Hniz) Uc-Xz-Tømss Ate-Jy-Bn Ign-Bp - Xns (XN Ico-A-Øns KMK-CHPW Ljo-J-Øns ) - ©HPW

hntZi]-T-\w, kl-]m-Tn-I, A[ym-]-I, ]T-\-kw-hn[m-\w, `-W-{Iaw, ImbnI hnt\m-Z-, ]mN-Iw, Nn, s]mXp-{]-h-\w, bm{X.....
ate-jy-bnse C\m-j-\ Ckvem-anIv bq\n-th-gvknn-bnse Iem-e-b-Po-hnXw Hms-Sp-p-p, knZv ap\--den inlm_v X.
tIcfob ]men am{Xa, ]nmev temI Xen Xs ^nJvlpw Xkz-p^pw Xnep `n XI DSseSpnpv. Ahb{Xbpw am\pjnIamb Nnm]cXbpsS GpdnepI ImcWambn DSseSp XpamWv. A\p`h XefpsS AKm[XIfpambn am{X ta kzq^nkn\p _apq. tIc-fob apkven-ans \S-p-co-Xn-Isf s]mfn-s-gp-Xp Xncp-s-gp-v.
hniz]uc-Xz-tmsS ate-jy-bn Ign-bp--Xns {Xn

IY 38 inlm_v ]n-pdw
]m-bp- cmPyw -
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ico-A-ns kmK-chpw lJo-Jns {]]-hpw teJ-\w
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tUm. _lm-D-o apl-Zv \Zvhn

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sXfnw amkn-I, Zmdp lpZm Ckvem-anIv bq\n-th-gvkn-n, lnZmb \K, sNm-Sv, ae-p-dw, tIc-f, 676306 Hmsse FUn-j: www.islamonsite.com C-sa-bn: thelitcham@gmail.com t^m: 0494 2463155 ^mIvkv: 0494 2460575
Xncp-s-gpv
icoAns kmKchpw lJoJns {]]hpw

