K thut phn tp anten trong ci thin dung lng h thng MIMO

TS. Phan Hng Phng, KS. Lm Chi Thng S bng n ca nhu cu thng tin v tuyn ni chung v thng tin di ng ni ring trong nhng nm gn y thc y s pht trin ca cng ngh truyn thng v tuyn. Trong , phi k n cc cng ngh mi nh MIMO-OFDM, anten thng minh, ... gip nng cao hn na dung lng ca h thng. Bi bo gii thiu v k thut phn tp anten (Antenna Diversity) - mt k thut c ng dng vo h thng MIMO nng cao dung lng cng nh cht lng truyn thng v tuyn, ng thi thc hin m hnh ha v tin hnh m phng xc sut li k t (SER) v th bc x (Beam pattern) ca k thut phn tp anten, so snh vi k thut anten thng minh. Cng ngh MIMO OFDM Ngoi cc nh hng do suy hao, can nhiu, tn hiu khi truyn qua knh v tuyn di ng s b phn x, khc x, nhiu x, tn x, v gy ra hin tng fading a ng. iu dn n tn hiu nhn c ti b thu s yu hn nhiu so vi tn hiu ti b pht, lm gim ng k cht lng truyn thng. Cc fading kh ph bin trong thng tin v tuyn l fading Rayleigh v fading Ricean [1]. Nhng nghin cu gn y cho thy, s kt hp phng php iu ch OFDM vo h thng MIMO cho php ci thin ng k nhng nh hng fading t mi trng truyn, cho php nng cao cht lng v dung lng truyn thng. Trc tin, phi k n k thut iu ch trc giao OFDM. l mt trng hp c bit ca truyn dn a sng mang. OFDM c gi l k thut iu ch hay k thut ghp, da trn nguyn tc phn chia lung d liu tc cao thnh nhiu lung d liu tc thp, truyn trn nhiu sng mang trc giao nhau. OFDM s dng d liu song song v ghp knh theo tn s FDM vi cc knh chng nhau, trong mi knh mang mt tc d liu, c t cch nhau mt khong tn s trnh s cn bng tc cao (High-Speed Equalization) ng thi chng li nhiu v mo a tuyn, cng nh s dng hon ton di thng c sn. MIMO l h thng s dng cc dy anten c hai u knh truyn vi nhiu anten cho pha thu v nhiu anten cho pha pht [1].

Hnh 1. S nguyn l h thng MIMO

Cc cng trnh nghin cu ch ra rng, dung lng ca h thng thng tin v tuyn c tng ln ng k khi s dng nhiu anten thu v pht. Xt dung lng knh MIMO c Fading Rayleigh chm trong trng hp kt hp c phn tp thu pht [2]:

Gii hn di:

C>W

P 2 log 2 1 + n 2 2 i = n T n R 1) T

nT

( ) ,
i

nT nR

Gii hn trn:
2 Vi 2 n R = h i i =1 nR 2 2n R i =1

nT P 2 C < W log 2 1 + n 2 2n R i =1 T

) ,
i

nT nR

= z i2 , P l cng sut pht, W l bng thng, nR v nT ln lt l s anten

thu, pht, hi l h s ca ma trn knh truyn H. C th thy rng, dung lng h thng MIMO c ci thin ng k so vi trng hp ch c 1 r P cp anten thu pht truyn thng: C = W log 2 1 + ri . [2] 2 i =1
K thut phn tp anten K thut phn tp l mt trong nhng phng php c dng hn ch nh hng ca fading. Trong h thng thng tin di ng, k thut phn tp c s dng hn ch nh hng ca fading a tia, tng tin cy ca vic truyn tin m khng phi gia tng cng sut pht hay bng thng. Cc phng php phn tp thng gp l phn tp tn s, phn tp thi gian, phn tp khng gian (phn tp anten). Trong , k thut phn tp anten hin ang rt c quan tm v ng dng vo h thng MIMO nh kh nng khai thc hiu qu thnh phn khng gian trong nng cao cht lng v dung lng h thng, gim nh hng ca fading, ng thi trnh c hao ph bng thng tn s mt yu t rt c quan tm trong hon cnh ti nguyn tn s ngy cng khan him. K thut phn tp cho php b thu (receiver) thu c nhiu bn sao ca cng mt tn hiu truyn. Cc bn sao ny cha cng mt lng thng tin nh nhau nhng t c s tng quan v fading. Tn hiu thu bao gm mt s kt hp hp l ca cc phin bn tn hiu khc nhau s chu nh hng fading t nghim trng hn so vi tng phin bn ring l. Cc phng php kt hp thng gp: B t hp theo kiu qut v la chn (Scanning and Selection Combiners: SC) qut v la chn nhnh c t s CNR tt nht; b t hp vi cng li (Equal-Gain Combiners: EGC); B t hp vi t s ti a (Maximal Ratio Combiners: MRC): t hp tt c cc nhnh, vi h s ak t l thun vi tr hiu dng ca tn hiu v t l nghch vi bnh phng trung bnh ca nhiu ti nhnh th k [3,4].

a)

b)

c)

Hnh 2. Cc b t hp. a) Qut la chn b) B t hp cng li, c) B t hp t s ti a Kt qu m phng Kho st h thng trong trng hp n gin gm 01 anten pht v nhiu anten thu (Receiver Diversity). Thc hin chng trnh m phng xc sut li k t v th bc x (Beam pattern) ca k thut phn tp anten, knh truyn c thit lp c nhiu Gauss v fading Rayleigh vi cc phng php kt hp, cc kiu iu ch khc nhau, vi s lng anten thay i thu c cc kt qu nh gi xc sut li k t SER c trnh by trn hnh 3 v 4.

