn.Un.Znnbn Hcp acWw. IrjvW \ym,hn.Un.AhkchmZn. IrjvW \ym,hn.Un.tPmPmas aqv. IrjvW \ym,hn.Un.CjvStZhXsb tXSn. IrjvW \ym,hn.Un.IYm`mcXn. Hma\p,kn.B.tZhZmkv. chnha.koam_.(i)amXr`qan, Fw.F.KoX.]pecnsbpw apv.(Iaem\mYv)kn.sF.kn.kn._pIv lukv.1989. cmaN{tZhv.hym{Lw.(KwKm{]kmZv _na)tImbw Un.kn._pIvkv,2003. 19 aebmfntep hnpXan t\mh ]cn`mjI ]nI ]qWa _me,kn.F.A hp.(Pm\Iocma) kmlnXy{]hI klIcWkwLw, tImbw: \mj\ _pIvm,1969.1990. _me,kn.F.asNcmXv.(Fw.hcZcmP) kmlnXy{]hI klIcWkwLw,1973. iin,IShn.hnfn\p am{Xtam Nphv.(IhnRvP IZmk)Xncph\]pcw: {]`mXv _pIv lukv,1980. IrjvW ]mSyw,H.]macmn.(AJne)tImbw: \mj\ _pIvm,1985. ]mhXn Am,sI.AkvXa\nse DZb.( hmkn )tImbw: Un.kn._pIvk,v1985. _me,kn.F.kapZmbhoYn.(]mXvYkmcYn)Xriq: kmlnXy AmZan,1987. IrjvW ]mSyw,H.thcn\v \ocv.(cmPw IrjvW)tImgntmSv: ]qW ]ntjkv,1990. chnha,Bq.Hcp ]pfnacns IY.(kpc cmakzman )tImbw: Un.kn._pIvkv,1996. chnha,Bq.sP.sP Nne IpdnpI.(kpc cmakzman) _meIrjvW,Pn Kncojv,]n.Fw.kotdm Un{Kn.(Nmcp \nthZnX)Xriq: Idv _pIvkv,2001. thWptKm]meWn.Iq\tXmv(tXmn aplZv aocm)sdbnt_m _pIv ]_vfntjgvkv,2003. Ip\ntcn,hnPbIpam.Iqss\.(kp.thWptKm]m)amXr`qan _pIvkv,2004. am.ZnWmaqn.Aenpt]mb \ngepI.(AtimIan{X)amXr`qan _pIvkv,2005. IrjvW ]mSyw,H.tNmcpg. IrjvW ]mSyw,H.Hcp Imthcnsbtmse. IrjvW ]mSyw,H.tNnse a\pjy.() _me,kn.F.s]mae. kpZmkv.Kmb{Xn.(hmkn){Ko _pIvkv,2006. {iocmPv._n.IssSin hsc.(hmkn)amXr`qan,2008. ]mhXn,sI.thj.(hmkn){Ko _pIvkv,2007. ]mhXn,sI.CnmSpI ]qtm.(hmkn). ]mIrjvWaqn.Cse.(hmkn){Ko _pIvkv,2006. ]mIrjvWaqn.BImihoSpI.(hmkn){Ko _pIvkv,2007. ]mIrjvWaqn.]pXpans Kw.(hmkn){Ko _pIvkv,2006. F,sI.t]mn.ao DeIw.(\oem ]\m`)Nn ]ntjgvkv,2008. {io\nhmk,]n.sI.Xo.(AtimIan{X)amXr`qan,2004. kzmXn,Fv.]\m`.Iqnse ]nI(\oem ]\m`)Xriq Idv _pIvkv,2002. ^bepI.(\oem ]\m`) kzmXn,Fv.]\m`.bmX\bpsS XShdbn. kzmXn,Fv.]\m`.ic.(Nn `mcXn) tKm]meIrjvW,asmv.Zbmh[w.(inhicn)amXr`qan,2004. Hcp a\pjy Hcp hoSv Hcp temIw.(PbmIm)kn.sF.kn.kn.kn._pIv lukv,1989. \mb,sI.kn.Aesbmen.(IevIn cm IrjvWaqn)\mj\ _pIv {Sv,1977. IrjvW ]mSyw,H.Hcp Imthcnsb t]mse.(evan)tImbw \mj\ _pIv m,1990. _me,kn.F.Nne kabfn Nne a\pjy.(PbmIm)\mj\ _pIv {Sv,1976. 20 aebmfntep hnpIS t\mh ]cn`mjI ]nI ]qWa Ipncma,]q.arXypRvPb Ipncma,]q.an Ipncma,]q._\icn.(\ncRvP\)tImbw Un.kn._pIvkv,1996. Ipncma,]q.Ccpfn\v \ofw IqSpp Ipncma,]q.tNX\bpsS hnem]w Ipncma,]q.AlrZbw. ctajv ]q ss] .tamN\w.(\ncRvP\)Xncph\]pcw: {]`mXv _pIv lukv, 1984. \mb,sI,sI.N{KncnbpsS Xocn.(kmdm A_q_)Xncph\]pcw:{]`mXv _pIv lukv,1990. Ipncma ]q.tLmjw.(A\p]a \ncRvP\)kmlnXy{]hI klIcWkwLw, tImbw: \mj\ _pIv m,1999. Ipncma ]q.Imthcn Fs cw.( \ncRvP\)Xncph\]pcw: {]`mXv