Xncp-s-gpv
kzemlpo Aq_n
\nkvImcspdnp {]knamb lZokns kmam\ymn Cu ImeLnse kpnIfpw ke^nIfpw Xn tbmPnpI \mw ImWpp. DkmcfdnbmsX ^nJvlv apdpsInSnv AmlpthmSpw {]hmNIt\mSpw t{]a\n_am a\tmsS \Sph F{Xta henb kpnbmsWp ]dmepw AXv ke^nkstmse am{Xta tXmppq.
Xkzp^pw ^nJvlpw Xnep \nkmcamb Nne s]mcptSpI cnsbpw ]ndhn sXmt \ne\nXmbn \mw a\nemWw. Fm ]cnip {]hmNI aplZv \_n(kz)bpsSbpw AhnSs {]Xn`m[\cmb ]nKmanIfpsSbpw t\Imev Ah cpw Xnep hntbmPnpIsfm tbmPnpI am{Xambncpp {]ISambncpXv. AXn\p ImcWw {]hmNIs tXtPmab kmn[yhpw A\pbmbnI ]penb A]mcamb A\p-kcWbpw - `b-`nbpw \njvIfXbpw - - hnizm-kZmVyhpsamw Bbncpp. icoAns
]p]mXbneqsS aptdpIbpw XzcoJns cmPm\ IcKXampIbpw lJoJns kuhW kzKsf apPmlZbneqsS IhsSppIbpw sNbvXncp B alpf[nIhpw PohtemIp \nt kzKw In\mhnemsX Ihcmbncpp. tIcfob ]men am{Xa, ]nImev temIXen Xs cpw Xnep `nXI DSseSpnpv. Ahb{Xbpw am\pjnIamb Nnm]cXbpsS GpdnepI ImcWambn DSseSpXpamWv. A\p`hXefpsS AKm[XIfpambn am{Xta kzq^nkn\p _apq.
sXfnw hymg-h---Xnv
Xncp-s-gpv
t\p t\sc ImWp {]{Inbmcq]tfmSv AXn\p _an. F, t\p t\scbp fzmlndpI a\pjysc hnXcmpp FXv XzcoJpIfpsS Dkmc \ntifnsemmWv. ^nJvlmIs fzmlndmb cq]LS\m sshinjvSyfpw B[mc coXnIfpamWv. XzcoJv \n_fpsS tan ]pda. B[p\nI temItmSv kvt\lns s]mcpfmJymbnIfpambn kwhZnp Hcp almcKpcp ]dXv {inpI: "AzcoJp ssek en Ipnmkn...'(XzcoJv FmhpapX) Fm icoAns Bcm ssNX\yw XzcoJpambn _sp \npXmsWv Camw im^nCu(d) ]TnnpXv ssiJv ssk\po aJvZqw(d) lnZmbp AZvInbmC DuepItfmsS FSpp ]dnpv. icoAn \ne\ns Xs XzcoJntev {]thinWsan AXn\nkvXpeamb B[ymnIt_m[hpw _mXzn a\nemm\p Ignhpw thWw. HcpZmlcWw \apv ]cntim[nmw. dkq Icow(kz) \nkvImcspdnp ]d {]knamb lZokns kmam\yamb An Cu ImeLnse kpnIfpw ke^nIfpw Xn t]mepw tbmPnpI \mw ImWpp. kpnIfpw ke^nIfpw HmsWp ]dv A]lknpIb. adnv DkmcfdnbmsX ^nJvlv apdpsInSnv AmlpthmSpw {]hmNIt\mSpw t{]a\n_am a\tmsS \Sph F{Xta henb kpnbmsWp ]dmepw _nZCu hmZfn \nv IcIbdnb
_nZ-C-I \nkvImcs ]cnjvIcnv ]cnjvIcnv Ctm "ZpBD C^vXn Xmlv ' hsc HmtXXn F ssk mnI Zphminbnsenbnpv. \ymbamb {]amWfneqsS "hlv Xphn'tev t]mIm ke^nIv km[npn. s\v ssI Ipn snpw Alnmn hnc sImv dnbmenn tjm \Snbpw km[yamIp Bcm[\mcq]w am{Xam bmWh \nkvImcs ImWpXv.
Cubphs\tmephv AXv ke^nkstmse am{Xta tXmppq. lZokv CXmWv: "kzq Iam dAbvXpaq\o Dkzo.....' kpnIfmb ^nJvlv ]nXam Cu lZokv Ahew_nv Fm \nthZIamcpw ]ccbneps kzlm_pw ]cnip {]hmNIs \nkvImcns _mlyamb \nkvImcs Fs\ ]cnhonp Fv t\mpIbpw AXns\ D]tbmKsSpn \nkvImcns _mlyamb Hcp NqSv cq]sSppIbpw sNbvXp. AXnt\mSv kzq^nIp hntcm[hpan. ke^nIfmIs B \nkvImcns _mlyamb NqSn \nv CfIn \np AScpI apgph ]dnsSpv \nkvImcw IqSpX {]IS\]camhpw hn[w Ir{Xnaamb XJvhbpw GIXm\Xbpw ioennm\mWv DtinXv. B[p\nIImev Ah \nkvImcs ]cnjvIcnv ]cnjvIcnv Ctm "ZpBD C^vXnXmlv' hsc HmtXXn F sskmnI Zphminbnsenbnpv. AYhm \ymbamb {]amWfneqsS "hlvXphn'tev t]mIm ke^nIv km[npn. ]Zm]camb Hcp \nkvImc cq]ntev Ah DS Xs sNsm\pw
km[yXbpv. s\v ssI Ipnsnpw Alnmn hncsImv dnbmenn tjm \Snbpw km[yamIp Hcp {]ISamb Bcm[\mcq]w am{XambnmWv Ah \nkvImcs ImWpXv. Fm kzq^nIfpsS Cu lZokpambn _s \ntZif{Xbpw kpnIfpsS ^nJvlo \namW]cXv Du\w XnmXpw icoAns\ IqSpX _esSpnsmv XzcoJntepw ]ns lJoJntepw {]thinpXpamWv. Ah "dAvbv' F B lZoknse hmNIs IpdpIqSn B[ymnIambn a\nemn. apdnbpw Imanepamb Hcp XzcoJnse ssiJv Xs apcoZn\p \Ip B[ym{][m\amb ImgvNbneqsS HmaXmbn Ah dkqen(kz)s \nkvImcs honWw. Atm imcocnIamb ^nJvlns\m BcnIhpw lrZb]chpamb Hcp A\p`h_m[yX \nkvImcn cq]sSpp. Cuam\nsbpw XJvhbpsSbpw ssNX\yw Ahcn DSn \npp. ]noSv \nkvIcnphs kzw DugamWv. lJoJp ImWm sI]p Ahs Bmhns AIp sImv Ahs\m\pw {]hmNI(kz) XfpsS tXtPmcq]s ImWm Ignm Ahs \nkvImcw Clvkm, JpiqAv, JpfqAv Fo hnXm\ ]pjv]np \np lJoJns aetmpIfn shp Xs \nkvImcw \nhlnsSpXmbn tXmpp. \nkvImcw t{]a ]mchiytmsS {]hmNI {]XnZi\s km[yamp B{Zamb HcXn{ob `mhambpw A\pcmKns temeamb `mjbn {kjvSmhnt\mSv \Sp
sXfnw hymg-h---Xnv
Xncp-s-gpv
ap\mPmmbpw anAvdmPmbpw Ahv A\p`hsSpIbpw sNpw. Cs\ A\p`h]chpw A\p`h]camXpamb cp Xew ^nJvlns\bpw Xkzp^ns\bpw honptm ImWm\mIpw. icoAns kmam\ykm[yamb cq]n AXn\mhiyamb \njvIfamb `b`n {]ISnnp Hcmv XzcoJns BhiyanmsX Xs AXns ê{]m]vXnbnsem km[npw. AYhm icoAv \n_ambpw ]pet _mlycq]amsWn Xkzp^v km[yXbph am{Xw \n_cq]nemsX A\pjvTnt km[\bmWv. Iam\pjvTm\fpsS BcnI bmYmyfnep appw ]hnghpw hmcnsbSpWsan Xkzp^v A\nhmcyhpamWv. ]Zm]cambn Nnnm kzmZpw cpNnbpw `WhkvXpfn \npw cpNndnbm\phbn \npw thsp \nphbmbncnpw. Atm `Ww tIhew t]mjWn\pXmbn amdpw. Fm BkzmZyX \pIcWsaphv kzmZpw cpNnbpw AXp\pn ImWsSWsaXv \n_amWv. AtXmsS ]pfnbpw, Nhpw, Ibv]pw, a[pchpsams ]Zmfnse hneb\LSIambn \mw A\p`hnpp. CXpt]msebp hyXymkhpw HcpabpamWv icoAnepw XzcoJnepapXv. icoAv \n_fpsSbpw \n_\IfpsSbpw Iicq]nep lmUv tIm BsWn Xkzp^v B{ZXbpsSbpw hneb\nsbpw tkm^vshbdmWv. v AXpsImp Xs BZy Imew sXmt Xkzp^v ]pen icoAneqsS aptdphcpmbnpv. icoAneqsS am{Xw aptdphcpapmbnpv. Fm Ah cpw Xn Ielnp DjvWtaJeI Hpapmbncpn. P\ icoAneqsS am{Xw aptdpIbpw IafpsS _mlyXakm[yXI am{Xw hmsX Ahew_npIbpw sNbvX ImeLnemWv {]hmNIImen \npw A\pbmbnIfpsS Imen \npsams hn`nambn P\v Xkzp^ns DpfI IqSn ImWnp sImSptXocq F Xocpam\ {]Imcw alm\mb XmhgnKpcp lkz _kzvcn, A_vZpmln_v\p ap_mdIv(d) Fnhsctmeph XzcoJns cq]mhnjvImcfntev Xncnp sImv P\sf \bnm XpSnbXv. IafpsS Clvkm\nI Xew P\v hmsX \jvSsSppshv tXmnbtm Xs Camw im^nCu(d)sb t]meph C{]Imcw P\tfmSv \ntZinnpv: ^Jol h kzq^nb hem XIp hmlnZ/ hCo h sFapmln CmI Akzlq.... (\o A\pjvTm\w am{Xadnbp Iaimkv{X am{XamhcpXv, hnhcanm kzq^nbpw BhcpXv. ^Jolpw kzq^nbpsam hynXzw \nn ImWWw. Fp Rm Amlp X AtX D]tZiw \n\p \Ipp) Camw im^nCu(d)bptSX Sap \ntZi ]cnewLnp sImv ^pJlm fzmlndmb Iacq]fn kzbw _nXcmhpIbpw icoAns alnXhebs a\nemmsX kzq^nI fzmlndns\ ]pnpIbpw sNm\pw XpSnbtXmsS Apw Cpw IqSpX sshcpy DSseSppIbmWv sNbvXXv FXmWv ]cakXyw. Fm sshcpyfnmsX Ch ka\zbnpXns taJeI alm\mb ssiJv ssk\po aJvZqw(d) Xs lnZmbXp AZvInbmC NqndbpXp {inpI: "h ACaXp Im^nCn h \lvhnln/ Im\q Aem knn Jnkzmen Ipem/ kplvZp kzemlp h
sXfnw hymg-h---Xnv
Xncp-s-gpv
C_mZp Caplpw/ _n Deqan DJv_m \m^nBn en aem'. aZvl_ns Camamb Camw im^nCubpw aphcpw BdpImcyfn A\yq\cpw ]qWcpambncpp. kplvZv, kzemlv, C_mZv, Pt\m]Imc{]Zamb ]ctemIm\w FnhbmWv AXnep BZys \msew.) "h IZ ^Jmlp ô akzmenln JJn\m/ h CdmZp _n X^Jpln d Dem...' Amas Imcyw krjvSnIp akzvelns\pdnp Adnhpw BdmatXv ^nJvlom\w sImv Amlphns\ am{Xw IcpXpI FXpambncpp) "^pJlmD\m JZv Xm_Du ô ^nJvlnlnw/ em ssKdp ^Xv_Av en PaoC en X^vfpem...' (Fm \psS ^pJlmfmIs Cu Bdn ^nJvlv am{Xw A\p[mh\w sNbvXp. ap Ans\bpw AhKWnp. hninjvS\mhWsan Bdn Hpt]mepapt]nmsX Ahsb ]npScpI) almhnm\ tKm]pcambncp Camw A_qlmanZp Kmen(d)bpsS Pohkmcw ChnsS {KlnsSp \apv Daambncnpw. Camw A_qlmanZp Kmen BkwLjw \nd kzXz{]XnknIfpsS DjvWtaJeI XcWw sNbvXmWv aXhnm\fpsS ]p\cpoh\ntev {]thinpXv. kzqô Zi\fpsS D]mXmhmbncp lmcnkp aplmkn_n(d)s InXm_pcnBb F {KamWv Atlns kzXz{]Xnknsb adnISm klmbIambnoXv Fv Atlw Xs {]kvXmhnppv.
icoAv \n_fpsSbpw \n_ \IfpsSbpw Iicq]nep lmUv tIm BsWn Xkzp^v B{ZXbpsSbpw hneb\nsbpw tkm^vvshbdmWv. AXpsImp Xs BZy Imew sXmt Xkzp^v ]pen icoAneqsS aptdph cpmbnpv. icoAneqsS am{Xw aptdphcpapmbnpv. Fm Ah cpw Xn Ielnp DjvWtaJeI Hpapmbncpn.
Dkzqep ^nJvlnse {]iv\m[njvTnXamb hnjb a\nseSpnv \nkvImcn t]mepw Acw hnjb BtemNnp sImv Camw Kmen \Sptm, ]nbn hp \nkvIcnm A\pP AlvaZp Kmen {]Xyn \nkvImcw t]mepw Cmh\msW P\fpsS Btcm]Ww Camans\ hmsX Aenbncpp. AhcpsS amXmhn\v Xkzp^n\p ]ndsItmb A\pPs\m Camamb tPyjvTt\mSpw Atlns hnZz{]`mhtmSpw \ aXnpmbncpp. lpXp Ckvemans A`y\ am\nv D kvt\l]qhw AlvaZnt\mSv ]nbn t]mbn \nkvIcnm D]tZinpIbpmbn. As\ A\pP ]nbn \nkvIcnm hXpw \nkvImcw Bcw`nv Hcp dIvAv t]mepw ]nnSpXn\p apv Camambn \np tPyjvTs sXmp]ndInse Hmwhcnbn \nv BfpIfpsSsbmw \nkvImcw apSpamdv Ips\ Cdn\SpIbpw sNbvX kw`hw {]knamWv. ]noSv \nkvImcw {isXnXns\ Ipdnv p`nX\mb Kmen Camw tNmZn tNmZyn\v A\pP ]d adp]Sn Atls
Ccpnnnnp; "kv{XoIfpsS EXpcn Ipfnt {]nb ktlmZmcm Av \nkvImcn Camw \nncpXv? ]nss\ XmfpsS {ibnm \nkvImcn Rm\pw XpScpw?' Cu adp]Sn tIv Camw Kmen Xebn ssIshpI Xs sNbvXp. ImcWw \nkvImcn Camw \npIbmbncp Atlns a\netm kv{XoIfpsS Bhchpambn _s Hcp akvAe IpcpgnpXns hy{KXbmbncpp. Fm AsXs\ \nkvIcnm t]mepw hnapJX Imp Xs A\nb Isn? GXv AZriyinbmWv Ahs Cu Isens\ klmbnXv? As\ Atlw XpSnsh ktlmZcs clkyhnm\fpsS hmXmb\sf Ipdnp At\zjWw Atls Bm\ns KncnirwJfntepbpI Xs sNbvXp. As\bmWv A\pPs Kpcp\mY\mb kzq^nhcy aplmkn_ns\ Atlw IspXv. ]nmev A\pPs IgnhpIsf Ipdnv t_m[yamb Atlw Ahs\ aZvdkm \nkmanbpsS DchmZnXzw `cta]nv kpZoLamb B[ymnI ]cythW Bcw`np. kzw Kpcphcy\mbncp Camap ldssa\n A_p apBen A_vZp aenIn(d)\p t]mepw ssIsbnnSnm\mhm Dbc Atlw sshm\nI N{Ihmfn IogSnbncpp. "tm`np kap{Zw' Fv Atlw Kpcphcys \mat[bm Xs {ipXns]SpIbpw sNbvXncpp. Fm B alXzhpw Ionbpw Dt]nmWv Kmen Camw bm{XIv XpSw IpdnXv.
sXfnw hymg-h---Xnv
Xncp-s-gpv
B hgnbn kplrpw kl]mTnbpambncp cmjv{Sob t\Xmhv \nkmap apIv Xzqkn shp \onb m\am\fpw [mcmfapmbncpp. ]nXcpsS taJebn A[as hyhm]np "DeamDqAv' F Hcp hn`mKw Dspw Fm kXys kwm]np "A DeamD lJvJv' F hn`mKamWv aXIobm\fpsS Doh\n\v hgnbm[mcamIpsXpw Atlw \nZinp. FmenXv Bm\ sImmc B{inXcmbncp alm`qcn]w BfpIsfbpw CfInadnp. Ah Atln\p t\sc hmsfSpv DdpXpptmgpw Atlw Dn AhtcmSp tNmZnp: "h l A^vkZ o\ C apeqIp hdplv_m? (Ccw cmPmamcpw AhcpsS dmaqfnIfpamb ]ptcmlnXamcpw Xsbt Zo\ns\ \innXv?)' Clvbm Deqano\n Atlw ]dbpXv ImWpI: "`cWIm NobmbXp ImcWw {]PIfpw, ]nXam PoWnXp ImcWw `cWImfpw \mYamcnmhcpw Bbnoncnpp. Benao ]ngp t]mIm ImcWw m\am\tfmSpw ]WtmSpap Bn AhcpsSbpw kXynsbpw CSbn adbnXmWv.' hfsc sNdpn Xs Cs\ hnmhmIhpw NSpehpamb hmKznemkw sImv hgn]ng bpnhnNmcsfbpw Xzimkv{Xsfbpw t\cnXp sImp XsbmWv Atlw tm`np kap{Zw F A]cm`n[m\n\v Al\mbnoXv. Atls Ipdnpw Atlns IrXnIsf Ipdnpw Bgn ]Tn {^v XzNnI sZhp {^mtmbnkv A`n{]mbsXv Cs\bmWv: "CkvemanI hnm\imkv{Xsf AXns DdhnSfntev Xncnsnv Ahsb A\mYamImXncnm kacw sNbvX am\ytZlamWv Camw Kmen.' kPqJv cmPhwiw `cnp sImncnp Imev ss\km_qcnse hfsc Zcn{Zamb Hcp IpSpw_]men P\n Atlw ]Xn-\mdmas hbn Xs Hcp A[ym]I\pw IqSnbmbn amdn. D]Poh\n\p thnbmbncppshnepw B taJe Atls {]kn\mn. Ccp-]-tgmw hbtmSp IqSn Atlns JymXn temIsamppw {]Ncnp. hnZqctZifn \np ]nX hsc Atls Hcp d^d tkmgvkv Bbn Iv kinm XpSn. Ahcn blqZ {InkvXob thZ hN\ ]nX hsc DsSpw. kPqJnIfpsS t]jy {][m\a{n \nkmap apIv XzqknbpsS A`y\ am\nmWv ap-n\memw hbn \nkmanbpsS sdIvS m\w GsSppXv. euInI m\am\fpw {]ikvXnbpw Atbw Dbncpsnepw AXnsempw Atlw kwXr]vX\mbncpn. Xs \ntbmKw AXns\mapdv InSp astm BsWv Atln\v Ddpmbncpp. {]Xyn Xm\\p`hnp hkvXpXIfpsS (fzmln) Apdp (_mXzn) kXyXncpZv`h\w IsemWv Xs CkvemanI \ntbmKw (lpXp Ckvemw) Fv Atlw kzbw XosSpn. sImmcfpsSbpw ]nIfpsSbpw AIffn t]mepw knZoJpI Fdnbs Ames bpnhnNmcIam IbdnqSn hnizmkns icnbmb \nWbsf hN\imkv{Xhpw (CapIemw), bpnhmZhpw ^ntemk^nbpw CSIen aeoakamnsmncptm Atlw {Kov Xzm\ns hymaqVXIsf ]ngpsXdnbp IWvTtImSmenbmbn hnp. bh\]cojamv ASnbdhp ]dncp apkvenwm\nIsf IqSn IqsSqn Atlw kwhmZkZpIfntev \nòX\mbn Ibdnsp. Atlw ]Ip \Inb mt\mXvIjhpw hN\ns CkvemanI kwt]fpw As hnizmknIfpsS am\wImp. "ss^kep^vcoJ ss_\ kZJXn h Ckvemw' F Atlns IrXnv adp]SnsbgpXm Bhiysv {^v ]ncWoknse aTm[n]XnI {]Jym]n C\mw Gphmm\pw Hcp ssIt\mm\pw Amev BfnmXmbn. ]t, Camw Kmen kzns Imcyn Atmgpw AkwXr]vX\mbncpp. {]XyoIcnp AdnhpIfpw knmfpw AWnbnp Xcp ùXnImemcfpw ]ZhnIfpw adncnp almm\sfbpw kqvaclkysfbpw
\nkvImcw {isXnXns\ Ipdnv p`nX\mb Kmen Camw tNmZn tNmZyn\v A\pP ]d adp]Sn Atls Ccpnnnnp; "kv{XoIfpsS EXpcn Ipfnt {]nb ktlmZmcm Av \nkvImcn Camw \nncpXv? ]nss\ XmfpsS {ibnm \nkvImcn Rm\pw XpScpw?'
sXfnw hymg-h---Xnv
Xncp-s-gpv
At\zjnpXn \nv Xs XSbpXmbn Atln\p tXmn. Hcp Znhkw Atlw Cdnpdsp. B ]pdmSv Atlns PohnXns m\ aes cmbn ]Ipp. HmatXv tIhehnm\nsbpw ^ntemk^nbpsSbpw sNdnb temIw. cmatXv clkym\fpsSbpw almb AdnhpIfpsSbpw ssZhimkv{Xnsbpw Aw ImWm B[ymtemIw. B ]pdmSn\p ]ndInepw Atlw Xs \ntbmKw At\zjnXns ]ndInepw hmkvXhn asmcp kw`hIYbpv; Caman\v Hcp clky Kpcp\mYs\ AkwXr]vXamb PohnX]mXInSp shv Ipapm Ignncpp. Hpw {]ikvX\m knZv aplZp _mZnKm\n(d) F Hcp Dnv (\ncc) Bbncpp AsXv Camw KmenbpsS kaImenI\pw kplrpambncp Camw iAvdm\n ]dnpv. hnm\temIns shntaLfpsS ]pdv AXypXfn khmcn \Sptmgpw Atln\p InmsX t]mb kwXr]vXn a\ns Nne hmXmb\ XpdpInmXp sImmbncpp Fv ssiJv lmcnkp _mZnKm\n Atln\v ]dp sImSppXmbpw, Ah Xpdp Inm ]pWytI{fmb ldapIfnepw aJmapIfnepw aivlZpIfnepw At\zjI\mbn sNm B Kpcp t{]cnnncpXmbpw Cybnse alm]WvUnX\pw kmXznI\pambncp A_plk Aen \Zvhn FgpXnbnpv. B Blzm\w sNhnsImmWv Kmen Camw {]bmWamcw`npXv. almhnm\fpsS InfnhmXnepIfn \nv Acnsp m\{]Imiw ClvbmD Deqano F temssIIIrXn Hcp \ntbmKw t]mse As\bmWv DSseSppXv. FmtWm a\nepXv AXmWv {]XyoIcnpI, FmtWm lrZbnepXv AXntemWv sNspI, lrZbns ssk\nIcpw t\Xmfpw ]S \bnsp kXyns hgnIfmWv HcmfpsS PohnXs {]`m]qcnXampXv, ZWXbmWv krjvSnbnse bYm shfn]mSv, AIv Hfnp InSp clkys ]pdsnWsa AZayamb B{Klhpw CJvemkpw Hcmpsn AbmfpsS apgph PohnXhpw icocw Xsbpw AbmfpsS B{Klns ImSnbmbn {]Xnênpw. ImSnbpsS ZWXbnm apJhpw icochpw Im]Syns sISpPohnXambn ]cnWanpw,... Fsms XpSp Atlw \ncp B[ym{]^pamb m\`mK As\ aXhnm\fpsS ]p\cpoh\Xbmbn temIs XpSnnp. a\pjyPohnXns kwLj`cnXamb kmaqlyPohnXns HmcXoc ]cnXyPnv Camw As\ Jn\mb ]cn{hmPI\mbn ]{v hjw temIep. _KvZmZns a\wIpfnnp at\mlmcnXIsfbpw kpJkuIcysfbpw hnkvacnv Atlw kndnbbnepw le_nepw êkvXo\nepw Atd_ybnse lnPmknepw m\Nn\mbn ]nIfnepw hniptI{fnepw acpaSpIfnepw aeapIfnepw amdnamdn AepXncnp. m\hr\mb _mZnKm\n(d) ]cnNbsSpnsmSp Bhom[ym\amamb "apdmJ_' A\pjvTnv Atlw {]]ns
acp`qanIfpsS ]mgS DujcXIsfbpw Kplm`mKfnse Ccpns\bpw Fmw {]Imi[\yampsa DabpsS m\kwKoXw Atln AebSnp. almamv t_m[marXhpw Dkmcfpw e`n aJmapIfnepw aivlZpIfnepw Atlw apdmJ_bncpp. shfnw sIv arXambnnSpp Fv Atlw kzbw hnizknncp Atlnse AdnhpI As\ {]Iminp XpSn. AhnSw sXmmWv ClvbmAv Deqano Bcw`npsXv Atln\v a\nembn. Atlw a\n cqVaqeamb AdnhpIsf B kpZoLamb Aenen\nSbn FgpXnbnSm XpSn. CkvemanI m\hyhlmcfpsS a\pjykm[yamb taJebn \nv DuXnmnsbSp Fmesbpw AZznXobhpw kpXmcyhpamb shnnfp AaqeycXv\amb A
sXfnw hymg-h---Xnv
Xncp-s-gpv tIcf apkvenwIfnse ]ctamXvIrjvS ]nX kqcy\mb AlvaZv tImb imenbmnbpw asm \apv ImWnp XnpXv. ^nJvlv {K sfm Xkzp^ns {K cNnpXnembncpp ssiJv ssk\po aJvZqans\tmephv IqSpX XmXv]cyw. auenZpIfpw, a\mJn_pIfpw, \AvXpIfpw \nd Hcp B[ymnI kzqô kwKoXnIm Xew tIcfns ]qhImew \mbn ASbmfsSpnbnpv.
s]mcp]cXbn ebnncpp. Znhktfmfw At]b t]mepanmsX apdmJ_bn A`ncanpsImncnp Xs Kpcp\mYs\ P_ep Jpss_kns ]mizn shv IsSp aplqw kp{]kn injy C_v\pXzpav tcJsSpnbnpv. Hcn Atlw apdmJ_bn \npWv apdmJ_bneqsS e_v[amIp ClmapIfpsS B\m\spdnv Cs\ Hcp hN\w Be]np: "Znhyt_m[\amb hlvbns\mfpw Clmans\mfpw {]mamWnIamb asmcp DdhnShpan.' ]t, Camans B[ymtemItp {]thihpw {]Xy ùXnItemIp \np Xntcm[m\hpw Ames ]nXam sXp[cnXmbn Camw iAvdm\n ]dbppv. Hcn iAvdm\n Xs Atls hfscb[nIw ]Wnsp Isnb tijw AtltmSv {]Xyhnm\fpsS temItp Xncnp hcm\pw kzbw Dmnb hnShv Atlw Xs \nIm\pw Bhiysp. Atm Dzeamb DZv{KY\ns Dnbn \npsImv Camw ]mSn: "fAvXp Dwco ^n _Xzmem....' "]cakXyns m\s At\zjnmsX Rms\s Bbpns\ ]mgmnbncnpp. Xntcm[m\sap BfpI ]dbp Cu Ah XsbmWv F\nv \mbn tNcpsXv temIw apgps Xncpndbp Imew hcpw....' Camans injy\mbncp JmZn A_q_Ivdp_v\p Ad_n(d) F hn{ipX\mb aplnkv ]dbpp: "Camans\ Hcn Rm iman shv A{]XonXambn Ipapn. ZakvIknse B hnP\amb acp`qanbneqsS Iwsh tImpw [cnv Hcp XpI]m{Xn Ipdp shhpsaSpv hSnbpw IpnnSnp sImp Atlns B t]mp Itm Fs a\p XIp. lrZb`mP\ambncp Fs Kpcp\mYs\ XSpp \nn Rm tNmZnp: "]WvUnX{]t`m, Atv _KvZmZnse cmPIobX apn \np B Zkv Xsbmbncpnt CXnepw DNnXw? Jeo^bpw Atlns cmPyX{cmb apJy kNnhcpw, CkvemanI cmjv{Snse ]nX {]hcamcpsams ASp B hnZzkZns ]pdv \m\qdne[nIw t] Znhkhpw XemhpI Ducnshv {]thinpXmbn Rm Inpv. Xmsf sImp {]tbmP\w Xm hnkvacnncnpIbmtWm?' kzq^nkns kzc[mcIfnse Fmesbpw intcmaIpSZo]amb B hmKv_nw_w A\Kfambn DS ]pdphp: "em XzeA JadpBZx ô êIn CdmZx h P\lXv iwkp hpkzqen Cem Bean Dkq...' (]ctamXvIrjvS\mb {]]m[n]XnbpsS DnjvSkq{Xns {]`maen ku`mKyN{ DZntm, Bebns kqcytPymXnkv AXns Bm\aWvUentev ]dpt]mbn...) Hcn apdmJ_bn \npWv Atlw ]mSn: "XdIvXp lhm sseem h kpAvZm _n aAvknen/ h JpwXp Cem Xkzvloln Aen aknen/ h \mZXv _nb AivhmJp alve ^ lmZnln/ a\mknep a Xlvhm dpsshZI ^kneo..' (AgnpshtsXmw Agnp sh Rm sseetbmSpw kpAvZtbmSpap Fs t{]am`n\nthihpw Dt]np. Hmas {]thi\m\v sNmmbn {]thinm Rm Imp \np. {]WbkmmXvImcns bYmnep hnfn Fs amSn hnfnp. hcq! \o kXyn hp \npXv ]cn[nbnmsX t{]anphs {]WbIpSocnemWv. ISphcq...) As\ {kjvSmhnt\mSp AXpey{]Wbhpambn Camw Kmen hopw bYm hnm\fpsS Dshfnhpambn kaqlntev ISphp. Atlns {]nbinjy\mbncp C_v\ppaXzv samtdmtm tI{amn Camw KmenbpsS A[ym]\fpsS Hcp hymhlmcnItemIw Xs ]WnsXSp BfmWv. km[mcWmcmb P\pw ssk\nIpw IhSmpw IjIpw Fmw efnXkpcambn a\nemIpw hn[n Atlw ClvbmCs hNmc \nba{]amWambn \nbnv B{^nbnse samtdmtmbn "Jnem^Xp aphlvlnZo' F t]cn Hcp `cWkwhn[m\w Xs
10
sXfnw hymg-h---Xnv
Xncp-s-gpv
C_v\ppaXzv GsSppIbpmbn. Cu A aphlvlnZo hn`mKneqsSbpw C_v\ppaXzneqsSbpamWv Camans Xzm\ SmPo hgn kvs]bv\ntepw AhnsS \nv {^mkntepw ]noSv bqtdmntepw {]hlnpXv. t]jy `mj kwkmcnphp thn ClvbmCs\ Atlw Xs kw{Klnv FgpXnb A IoanbmDBZ F {Khpw bqtdm]y m\mt\zjIv Atbw ]cnNbapXmWv. Pm_ndp_v\p lm {ipXnsSpnb BsIanbpsS ]pcm[mcw IqSnbmWv Cu {Kw. `mjbpw hnm\hpw AXo{nbamb ku`mKyns Hcp ckX{w hnIknnppv Fv Atlw kanpp. AXmWv AIoanbmDBZ (ku`mKy ckX{w) Ahkm\Imev Atlw Xs {]bmW Fmw Ahkm\nnp. _KvZmZn Atlw Hcp kzqô ]Wime ]WnXp. Xs ssIbn Ahtijn kv apgph sNehgnv B tI{w CuSp Hcp hnm\tI{amm\pw AXns\ {]tbmP\sSpm\pw Atlw Xs injyamtcmSpw ap B[ymm\nItfmSpw Blzm\w sNbvXp. Camw kpbqXznbpsS PohNcn{Xw ]cntim[nmepw kam\amb [mcmfw DZmlcW \apv Ism Ignbpw. tIcf apkvenwIfnse ]ctamXvIrjvS ]nX kqcy\mb AlvaZv tImb imenbmnbpw asm \apv ImWnp XnpXv. ^nJvlv {Ksfm Xkzp^ns {K cNnpXnembncpp ssiJv ssk\po aJvZqans\tmephv IqSpX XmXv]cyw. auenZpIfpw, a\mJn_pIfpw, \AvXpIfpw \nd Hcp B[ymnI kzqô kwKoXnIm Xew tIcfns ]qhImew \mbn ASbmfsSpnbnpv. CXmbncpp ]qhIme apkvenw temInse Zo\ns nXn. Fn ]nssbs\bmWv AXv tIhew ^nJvlntep am{Xw tI{oIcnsSpXv? sXmm s]mp Nne adp]SnIfnemWv AXv sNspXv FXn\m Ah IqSpX hniZoIcnm Cu teJI\v ss[cyan. hfsc Npcpnam{Xw Nne ImcW Fnsbn ]dbmw. 1. Dkvam\nbm Jnem^ns XI B[p\nI apkvenw temIs hmsX AtemkcsSpnbnpv. Jnem^n\ dkqepmlnmWv \mw ss_Av sNbvXncnpXv F NnbnmsX apkvenw temIw Amcyn ImWnncp Bibiq\yX Bobt{]cWI \nd l{kv JmPm apCu\po OnivXn(d), \nkmapo Huenb(d), _m_m ^coZv iIvKv, apdw Xam, Da JmZn(d), auem\m Aiv^Jpm Jm(d), imlv henbpmlnlvehn(d) t]msebp alpfpsS Xmhgnbn \npw apkvenwIsf ]pdtImp henp. 2. {_nojpImcpsS Imew bnp XpSnbtXmSp IqSn tIcfn am{Xa temIsmbnSpw kzq^nIfmb aimCJpIfpsS t\XrXzw FXn \nv kwLS\m t\XrXzw FXntev ]dnp \Ssp. AYhm ssiJv, apcoZv, lJ, lfvd, aJmw, auenZv Fnhbpambn At`Zyambn _sp \nncp apkvenwI Ii\amb NnIfpw hyhIfpap kwLS\m_mhsf ]pIn. Fm kwLS\bpsS BZyIme t\XrXzw kzq^nIfmbncpp.
sXfnw hymg-h---Xnv
11
Xncp-s-gpv
Ah AhcpsS kzqô _mhpw KpcpXzhgnbpw XzcoJv hgnbpw Xpdp Imnbncpp. ]t, AhcpsS A\pbmbnI t\XrXzntev htmtgv apIme t\Xm ]Tnn Ipdv AaepIfpw HudmZpIfpw am{Xambn AXv HXpn. aqmw Xeapdsbnbtmtgv AXpw \jvSsv aJmapI kinpIbpw auenZv ]mcmbWhpw am{Xambn amdn. CXn\nSbnsemw kmam\yP\n\v IafpsS ssNX\ytemIw A{]m]yambn F henb Zpcw kw`hnp. AtXmsS ^nJvslnepw kwcnv P\sf AXymhiyw CkvemanI PohnXw ]Tnnm aXnsb \nebpambn. 3. ]p {]m\fpsS Bhn`mhw. AXpmbtm ]ccmKX kzqô amKn Ddp \nncpsn `qcn`mKw kpnIfmb BfpIfpsS CSbn Ahv {]hnm km[yamIpambncpn. Fm kwLS\mssiensb `{ZamnsmmWv kpnI AXns\ t\cnXv. êtam AXns\m sIpdp kwLS\mcoXnItfmsSbpw {]h\nse AStmsSbpw kapZmbn htXmXnep Bib]camb hnepmm ]p {]m\p Ignp. AXp am{Xa, Acw {]m\fpsS ssienI t]mepw ISsaSpv \new {]h\tKmZbntendm Cmep kpnI Adptbn. Cubphs\tmse PamAs Ckvemansb Ducnsbdn asmcp kplrv Hcn ckmhlambn AXns\ kwt]np: kpnIfpw ]p {]m\fpw Xnep
Alvep ss_pw ipl-Zm-fpw kzmen-lp-Ifpw FmsWv XncndnbmsX shdpw BNmchpw auen-ZpI-fp-ambn \mw AXv ioennpp. a[yae_mdn Ghpw IqSpX BNcnsSp Ham\q iplZm fpsS t\bn HcnSp t]mepw iplZmsf Ipdnv Bcpsampw DcnbmSmdn. t\bpsS Ia]camb coXn, aJmapI knbmdv sNptm gp acymZI, Alvepss_nt\m Sp BZchpw AZ_pw... Fp XpSnb ^nJvlmWv Ahbnepw ]cn]mensSpXv.
hyXymksamWv? Dcw: "cp hjw...!' 4. tIhew BibfpsS am{Xw {]tbmmfmb Acw kwLS\IfpsSbpw ]nmev {_nojpImcpw HSphn Cybnse tZiob t\Xm Xsbpw aptmp sh B[p\nI hnZym`ymk k{Zmbw IqSn BbtXmsS hnm\ns kzqô Xmhgnsbnepw kqnncp ZkpI \apv Bmhnm tIhem\ns taJebmbn amdn. ZkpIsf tIhecq]nsenepw \ne\nm\mWv ]noSv ]ecpw ]cn{ianXv. AtXmsS tIcfn {]knamb cq]n amXrIm]cambn ssIImcyw sNsncp \qdp A_vkzm, lnZmbXp AZvInbmAv, In^mbXp AZvInbmAv, Asszdp hpeqIv, cnkmeXp Jpssicn, C_vcokv, ClvbmAv Fns\bp Xkzp^v {Kfpw PuldXpuloZns\tmep AJoZx {Kfpw Hgnhmsp. ^nJvlv, `mj, hymIcWw, Ncn{Xw Fnhbn am{Xw Cv ZkpI HXpsp. hymIcWtmsSmw AIanbfpw sNmnsmSpncp
A^nI IqSn XgbstXmsS ZkpIfnse BnIm\w ]qWambpw IpgnpaqSsp. ZkpIfpsS Bmhv \jvSsSm coXnbn Hcp hnm\hpw HgnhmmsX Hcp ]cnjvImcw \Sm apkvenwIfpsS t\XrXztasSp kwLS\mhmv IgnbmsX t]mbn. Cu teJIs ]cntim[\bn \nehnep kpn ]mTy]XnIfpw _nZCu ]mTy]XnIfpw Xn tIhew Bib]chpw tImgvkv Unssk\nwKnepap hyXymkta ImWsSppq. AJoZm]camb(BZi]camb) hyXymktfm Xmhgnbnep hyXymktfm Hpw Xs A\p`hsSpn! 5. PamAs CkvemanbpsS ssien A\phnv IayqWnksbpw AXns IqsS Hmdnbenkw apX ]nSn Bibcq]sf IqSn apkvenwI `bsSm XpSnbtXmsS apkvenw sNdpmcpsS Bobt_m[w IpdbpIbpw ]Icw Ir{Xnaamb Hcp ss[jWnIhymbmaw AhcpsS Nnm]cnkcv apfs]mpIbpw sNbvXp. kaImenI temIv Imp NIv hncpsmcpmsXbp Bib ss[jWnI amcyfpsS ]ndsI apkvenw bphX AhcpsS ]{Xam[yafneqsSbpw sshm\nI _lpXzfneqsSbpw HmSn\Sv akvXnjvIw sImv Ipcptm ta]d BibfpsS {]tWXm A]lmky]qhw \s t\mnmWpIbmWv. {]mtbmKnIhpw `mhnsb {]WbnpXpamb hoWfnmsX bphXzw Dgdptm ]nXt\XrXzw IahnXpcXIv kv^pSm\tam, at\m[ym\tam ]Ip
12
sXfnw hymg-h---Xnv
Xncp-s-gpv
sImSpm\nmsX AXnòIcamb m\hywIcWn\pw AIaWyXpw hnt[bambn smtbncnpIbmWv. Zv ^yqNz Hm^v CkvemanIv skmsskn F {KneqsS temI{]kn CkvemanI NnI\pw ^yqNztdmfPnpamb tUm. knbmhpo kZm AXv hmsX hcp Imppv. knZv lpssk \kzv, \Jo_p Azmkv Fns\bp B[p\nI kzqô ]nXcpw Cu A]ISspdnv apdnbnv \IpIbpw AXn IcIbdm\p temPnembp Nne kne_kpI apkvenw bphmv ssIamdpIbpw sNbvXnpv. ]t, tIcfob apkvenw bphXbpw AhcpsS t\XrXzhpw Ctm t]mepw tIheamb _pnPohnXsf ssIsbmgnv Acw Imp Imcy hmbnp XpSnbnn. 6. Hcp sISpXnbpsS Bcw`w t]mse apkvenw kwLS\Ifpw {]hIcpw sImp \Sp AXnIr{Xnahpw A\mhiyhpamb {]h\\ncXXbpw Ia_mlpeyhpw ]ckv]cw Xpe\w sNbvXp sImp \St sshbnI kmaqlnI PohnX{IafpsS A\p]mXs Anadnncnpp. êtam? apkvenwIv hfsc A\pt]Wobamb kzmImcyXbpw Bmht_m[hpw \nd PohnXn\v A]w t]mepw CSw sImSpmsX A[nIt]cpw Cv kmaqlnIambn Pohnm\p X{XmSnemWv. kzImcyX shdppIbpw A\mhiykmaqlnIX CjvSsSpIbpw sNp Cu Ir{Xna PohnX{Ian\nSbn Bob Nn ]cn]qWambpw A\yw \np t]mhpIbpw ]Icw In_vdv, cnbmAv, IkvdXp Adfv, \aoav, Ko_v, Ppkpkv, i\B Fns\ XpSp kmaqlnIZpKpWfpsS hymhlmcnItemIamWv apkvenw temIv Ghpw IqSpX {]Xyo`hnpXv. apkvenwI ]cmPnXcmsWpw Xo{hhmZnIfmsWpw ]nncnamcmsWpw ap{ZbSnsSm CsXmw ImcWw \mw kzbw aphsc t{]cnnpIbpw sNppv. F Btcm]Wsf Cv, lnv, CB\v Fns\bp KpWfneqn t\cnSm IgnbmsX \mw ]ckv]cw ]gbImep ipDu_nns ssienbnemWv t\cnSpXv. 7. Alvep ss_v FmsWv XncndnbmsX shdpsamcp BNmcw am{Xambn \mw AXv ioennpp. AXpt]mse iplZmfpsSbpw kzmenlpIfpsSbpw auenZpIfpw ]qWambpw BNmcfn HXpntmbncnpp. a[yae_mdn Ghpw IqSpX BNcnsSp Ham\q iplZmfpsS t\bn HcnSp t]mepw iplZmsf Ipdnv Bcpsampw DcnbmSmdn. ]Icw t\bpsS Ia]camb coXn, aJmapI knbmdv sNptmgp acymZI, Alvepss_nt\mSp BZchpw AZ_pw Fs\bmIWw Fp XpSnb ^nJvlmWv Ahbnepw ]cn]mensSpXv. 8. Ckveman icoAn\pw ^nJvln\pap m\w tNmZyw sNsSmhX. Fm kaImenI temIv apkvenwIfpsS s]mXphmb ^nJvlv, aZvl_v, idAv FXn\p ]Icw kwLS\m coXnI IqSnbmWv hyhm]nXsSppXv. AtXmsS ^nJvlns\pdnv Nnnnsnepw AhbpsS Bmht\zjnv Xkzp^ntev IqSn ISm\p Ahkc \ntj[nsSpIbmWv. C\nbpw Ipdp Imcy a\nepv. ]t, AXp IqSn {]ISnnp Ignm Cu Ffnbhs Dnepw \mnSp Bobmt\zjWns Ahkm\Xcnpw A{]XyamIpw. AXn\meXv KpWImwm]qhw a\n kqnpp. _ncpZhpw kwhmZfnse hnPbhpw ssIhcnm Hcp]t, ^nJvlpssSbp ap m\ sImv Igntmw. Fm Bobambn csSWsan Xkzp^v IqSntb Ignbq. Nbn {]m[m\yalnp asmcp Imcyw hnp IfnpXv hnhn[ XzcoJpIsfbpw AXXpIfpsS almamscbpw Ipdnp ]cmaifmWv. AXv a\x]qhamWv. Hv Ncn{Xhpw AhbpsS ]mccyhpw Insmcphpw hniZoIcnp ]pkvXI [mcmfw e`yamWv. cv, Ah hniZoIcnptm GtXXn\p apKW\ sImSpWsaXv {]iv\m[njvTnXamWv.
C\nbpw Ipdp Imcy a\nepv. AXp IqSn {]ISnnp Ignm Cu Ffnbhs Dnepw \mnSp Bobmt\zjWns Ahkm\ Xcnpw A{]XyamIpw. AXn\meXv KpWImwm]qhw a\n kqnpp. _ncpZhpw kwhmZfn se hnPbhpw ssIhcnm Hcp]t, ^nJvlpssSbp ap m\ sImv Igntmw; Bobambn csSWsan Xkzp^v IqSntb Ignbq.
sXfnw hymg-h---Xnv
13
Xncp-s-gpv
AXn\m hnhmZw sImgpnm ChnsS Dtinpn. Bhiyaph kzbw ]Tns. icoApw, XzcoJpw, lJoJpw ]ckv]c_nX amhpsXs\sbv hcnInSbneqsS ]dnpv. \apnSbn Xkzp^ns Imcyn \Smdp {][m\ ]nSnhenbpw AXnepv. B hgn t]mbm icoAv icnbmIptam? Cu hgnv t]mbm icoAt DmhpIbpq? XzcoJv Fs\ Inpw? CXv Atbw hjfmb Imnm hnjbamWv. icoAn XzcoJpw XzcoJn icoApw Dmbncn A\nhmcyamWv. Ch cnsbpw kmmXvImcamWv lJoJv. Ch aqpw ]ckv]c_nXambm am{Xta ]cnipZo\ns ]pjv]hmSnI Bmhn XfncnSpIbpq. AXns kwbpamWv Xkzp^v. AXmsXmpw Xkzp^sv B[ymKpcpam ]dbpp. alm\mb Hcp kzq^n Kpcp ]dp: "XSnacamWv icoAv. NnI XzcoJpw ]g lJoJpamWv. XSnacw CmXmbngnm ]ns sImpw Imbpw t]cn\pt]mepw DmhpIbn. AXn\m Ch aqns\bpw hn`PnpI km[ya. hn`Pnv aqmn AXn hXpw CmXmph\v Ah aqpw e`nn. AYhm Zo\pw e`nn.' icoAns\bpw XzcoJns\bpw lJoJns\bpw aqmbnmWpXmWv sXv. bYmn icoAn Xs aqpw Ism Ignbpw. AYhm Ah aqpw idCu IafpsS A[mcbn
`mhnsb {]Wbnp hoWfn msX bphXzw Dgdptm, ]nX t\XrXzw AXnòIcamb m\hywIcWn\v hnt[bambn smtbncnpIbmWv. knbm-hp-o kZm, lpssk \kv, \Jo-_p Azmkv XpS-nbh CXv Nqn-mWn-n-p-v. ]t, tIcfob apkvenw bphXbpw AhcpsS t\XrXzhpw Ctm t]mepw tIheamb _pnPohnXsf ssIsbmgnv Acw Imp Imcy hmbnp XpSnbnn.
IpSnsImppv. Ah IspI Xs thWw. m\nI AXns\ DZmlcnXv ]ment\mSmWv. shbpw s\pw AXn Xsbpv. ISbm D]IcWaphv Ahsb thXncnsSpmsap am{Xw. asmcn ]dm AXns\bmWv; acp`qanbn AIse Ftm A\pXmbn \t\{Xns {]mYanIZrjvSnbn s]Spp. AsXmcp PohnbmsWv BZyta Xs a\nembn. Ipdv AXnt\mSv \SSptm AsXmcp a\pjy\msWv tXmn.
Fm hfsc ASptm AXv CbmfmsWpw, ]pcpj\msWpw, Cbn KpWfph\msWpw Xncndnp. ChnsS aqv ZrjvSnbnepw B Hp Xs ImWphs ZrjvSnbSpnte amapq. AXpt]mse D]cnhamb ImgvNbn Ckvemw Zo \nbafpsS Ii]cXbmWv. AXmWv icoAv. Fm a\km hmbnm AXns kucyhpw bpn`{ZXbpw Xncndnbm\mhpw. AXmWv XzcoJns Xew. Dp Xpdv bmYmys A\p`hnptm AXns kmmXvImcambnocpp. AXmWv lJoJv. aqpw ka\zbnnph\mWv _pnam. ^nJvlpw Xkzp^pw, AJoZxbpw XXzm\hpsamw AXXns m\pshv ssIImcyw sNm sI]p \m^nAmb m\w t\Sphcn Cu {]iv\spdnv Nnnph DsSpamdmIs. Bao!
14
sXfnw hymg-h---Xnv
Iem-e-b-Po-hnXw
hniz-]u-cXz-hpambn ate-jy-bn Ign-bp-Xns {Xn Iem-ebImew - -
knZv ap\--den inlm_v