Hnh 3. SER ca 3 phng php khi s anten l Hnh 4. SER theo s anten tng t 1 n 4 2, iu ch QAM (phng php MRC, iu ch BPSK) Nhn xt: - Trong 3 phng php MRC, EGC v SC, phng php kt hp MRC cho php ci thin xc sut li tt nht. - Xc sut li gim ng k khi tng s anten: mc li 10-1, li thu c khi tng s anten t 1 ln 2 l gn 12 dB. li ny s tng thnh 16 dB khi s anten l 3, v gn 20 dB khi s anten tng ln 4. - Tuy nhin, li gia tng chm dn khi tng s anten. Ta nhn thy rng, gia tng li gia 2 v 3 anten ch l 4 dB, trong khi con s ny l 12 dB khi tng t 1 thnh 2 anten.

Kho st th bc x ca phng php phn tp anten MRC v so snh vi k thut anten thng minh (trng hp c in) trn hnh 6 v 7, ta nhn thy: - th bc x ca k thut phn tp anten c mc nng lng cao hn hn so vi phng php Beamforming. Do , hiu qu hn trong ci thin cht lng tn hiu thu. - Tuy nhin, k thut phn tp anten khng iu chnh pattern bm theo hng tn hiu n nh k thut Beamforming thc hin. Do , khng hiu qu bng k thut Beamforming trong vic li bp sng thu tn hiu, c bit trong kh nng trit nhiu ng knh.

Hnh 5. th bc x cho trng hp 3 tn hiu ti Hnh 6. th bc x cho trng hp 3 tn hiu ti c c DOA1 = 30o & SNR1 = 0 dB, DOA2 = -30o & DOA1 = 30o & SNR1 = 0 dB, DOA2 = -30o & SNR2 SNR2 = 0 dB, DOA3 = 0o & SNR3 = 15 dB (8 anten) = 0 dB, DOA3 = 60o & SNR3 = 15 dB (8 anten)

Kt lun - K thut phn tp anten ci thin tt xc sut li trong iu kin knh truyn c fading. li thu c ca phng php phn tp anten ln n hng chc dB. y l thng s th hin r tnh u vit ca k thut phn tp anten ng dng vo cc h thng truyn thng, c bit l cc h thng thng tin di ng vn i hi cc yu cu v nng cao dung lng, cht lng dch v, tit kim nng lng s dng, thu gn kch thc thit b my u cui. - Kt qu m phng chng t phng php MRC cho php ci thin SER tt hn nhiu so vi cc phng php EGC v SC, ph hp vi cc phn tch l thuyt cng nh cc nghin cu khc. Tuy nhin, phc tp trong thi cng phng php MRC cao hn nhiu so vi SC hay EGC. iu ny i hi phi c nhng nh gi chuyn su v hiu qu kinh t khi la chn phng php kt hp trin khai thc t. - Thng s SER c ci thin ng k khi tng s lng anten. Tuy nhin, cng vi s gia tng ca s anten th gia tng li h thng c xu hng gim. Kt qu m phng cho thy gia tng li tt nht khi tng t 1 ln 2 anten. y cng l mt u im ng quan tm cho vic ng dng k thut phn tp anten vo thc t, c bit khi trin khai trn my u cui ca mng di ng. S anten khng nhiu s gip tit kim chi ph v phc tp thi cng, p ng c yu cu gim kch thc my u cui m vn m bo ng dng k thut phn tp anten vo nng cao cht lng dch v. - T cc mu Beam pattern nhn thy, phng php phn tp anten lm gia tng ng k nng lng tn hiu thu: bin Beam patern ca k thut phn tp anten ln hn rt nhiu bin Beam pattern ca Beamforming. iu ny lm tng ng k li ca h thng. Tuy

nhin, trong khi Beamforming iu chnh Beam pattern bm theo tn hiu n da vo vic iu chnh c bin v pha ca trng s ti u th Beam pattern ca phn tp anten khng thay i theo hng tn hiu n do trng s ca phn tp anten l cc s thc (khng iu chnh pha). R rng, Beamforming t ra u vit hn trong trit nhiu ng knh nh kh nng bm theo tn hiu, phn b mu Beam pattern ca anten cc i cc hng tn hiu n, v null cc hng c tn hiu khng mong mun. - Qua cc nghin cu v l thuyt cng kt qu m phng v k thut phn tp anten, c th khng nh y l k thut rt hiu qu trong vic gim nh hng ca fading ln tn hiu, nng cao li h thng, ci thin ng k cht lng cng nh dung lng, cng nh cho php khai thc hiu qu thnh phn khng gian khng lm hao tn ti nguyn tn s, thi gian nh cc phng php phn tp khc. Vi cc u u im , c th thy vic ng dng m hnh phn tp anten vo h thng MIMO l hon ton ph hp, c bit trong vic nng cao dung lng h thng mt yu cu ang rt c quan tm ca cc cng ngh truyn thng hin i. Ti liu tham kho [1]. DAVID TSE, Fundamentals of Wireless Communication, University of California, Berkeley & Pramod Viswanath, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, September 10, 2004. [2]. BRANKA VUCETIC, Space-Time Coding, University of Sydney & Jinhong Yuan, University of New South Wales, 2003 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. ISBN: 0-470-84757-3. [3]. CARL B. DIETRICH, Jr., Spatial, Polarization, and Pattern Diversity for Wireless Handheld Terminals. Member, IEEE, Kai Dietze, J. Randall Nealy, and Warren L. Stutzman, Fellow, IEEE. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 49, No. 9, September 2001. [4]. The Mobile Radio Propagation Channel. Second Edition. J.D.Parsons. ISBN 0-471-98857X.