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_pIv lukv,1992. hnPb\mY,Fw.B.NhoccmtP{.({io\nhmk)tImbw: \mj\ _pIv m,1992. hnPb\mY,Fw.B.apn.(imn\mYv tZimbn)tImbw: \mj\ _pIv m.1993. sImSpq,thWp.A\mZn A\.({iocwK(BZycwKmNmcn))tImbw: \mj\ _pIv m,1994. Ipncma ]q.tNcnbpsS hnem]w.(A\p]a \ncRvP\)Xncph\]pcw: {]`mXv _pIv lukv,2001. Ipncma,]q.dwKbpsS hmSIdv(\ncRvP\.)amXr`qan _pIvkv,2004. \mcmbW,F.hn.Fw.]mhm.({ioIrjvW Ae\ln)amXr`qan _pIvkv,2006. \mcmbW,F.hn.Fw.ImSv. \mcmbW,F.hn.Fw.k]vX. aqUnmb,]n.F,tKm]Ipam,hn.aqImw_nIbpsS kz]v\.(inhcmaImcv) {Ko _pIvkv,2007. evaWmNm,Fw.Fkv.Dhw.(_n.hn.sshIpWvT cmPp)amXr`qan _pIvkv,2007. `Xncn,]n.F.KwKm amXmhv.(icsamImin ]ptWI)\mj\ _pIv m, Ipncma ]q.Npa.({io IrjvW Be\ln){Ko _pIvkv,2006. cmLh.kn.`hw.(bp.B.A\aqn)tImbw Un.kn._pIvkv,2000. cmLh.kn.NnckvacW.(\ncRvP\) cmLh.kn.Ah.(bp.B.A\aqn) cmLh.kn.`mcXo]pcw.(bp.B.A\aqn) cmLh.kn.auXnI.bp.B.A\aqn. cmLh.kn.acp]n.bp.B.A\aqn. cmLh.kn.Ihmtem.(]qWN{ tXPkzn). cmLh.kn.IZokphns temIw.(^o aplZv ISv]mSn)amXr`qan,2007. ic,sI.]n,hniz\mYv,_metKm]meha,cmtaizcn ha.kwkvImcw.(bp.B.A\aqn)tImbw Un.kn._pIvkv,1991. 21 aebmfntep hnpadmTn t\mh ]cn`mjI ]nI ]qWa hnizw`cZmkv,sI.Fkv.Rm AXnPohn An]coI.(Intjm imm_mbv Imte.sImemyt t]m,(Against all Odds )tImbw: Un.kn._pIvkv ,2004. chnha,sI.Sn.cmPm chnha.(cPnXv tZimbn. PohNcn{X t\mh)tImbw: Un.kn._pIvk,v 2000. am[h]n,]n.bbmXn(hn.Fkv.JWvtU.bbmXn)kmlnXy{]hIklIcW kwLw, 1980. Imfnbv,ZmtamZc.knwlmk\w.(Acp km[p t\ XPpa)Xriq: Idv _pIvkv,1999. hmcnb,]n.B.shdpw tImhn.(hn.Fkv.JWvtU admTn aqens Xangv `mjmcn \np hnh\w)kmlnXy{]hI klIcWkwLw, tImbw: \mj\ _pIvm, 1951,1991. IrjvWIpn,sI.AYnXn.(Pbv \menI ,t{]jnX)tImbw: Un.kn._pIvkv,1998. tKmhn,kn.hn.iymas A.(kmt\KpcpPn)tImbw: Un.kn._pIvkv,1992. acpXmbn thWp.\nimw.(hnPbv sSp){Ko _pIvkv,2004. ZmtamZc,Imfnbv.XomS\w.(_m_pdmhv _mKp){Ko _pIvkv,2006. 22 {io inabn AYhm B]evIcamb ame(1914)sP ]mdppnb. 23 {KkqNn IqSn ImWpI.]nI ]qWa. B\n Xnens t\mh XPpaI tamn{Intm.AeIvkm Uyqa .aqp t]mcmfnI. .bphpw kam[m\hpw.tSmtmbv. .Am Icn\o\. .cp \KcfpsS IY.Nmkv Unkv. .