tIs-gpv: kpssl lnZmb
]mW-mSv sImS--\- Xd-hm-Sns h-ta-ip ]nnse ac--tkc Ctm iq\y-a-... lXm-icp-sSbpw \ncm-ew-_cp-sSbpw lrZ-bm-cm-ffn-tev s]bvXn-dp ]pn-cnbpw B{Z-XbpsS - - t\m-hp-ambn ap\-den inlm_v X ]qap-Jv \nd-p-\np-p-v. AhnsS alm-\msbmcp ]nXm-hns amXr-I-I-f-{Xbpw kwK-an-pXv \apv ImWmw. Ah-cpsS Pohn-Xhpw ]T-\-hp-samw kap-Zm-bn\v kan-n-cn-p-p. apl--Zen inlm_v X A Akvl bq\n-th-gvkn-n-bn \nv IqsS sImp-t]m kmwkvIm-cnI h-am-\ {]nb-]p-{X ate-jy-bnse C\m-j\ Ckvem-anIv bq\n-th-gvknn-bn \nv Ic-KXam-n-bn-cn-p-p. Iem-eb Pohn-Xns Ahn-kvacWob aplq-fn-eqsS - - Xs Pohn-X-sbpw hnZym-`ym-k-sbpw A\p-`-h--sfbpw ImgvN-m-Sp-I-sfbpw Is--ep-Isfbpw Ipdnv ka-{K-ambn sXfn-tmSv Xpd-p-]dbp-IbmWv At-lw. - sXfnw hymg-h---Xnv
15
Iem-e-b-Po-hnXw
C\m-j-\ Ckvem-anIv bq\n-th-gvknn-bn t]mb-Xp-sIm-p hen-sbmcp KpWw temI-ns an \mSp-I-fpsSbpw {]Xn-\n[n IqsS Dm-bn-cpp Fp--Xm-Wv. sXmq-n-bmdv cmPy-fpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-I Rm t]mb-hjw sF.-sF.-bphnepv. aS-n-hcp-tmtgv Cu tm_ {]mXn-\n[yw \qn-bmtdmfw cmPy-fntev hfp Ignncp-p.
sNdp-Imew apXte a\-n sImp-\Sn-cp - hen-sbmcp {Uow Bbn-cpp hntZi cmPy-fnse-hn-sS-sbnepap hntizm-c kh-Iem-im-e-I-fn D]-cn-]-T\w \SpI F-Xv. CuPn-]vXnse hniz-{]-knhpw ]ucm-WnI hnZztI-{-hp-amb A Akvl bq\n-th-gvkn-n-bn \nv _ncp-Zm-\-c _ncpZw t\Snb _m-bn \nv Inn-bXm-hWw Ipn-mew apXtebp Cu D]-cn-]-T\ B`n-apJyw. A Akvl-dn Xs D]-cn-]-T\w Xc-s-Spm\m-bncpp _m-bpsS BZy Xocp-am\w. Cu hgn-p Nne Ne-\fpw _m \S-n-bn-cpp. ssiJp Akvl-dn\v t\cnv I-b-pI hsc sNbvXp. Ad_n `mj-bn \ _mIv{Kupw {]mho-Wyhpw thn-h-cp-sa--Xn-\m Ipd-p-
IqSn Ign--Xn\v tijw AUvan-j\v At]-nmw F [mc-Wbn-se-p-Ibm-bncpp ]no-Sv. a{Zm-kn kvSp sNp-Xn-\n-S-bn-emWv ate-jy Xem-\amb Izmem-ew-]q-cnse C\m-j\ Ckvem-anIv bq\n-th-gvkn-n-bn D]-cn-]-T\w \S-m-\p hgn sXfn-bp--Xv. ASp Icn-b Fs--Xn-s\p-dn-p Kuc-h-amb NnIn-Sbn sF.-sF.-bphns t{]mkvs]-IvSkv hmbn-m Ah-kcw e`n-p. sNssbnse I_o Fsmcp kplrv aptJ-\-bm-bn-cpp CXv e`y-amb-Xv. t{]mkvs]IvSkv hmKvZm\w sNbvX ]T-\ A\p-_ kuI-cy--fn henb aXnv tXmn. \ B{K-ln-p hn[-n-epsmcp AXyp-X hnZym-`ymk {Iaw e`y-am-hp-sav t_m[ys-Sp-Ibpw Cmcyw _m-bp-
16
sXfnw hymg-h---Xnv
Iem-e-b-Po-hnXw A-cm-n Xs Garden of Knowledge and Virtue Fsmcp k]-amWv bq\n-thgvkn-n-bn-ep-f-hm-Ip--Xv. Im-kn \npsImv Hcp tm_ Huvepv Dm-n-sb-Sp-pI FXmWv Ghpw apJyw. sshbn-I-XbpsS kp-NnX CS--fn \nv apkvenw Dv Fsmcp hnim-e-[mc-W-bn-tev ChnsS shv \mw ]cnh\w sN-s-Sp-p.
ambn kwkm-cn-p-Ibpw sNbvXtXmsS Imcy- IqSp-X Ffpam-bn. \nc--c-amb {]b-Xv\v tijta Izmem-ew-]q-cnte-p bm{X Xc-s-Sp-I-bpm-bp-q. kvSp Ignv t]mIm Dt-in-Xv Un{Knbpw ]qn-bm-n-bXn\v tijamWv ]noSv km[n-sSp-Xv. kvSphns _e-n am{Xw Izmem-ew-]q-cn-se-pI km[y-a. Ipd-p-IqSn hnZym-`ymk _mIv{Kuv AXn-\m-hiy-amWv. Cm-cWm Xs - cp aqv hj- ]nsbpw Imn-cn-tn hp. a{Zm-knse kvSp-hn\v tijw ^mdqJv tImsf-Pn-em-bncpp Un{Kn sNbvX-Xv. AXn\p tijw ]n.-Pnp thn aqp amkw Xncq-c-mSn ]n.-F-kv.Fw.H tImsf-Pnepw t]mbn. XpSmWv sF.-sF.-bphn AUvan-j Hm^ e`n-pXpw Izmem-ew-]q-cn-tev hnam\w Ib-dp--Xpw. XnIpw hyXy-kvXam-sbmcp A\p-`q-Xn-bm-bn-cpp C\mj-\ Ckvem-anIv bq\n-thgvknn Im-kv. tImgn-tmpw a{Zm-kn-ep-samw ]Tn-smcp ]m-en-emWv Rm - ate-jy-bn-se-p--Xv. AhnsS Imep-Ip-n-bXv apX-emWv XnI-pw hyXy-kvXam-bXpw \ ImWm--Xp-amb hensbmcp temIw \apv apn-eps bmYmyw Xncn-dnbm-\m-hp-Xv. {]mtZ-in-Iam-bn-p BfpIsfbpw kwkvIm-csfbpw ]cn-N-b-s-Sm am{Xta kztZ-is hnZym-`ym-kneqsS \apv km[y-am-hp-I-bpq. ]Tn-m-\p kne-_kpw ]mTy-hn-jb-fp-samw temIns GXp-`m-Kpw HpXs Bbn-cn-pw. kbkv, sSIvt\m-f-Pn, lnkvdn XpSn apgp-hn-jbfp-sSbpw CtIz- - j BtKm-fXen Hp-X- - s. ]t, CXn-s\-m-apdw Chsb ]qWm-n a\n-em-m\pw Ah-sb-p-dnsmcp kmh-tZ-iob ImgvNmSv cq]-s-Sp-n-sb-Sp-m\pw hntZ-ihn-Zym-`ymkw IqSntb Xocq. C\m-j\ Ckvem-anIv bq\n-th-gvkn-n-bn t]mb-XpsIm-p hen-sbmcp KpWw temI-ns an \mSp-I-fpsSbpw {]Xn-\n[n IqsS Dm-bncpp Fp-Xm-Wv. sXmq-nbmdv cmPy--fpsS {]Xn-\n-[nI Rm t]mb-hjw sF.sF.-bphnepv. aS-n-h-cp-tmtgv Cu tm_ {]mXn\n[yw \qn-bm-tdmfw cmPyfntev hfpI-gnncpp. A-cm-n Xs Garden of Knowledge and Virtue Fsmcp k]-amWv bq\n-th-gvkn-n-bn-ep-fhm-Ip-Xv. Im-kn \npsImv Hcp tm_ Huvepv Dm-nsb-Sp-pI F-XmWv Ghpw apJyw. sshbn-I-X-bpsS kp-NnX CS--fn \nv apkvenw Dv Fsmcp hnim-e[m-cWbn-tev ChnsS - shv \mw ]cn-h\w sNs-Sp-p. apkvenw P\-tIm-SnIfpsS apgp-h {]Xn\n-[n-Ifpw e`y-am-sbmcp Imkv FXv Cm-cy-n Gsd \nWm-bI-am-Wv; Dv Hn-p\np hen-sbmcp A-co-
sXfnw hymg-h---Xnv
17
Iem-e-b-Po-hnXw
w. AhnsS icn-p-samcp kmtlm-Zcy t_m[-n\v \mw A\p-`-h--cm-Ip-p. apgp-h tZio-b-X-Ip-a-pdw apkvenw Dv Fsmcp hnime t_m[w ChnsS \s amKZi\w sNp-p. Im-kn Fp-tm Xs \apv e`n-p hensbmcp ktiw You build a house in every country Fp-Xm-Wv; Hmtcm cmPypw kz-am-sbmcp hoSv \nan-pI! Im-kn-se-nb tijw Rm BZy-ambn ]cn-Nb-s-Sp-Xv A\kv Fsmcp ê-o\n hnZymn-sb-bmWv. t\cn Iv ]cn-N-b-s-tm Xs Ah ]mekvss (Palastine) FmWv ]d--Xv. ]mIn-kvXm BsWmWv BZyw Rm [cnpt]mbXv! CXpXs Fs kw_-n-n-Stmfw hensbmcp kvss{Sv Bbn- amdn. Imc-Ww, Cwojv A`n-kw-t_m[-\- \S-p-tm BtKm-fXen hcm-hp Ccw Dm-c-W- Xs \apv hen-sbmcp ]mT-am-Wtm. Un{Kn ]qn-bm-n-b-Xn\p tijw am{Xw ate-jy-bn-se-nbn-p-t]mepw C-c-sam-c\p`hw Dm-bXn-eqsS {]mtbm-KnI Xe-n-ep CS-s]-SemWv `mjm-{]m-ho-Wy-n-\Sn-m\w Fs-\nv t_m[y-am-bn. F{X Xs ]Tn-mepw C-c-nep CS-I-e-cen-eqsS am{Xta `mjm-]-chpw kwkvImc]c-hpamb sjb-dnMv km[y-am-hq F henb ]mTw. tIc-f-n \nv F{X Xs `mjm-an-Ihv {]I-S-am-nbnpw hntZ-iv XpS--nsems \apsmv BtemNntn hcptmgpm-Ip A{]-Xo-nX tjmv; AXv hfsc KpW-{]-Zam-Wv. Hm-a-Xmbn \apv \psS \nkm-cX t_m[y-amhpw. \ Ftm BWv Fsmcp tXm ]t CmXm-hpw. Xmtg-n \npXs ]pXn-sbmcp hf Bhiy-am-sW Nn \n DSse-Spp XpSpw.
AUvan-j\p tijw dqan-sen-btm dqw sabvmbn Dm-bn-cp-Xv Pn_q-n-bnse kplr-v, aem-hn-bn \np APq-k Fn-hcm-bncpp. Imn-cn-I-fp-ambn Rm Am-Zy-am-bmWv CS-]gIp-Xp - Xs. Jp-B\pw kppw hn`m-h\w sNp hniz-kmtlm-Z-cy-ns Bgw icnpw Av a\-n-em-bn. apkvenw
hnZymn-Iv \Ip h[nX Af-hn-ep kzmX-{y-amWv ate-jy-bnse {it-b-am-sbmcp {]tXyIX. \psS \mn-sems A[ym-]-Is\ `b-mWv hnZymn-I mkvap-dn-bn Ccn-p-sX-n AhnsS AXn-. mkv \Sp-Xn-\n-Sbn A[ym-]Is kXw hmmsX Xs hnZymnv ]pd-pt]m-Imw! Bh-iy-sa-n Hv dns{^jv sNbvXp-h-cmw; shw IpSn-mw!
Dv Fsmcp t_m[w A-cm-n Atm \ap\p`-h-s-Sp-p. _nemen(d)t\mSpw apw apl-Zv \_n {]I-Sn-n ]c-kv]c hnizm-k-n-sbpw hm-eynsbpw Bgw a\-n-em-m\m-bXv B k`-n-emWv. 1998emWv C\m-j\ Ckvem-anIv bq\n-th-gvknn Im-kn-se- ]Tn-Xm-hmbn Rms\p-Xv. ate-jy-bn-ses s]m-en Pb F ep \nmbn-cpp {]o _mNve tImgvkp-Ifpw CXc Hmdn-bt-j mkp-Ifpw `mjm-{]m-ho-Wy-hp-samw ]qn-bm-n-bXv. CXv sNbvXXn\v tijta tImgvkpI Bcw-`n-q. tKmw_mnep sabn Imkn-emWv F\nv tImgvkv sNm-\p-m-bn-cp-Xv. Im-kn Cy-bn \np hnZymn-I ]e-cp-
18
sXfnw hymg-h---Xnv
Iem-e-b-Po-hnXw
ap-m-bn-cp-p-sh-nepw \mn \nv Bscbpw ]cn-N-b-s-n-cpn-. Xm-hq-cn \np JmP apCu-\p-o Fs AtX tImgvkn\v Xs-bm-bn-cp-p. ]pn Ctm It\-Un-b Xe-m-\\Kcamb - - - sSmdmtUm-hn tkh\w sNp-p. _mwq, bp.-]n XpSn-bhnS-fn \np hnZymn-Ifpw Av Im-knep-m-bn-cpp. Iivao-cn \np Htsd hnZymn-I AhnsS ]Tn-pp-v. ASn--a-s-Spsmcp Iayq-Wnn F \nebn Ahpw êo-\nIp-samw henb ]cn-KW\ Xs Imkn \IsSp-p. "Cy-bn \nv Fn\mWv \n Chn-tSv ]Tnm hcp-Xv? Ahn-sS-s [mcmfw hntizm-c hmgvkn-nI e`y-at?!' Iivao-cn-I tNmZn-n-cp ncw tNmZy-amWn-Xv; CXc kwm-\fn - \nsmw hn`n--ambn Iivao-cnI A\p-`-hn-n-cp A]IjXmt_m[w apn-\np tNmZyw. ate-jy-bn-teXp t]mep-smcp C\m-j\ {IuUv Cy-bn e`y-a-ssmw Ahsc t_m[n-nm\p s]Sm-mSv sXsm-pam-bn-cp-n-. Ckvem-anIv dnho t\mfnPv (sF.-B.sI) F tImgvkmbn-cpp sF.-sF.-bphn Rm
tIc-f-n \nv F{X Xs `mjman-Ihv {]I-S-am-n-bnpw hntZ-iv XpS-n-sems \apsmv BtemNntn hcptmgp-mIp A{]-Xo-nX tjmv; AXv hfsc KpW-{]-Z-am-Wv. Hm-a-Xmbn \apv \psS \nkm-cX t_m[y-amhpw. \ Ftm BWv Fsmcp tXm ]t Cm-Xm-hpw. Xmtgn \np-Xs ]pXn-sbmcp hf Bh-iy-am-sW Nn \n DS-seSpp XpSpw.
FSp-n-cp--Xv. Ipn Hm^v Ckvem-anIv dnho t\mfnPv BUv sldn-tPv; CXm-bncpp Fs tImsf-Pv. Dkzq-epo BUv Iw]m-c-ohv dneoPy, Jp-B BUv kp, ^nJvlv BUv Dkzq-ep ^nJvlv Fn-s\ aqv UnmSvsap-IfmbmWv CXv hn`Pn-Xam-bn-cn-p-Xv. ^nJvlpw Dkzq-ep ^nJvlpw DsSp UnmSvsam-bn-cpp Rm Xnc-s-Sp-Xv. Ckvem-anI Ia-im-kv{Xns \m\m-`m-K-fpw ka-{Kambn kv]in-p-XmWv Cu tImgvkv. \mep aZvl-_p-Isfbpw kne-_kv ]cm-ain-psa-nepw im^nCu aZvl-_nt\mSv {]tXy-I-am-sbmcp B`napJyw Is-m-\m-hpw. atejy apkvenw-I s]mXpsh ]n-p-Sp hcp Iaimkv{X kc-Wnbpw im^nCu aZvl_mWv. Ia-imkv{X \nZm-
\-im-kv{Xhpw hfsc Imcy--aam-bn-s Cu tImgvkn ]Tn-n--s-Sp-p. CtXm-sSmw Xs lyqa kbkv hnj-bfpw tImgvkn Ds-Sp-p-v. Ckvem-anIv dnho t\mfn-Pn tImgvkv sNp-tm Xs ssa\ Bbn lyqa kbkv hnj-b FSp- \n_--am-Wv. s]mfn-n- kbkv, tkmtjym-fPn, ssktm-f-Pn, lnkvdn XpSn-b-h-bn \nv lnkv-dn-bmbn-cpp Fs ske-. IqsS-s aembv `mjbpsS {]mY-anI Imcy- ]Tn-epw \n_--am-Wv. cp ska-dn-\p-n CXv ]qn-bm-nbn-cn-Wsav hyh-bp- apv. bq\n-th-gvknn Imknse s]mXp-`mjbmWv Cwojv. mkp-Ifn NneXv Ad-_n-bn-ep-am-bn-cn-pw. Fnepw Iptd-b-[nIw
sXfnw hymg-h---Xnv
19
Iem-e-b-Po-hnXw ate-jy-bnse Fs \mec hj-n-\n-Sbnse asmcp `mKyw AhnsS ae-bm-fn-Ifmcpw Dm-bn-cp-n F-Xm-Wv. Cm-c-W-m Xs Ftmgpw CXc tZi-m-cp-ambn _-s-Sm\pw Ah-cpsS IqsS Nnn-p-hm\pw Ahsmw sjb sNp-hm\pw `mKyw e`n-p. ae-bm-fn-I IqsS-bps-n \psSsbmcp kwkvIm-chpw `mjbpambn HXp-n-q-Sp Ah t\cn-tSn ht-s\.
hnZymn-I ate-jy-bn \np-hcmbn Dmbn-cp-p. Npcp-nb Imew sImv Xs AtZ-iob AwKoImcw t\Snb Ncn-{X-amWv sF.sF.-bp-hn-t-Xv. 1983 atejy {][m-\a{n-bm-bn-cp - tUm. alm-Xo apl--Zv apssI-sb-Sp-mWv hmgvknn m]n-sSpp--Xv. atejyp ]pdsa kDuZn Atd_y, CuPn-]vXv, _wm-tZ-iv, en_n-b, Xpn, amen-Zzo-]v, ]mIn-kvXm Fo cmPy-fpsSbpw HmK-ss\-tk-j Hm^v Ckvem-anIv tIm^-dknsbpw (H.-sF.kn) kwbp-m`n-ap-Jy-n-emWv m]-\ns \S-n-v. aX ùXnI m\-fpsS ka-\z-bw, hnm-\o-bfpsS Ckvemw-h- XvIcWw Fnh ASn-m-\s-Sp-n-bmWv kne-_kv {IaoI-cn-n-cn-p-Xv. 1983 sF.-sF.bp Bcw-`np thf-bn \nb-aw, [\im-kv{Xw Fo cv ^mn-Ifpw Centre for Fundamental Knowledge, Centre for Languages Fo khokv sk-dp-Ifpw am{XamWv Dm-bn-cp-Xv. XpS-nse hnZymn-IfpsS Fw 153 am{Xw! CuPn-]vXp-Imc-\mb tUm. A_vZpd-Du^v Bbn-cpp hmgvkn-n-bpsS {]Ya sdIvS. 89 tUm. A_vZp laoZv A_q-kp-sseam sdIvS-dmbn Npa-X-te-p. hmjnw-KvSWnse C\m-j\ Ckvnyqv Hm^v CkvemanIv tXmv Ub-d-IvS, thUv Akwn Hm^v apkvenw bqv (hman) sNbam Fo \neI-fnse Xnf--am hyn-Xzhp-am-bn-m-bn-cpp A_q-kpsse-am IS-p-h--Xv. ap ate-jy D]-{]-[m-\-a{n Ah C_vdm-lo-ans ]cn]qW kl-IcWtmsS - - Ckvem-anIv dnho t\mfnPv BUv lyqa kbkkv F ]pXn-sbmcp ^mn Cm-e-b-f-hn Bcw-`n-p. Cu ^mn-bn-em-bn-cpp Fs ]T-\w. 1992 apX \nb-aw, _nkn\-kv, Au-n-Mv, [\-imkv{Xw, a\xim-kv{Xw, s]mfn-n kbkv, lnkvdn BUv knhn-sse-tk-j, ssktm-f-Pn, amkv Iayq-Wnt-j, Cwo-jv, Ad-_n, Ckvem-anIv t\mfnPv BUv sldn-t-Pv, tkmjy kbkv, \c-hw-iimkv{Xw Fn-h-bn Un{Kn tImgvkpI Bcw-`n-p. sa-Un-kn\v am{X-ambn thdn-smcp Imkpw Ctm bq\n-thgvkn-nv kz-am-bp-v. XpStmv Akq-bm-hlamb hf-bm-bn-cpp sF.sF.bp t\Sn-sbSp-Xv. 1983 153 hnZymn-Ifp-m-bn-cp-Xv 92 B-b-tm-tgpw Bdm-bn-cn-e-[n-I-ambn Dbp. Ctm ]Xn-\m-bn-ctmfw hnZymn-I ]Tn-Xm-fm-bpv. samw hn-Zymn-IfpsS F]Xv iX-am-\hpw atejy hnZymn-I Xs-bmWv. hntZ-i-hn-Zymn-I \qdpi-Xam-\hpw apkvenw-Ifm-sWnepw kztZin hnZymn-Ifn Aap-kvenw-I-fp-ap-v. Cwo-jv, Ad_n `mj-IfmWv hmgvkn-n-bnse hn\n-ab `mj-I. Ckvem-anIv hnj-b-fn kvUn sNp--hv Ad_n `mj \n_--am-Wv. {]^-j\ tImgvkp-I CwojnemWv A[ym-]\w \S-s-Sp-I. U_v taP F t]cn Htc kabw cp Un{Kn FSp-m-\p kuIcyhpw sF.-sF.bp Ctm Gs-Sp-n-bn-p-v. CX-\p-kcnv GsX-nepw lyqa kbkv BSvkv hnjb-fn Un sNp hnZymnI Hcp Ckvem-anI hnjbw IqSn FSp--Ww. Chv X-
20
sXfnw hymg-h---Xnv
Iem-e-b-Po-hnXw
fpsS sabn hnj-b-nse Un{Kn Iwov sNbvX-Xn\p tijw cp ska-kv IqSn ]T-\-Imew ZoLnn-v CkvemanI hnj-b-n asmcp Un{Kn IqSn t\Sm km[n-pw. hnZym-`ymk taJ-e-bn hcp ]pXp-]p- ]cn-jvIm-c--fn sImm-hp-sXmw bq\n-thgvknn kzmwio-I-cn-s-Sp-n-
ate-jy D]-cn-]-T\w km-\n Aaqey kzp--fn-semv temI-ns \m\m`m-Kfn \np B-kp-lr-p- -fm-Wv. Ah-cn {]tXyIw ]cm-ain-s-tS-bm-fmWv ss\Po-cn-bm-c\mb bqkp-^v. ]pn Fs dqw sabvm-bn-cp-p. R Ctmgpw \nccw _-s-Sm-dp-v. ]mW-ms Fs hon hv cmgvN Xma-kn-n-papv.
pv Fp Xs ]dbmw. AKm[ ]mn-Xy-n-\p-S-aI-fm-bn-cp-p Im-knse {]^kam-cn-e-[n-Ihpw. CuPn]vXn \np-smcp tUm. lpkm-ap-o knoJnbpm-bncp-p. ]pn-bpsS ^nJvlvmkv hen-sbmcp A\p`-h-am-Wv. XpS--n Xs Bh-iy-amb t\mp-Isfmw Xnv AtX-p-dn-p NIfpw C-dm-\p-Ifp-am-bncnpw mkns apJy-`m-Kw. Hcp aWn-q-dn-\p-n Xs hnj-b-kw-_-n-bmb hensbmcp t\mfnPv \apv ]Ip-In-pw. CXc A[ym-]Ismw Xs Cs\ Ah-chcp-tS-Xmb KpW-KW- ... tUm. apkvX^ Iam ]mj, sdIvS-dm-bn-cp tUm. Iam lk XpSn Cu KW-n am{Xw \nc-h[n t].. ate-jy D]-cn-]-T\w
km-\n Aaqey kzp--fnsemv temI-ns \m\m-`m-K-fn \np B-kp-lrp-fm-Wv. Ah-cn {]tXyIw ]cm-ain-s-tS-bm-fmWv ss\Po-cn-bm-c\mb bqkp-^v. ]pn Fs dqw sabvm-bn-cp-p. R Ctmgpw \nc-cw _-s-Smdp-v. ]mW-ms Fs hon hv cmgvN Xma-knn-p-apv bqkp-^v. Fcn-{Xn-bbn \np alvaq-Zv, Dkvam, ê-o-\n \np A\-kv, Ctm-t\-jybn \np Da ^Zven CZvco-kv, Cdm-Jn \np apl--Zv, Lm\-bn \np dkmJv.... As\ Ctmgpw IqsS k-cn-p \nc-h[n Iqp-Im. ate-jy-bn \nv XncnsI hcp-tm-gp hensbmcp ZpxJw Cu kulrZsp-dn-p \jvSNn Xs-bm-bn-cp-p.
sXfnw hymg-h---Xnv
21
Iem-e-b-Po-hnXw
ate-jy-bn-em-bn-cn-p-tmgs Fs kz]v\--sfmw Ctm ssZhm-\p-{K-lm bmYmy-am-bn. A-csamcp kaq-ln-s\mw Pohn-m\pw Ah-cpsS IqsS Nnn-m\pw Ah-kcw e`n--tm Db-cm-\psmcp kml-Ncyw kzbw hfp-h-p. temI-ns \m\m-`m-K--fn-ep hnhn[ {]iv\sf ASp-dn-bm\pw Ah-bpsS icn-bmb hiw kzmwio-Icn-s-Sp-m\pw Ahkcw e`n-p-I-bp-m-bn. AJvk {^vjn]v skmsskn F t]cn Hcp sFIy-ZmVy Iqmbva Imkn {]hn-n-cp-p. êo kw_-amb Cjyqkv Dbp-hcp-tm-sgmw CXv kPo-hambn cwK-n-dp-Ibpw Xkw-_amb BIvSn-hn- okv \S-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ê-o hnZymnIsmw \fpw IqSn-bncpmWv skan-\m-dp-Ifpw knwt]m-kn-bfpw apw \SpI. ê-o {]iv\w hcp-tm Im-kn \sfmw Hm-Wv. Imc-Ww, temI-s-m-bn-Spw hensbmcp skkn-ohv CjyqhmWv ê-o F-Xv. êo-\n-I Hcn-epw H-s-Spn; temIns \m\m-`mKpw Ahp thn {]m-\Ifp-bcp-p-shv - ate-jy A\p-`hw shv Dd-
hntZ-iv hnZym-`ymkw sNp--Xn-eqsS \apv e`n-p hen-sbmcp kvt]mbn v \psS Nn-bnepw kwkmc-nepw Bn-yq-Un-ep-samw hcp Bim-h-l-amb hnIm-k-am-Wv. {]mtZ-in-Iam-bn-p BfpIsfbpw kwkvIm-csfbpw am{Xta kztZ-i hnZym-`ym-k-neqsS ]cn-N-b-s-Sm-\mhq. ]Tn-m-\p ]mTy-hn-jb Fm-bnSpw HpXs Bbn-cn-pw. CXn-s\-m-apdw kmh-tZ-iobamsbmcp ImgvN-mSv cq]s-Sp-n-sb-Sp-m hntZ-i- hn-Zym-`ymkw IqSntb Xocq.
np ]d-bm Ignbpw. hntZ-iv hnZym-`ymkw sNp--Xn-eqsS \apv e`np hen-sbmcp kvt]mbn v Fp-]dbp-Xv - \psS Nn-bnepw kwkm-cnepw Bn-yq-Un-ep-samw hcp Bim-h-l-amb hnIm-kam-Wv. Fs\ temI-tmSv kwh-Zn-m Ign-bp-sav A\p`-h--fn-eqsS Xs \apv kzmwio-I-cnmw Fp -h-cp-p. hntZ-iv t]mIp-tmgpw AhnS-fn-ep-htcmSv kwkm-cn-p- tmgpw kztZ-iv ]Tn-m Dm-tb-m-hp ]cn-an-Xn-I; Ahcpw \fpw tNcp-tm- \apv ssIh-t-m-hp tatmbva; Fmw hfsc {][m-\-am-Wv. Hcp semt-j\n \nptm \apv sNm-hp `mj am{X-a, icoc-`m-j, am\-kn-Im-h-, As\-b--s\... Beyond the language and Beyond the
knowledge; `mjpw hnm\-n\pw Apdw as-smtam Imcy \apv t\Snsb-Spmw Fp-h-cp-p. ate-jy-bnse Fs \mec hj-n-\n-S-bnse asmcp kvt]m-bn v AhnsS ae-bm-fnI-fmcpw Dm-bn-cp-n F-XmWv. Cm-cWm Xs - Ftmgpw CXc tZi-m-cp-ambn _-s-Sm\pw Ah-cpsS IqsS Nnn-p-hm\pw Ahsmw sjb sNp-hm\pw `mKyw e`n-p. ae-bm-fn-I IqsS-bps-n \psSsbmcp kwkvIm-chpw `mjbpambn HXp-n-q-Sp Ah t\cntSn ht-s\. Cy-m Iptd-bp-m-bn-cp-p-sh-nepw Ad-_v anUn-eokvv \mSp-I-fnephtcm-Sm-bn-cpp F\nv XmXv]cyw. ate-jy-bn ]T\w ]qnbm-nb tijw Cy-bnepw hntZ-i-p-ambn Htsd bq\n-
22
sXfnw hymg-h---Xnv
Iem-e-b-Po-hnXw
th-gvkn-n-Ifpw Iem-ebfpw - kin-m Ah-kcw e`n-np-v. Fnepw C\m-j\ Ckvem-anIv bq\n-th-gvknn-bpsS A\p-`qXn ]I-cp asmcp Imkv temI-sm-cn-Spw C Fp-Xs ]d-bmw. ImcWw, apkvenw F \ne-bn Hcp AtZ-iob kaq-lw. ]ns bq\n-th-gvkn-n-bpsS AXo-hkp-camb C{^m-kv{S- IvN. Fmw ]c-kv]c _nXw. akvPn-Zv, sse{_dn tI{oI-cn-mWv ap \nan-Xn-Isfmw ssUthv sNbvXv t]mbn-p-Xv. Cm-cWm - Xs khn-ti-jam-sbmcp Ckvem-anI A\p-`qXn e`yambn hcp-p. Hcp bq\n-thgvknn F-Xn-e-pdw hensbmcp amt\-Pvsa v sshZ-Kv[ytm-sS-bmWv Imcy-sfmw kwhn-[m-\n-s-n-cn-p-Xv. Imen-v bq\n-th-gvknn Fsmcp taJe Ip-]-cn-Nbn \apv Hcp bq\n-thgvknn F-Xns icn-bmb cq]w Zriy-am-hp-Xv Ahn-sS-bmWv. hnZymn-Iv \Ip h[nX Af-hn-ep kzmX{y-amWv ate-jy-bnse {itb-am-sbmcp {]tXyIX. Db Af-hn-ep {ôUw BWv hnZymn-Iv Ahn-Ss AtYm-dnn \Ip--Xv. hfsc ^vsfIvkn-_n BWv bq\n-thgvknn-bnse kne-_-kv. Hcp \nepw kv]qô-UnMv A Chn-Ss Hcp Imcy-hpw. Hmtcm k_vPIvSpw \ FSpp-tmgpw ]cn-]qW kzmX{yw hnZymn-Iv hI-shv Xcp-p. Ghpw \ {]^-tk-gvkns\ Xnc-s-Spm-\p kzmX-{yhpw ]Tn-Xmhn-\p-v. A[ym-]It\mSp BZ-chv \ne-\nnsmv Xs hfsc {^ven Bb khntij _-amWv A[ym-]-I hnZymn-In-Sbn \ne\np-Xv. mkvdqw FXv Cm-cWm Xs - hnZymnsmcp `mc-ambn amdp-n-. \psS \mn-
sems A[ym-]-Is\ `bmWv hnZymn-I mkvapdn-bn Ccn-p-sX-n AhnsS AXn-. mkv \S-p-Xn-\n-Sbn A[ym-]Is kXw hmmsX Xs hnZymnv mkn\v ]pd-pt]m-Imw! Bh-iy-sa-n Hv dns{^jv sNbvXp-h-cmw; shw IpSn-mw. hnZymn-Iv
hnZymn-Iv \Ip h[nX Af-hn-ep kzmX-{y-amWv ate-jybnse {it-b-am-sbmcp {]tXyIX. Db Af-hn-ep {ôUw BWv hnZymn-Iv Ahn-Ss AtYmdnn \Ip--Xv. hfsc ^vsfIvkn_n BWv bq\n-th-gvknn-bnse kne_-kv. Hcp \nepw kv]qô-UnMv A Chn-Ss Hcp Imcy-hpw.
]c-am-h[n kuI-cy- \IpI F-XmWv Chn-Ss coXn. Cs\ kzmX{yw \IpXv sImv Imkv Ip-gnbp Ah-bpw ChnsS A\yw. Chn-Ss ap{Zm-hmIyw Xs If you want to be a unique person, You can use this Campus FXm-Wv. "\nv \n-fm-bn-o-cm\p Fm kuI-cyhpw Cu Imkv hI-shv Xcp-p. CXv apX-se-Sp-m em`w \nv; \jvS-s-Sp-nbmep {]Xym-Lm-Xfpw \nv Xs.' Cu \ne]mSv hen-sbmcp Xncn--dn-hn\v \s ]cym-]vXam-p-p. Imkns a[y-`m-Kv nXn sNp sse{_-dnbmWv Ckvem-anIv bq\n-th-gvknn-bpsS asmcp BIjWobX. ka-Im-en-Ihpw B[p\n-I-hp-amb Ckvem-anI ]pkvXI- ka-{K-ambn Dsm-p-
sXfnw hymg-h---Xnv
23
Iem-e-b-Po-hnXw Hmtcm ska-kvdp-Iv ti-jhpw sht-j Dm-bn-cp-p-sh-nepw \mn-tev hmsX hn-cp-n-. BsI cp XhW am{X-amWv \mn h-Xv. an sht-j-\p-Ifpw IqpIm-cpsS hoSp-I-fn-te-m-bn-cn-pw. AhnsS Znh-k--tfmfw Xma-kn-pw. ate-jy-bnse Hcp D\m-Sn-ep kplrns hon-tev t]mbXv Ctmgpw Hmp-p-v. Ahn-sS SmIvkn hml-\-fm-bnv ss_p-I-fm-Wp-Xv! cp ss_v SmIvkn hnfnmWv kplr-psam-nv Ahs hon-se-n-b-Xv.
p-shv Ah-Im-is-Sm-hp-Xm-bnv Cu Hcp sse{_-dntb Dm-hm-\n-S-bp-q. \mep \neI-fn- Ap e-tmfw {K-fmWv Cu m\-tKm]p-cnep--Xv. bq\n-th-gvkn-nbpsS {]kn-Um-bn-cp tUm. k\qkn Ppss\Zv F-bm-fmWv sse{_-dn-bpsS {][m\ in]n. ]ehn[ kvt]mkjn-n-ep-ambn [mcmfw ]pkvXI Atlw - sse{_-dn-bn-te-s-n-pI-bpm-bn. sF.Sn sse{_-dn, kn.Un sse{_dn XpS-n-bhbpw CtXm-sSmw Xs-bp-v. `mjbpw Ncn-{Xhpw kwkvImchpw ]Tn-m-\p-X-Ip Htsd Ncn{X kn\n-a-I-fpw Ckvem-anIv kn\n-a-I-fp-samw ChnsS e`yam-Wv. sse{_-dn kqWambpw Iw]yq-hXvIcn-Xn- \m D]-tbm-K{Iahpw hfsc hyh-m-]n-Xw. Im-knse s]mXp-{]h-\v t\XrXzw \Ip-Xv kvpU vkv sd{]k-t-ohv skmsskn Fsmcp kwL-S\bm-Wv. CXv - s]mXpsh ate-jy hnZymn-Ip-Xm-Wv. Im-kn-tXm-sbmcp cmjv{Sobhpw Cu kwL-S-\-bpsS kz`m-hn ImWmw. CXn\p ]pdsa C\m-j\ kvpU vkv skmssk-nbp-v. C\m-j\ kvpU vkv skdn\p Iognep CXv hntZihnZymn-IfpsS Hcp t_mUn-bm-Wv. CXns Hcp Xnc-s-Sp-n Ce- Hmô-k-dmbn Fs \nb-an-ncp-p. Ap-ap-X-emWv ]mtTyXc {]h-\--fp-ambn kPoh-amsbmcp _w h-Xv. ]mtTy-Xc {]h-\--fnte-p Fs F{Sn CXn\pw apt kw`-hn-n-cp-p. Ctm-t\-jy hnZymn-I Ah-cpsS ^v tiJ-cWn\p thn abmZ F s]Ip-n-bpsS Km\-fpsS Itkv \S-n-bn-cp-p. Xze-A _Zvdp Asse\m XpS-nb {]kn--amb Htsd Km\- Dsm-n-p sImm-bn-cpp CXv. CXns Inn sa-dm-bn-cpp Rm. s]mXp-{]-h-\cwKn-tep BZy-Imshpw CXpX-s. C\m-j\ kvpU vkv skmssk-n-bpsS Ce- Hmô-k-dmbn Npa-X-e-s-Sp-s-Sp--s--Xn\p ]pdsa skmssk-np Iognse kvpU vkv FPyp-t-j hnns sU]yqn Ub-d-IvSdmbpw Rm \nb-ans-p. hyn-]-c-ambn F\nv hf-scb-[nIw D]-Im-c{]-Zam-sbmcp - \nb-a-\-am-bn-cpp Cu ]Zhn. Hcp t{]m{Kmw kwL-Sn-nm\pw AXv hnP-b-]-cym-h-kmbn-bmn amm-\p-ap Htsd kbn-^nIv sat-Up-I Cm-ebfhn ]Tn-s-Sp-m- - \m-bn. A[n-Im-c-hn-tI-{o-I-cWhpw B-k-a-Whpw km[y-amnbm GXv Ap-Xhpw krjvSn-s-Sp-m-sa ]mTw A\p-`hneqsS kzmb-am-n. ]mtTy-Xc {]h-\-fnse Ghpw {it-b-amb A\p-`-h-am-bn-cpp bp.-F.-Fkv.-Un-bpsS A[y ]Z-hn-bnen-cpv sNm-\mb {]h-\. bq\n-th-gvkn-n-bpsS sU]yqn Ub-dIvSdm-bn-cp - tUm. knoJv _m_ F-bm XpS-w Ipdn temI Xe-nep kwL-S-\-bmWv D-nIv s\vhv t^m kvSmPnIv sUh-e]vsa v (Ummatic Network for Social Strategic Development). hnhn[ cmPy-fnse hnZymn-Isf kwL-Snnv AhcpsS sshm-\ntIm-Xn km[y-am-pI XpSn {it-bamb Htsd ]-Xn-I-fn-em-bn-cpp {][m-\ambpw kwL-S-\-bpsS {i. Hcp-X-hW \mn t]mbn Xncn-p-h--tm bp.-F.-Fkv.-Un-bpsS {]kn-U v Bbn \ma\ntZiw sN-sXmbn Adn-bnv e`n-p. Am-ev Im-kn e`n-m-hp Ghpw henb A`n-am-\-am-bncpp CXv. bp.-F.-Fkv.Unbn AwKXzw t\Sm Xs sdIvS-dpsS Hmô-kn \np Fgpv thWw. A{Xbpw hyh-m-]n-XamWv Cu s\vhns {]h-\. Cm-ebfhn {it-b- - amb Htsd s{]mP-IvSp-I s\vhn\p Iogn kwL-Snn-m Ign-p. 9/11 \S--bpS September 11 attacks impact on Muslims F hensbmcp t{]m{Kmw kwL-Sn-n-p. temI-{]-ikvX {]^-kdmb kpUm-\nse ap-kn Ap Aeo-ans t] {]k-t-j t{]m{Km-ans apJy C\-am-bn-cpp. IqSmsX thsdbpw Uns_bvp-Ifpw apw kwL-Sn-n-p. Cm-ebfhnse {it-b- - amb asmcp t{]m{Km-am-bn-cpp Media and Globalization F t]cn ate-jy-bnse apgp-h apJy-[mcm am[y-asfbpw - kwL-Sn-nv \S-nbXv. s_\mtam XpS-nb apJy-[mcm hmm GPkn-Ifpw apsamw CtX-p-dnv kwkm-cnn-cp-p. hfsc hn]p-e-amb coXn-bn-ep kwLm-S\am-bn- cpp Cu t{]m{Km-an-t-Xv. AXpsImv Xs hen-sbmcp A\p-`-h-hpw. bq\n-th-gvkn-n-bnse hf-sc hn]p-e-am-sbmcp _v kwhn-[m\-am-bn-cpp Unt_v _v. hntizm-c \ne-hmcw ]pen-bn-cp _n Rm\p-samcp AwK-am-bn-cp-p. BtKmfXe-n Xs
24
sXfnw hymg-h---Xnv
Iem-e-b-Po-hnXw
Htsd AwKo-Im-c _ns\ tXSn-sb-n-bn-pv. ]T\w aptm-p-t]m-Ip-Xn\n-sS-bmWv ssN\okv `mj kzmb-am-Wsa hm- smcp Nn a\-n-tev ISp-h--Xv. `mj ]Tn-p-I-sb ey-tmsS Hpcv mkpIv t]msb-nepw hg-pn-sv Iv ]Xn Dt]-np. ssN\okv A-c-ame ]Tnm Xs kXyw ]d-m henb ]mSm-Wv. Imbn-Ihn-t\m-Zfnepw - HcpssI t\mn-bn-cp-p. sshIp-t-cfn tPmKn-Mv, - _mkvIv t_m, thmfn t_m Fnh amdn-amdn Ifnpw. Nne ka-b--fn bq\nth-gvkn-n--Is _p-I Xn \S-m-dp SqW-sapI-fnepw ]s-Sp-np-v. Nnetm tlmkv-en-\-I-pshmbn-cnpw ^pSvt_m a-cw. {Inv Ifn-bnepw XXv]-c-\m-bn-cp-p. Cy, ]mIn-m, _wm-tZiv, {ioe Fo \mep cmPy-mcmWv bq\n-th-gvkn-n-bn Imcyambn {Inv Ifn-n-cp--Xv. _ufnMv Bbn-cpp Fs s]mkn-j. A[ym-]-I Xnepw Nne-tm ^pSvt_m acw \S-ncpp. sdIvS Bbn-cpp Acw ka-bfn Soans - tKm Io. Hmtcm ska-kv-dp-Iv ti-jhpw sht-j Dm-bn-
cmhnse mkn\v t]mIp-tm tNmdpw Idn-bp-samw sshv Ip-dn shm ]mI-am-hp-tm AXv Hmtm-am-nIv Hm^v BIpw. ss\Po-cn-bm-c bqkp^v BWv ]mN-I-samw ]Tn-n-p-X--Xv. Sn ^njv hmn AXpsImv ]e-tmgpw Idn-sh-n-cp-p. ]cnv hmn tNmdns\mw \qUnkv Bbpw cpNn ]co-np. Hcp Xfn-I-bn \nv Fm-hcpw `n-p kwhn-[m-\-am-bn-cp-p cm{Xn `Wn\p-m-bn-cp-Xv. AXn-s\-map A\nh-No-\bam-sbmcp cpNn - Cpw \jvS-{]-Xm-]-ambn tijn-pp.
cp-p-sh-nepw \mn-tev hmsX hn-cp-n-. BsI cp XhW am{X-amWv \mn h-Xv. an sht-j-\p-Ifpw Iqp-Im-cpsS hoSp-Ifn-te-m-bncn-pw. AhnsS Znh-k--tfmfw Xma-kn-pw. ate-jy-bnse Hcp D\m-Sn-ep kplr-ns hon-tev t]mbXv Ctmgpw Hmp-p-v. Ahn-sS SmIvkn hml-\fm-bnv ss_p-Ifm- Wp-Xv! cp ss_v SmIvkn hnfnmWv kplr-psam-nv Ahs hon-se-nb-Xv. amtm-kvn, dw_p-m XpSnb ]g-hK--fpsS Irjnbpw ap-samw AhnsS shv t\cn ImWp-I-bp-mbn. Zpdn-b ac- ImWm\pw sht-j ka-bfn - t]mbn-cp-p. atejybnse ]ghK--fn {]ap-J-amWv Zpdnb. N t]mse-bp Cu ]gw Xnm BZy-samw OZn-m hcp-sa-nepw ]cn-Nb-s-m hfsc cpNn-I-c-am-Wv.
t]mcm-Xn\v `b-c Khpam-Wv. kvsa ImcWw Nne tlm-ep-I-fn-sempw Zpdnb {]th-in-n-n-. CXp Xnm hnbpw aq{X-hpsamw Cusbmcp ]g-ns K-n-em-bn-cnpw! hfsc aq-tb-dnb app-I-fmWv Zpdnb-t-Xv; Xe-bntem atm CXv hoWm Xs Bfp-I acnpho-gpw. \ Db-c-n-ep inJn-c--fn-emWv ]gw ImbvpI. cm{Xn-I-fn am{Xta ]gw Xmsg hogp-I-bpq; ]I kab--fn hogn-. ]mW-ms hon CXns cp ssXI ]nSn-n-n-p-v. Ah hf-phcp-p. sht-j ka-bfn Sq- dn\pw Nne-tm kabw Isn-bn-cp-p. ate-jy-bpsS ]gb Xe-m-\-amb aem--bntepw ap-samw kplr-p-sfm-nv Sqdp-I kwL-Sn-nn-cp-p. hnhn[ sImm-c-, ]me-sa v, Sqdnkw tI{- Fn-h-sbmw ]e Xh-W-I-fn-
sXfnw hymg-h---Xnv
25
embmWv Ih sNbvsX-Sp-Xv. {][m-\ambpw D\m-Sp-Ifpw {Kma-{]-tZ-ifpw tI{o-Icn-mbn-cnpw hnt\m-Zbm-{X-I. ]kaew F t]cn cm{Xn-Ifn {]hn-p am-p-Ifp-v Izmem-ew-]qcn. t\cs s]m-en Pb Im-kn-em-bn-cp ka-bv R Ap-t] ss\-Po-cnb-bn \np bqkp-^v, Lm\-bn \np dkm-Jv, aem-hn-bn \np- APq-k, JmenZv, Rm Fn-h ]mNI-n-\p sshv Ip sjb sNbvXp hmn. ]-dn, {^qSvkv XpSn ss\v am-n e`y-am-hm Nc-pI-fp-m-bn-cp-n-. AhnsS sNv Hcm-gvN-p km[-\f{Xbpw hmpw. cmhnse mkn\v t]mIp-tm tNmdpw Idn-bp-samw sshv Ip-dn shm ]mI-am-hp-tm AXv Hmtm-am-nIv Hm^v BIpw.
ss\Po-cn-bm-c bqkp^v BWv ]mN-I-samw ]Tn-n-pX--Xv. Sn ^njv hmn AXpsImv ]e-tmgpw Idnsh-n-cp-p. ]cnv hmn tNmdn-s\mw \qUnkv Bbpw cpNn ]co-n-p. Hcp Xfn-I-bn \nv Fm-hcpw `n-p kwhn-[m-\-am-bn-cpp cm{Xn `Wn\p-m-bncp--Xv. AXn-s\-m-ap A\nh-No-\-b-am-sbmcp cpNn Cpw \jvS{]-Xm-]ambn tijnpp. ]mN-In {]mhoWyw t\Sn-btXmsS `-WfpsS - F-nepw h[-\-bp-m-bn. hn`-h- Hsm-mbn h[np-Xp-S-n. `-W-sa-\p-hntev ]cn-n\pw apw ]Icw Nn IS-p-h-p. ]noSv ]Tn-m-\p temUv h[n-ph-p. C-tXmsS ]mN-I-n\v C\nbpw kabw ]mgm-m-\mhn Fmbn. AtXmsS
IpnMv Ah-km-\n-nv `W-samw Imo-\n-tev amn. Im-kn-\p-n Xsbmbn-cpp `-Wn\p sdkvtm-dp-I. tlmkv-enepw A[y-b\ Znhk-fn mkn-\Sppw sdkvtm-dp-I {]hnpw. Cy sSbvpw B{^n sSbvkvpsamw kpe-`-ambn-cp Ahn-S--fn C-en, tlmf-v, bqtdm-]y XpSn Fm cpNn-t`Zfpw kZm k-am-bn-cn-pw. Ad_v sSbvkvm-bn-cpp Fs s^bvh-dnv. \ap-n-jvS-ap-Xv Ign-m-sa-nepw _n DS Xs t] sNt-n-bn-cp-p. sdkvtm-dpImcpsS ]cn-N-bmv am{Xta ]p-]p-kvXIw e`y-am-bn-cp-p-q. CXc apkvenw cmPy--fn \nsmw `n-ambn ate-jybnse `-W{I-ans Ghpw henb {]tXy-IX Fm tlm-ep-I-fnepw lem
26
sXfnw hymg-h---Xnv
`Ww am{Xta e`y-amhq F-Xm-Wv. GXv ss^hvm tlm-enepw lem `Ww am{Xta ImWq. cmPy-sm-cnSpw ]n-amwkw e`y-a-. sI.-F-^v.Pn XpS-nb Ata-cn IpI Nn I-\nI hsc ate-jy-bn lem Nn am{Xta hn]-W\w \Sp-p-q. ate-jy-bn-sep Ad-_vkn\pw apw CXv Ign-m {]tXyIw XmXv]-cy-
]mN-I-n {]mhoWyw t\Sn-b-tXmsS `-WfpsS F-nepw h[-\bp- m-bn. hn`-h- Hsm-mbn h[n-pXp-S-n. `-W-sa-\p-hn-tev ]cn-n\pw apw ]Icw Nn IS-p-h-p. ]noSv ]Tn-m-\p temUv h[n-p-h-p. CtXmsS ]mN-I-n\v C\nbpw kabw ]mgm-m-\m-hn Fmbn. AtXmsS IpnMv Ah-km-\n-nv `-W-samw Imo-\n-tev amn.
am-Wv. Imc-Ww, Ad_v \mSp-Ifn t]mepw lem Bb coXn-bneh Nn e`y-am-pn-. atejybn-tev _m hXv ad-m-\m-hm A\p-`h-am-bn-cp-p. Ipm-en-pn kmln-_n-s\m--ap {]kvXpX bm{Xbmbn-cpp _m-bpsS BZy ate-jy ki-\w. bq\n-th-gvknn sdIvS Iam]m-jbp-am-bp Hcp N-bp-m-bn-cp-p. tijw Izmem-ew-]q-cn ae-_m apkvenw Pam-A-n\v Iogn kzoI-cWkt-f\w. tPmlm-dnse-n-btm Ahn-Ss Pam-Apw hen-sbmcp t{]m{Kmw kwL-Sn-n-p. bq\nth-gvknn sse{_-dn-bnepw Htsd kabw sNe-h-gn-p. apv ]qtm-bfpw - _m^Jn Xfpw Hnv atejy kin-n-cp-p. `c-WLS\m-]cambn - - - -
skIyp-e BsW-nepw Xzn atejy apkvenw cmPyam-Wv. cmPys Adp-]Xv iXam\w P\-fpw apkvenwIfmWv. _mn-h-cp apXv iX-am\w ssN\okpw ]p iX-am\w Cykp-am-Wv. atejy `c-W-L-S-\-bn Every head of any organization must be a Muslim Fv hyh sNp-p-v. {][m-\-a-{n, InMv, I\n ta[mhn XpSnb DX m\- Ae-cn-p--h-scms apkven-ambn-cn-Ww FXv Cpw \nba-as{X. hniz-]u-cXz-tmsS C\m-j\ Ckvem-anIv bq\n-th-gvkn-n-bn Ign-p-IqSnb \mec hjw Hms-Spp-tm Ctmgpw Hcp \o A\p-`-h-s-Sp-Xv t]mse.. Hgn-n-cn-p-tm-sgmw hensbmcp \jvS-{]-Xm-]-ambn a\n-eXv In--S-cm-dp-v.
sXfnw hymg-h---Xnv
27
\yq\-]-- Ia-imkv{Xw
^nJvlns Bmhpw \psS Imehpw