\nXy\Kcw.tlmsIbv .hnip]m]n.tXmakv a. .sSv.tXmakv lmUn. .Hcp s]Ipnbpw cp sshZnIcpw {]knamb Cmenb t\mh .Abpw ]p afpw (kuv Hm^v ayqknIv) .B {^mns Ubdn(Hfnhn AhfpsS A\p`h) 24 {KkqNn IqSn ImWpI. ]nI ]qWa. eoemkm.kXyw AkXyw.(almtizXm tZhn) .A2 `mKw.(almtizXm tZhn) -.Akabw.(_naI) - .cmw \(_ptZh Kpl) .cw IYI.(_ptZh Kpl) ..hn\ymkw.(_ptZh Kpl) .tkmWm sI.(kXyPnXv td) KmMvtSmnse Ipgw.((kXyPnXv td) Ifhp t]mb tbip.(kXyPnXv td) .Pbv _m_ ^eqZ.(kXyPnXv td) .Xncn Aev]w CSw.(cam]Z Nu[cn) tImgntmSv ]qW ]ntjkv,1991. .IrjvW hosSnbn.(sskZv apkvX^ kndmPv) .AcWob.(icXvN{ NmPn) .A.

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.Zpw\k. ...A`bw. ...A`na\yp. 25 {KkqNn IqSn ImWpI.Fnepw ]nI ]qWa. \neo\m F{_lmw.CcpgnI.(Pcmk) \neo\m F{_lmw,{]Xm]N{.Un.anYp\ew,kmlnXy]cnjXv klIcWkwLw FdWmIpfw 1964. HmpI htmgpw {]t_m[v Ipam k\ym 1970 GgpNphSv Xmcmi htm]m[ymb k {] k kw tImbw 1961 BtcmKy\ntIX\w Xmcmi htm]m[ymb k {] k kw tImbw 1961 XSmIw._naI k {] k kw tImbw1960 26 Hma\.hkns 17 \nanj.(bqenb sktayms\mhv)Xncph\]pcw: {]`mXv _pIv lukv Hma\.Fw tematmhv \psS Imes Hcp hoc]pcpj 27 am\ns t]cn hn.iIpf,kn.(C Z t\w Hm^v HmWapm ambn) AtX t]cpImc .hn.sP\n B{Uqkv(Z t\w tkIv Ppw]m emlncn) ]nbmt\m So.hn.tPmfn hKokv(]nbmt\m So- - -Bev{^Uv bev\Iv) kpe.hn. {]`m kdnbmkv.(kpe--tSmWn tamdnk) IppImcyfpsS HtSXpcm.hn.{]nb.F.Fkv.(Z tKmUv Hm^v kvtam XnMvkvAcpXn tdmbv) 28 tbmk apgph t]cv acntbm hKmkv tbmk. {]i-kvX-\mb emn-\-ta-cn- t\mh-env.1936 s]dp-hn P\n-p. Ccp-]-tXmfw IrXn-I cNn-p. Conversation in the Cathedral (1969) Aunt Julia and the Script Writer( 1977) The War of the End of the World (1981). The bad Girl (2000) Fn-h-bmWv {][m\s IrXn-I.cmjv{Sobambn Xpdv CSs]Smdp tbmk kmlnXyw kaqlns ]ptcmKXnv thnbpXmsWv hnizknp. AXpsImpXs tbmkbpsS Kuchamb kmlnXy{]h\sfmw kmaqly\oXnpthnbp apdhnfnIfmbn Xocpp. {]tXyInv Xs cmPyns ]ntmmhbpw A\oXnbpw kwkvImcanmbvabpw Idn tbmk s]dphnse P\fpsS ]ptcmKXnpthn {]hnp. Xs IrXnIsf emn\tacn kaqlns ZrIvkmnhnhcWamm tbmk {ianmdpv. IYpw IY]dbpcoXnpapdw FgppImcs Dti IqSn shfnsSppXmWv tbmkbpsS ]pkvXI. 