\yq\-] Ia-imkv{Xw
sI.Fw _lm-D-o lpZhn
Xm_n-D-I-fpsS Imev Ia-im-kv{Xn\v apJy-ambpw \mep {]am-W--fm-Wpm-bn-cp--Xv. Jp-B, kp-v, kzlm_-ns ho-W-, kzw Kth-j-W F-n-h-bm-bn-cpp Ah. AYhm Ia-im-kv{X-ns \nZm-\ \mp\m hnImkw {]m]n-p.
Iaimkv{Xw F aXhn-m\ imJbpw ap imkv{X imJ-Isf-tmse \nc-c-amb ]ptcm-K-Xn-bpsS ]mXbn-em-Wv. AYhm {]hm-N-Is Ime-Lntem Jpe-^m-Ddm- in-Zns Ime-Lntem CXn- t-Xmb DuSpw ]mhpw \Is-n-cp-n-. {]hm-N-I\pw k-cn-Xcmb Jpe-^mDw apkvenw Dv A\p-`-hnp {]iv\-v Atm ]cn-lmcw \ntZ-in-p-Ibm-bn-cpp. ]nm-ev apkvenw `c-W-{]-tZiw hnImkw {]m]n-p-Ibpw apkvenw D-n\v \m\m-X-en-ep {]iv\- A`n-apJo-Icn-p-Ibpw sNtn h-tm- ^nJvlv F {]tXyI Ia-im-kv{X-n\v Xs cq]w \I-s-p.
Ia-im-kv{Xw Fm...
^nJvlv Fm `mjmn Adnhv, {Kln- Fs-m-amWv \nNn-s-np--Xv. C_v\p Amkn(d)\p thn dkq sNbvX {]m\-bn "Aa' Fpw "^JvJl' Fpw shtsd {]tbm-KnXmbn ImWmw. Fncp-mepw Ia-imkv{X hnim-c-Zsc-p-dnv ^Jolv Fv {]hm-NIstbm kzlm-_n- stbm Imev \n-Nn--sn-cp-n-. BZy-Im-ev, {]tXyInv kzlm-_-ns Imev Ia-im-kv{X-\v "Jmcn-Av', (_lp-h-N\w "Jpdm-Av') Fv D]-tbm-Kn-p-am-bn-cp-p. C_v\p JZq ]d-bp-Xp t]mse, Fm kzlm-_n-Ifpw ^Xvh \Ipam-bn-cpn-. JpB-\n \ ]cn-m-\-ap
28
sXfnw hymg-h---Xnv
\yq\-]-- Ia-imkv{Xw C_v\p JZq ]d-bp-Xp t]mse Fm kzlm-_n-Ifpw ^Xvh \Ipambn-cpn-. Jp-B-\n \ ]cn-m-\aphcpw \mknJv, akqJv, aplvI-av, apX-Im-kn XpS-nbhbn AKm[ m\-ap--h-cn \np am{Xta ^Xvh I kzoI-cn--s-Sp-am-bn-cp-pq. AXn-\m Ah Jp-B \mbn ]mcm-bWw sNp-Ibpw ]Tn-n-p-I bpw sNp-p-sh- A-n "Jp dm-Av ' Fdn-b-sp (apJ-na: ]p. 446)
an-I-hpw \ho-\hpamb Hcp insb hms-Sp-ptm Dbphcp kzm`m-hnI tNmZy-v As \nb-asfp ]dbmw. 622 apX 632 hsc-bp aZo-\m PohnX Ime-amWv bYm \nb-a\namWw \S-p--Xv. Cu L-n Ah-XoW-amb JpB kq-fnepw {]hmNIs hmIy-fnepw IqSp-X \nb-afpsm-pp. - F.Un 632 {]hm-NI (kz) h^m-m-bXv apX F.Un 661 apB-hnb (d)bpsS h^mv hsc-bp -L--amWv Ckvem-anI \nb-a-\nam-Wns cmw Lw. kzlm-_ns Ime-Lw hninjym, Jpe-^m-Ddmin-Zns Ime-LamWv CXv Fsmcp khn-tijXbpw CXn\pv. aX-]-c-hpw cmj-{Sob-hp-amb t\XrXzw Cu Ime-Ln Jeo-âmcn - \nn-]vX-am-bn-cpp. kzlm-_n\v Ia-im-kv{X-n {]I-Samb A`n-{]m-bm-cfp-m-bn- - cp-p. "A Ckzm^v ô _bm\n Akzvlm_n CJvXnem^v' F {K-n imlv hen-bp-mlnlvehn Cu hnjbw khn-kvXcw {]Xn]mZnn-p-v. apkvenwtemIw hym]vXn -{]m-]n--tm kzlm-_-ns Ia aehpw hnI-kn-p. Ia-imkv{X-ns {]`-hm-\ Ah-cmbnamdn. Jp-B-\nepw Ah lrZn--am-nb lZokpI-fnepw aX-hn-[n-I Ism-\m-bn-s-n kzbw KthjWw \S-p-Ibm-bn-cpp Ah-cpsS ]Xn-hv. CXmWv ChcpsS hoWfn hyXnbm\w hcm- ImcWw. lZokpI-fnepw Jp-B kq-fnepw Ch Is-nb XXzw AYhm "lnIvaXv' amdp--Xn-\\p-k-cnv \nbaw AYhm "lpIvav' amdn-sm-n-cnp-saXv {]-tXyIw {]kvXm-hn-t-Xn--tm. Dp ap-A-van-\o BCi (d), Da-dp-_v\p- Jm_v (d), Aen-p_v\p A_o Ymen_v (d), A_p-Zp-mln_v\p akv-DuZv (d), sskZp_v\p km_nXv (d), A_p-Zp-m-ln_v\p Amkv (d), A_vZp-m-ln_v\p Da (d), A_q-_- knoJv (d), apB-Zp_v\p P_ (d), A_q kCu-Zn JpZvcn (d), A_q-aqk Aiv-Acn (d) XpS-n-b-hcmWv kzlm-_-nse Iaimkv{X ]n-Xam. Chscmw kzX-{amb ho-WKXnbp-hcmsWn Xs Fs-nepw hnj-bn lZokv a\x-]m-T-an-s-n A]c-tcmSv At\z-jn-pI ]Xn-hm-
\mknJv, akqJv, aplvI-av, apX-Im-kn XpS-nbhbn AKm[ m\-ap--h-cn \np am{Xta ^XvhI kzoI-cn-s-Sp-am-bn-cp-pq. AXn-\m Ah Jp-B \mbn ]mcm-bWw sNpIbpw ]Tn-n-p-Ibpw sNpp-sh- A-n "JpdmAv' Fdn-b-sp (apJ-na: t].446). apIm-ev apkvenw \K-c- hnI-kn-p-Ibpw Jp-B-\ns CSs]-S sImv Ad-_n-I-fnse \nc--cX \on-tm-Ip-Ibpw Ah JpB-\n \nv hn[n-I- a\-nem-n-p-S-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Atm- Ah "Dea' Fpw "^pJlm'Fpw Adn-bsp (apJ-na: 446).
DXv`hw, hf Iaim-k{X-ns v {]mcw`w {]hm-NI \ntbm-Ktm-sS-bm-Wv. ]noSv hfbpsS L-am-bn. Ia-imkv{X Ncn-{X-Im-cm hf-bpsS Ap L-- {]Xn-]m-Zn-n-pv. AXn {]hm-N-Is PohnX Ime-L--amWv \nba \nam-Wns Hmw Lw. F.Un 610 apX 622 hsc \op-\np Am-Zan Ime-LamWv Ckvem-anI \nba-\nam-W-ns Hmw Lambn KWn-sSp-Xv. a\pjys\ s\dn-tI-Sn \nv hgn\-S-p hnj-b- kw_n \nb-a-\nam-W-amWv IqSpX-embn Av \S--Xv. Ckvem-
sXfnw hymg-h---Xnv
29
\yq\-]-- Ia-imkv{Xw
bn-cp-p. Hcp -hn-[-nepw lZokv lrZn-am-bn-s-nemWv Ah \ne-hn-ep sXfn-hp-I Kth-jWw sNp-Xv. lZokv Inp-tm kzw Kth-j-W-n \nv ]nam-dpI Ah-cpsS ]Xn-hm-bncp-p. F.Un 661 apX 750 hscbp Ime-Lw Ia-im-kv{Xns aqmw L-ambn hnh-cn-s-Sp-p. Xm_n-D-I-fpsS Ime-L-w As-n AahnIfpsS Ime-Lw FnXns\ hnfn-mw. Aa-hn-I cmjv{S `c-W-n-\-pdw P\-fpsS hnizm-k-n-tem Ia-hoYn-Ifntem CS-s]-Sp-am-bn-cp-n. AXn-\m Hmtcm \K-c-{]-tZifpw tI{oIcnv kzX-{amb Ia-imkv{X kc-Wn- cq]s-p. a-bn AXmD_v\p d_m-A-v, Awdp_v\p Zo\m Fn-hcmWv {]kn-cm-bXv. aZo-\-bn {]kn--cmb Ggv ^pJ-lm-v ]pdsa kzmenlv_v\p A_-Zp-, C_v\p-in-lm-_p-p-lvcn, d_oA, blvb-_n -k-Av-Zv, amenIv _n A\-kv Fn-hcpw {]kn-cm-bn-cp-p. F-Xp-t]mse _kzvdbn aqp-t]cpw Iq^bn Ggp-t]cpw kndn-b-bn \mep t]cpw Gsd {]kn-nbmn-p. (Xmco-Jp ^nJvln Ckvem-an apl-Zv Aen AmC. Hdn-Pn Hm^v Zn Gfn kvIq Hm^v tem, AlvaZv lk). Xm_n-DIfnse Ia-imkv{X - -
F.Un 610 apX 622 hsc \op\np Am-Zan Ime-LamWv Ckvem-anI \nb-a-\nam-W-ns Hmw L-ambn KWn-sSp-Xv. a\p-jys\ s\dn-tI-Sn \nv hgn-\-S-p hnj-b kw_--amb \nb-a-\nam-W-amWv IqSp-X-embn Av \S--Xv. Ckvem-an-Ihpw \ho-\hpamb Hcp insb hms-Sp-ptm Dbphcp kzm`m-hnI tNmZy-v As \nba-sfp ]dbmw. 622 apX 632 hsc-bp aZo-\m PohnX Ime-mWv bYm \nb-a-\namWw \S-p--Xv.
]n-Xm N{I-hm-f \ndp. Cy, Jpdm-km, Ata-\n-b, Akss_-Pm, aukn, Jnbmdp d_o-Av, Jnbmdp apf XpS-nb CuPn]vXv, B{^n, kvs]bv, _mt_dnb {]hniy-I, lnPmkv, ba, Atd_y D]-Zzo]v, CdmJv, A^vKm, t]jy, Inam, Im_q, Ckv^-lm, k_nkvXm, PpPm XpS-nb Fm e--fnepw Xm_n-D-Ifnse ^pJ-lm-sf-smv kp-jvS-am-bn-cp-p. Ahsc apgph Fn-n--s-Sp-p-I Akm-[yamsWnepw Ch Nne- -e--fn Gsd {]knn-bmPn-n-cp-p.(aukq-Bv Pam A_vZp-m-k, CuPn]vXv, 1386 lnPvd). Xm_n-DIfpsS Imev - Ia-im-kv{X-n\v apJy-ambpw \mep {]am-Wfm-Wp-m-bn-cp- -Xv. Jp-B, kp-v,
kzlm-_ns ho-W, kzw Kth-j-W- F-n-hbm-bn-cpp Ah. AYhm Iaim-kv{X-ns \nZm-\ \mp-\m hnImkw {]m]np. Ckvem-anI Iaimkv{Xns t{ImUo-IcW Ime-Ls apkvenw Ncn-{X-ns \memw Ime-Lw Fp hnfnmw. F.Un. 750 apX 1258 hsc \op \np Amkn-I-fpsS Ime L-am-bncpp CXv. Aa-hn-I-fn \nv hn`n--ambn Am-kn-I- Nnm]-chpw hnizm-k-]-chpw I-]chp-amb Imcy-fn - CSs]-Sp-am-bn-cp-p. AXn-\m Ah t{ImUo-IcWn\pw - - hoWKXn-IfpsS {]Nm-cWn\pw Du \In. Iaimkv{X-n-sebpw lZo-knsebpw BZn {K-amb "aphz' Xs t{ImUo-Ir-XambXv Jeo^ akq-dns t{]cW aqe-am-Wv. Npcp--
30
sXfnw hymg-h---Xnv
\yq\-]- -Ia-imkv{Xw {^p-Imv thn s\tm-fn-b \nan- \nbaw amXr-I-bmn, 1840 Xpn Jeo^ Xs cmjv{S-n\v kzbw \nb-a- krjvSn-s-Sp-p. Av apX apkvenw-I Ia-]-c-ambn X-fpsS AkvXn-Xz-n \nv AI-em XpS-n. ]no-Sp-h sImtfm-Wn-b inIv apkvenw-Isf Ipc-p-I-fn-n kpK-a-amb {]{In-b-bmbn amdn. sshtZ-in-Im-[n-]Xy-n \nv apkvenw cmjv{S- tamN\w t\Sn-b-tmgpw Ah ]gb Ia-im-kv{X-n-tev Xncn-p-t]mbn-. kDuZn Atd_y am{X-amWv CXn \nv thdnv \nm {ian--Xv.
n Jnem-^-ns XWen Hcp-]mSv aZvl-_p-I- cq]s-p. Alvep-p--bn Xs Fv aZvl-_p-I Dmbn. AXn kp^vbm-\p-u-cn, HuPm-C, Zmhq-Zp-m-ln-cn, C_v\p Pennz_vcn XpS-nb-h-cp-sS ho-W- XpS-n A\p-[m-h\w sN-ss-nepw ]nm-ev hnhn[ Imc-Wfm Ime-lcWp. - - - FXpt]mse inbm hn`m-Kn\pw sskZn-, Cam-an-, C_m-fn XpS-nb aZvl-_p-I am{X-a-h-ti-jn-p. Am-knI-fpsS Ime-Ln-emWv - Iimkv{X-n\v Gsd hnImk-ap-m-bXv. CXns Imc-W- ]e-Xm-Wv. ]nX t{ijvTv Jeo-âm \Inb apnb ]cn-K-W-\, Bhn-jvImc kzmX-{yw, aZvl_p-I- Xn \S kwhm-Z, apkvenw temIv ]pXpXmbn cq]-s Iimkv{Xambn Dcw tXSp {]iv\- Fnh Cu hnImkXzw \n-ln-p. Hmtcm aZvl-_nepw Av [mcmfw {K cN-\-I- \S-p. ap aZvl-_p-Ifnse \yq\-X-I hc-p-Im-m\pw X-fpsS tatmbva m]n-m\pw \S {K cN-\-I-fpsS ssien Xs khhym]nbmbn amdn. {K cN-bn-Xmhns apn Hcp FXn In-bp-s k]-n km]n-Iamb Ipsd tNmZyfpsS adp-]Sn F coXn-bnemWv Hcp-]mSv cN\I \S-Xv. AIv_ hJm, ]mIn-m). Cy-bn Atlw Ia-]-cambn l\ô aZvl_v AwKo-Icn-n-cpp. Xm Ia-]-c-ambn l\-^nbm-sWv Xs kzlolp _pJm-cn-bpsS tImnbpsS Ah-km-\-n Xs t]\ sImp Xs Atlw FgpXn shn-p-v. kzlo-lp _pJm-cn-bpsS Cu tImn ]Sv\bnse JpZm-_Jviv sse{_-dnbn kqn-s-n-pv Fv ]T-\- ]d-bp-p.
Iaimkv{Xw Am-kn-Ip tijw

Am-kn-Ip tijw Ia-im-kv{X-ns A`qX ]q-amb hf \ns-nepw Hmtcm aZvl_pw [mcmfw hf t\Sn. \ne-hn-ep {K-v hymJym-\w, amPn-s\-gp-v, _rl-mb {K- kw{K-ln-, kw{K-loX {K- hymJym\n-, KZy {K- ]Zy-am, ]Zy-v hymJym\w Fgp-X XpS-nb Imcy-fmWv ]nm-ew \S-Xv. hyn-KX Kth-jWv - ]nm-ev IqSpX {]m[m\yw e`n-n, Fp am{X-a-, \ncpm-l-s-Sp-s-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Camw kzpbqYn (d), imlv hen-p-mln--lvehn (d) XpSn-b-hcmWv ]noSv kzX{ Kth-jW-n\v Aev]sa-nepw {]m[m\yw \In-b-Xv. Camw kpbqXzn (d) Xs Imev kzX{ apPvXln-Xm-sWv (apPvX-lnZv apYveJv) hmZn-m {ian-s-nepw Ah-km\w AXn \nv ]nm-dn. Fm imlv hen-p-m-ln--lvehn (d) kzX{-ambn CPvXn-lmZv hmZw Dbp-I-b sNbvXXv. aZvl-_p-I Xn-ep AI Is-p-Xntev hgn-sh--tm Fm aZvl-_pI-sfbpw \njv]--ambn hnebn-cp-m {ian-p-IbmWv Atlw sNbvX-Xv. As\ A`n-{]m-bm-cfp akvA- - e-Isf kzambn Kth-j-Wn\v hnt[b-am-n-btm Xm A\p-hnp t]m l\ô aZvl_n-t\mSv F]Xv iX-am\w akv-A-e-Ifnepw hntbm-Pntn hp. CXn Xs Fgp-]Xv iXam\w akv-A-eIfpw im^nCu aZvl-_n\v A\p-Iq-e-am-sWmWv Xm Is-n-bXv (imlv hen-p-m-ln--lve-hn(d),
\yq\-]-- Iaimkv{Xw
hyn-Isf kw_-np \nb-a- Ia-im-kv{Xns ]Ip-Xn-bn-e-[nIw hcpw. Fm cmjv{Sw, tImSXn XpSn-b-hsb kw_-n-p \nc-h[n \nb-a- Iaimkv{Xapsm-p-p. Hcp apkvenw `c-W-{]-tZ-iv A\phn-t \nb-a-fpw Hcp]mSv tImS-Xn-hn-[n-Ifpw ASp Ia-imkv{Xw, apkvenwI A\y-a-X-kvs Iogn Pohn-p e-fn {]mtbm-Kn-Iam-Iptam Fv \yq]-- Ia-imkv{Xw NsN-p. cmjv{S-\n-ba ]etmgpw apkvenw \nb-a-v FXn-cm-hm-dp-v. Ad_v cmjv-{Ssf apgp-h sImtfm-Wn-b inI AS-n-hm-Wtm Ah-cpsS \nb-a- ]etmgpw apkvenw \nb-a-sXn-cm-bn-pv. Ah-cpsS \nb-av Ia-imkv{X ]c-ambn Fs-nepw \ymbo-IcWw Is-m {ian--Xns êambn akvel apke Asn CkvXn-lvkm F Iaimkv{X {]am-W-n Ah Am-Wn- I-s-n. s]mXpP\ Xm]-cy-fmWv akvel apke Fm-bn-cp-p AhcpsS Is-. AXn-\m cmjv{Sw \nan-p Fm \nbafpw s]mXp-P\ Xm]cy-]-c-am-b-Xn-\m Ah inc-kmh-ln-m apkvenw-I apgph\pw _m[y-cm-sWv sImtfm-Wn-b in-I hnfnp-]-d-p.
sXfnw hymg-h---Xnv
31
\yq\-]-- Ia-imkv{Xw hyn-KX Kth-j-W- \qm-pIv apv Xs Cm-Xm-bn-pv Fv Bcpw AwKo-I-cn-pw. hynKX Kth-j-W-ns Ayhpw Iaim-kv{X- k-c-Wn-bn-te-sX-n-ep-samns\ ]np-Sp Pohn-epw kzm`mhn-I-amb Hcp A\n-hm-cy-X-bm-bn-cp-p. Fn-cp-mepw apkvenw kaq-l-n\v A`n-ap-Jo-Icn-t {]iv\ Ahkm-\n-p-n-.
ambn X-fpsS AkvXn-Xzn \nv AI-em XpS-n. Bb-Xn-\m ]no-Sp-h sImtfm-Wn-b in-Iv apkvenw-Isf Ipc-p-I-fn-n kpK-a-amb {]{In-b-bmbn amdn. sshtZ-in-Im-[n-]Xy-n \nv apkvenw cmjv{S- tamN\w t\Sn-b-tmgpw Ah ]gb Ia-im-kv{X-n-tev Xncn-p-t]m-bn-. kDuZn Atd_y am{X-amWv CXn \nv thdnv \nm {ian-Xv. \nh-N-\- amdnsm-n-cnp-tm, cmjv{S-ns Is-epI ]pXnb tan ]pd- tXSp-tm apkvenw P\-Xv {]iv\v {]Xn-hn[n I-s A\n-hm-cy-am-Ip-p. Cs-n Ckvem-ans kmh-P\o-\sa khn-ti-jX hnkva-cn--s-Sm-hXm-W.v Cusbmcp ]cn-Xn-Xn-bnemWv kwL-SnX Kth-jWs- p-dnv apkvenw temIw Nnn-Xv. AYhm hnhn[ cmjv{S-fnC-y-bnepw tIc-fn-epw ^nJvlo Am-Zan-Ifpw Iukn-ep-Ifpw ^Xvhm Inn-Ifpw \ne-hnhp. B Cym ^nJvlv Am-Z-an, kakvX tIcf PwC-p Deam ^Xvhm Inn XpSnbh DZm-l-c-Ww. ]pXnb akv-A-e-I hcp-tm Xe-sbSp-p ]n-Xam Hn-ncpv hnj-b- A]-{K-Ynv N-bn-eqsS adp-]Sn Is-emWv CXns coXn. Fm ]te-Spw CXv ey-n-sep-n F-XmWv tJZ-Icw. kmbahaudin@gmail.com
Fm im^nCu aZvl_v akvel apk-esb t\cs Xs {]am-Wambn AwKo-Icnn-n-. "CkvXn-lvkm A\phn--h kpJw Isn' Fv im^nCu Camw cnkm-ebn {]Xn-]m-Zn--p-v. l\ô aZvl_m-sW-n AXns\ Amw {]am-Wambn ImWp-pp-Xm-\pw. Xpo Jnem-^ns kzm[o\w aqew temIap-kvenw-I-fn `qcn-]w t]cpw l\ô aZvl-_ns hm-fm-bXn-\m AhnXn {]Xo--bnm kpJ-am-bn-cp-p. apkvenw ]n-Xam Cu \o-ns\-Xnsc kwL-Sn-Xam-bn-s cwKv hnpv Fpw ]dbmsX h.
kwL-SnX {ia-
hyn-KX Kth-jW - \qm-p-Iv apv Xs Cm-Xm-bn-pv Fv Bcpw AwKo-I-cn-pw. hyn-KX Kth-jWns Ayhpw - Ia-im-kv{X- k-cWn-bn-te-sXn-ep-sam-ns\ ]np-Sp Pohn-epw kzm`m-hn-I-amb Hcp A\n-hm-cy-X-bm-bn-cp-p. Fn-cp-mepw apkvenw kaq-ln\v A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-t {]iv\- Ah-km-\n-p-n-. amdp temIv CS-]m-Sp-Ifp-sSbpw DS-am-hIm-insbpw kz-hIm-in-sbpw -
apkvenw cmjv-{S-fpw Ia-im-kv{Xhpw