29 {]ikvXbmb kv]m\njvCwojv hnhI tbmk,amtIzkv,samstdm,samsdntm,amnIv,Pqenb dbkv,Ahmtcm ayqNnkv XpSnbhcpsS {]apJ IrXnI hnh\w sNbvXnpv.AtmWntbm ayqbkv samfo\bpsS F IrXnbpsS hnh\n\v 2010 se Izo tkm^nb kv]m\njv Cnyqv {Smtj ss{]kv e`npv. 30 tImgntmSv khIemimebnse aebmf hn`mKnse KthjI.BSns hncpns\ IqSmsX BtKmfhevIcWhpw AkwXr]vXnIfpw,bp`mjW Fo hnh\fpw IS F IhnXmkamlmchpw {]knoIcnnpv. hnh\n iamb kv{Xo]Nn ]pensmv hnh\w sNp hynbmWv It\Unb s^an\nmb kqk lmhqUv.s{^v Ihn {^mtmb am{XamWv Xm BZyambpw Ahkm\ambpw ]cn`mjsSpnb FgppImc Fv kqk lmhqUv.{^mtmbdns IhnXbpambn kwhZn aqp hjmehpw ]pcpj`mjbn kwkmcnm Xm \n_nXbmbnsbpw lmhqUv(Quoted in Simon 1996 :30). 32 hnh\w ZrVssa{Xn kqnpsImp hmb\bmsWpw, hnh\w sNptm Xm ]mTn\p apn ]qWambpw kaWw sNppshpw kv]nhmv.""Translation is the most intimate act of reading.I surrender to the text when I translate(Spivak ,Politics of Translation . Venuti (ed.)2000:398).
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{KkqNn
]T\hnjbamnb {K
acntbm hKmkv tbmk.BSns hncpv.hnh.BimeX. tImbw:Un.kn._pIvk,v 2010. Mario Vargas Llosa.The Feast of the Goat.Trans,Edith Grossman.London:Faber and Faber Ltd,2003.Print. aebmf {K B\n Xn.Hcp \ sshZnIs IY.(F.sP t{ImWn)tImbw: \mj\ _pIvm, Bev{^Uv bev\Iv. ]nbmt\m So. hnh hn.tPmfn hKokv.tImbw:Un.kn._pIvk,v 2005. IymWnb,_n.honepw ]pdpw.(c_o{\mY SmtKm)kmlnXy{]hI klIcWkwLw, tImbw \mj\ _pIvm, 1989. IeymWnb,Sn.kn.hnjhrw._nw N{NtXm]m[ymb. tImbw: k {] k kw,1954. IrjvW]n,F.ssIcfnbpsS IY.tImbw:Un.kn._pIvkv,2007. PbmkpIpamc._wKmfn t\mhepI aebmfn hnh\ ]T\ns knmhpw {]tbmKhpw.N\mticn: XmcXay ]T\kwLw,2011. Ppw]m emlncn. AtX t]cpImc . hnh.sP\n B{Uqkv. tImbw:Un.kn._pIvk,v 2009. tSmWn tamdnk.kpe.hnh.{]`m kdnbmkv. tImbw:Un.kn._pIvk,v 2009. XmcXay kmlnXy ]oTnI.Xncph\]pcw:tIcf`mjm Cnyqv,1999. \neo\m F{_lmw,{]Xm]N{.Un.anYp\ew,kmlnXy]cnjXv klIcWkwLw FdWmIpfw 1964. \neo\m F{_lmw,{]Xm]N{.Un.HmpI htmgpw.{]t_m[v Ipam k\ym. tImbw: k {] k kw.1973. \neo\m F{_lmw,{]Xm]N{.Un.GgpNphSv. Xmcmi htm]m[ymb. tImbw: k {] k kw,1961. \neo\m F{_lmw.BtcmKy\ntIX\w.Xmcmi htm]m[ymb.tImbw:k {] k kw,1961. .XSmIw._naI. tImbw: k {] k kw,1960. ..CcpgnI.(Pcmk){Ko _pIvkv,2006. ]ctaizc]n Fcptaen.aebmf kmlnXyw ImeLfneqsS.Xriq:Idv _pIvkv,2010. t]m aWhmf.tIcfkwkvImchpw ss{IkvXh anjWdnamcpw tImbw:Un.kn._pIvkv,1990. _n_n _meN{.Npgnbp Nn:sdmfmMv _mns NnmtemIw.Xncph\]pcw: Nn ]ntjgvkv,2010. apm ambn. am\ns t]cn.hnh hn.iIpf,kn.tImbw:Un.kn._pIvk,v 2009. cho{,F.sI.s]sgpXp PohnXw:kv{XohntamN\sa kz]v\hpw bmYmyhpw aebmf kmlnXyn.tImgntmSv:amXr`qan _pIvkv,2010.