Cv apkvenw cmjv{S-fn Gdn-b Iqdpw aZvl-_ns ASnm-\n-ep Ia-imkv{Xw AtX-]Sn AwKo-I-cn-p-n-. Xpn Jnem-^v Xs X-fpsS AkvXabns - - hj- apv Ia-imkv{Xw hen-s-dn-bp-Ibpw kzw cmjv{S \nb-an\v _oPm-hm]w \Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. s\tm-fn-b t_mtWm]mv {^p-Imv thn \nan-s-Sp \nbaw amXr-Ibmn, 1840 Xpn Jeo^ Xs cmjv{S-n\v kzbw \nba- krjvSn-s-Sp-p. Av apX apkvenw-I Ia-]-c-
32
sXfnw hymg-h---Xnv
{]t_m[\w
tIc-tf-Xc apkvenw Cy: aptm-p hgn

{]t_m-[\w
id-^p-o lpZhn B\-a-mSv

{]nkn-, al-Pp lpZm, B{-{]-tZiv
Zb-\o-bamWv tIc-tf-Xc kwm-\fnse apkvenw kaq-l-n-s Ah-. aX kmaq-lnI km-n-I cmjv{Sob taJ-e-I-fnsemw Xs \nc-c-a-h NqjWw sN-s-Sp-p. apkvenw Cy-bpsS h-am\ Zpc-h-bpsS Imcy-Im-c-W-, ]cn-lmc amK Fnh hni-I-e\w sNpIbmWv tZiob Xe-n {]t_m-[-\-ta-J-e-bnep teJ-I.
apkvenw-I Xnn-m-akn-p cmjv{S-fn-sem-mWv \psS amXr-cm-Py-amb Cy. lnPvd Hmw \qm-n Xs Cy-bn-tev Ckvemw IS-ph-n-pv. 1206 apX 1857 hsc \o Bdc \qmv ChnsS `c-W-N{Iw Xncn-Xv apkvenw-I-fm-bn-cp-p. ssiJv Alva-Zv klnn, imlv henp-m-ln--lve-hn, AlvaZv dkm Jm _tdhn, knZv A_p lk Aen \Zvhn, Amam CJv_m XpS-nb hniz-hn-JymX ]n-Xsc temI-n-\v kan--h-cmWv Cy apkvenw-I. Aen-KUv apkvenw bq\n-th-gvkn-n, Zmdp Deqw Zbq-_-v, \Zvh-Xp Deam, PmanA ann, ap_m-dIv]q XpS-n-b-hbpsS m]I-cm-Wh. 1498 hmkvtImU Kma-bpsS BK-a\w apX 1947 Cy kzmX{yw t\SpXv hsc km{am-PyXz inIsf kss[cyw t\cn-p, Ah. cmjv{So-b sshm\nI cwKv Gsd ]mc--cy-
ap Hcp kaqlw kzmX-{ym\-cw hfsc ]nmw t]mbXv Ncn-{X-nse sshcp[yw \nd A[ym-bamWv.
At[m-Ka\ns Bgw - - tIc-tf-Xc Cy kwm\--fpsS aX-hn-Zym-`ymk aXt_m[ cwKw AXy-[nIw klXm-]ml-am-Wv. AXv iX-am\-n-e-[nIw apkvenw-I hkn-p {]tZ-ifn - Ctm Ap iX-am\w t]mepw Ckvem-ans auenI Imcy-sf-p-dnv t_m[-hm-mc-. apIm-e--fn \_n(kz) X-fpsS t]cv, Ad_n Ac-, Jp-B, ]c-temIw XpS-nbh Kuc-h-]qhw Dsmm-hcmWv `qcn-`m-Khpw. {Kma {]tZ-i--fn PpapA \a-kvIm-c-n ]sSp-p--h ]v iX-am-\n Xmsg-bm-Wv. GI-tZiw tIc-f-nse A{X Xs apkvenw P\-kw-Jy-bp B{{]-tZ-in apkvenw-I
sXfnw hymg-h---Xnv
33
{]t_m[\w
Xnn-m-a-kn-p \nc-h[n {]tZ-ifp-v. Ccp-]n-cv - ew apkven-Ifpw \nc-h[n Ad-_nIv tImsf-Pp-Ifpw apkvenw cm{ob ]mnbpw {]hn-p ZoL-Ime apkvenw `cWw \ne-\n sslZ-cm-_mZv alm-\Kc- nt]mepw Jp-B t\mn HmXm Ign-bp--hcpw Jp-B Xncn--dn-bp--hcpw hnc-f-am-Wv. da-fm\nse shnbm-gvNIfn am{Xw Xpd-p-In-S- p akvPn-Zp-I-fpw cv s]cpm \nkvImcw am{Xw \nln-p apkvenwIfpw B{bn kpe-`-am-Wv. {io awK-tcizc {]Xn-jvT-bp apkvenw `h-\fpw Rmbm-dm-gvNIfn - ss{IkvXh Bcm-[\m-ebfn- - se-p apkvenw ]uc-mcpw Ahn-sS-bp-v. B{-bpsS Xoc-{]-tZ-ifn {InkvXp aX- n-tev ]cn-hn-X-cm-Ip apkvenw-I-fpsS Fw Zn\w{]Xn h[n-p-I-bm-Wv. Zmcn{Zyhpw A-X-bp-amWv CXn\v hgn-sbm-cp-n-bsX-mWv Cu {]tZi kin knbmkv teJ-Is \nco-Ww. P\-kw-Jy-bpsS ]Ip-Xntbmfap apkvenw h\n-X-I Ak-lyamw hn[w timN-\o-bmh--bn-em-Wv. hoSpw ]cn-kchpw hrn-bm-p--Xnepw kzw Pohn-X-nepw Ipn-Ifnepw ipNnXzw ioe-am-p-Xnepw A{i ]pep Ahv kzw hon shfnw ]c-m Fs\bmWv km[y-am-hp-I.? a\p-jys amKZi-\-n\p thn Amlp m]n Ckvem-ans hnizm-ktfm ASn-m-\tfm Kuc-h]qw Zin-p--h-c Chn-S-fnse apkvenw-I. aqp hj-tm-fambn B{-{]-tZin aX-{]-h\w \S-nsm-n-cn-p Cu teJIs\ \ ]cn-N-b-ap sXmnbpw XmSn-bp-ap Hcp apkvenw kplrv C-gn da-fm-\n tNmZn-p, \np t\mp-tm.? da-fm {hXm-\pjvTm-\-n\v ChnsS apkvenwI \Ip Kuchw F{X Zp_-eam-sWv Cu tNmZyw kqNn-n-p-nt? sNdpw apXte kwkm-cnp XpS-nb DZp `mj Fgp-Xm\pw hmbnm-\p-a-dn-bp--h hfsc Ipdhm-Wv. {]mtZ-inI `mj-Ifmb sXep-v, _wKm-fn, adm-Tn, IS XpS-nb HutZym-KnI `mj-IfpsS Imcy-nepw cmPys {]_e \yq\-]w Iqcn-cp-n Xs-bm-Wv. kvIq hnZym-`ymkw ss{]a-dn-tbmsS Ah-km-\nnv ]mStm ]oSnI-bntem ]Wn-sb-Spv Iuamcw hn\-jvSam-p-hsc btYjvSw ImWmw. apkvenw `qcn-] {]tZ-i--fnse Bimcn sjUp-I-fnse s]mSnbpw hv tjmp-I-fnse Icnbpw ]--dn-S-Ifnse Idbpw Nn mfpI-fnse tNmc-p-n-Ifpw apkvenw Dns `mhn t\Xm--fpsS Pohn-X-n Ccp ]c-p-Ibm-Wv. kmaq-lnI km-nI cwKv ]d-b- am-sam-pan-msX ]Xn-m-p-I Xocpp-shp am{Xw. sshcp-[yhpw hnUvVn-hpw \nd-XmWv tIc-tf-Xc apkvenw-IfpsS cmjv{So-bw. \yq\]-fpsS A`n-am-\Icamb An-Xztam - - kpc-n-Xamb Pohn-Xtam `cW ]m-fn-tam Bcm-[-\me-b--fp-sSbpw aX- hn-Zym-eb-fp-sSbpw kpK-aamb {]h-\tam km[y-ampI cmjv{Sob \ne-]m-Sns ey-amIm-dn. AXn-\m Xs AhnsS cmjv{Sob {]h\w krjvSn-Xv ]ca \nm-camb {]tbm-P-\-am-Wv. ]e-tmgpw hnPbw IXv apembw knwKnsbpw emep {]kmZv bmZ-hnsbpw ssh.-F-kv.-B-dn-sbpw IpX-{--fm-Wv. apkvenw t\Xm- t\Sn-bXv Ah-cpsS kzm Xm]-cy-fpw. C^vXm hncp-nse {]tXyI sXmnbpw Ddq-kp-I-fnse kw`mh-\-Ifpw ZK-I-fnse ki-\fpw; Ch-bn HXpn \np apkvenw kvt\lw Xncn-dn-bm Znim-t_m-[ap t\XrXzw Chn-Sfn- Dm-bn- . Npcp--n CXc kaq-ln-S-bn A]-am\w t]dn \ne-\nmt\ apkvenw-Iv km[n-p-p-q. tI{ kwm\ km-dp-I \ntbm-Kn-p Io-j\p-I cmPy-nse {]_e \yq\-]--fpsS ]Xn-Xm-h ]e-XhW Is-n-bnpw B-htm-sS-bp {]Xn-{]-h\w `c-WIq-Sn-stbm D-n- stbm `mK-p-\n-p-m-bn-.
aptm-p hgn-bnse {]iv\ tIctfXc apkvenw-I kzmX-{ym-\cw ]nmw t]mb-Xns Imc-W- ]eXm-Wv. Cym-hn-`-P\w aqew A\p-`-h-s t\Xr-Zm-cn-{Zyhpw AXp-hgn hf Ac-nX t_m[hpw Ah-ti-jn t\XrXz-ns Znim-t_m-[an-mbvabpw kap-Zm-b-nse In h-g-p-Ifpw AXn\v hgn-sbm-cpn-bn-p-v. Hcp \thm-m\w kpkm-[y-am-p hn[-n _lp-apJ {]iv\--fmWv apn ]c-p-In-S-p--Xv.
GI-tZiw tIc-f-nse A{X Xs apkvenw P\-kw-Jy-bp B{{]-tZ-in da-Zm\nse shn-bm-gvN-I-fn am{Xw Xpd-p-In-S-p akvPn-Zp-I-fpw cv s]cp-m \nkvImcw am{Xw \nh-lnp apkvenwIfpapv. {io awK-tc-izc {]Xn-jvT-bp apkvenw `h-\-fpw Rmbm-dm-gvN-I-fn ss{IkvXh Bcm-[\m-e-b--fn-se-p apkvenw ]ucmscbpw ChnsS ImWmw.
1. Zp_-e-amb aX-hn-Zym-`ymk k`-