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..Cncn NqSn\p thn.(_ptZh Kpl)tImbw \mj\ _pIvm,1989. .ZqcZin\n.(iotjp aptJm]m[ymb)kmlnXy{]hI klIcWkwLw, tImbw \mj\ _pIvm,1992. ...cpZmen(almtizXm tZhn) ImgntmSv]qW ]_vfntjkv,1995. ...\b\ F AZv`pX _me.(kXyPnXv td)amXr`qan _pIvkv, 2007. ...kltbmmhv.(Znthyp ]menXv)tImgntmSv ]qW ]ntjkv,1990. ...JmcnPv.(cam]Z Nu[cn)tImbw \mj\ _pIvm,1986. ...Pmc.(_ptZ_v Kpl){Ko _pIvkv,2007. ...lrZbw.(cam]Zv Nu[cn)){Ko _pIvkv,2006. ...A.(almtizXm tZhn))tImbw Un.kn._pIvkv,1985. ...hn\ymkw.(_ptZ_v Kpl)tImgntmSv ]qW ]ntjkv,1981. ..A]cmPnX.(_n`qXn `qj _tm]mymb){Ko _pIvkv,2009. .CmaXn Hcp \ZnbpsS kmc]Z.(_n`qXn `qj _tm]mymb){Ko _pIvkv,2008. eoem km.Akabw.(_na Iu)tImbw Un.kn._pIvkv,1986. hk,Fkv.sI.\ \S hgnI.tIcf Ncn{Xhpw kwkvImchpw.Xriq:aebmf ]T\ KhjWtI{w,2009. hq^v shPo\nb.FgppImcnbpsS apdn.hnh. F.aqkpn.tImgntmSv:amXr`qan _pIvkv,2010. Cwnjv {K Baker,M.Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies.London And New York:Routledge,1998.Print. Kade,O . One -to- Many- Equivalence. Baker,M.pp 77-78. 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Toury, Gideon.In Search of a Theory of Translation.Tel Aviv:Porter Institute,1980a.web. Venuti,L.The translators invisibility:A history of translation.London and New york:Routledge,1995.Print. ------------The Translation Studies Reader.London And New York: Routledge,2000.Print. Chamberlain,L.Gender and the Metophorics of Translation.Venuti,L 314-29. Even-Zoher,I.The Position Of Translated Literature within the Literary Polysystem.Venuti,L 192-197. Spivak,G.The Politics of translation.Venuti.L 397-416. Vermeer, H, J.Skopos and Commision in Translational action.Venuti, L 221-32. Von-Flotow, Luise.Translation and Gender: Translating in the Era of Feminism.Manchester:St Jerom Publishing,1997.Google book search. tPWepI Cleveland, Jene.The (Unnameable) Lesbian body, thirdspace: a journal of feminist theory and culture, 1, 1(2001): web. Harvey, Keith. Translating Camp Talk: Gay Identities and Cultural Transfer, The Translator, 4, 2(1998): 295-320. ------ Gay Community, Gay Identity and the Translated Text, TTR, Montreal: McGill University,(2000) 137-165. Levin, S.J.Translation as Subversion:On translating Infantes Infernno,Substance,(1983) 42:85-94.web. Von Floto, Luise. Feminism in Translation: The Canadian Factor, Quaderns.13 (2006):11-20. Xu, Dan. Cultural blending and translation.CTJ 3.2(1998):12-16. Xu,Jianzhong.Foreignisation and Domestication: Translators concious activicity.IJT 18.1-2(2006):145-151. Shao, yi.On the cconstruction of female identities in translated literature:A descriptive study of three influential chinese versions.IJT 20.12(2008):35-46. Hubscher-Davidson Severine.Psycholinguistic differances between subjects as seen through TAPS.IJT 17.1-2(2005):97-107 Koller, Werner. The concept of equivalence and the object of Translation Studies.Target : 191-222. amKkn\pI _jo, Fw.Fw. tUm.B.C.BjdpsS _jo IrXnIfpsS ]cn`mj.kmlnXyhnaiw ssZzamknIw PqsseBKv.2011:1823. tUm.jmPn japJw..IhnX hnh\w sNptm.kmlnXy hnaiw ssZzamknIw P\phcns^{_phcn.2011:23--24. Websites Mario Vargas Llosas portrait of a Dictator,The Guardian,http://books,guardian.co.uk/print/Heawood,Jonathan(April 7,2002),sexual terror and leaking trousers.Review of the Feast of the goat ,The Observer,http://book.guardian.co.uk/print/ Holland Jonathan(feb 23,2006)The feast of the goat,variety,http://www.variety.com ******

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