apkvenw kaq-ls Ckvem-an-I-am-p--Xn\v A\nhm-cy-amb auenI hnZym-`ymkw \Im ê-{]-Zhpw imkv{Xob-hp-amb kwhn-[m-\--fn. D{]-tZ-inepw sslZ-cm-_mZnepsams AXyp-X Iem-eb-fp-s-nepw kwL-Sn-Xamb \thm-m\ {]h-\v t\Xr-]-c-amb ]p hln-m Ahp km[n-nn-. aZvd-k-I-sf t]cn
34
sXfnw hymg-h---Xnv
{]t_m[\w
{]hn-p-sIm-n-cn-p m]-\fn {][m-\ambpw Jp-B a\x]m-T-am-m-\p kwhn-[m-\tf-bp-q. B - m]-\--fn \np ]pd-nd-p aX _ncpZ[m-cn-I- {]t_m-[\ {]h--fn Zp_-ecm-Wv. ]mTy-]Xn-bn - Imem-\p-kr-Xambn ]cn-jvIcW- hcpn Aev]-sa-nepw ka-Im-enI hnZym-`ym-khpw hnh-ckm-t-XnI hnZy-bpw \Ip-Xnt\mSv m]\ ta[m-hn-I tbmPn-p-n-. B{-bnse "al-Pn's {]Nc-W-n\p thn Xan-gv\mnse hmWn-b-m-Sn-bnse HcpX aX Iem-e-b-n-sen aX-ù-XnI ka-\z-b-ns "ZmdplpZm tamU' ]cn-Nbs-Sp-n-btm {][m-\m-[ym]-I Cu teJ-Is\ ]cn-lkn-p-I-bm-bn-cp-p. th{X kuIcytfm imkv{Xo-bamb ]T\ coXn-Itfm e`y-a-m--Xn\m aX-m-]-\- ]Tn-Xm-fpsS Zue`yw t\cnpsImn-cn-p-Ibm-Wv. [a-t_m-[-ap \nmlI kan-Xn-bp-sSbpw tbmKycmb A[ym-]-I-cp-sSbpw Ip-a ]mTy-]Xn-bp-sSbpw A`mhw - aqew akvPn-Zp-Iv A\p-_-ambn {]hn-p a_p-Iv -k-aq-l-ns aXt_m[w DWp-Xn ]ph-ln-m Ign-bp-n-. {IaoIrX-amb ]mT-]p-kvXI, AUkv cPn-, ]co, ]cn-tim-[\ Ch-sbmp-an-msX {]hn-p a-_p-I {]tbm-N-\-s-Spp--h ]p iX-am-\-n Xmsg-bm-Wv. Ap-hj-ntesd Ccw ]mT-im-e-Ifn ]T\w \S-p--hv apgp-h Ad_n A-c-tfm JpB ]mcm-bWtam ASn-m\ aX-hn-h-c-tfm e`y-am-Ip-n-. e`y-am-Im-Xn A[ym-]Itm cn--Xm-tm hnZymn-Itm ]cn-`-h-hpan-. akvPn-Zp-I-fn A\p-jvTm\-v t\XrXzw \Ip aX-]-n-X-mcpw akvPnZv `mchm-ln-Ifpw hnPvRm\ {]k-c-Wn\p thn {]hn-p-nIfpw bmsXmcp hnai-\-hptamsX sskzc-ambn hnlcn-p-p. [\m-Vy [\y-XbpsS XW-en kkpJw hmgptm _p-tfm Abmtcm DuWpw DSp-p-anmsX ZpxJn-X-cmbn Ign-bp-p. ]e apkvenw {]tZ-i--fn \npw tIc-f-n-tev bmNI kwL-sfm-gp-Ip-Xv B{bnse Nnq, s\q Pn-Ifnse \nXy-Im-gvNbm-Wv. -
3. eyw sXnb DZp aoUnbw kvIqfp-I

s-p--XmWv kXyw. PpapA \nkvIm-ctm-S\p-_n-p Ac-a-Wn-q {]`m-j-W-n\p thn am{X-am-Wv Cam-ap-am Ing-tmp Xncn-bp--Xv. Ncn-{X-]camb Imc-W- fm hnZym-`ymk]c-ambn ]ntmw t]mb apkvenw kaq-ls apJy-[m-c-bn-tev sImp-hcn-Ibm-bn-cpp DZp - aoUnbw kvIqfp-IfpsS {]Jym]nX eyw. ey-{]m]vXnbn Fn-bn-sp am{X-a apkvenw kap-Zm-b-ns hnZym`ymk At[m-K-a-\-n\v ImcW-am-bn-o-cp-IbmWv sNbvXXv. km kvIqfp-I-fnse A[ym]I cwKv apkvenw-I \nban-X-cmbn FXv amn-\nnbm \njvêam-Ip-XmWo - kwhn-[m-\w. Ae-k-amb A[ym-]\w, hnZymn-IfpsS Zue`yw, A[ym-]I \nb-a-\nse A`mhw XpS-n-bh ImcWw DZp kvIq hnZymn-I ap hnZymnI-tfm Gsd ]nn-em-Wv. B{-{]-tZ-inse {Kma {]tZ-i-fnse an DZp kvIqfp-Ifnepw Htm ctm mkp-Ifn Htm ctm A[ym-]-I, Hp apX Ap hsc-bp mkp-I Ak-ly-ambn \Sp-Ibm-Wv. ChnsS Amw mkv ]qn-bm-p-hv Bdp-ap-X ]p-hsc DZp aoUnbw kvIqfp-I-fn ]Tnm Ccp-]Xv Intem-ao-tdmfw bm{X sNtn hcp-p. B{{]tZ-inse sXepv,IS XpS-nb {]mtZ-inI `mjm kvIqfp-I-fn Bdp apX ]T\w XpSm Ap hj-ambn bmsXmcp ]cn-Nbhp-an-m ]mTy]Xn Zplhpw Zp{K-l-hp-ambn A\p-`h-s-Sp-p. AtXmsS DZp
2. {Ia-c-ln-X-amb alv kwhn-[m\w

tIc-f-nse apkvenw ]ucm-cnse Acm-PI-Xzhpw A\nkvem-an-I-Xbpw \nb-{n-p-Xnepw apkvenw hyn \nbaw Ip-a coXn-bn \S-n hcpp--Xnepw alv `cW kwhn-[m\w kvXpXyl-amb tkh\w sNppsh-Xn kwi-b-an-. `{Z-amb IpSpw_ Pohn-Xhpw kmaq-lnI krjvSnbpw aX-t_m-[hpw AXp-t]mse bmYmy-am-p-Xn Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc Cu kwhn-[m\w {]tbm-P-\-s-Spp-ap-v. alv `c-W-Iq-Shpw \nba hyh-Ifpw AwKo-I-cn-s-Sp-Ibpw ]men--s-SpIbpw sNp-p-v. Fm CXc kwm-\--fn alv Pam-An\v kaq-l-n\p ta th{X \nb-{-Wm-[n-Imc-an-. Cy ]uc-m-cn [a-t_m[w hfp-Xntem Ah-cpsS ZpcnX Xop-Xntem Pam-Ap-Iv CSs]-Sm Ign-bp-n-. AXn-\m kaq-l-nse AXbpw A-Xbpw \namP\w sNm\m-hmsX k hym]nbmbn \ne-\np-Ibm-Wv. an{i hnhm-ln-Xcpw A{I-a-Im-cn-
sXfnw hymg-h---Xnv
35
{]t_m[\w
hnZymn-I-fpsS ]T\w Ahkm-\n-p-I-bm-bn. Cu Zpch t\cs a\-n-em-p cmIm-- Hp apX {]mtZ-inI `mjm kvIqfp-Ifntem Cwojv aoUnbw kvIqfp-Ifntem tNv ]Tn-n-p-p. B hnZymn-Iv Gsd kmlnXy k-hpw apkvenw ]mc--cyhpap DZp `mj ]q-ambpw \jvSs-Sp-Ibpw sNp-p. Cu A]-IS \ne-sbkw_nv t_m[-hm-m-c `qcn-`mKw kapZmbmwK-fp-saXmWv ZpJ-Icamb kXyw. - hn`-P-\-s Xp-Spw AXn\p tij-hp-ap-mb hKob kwLj- Cy apkvenw-Isfbpw ssl-h-scbpw ISp i{XpXbpw hntcm-[hp-ap Ccp kap-Zm-b--fmn amn. kln-jvWp-Xbp-sSbpw kulmZnsbpw ]mTfpw kt-i-fpw \In a\-p-I-fnse I\-e-I-m apkvenw t\Xm-v km[yam-bn-. hKob ^mjnv in-Isf t\cn-Sp--Xn atXXc cmjv{Sob ]mn-Iv ]te-Spw ]cm-Pbw kw`-hnp. Ime--fmbn Ah-K-W-\bpsS `m-hpw t]dn Ac-nX-cmbn \nesImm-\m-bn-cpp apkvenw-I-fpsS hn[n. CXns A\-c êw.
7. Deam Dadm kulr-Zns iq\y-X

AXym-hiy ùXnI hnZy t\Sn-bn-n-m aX ]n-Xm, aX-]-chpw ùXn-I-hp-amb hnZy A`y-kn-n-n-m [\mVy, ASn-m\ a-X-hn-Zym-`ymk-an-m cmjv{Sob {]hI, Aev]w ùXnI hnZy t\Sn hnZym-`ymk cwKtm atm tkh\w sNp aXt_m-[hpw aX-hn-m-\hpanm--h, aX-hn-Zytbm ùXnI hnZytbm ]Wtam cmjv{So-btam Cm ]ca km[m-c-W-mcmb `qcn-]mwK. apkvenw Cysb Cs\ hn`Pn-mw. Cu hn`m-K--sfmw X-fpsS Pohn-Xm-hiy-hp-ambn aptmp t]mIp-Xn-\m-hiyamb hgn-I tXSn Pohn-Xn apt-dp-p. Chsc ]ckv]cw Hcp-an-p-Iq-p kwLS\m kwhn-[m-\-tfm atm C. \mep-hn-`m-K--sfbpw aX kwhn-[m-\--fp-ambn ASp-nm _m[y-X-bp aX ]n-Xam A\p-tbm-Py-amb amK-sfmpw kzoI-cn-msX Ae-k-amb \ne-]m-Sp-I kzoI-cn-p-p. AXn-\m-h-iyamb hnZym-`ym-khpw {]mtbmKnI _pnbpw kl-hmk ]cnN-bhpw Bkq-{X-W]m-Shhpw s]mXp-Im-cy-t_m-[hpw Ahn Xm\pw. am{X-a-, s]mXp kaq-l-nse {]Xn-\n[n-I-fp-ambn kl-h-kn-m Ah X]-c-cp-a-. B{bnse "al-Pn's DZvLm-S\ thf-bn kw_-n ]p-\qcnse cmjv{Sob t\Xm-fp-ambn kwkm-cn-m Ahn-sS Hcp {]apJ aX ]n-X-t\mSv Cu teJ-I Bh-iy-s-Sp-Ibp-mbn. Rm cmjv{So-bm-cs IqsS Ccn-m- Xm]-cy-s-Spn Fm-bn-cpp {]Xn-I-cWw. Cu kao]\n- amw hcmsX Deam Dadm kwL-SnX aptw Akm-[y-am-Wv.
4. cmjv{Sob {]_p-X kz]v\w am{Xw

Zqc-hym-]Iamb ê-fpf- hm-p- cmjv{Sob \ne-]m-Sp-I kzoI-cn-m A{]m-]vXcmWv tIc-tf-Xc apkvenw-I. cmjv{Sob t\Xm-fpsS Xm]cy-v Cc-bm-hp-IbmWv \nc-h[n \ntbm-PI ae-fpsS \nWm-bI in-Ifmb apkvenw thmam. apkvenw t\Xr-Xz-ns \b-cm-lnXyhpw t\Xr-Zu_-eyhpw Cm-in-bp-an-m-bvabp-amWv cmjv{Sob ]cm-Pbn\p - ]nn. Uln apkvenwIfn kzm[o-\-ap Uln Camw ]Xn-m-p-Ifmbn FSp-p \ne-]m-Sp-I CXn-\p-Zm-lcWam-Wv. 1977 - Camw B.-Fkv.Fp-Imv - - hsc thmp ]nSn-p-sIm-Spp. ]ns samdmPnsb ]np-Wp. 1989 hn.-]n. knwKns\ ]np-W Camw sXmqn Bdn _m_cn akvPnZv XIXv \nkw-KXtbmsS - t\mn \n tIm{Kkns\ ]np-W-p. bp.-]n-bn Atlw apembw knwKn-s\bpw Imjn dman-s\bpw amdn-amdn klm-bn-p. D-tc-y apkvenw-IfpsS kwL-SnX in-sb inYn-e-am-n-bXv Cu Camw cmjv{So-bam-sW-mWv \nco--I-cpsS A`n-{]mbw.
6. apkvenw am[y-a--fpsS A`m-hw

kap-Zm-bs {]_p--cpw kwkvImc k-cp-am-m P\-Iob am[y-a Dm-bns-XmWv D-tc-y-bpsS asmcp \jvSw. knbm-k-v, kmem, apjnXv, CAvXnamZv XpSnb Zn\-]-{X-fpw \boZpbm, ]m\osd lbm, dmsl lbmv XpS-nb B\p-Im-enI-fpw DZp `mj hmbn-m-\dn-bp \yq\-]--n\p am{Xta shfnw \Ip-p-q. am{X-a, tZiob am[y-a- krjvSn-p apkvenw hncp at\m-`m-hs {]Xn-tcm-[n-m Ahv km[n-p-p-an-. apkvenw-I X-fpsS {]bm-k-sf-p-dnpw Bh-iy-sfp-dnpw t_m[-an-msX ]qW\n{Z-bn-em-Ip-IbmWv -
5. apkvenw Aapkvenw kl-IcWnse hn - - -
_m^Jn X-fp-sSbpw inlm_v X-fpsSbpw t\Xr-inbpw kn.F-ns `c-Wss\-]p-Wyhpw iwkp De-abpsS ]mn-Xyhpw kn.-Fv sF{Zqkv DkvXmZns Iatijnbpw _mpn lmPnbpsS ka-Whpw ]mW-mSv ]qtmb XfpsS Bob inbpw ]naLw ISv ]pd-t-sm-gp-I-Ww. Fn-cp-mte apkvenw Cy c-s-Sq.
amXr-I-bmbn tIcf apkvenw-I
36
sXfnw hymg-h---Xnv
{]t_m[\w tIc-tf-Xc kwm-\--fn aZvd-k-Isf t]cn {]hn-p-sIm-n-cnp m]-\-fn {][m-\-ambpw Jp-B a\x]m-T-am-m-\p kwhn-[m-\-tf-bp-q. B m]-\--fn \np ]pd-n-d-p aX_ncpZ[m-cn-I- {]t_m-[\ {]h\--fn hfsc Zp_-e-cm-Wv.
IrXy-\n-jvThpw imkv{Xo-bhp-ambn {]hn-p ]Xn\m-bn-ctmfw {]mY-anI a{Z-kI, DX aX-]-T-\-n\v Ipa coXn-bn {]hn-p Ad_nIv- tImsf-Pp-I, ZkpI, \nc-h[n aX -ùXnI ka-\zb Iem-e-b-, kap-Zmb-nse apgph A\mY AKXn hnZymn-Ipw kkpJw ]Tnp hf-cm ]cym]vX-amb ùXnI ]T-\-tm-SpIp-Snb A\m-Y-im-e-I, Hmtcm {]tZ-i-sbpw apkvenw ]ucmsc t\cn _n-n-p alv Pam-A-p-I-, Zpcn-Xmizmk {]h-\-p thn dneo^v In-n-I, Chsmw t\XrXzw \Im kpi--amb ]nX kwL-S\-I, s]mXp {]h-\v kpc-nXhpw A\p-Iqe-hp-amb ]m--e-sam-cpm apkvenw kap-Zm-b-n\v apK-W\bp cmjv{Sob - ]mn, Fm-n\pw amKZinIfmbn Bob t\Xr-Xzw, In hg-p-Ifn Xn-e-Snp-tmgpw Bh-iym-\p-krXw Hcpanm Ign-bp-smcp t\XrXzw. C{Xbpw amXr-Im-]camb Hcp Ckvem-anI kaqlw tIc-fn hfXv \qm-pI-fmbn Bob t\Xm- \S-nb ]cn-{i-atfm-sSmw - kzmX{ym-\cw Znimt_m[ap t\XrXzw ISp h-Xp-sIm-m-Wv aXt_m-[ap cmjv{Sob t\Xmfpw cmjv{Sob ho-Wap aX-]-n-Xcpw Bob t\Xmfpw A\p-k-cW ioe-ap- P\-Xbp-amWv CXn-\hkcsam- - - cp-n-b-Xv. Ign AXp hjs tIcf apkvenw Ncn{Xw ]Tnv ]Im tIctf-Xc apkvenw-I Xm-dm-hp-IbmWv thXv. BZi t_m[-tm-sSmw tZiobt_m[hpw hfp-I. Ggv: `cW kzm[o\w D]tbm-K-s-Spn km Xenepw kzImcy Xe-nepw th{X hnZy-`ymk m]-\ m]n-pI. Fv: kap-Zm-b-n aXt_m-[hpw cmjv{Sob {]_p-Xbpw hnZym-`ymk Nnbpw hfm thXv sNpI. HXv: aX-]-n-Xcpw cmjv{Sob t\Xmfpw ]uc-{]ap-Jcpw s]mXp-P-\-fpw Hcpanv {]hn-p kwhn-[m\- Bhn-jvI-cn-pI. ]v: {Ia-c-ln-X-ambn {]hn-p DZp kvIqfpI `mjm kvIqfp-I-fn ebnn-p-Ibpw apkvenw hnZymn-Iv Hp- apX \mep hsc DZp `mj {]tXy-Iambn ]Tn-n-p-Ibpw sNp-I. sXmgn \jvS-s-Sp A[ym-]Iamsc Bh-iymw \nb-anpI. ]Xn-s\mv: \ne-hnse cm{ob kwhn-[m-\- D]tbm-Ks-Sp-ntbm tZiob Xm]-cy-v hncp-amhm \ne-bn kzbw kwhn[m-\ap-m-ntbm apkvenw-I cmjv{So-bambn in-s-Sp-I. -
thXv Bkq-{X-W, {]h-\ tIc-tf-Xc apkvenw kaq-ln-tev \thm-m-\ns hgn-Xp-dm Bkq-{Xn-Xamb {]h-\ AXym-hiyamWv. aX ]n-X-m-tcmsSmw cmjv{Sob t\Xr-Xzhpw DtZym-K-cpw s]mXp kaqlhpw Hcp-anv \nv iq\y-X-Ifn thhn[w CS-s]-S \Sn AXn-io{Lw aptmp Kan-p-I-bmWv thXv. AXn\m-hiy-amb hn`-hti-jnbpw Iatijnbpw \mw t\Sn-sb-Sp-Ww. tIc-fn _m^Jn Xfpw kn.Fv apl-Zv tImbbpw ka-kvX-bpsS ]nXmcpw atX-Xc kaq-l-nse amXr-Im ap-kvenw-Ifmbn {]hntm apkven-ta-Xc t]mepw kvXpXn ]mSp-I-bmbn-cp-p. kzm Xm]-cy amnshv ka-Whpw Bm-Xbpw kzmb-amn tZi-kvt\-lhpw BZit_m-[hpap klnjvWpfmb Hcp I`S kwL-amWv Bhiyw. Bkq-{X-W- \Sm [njWmimen-Ifpw {]hn-m Itam-pIcpw t\XrXzw \Im Bob t\Xr-Xzhpw thWw.
Zmdp lpZmv \nh-ln-m-hp-Xv tIc-fnse aX-Iob {]_p-Xbpw \thm-m-\hpw CXc Cy {]tZ-i-fntev hym]n-n-m ka-ImenI ]m--e-n _m[yXbpw {]m]vXn-bp-ap-Xv Zmdp lpZmv Xs-bmWv. kap-Zmb Deam t\Xr-Xz-ns t\cnp \nb-{-Ww, apJym-[mcm apkvenw-I-fpsS ]npW, DZp `m-j ]cn-N-b-ap ]n-XcpsS kmn[yw, CXc kwm-\fnse hnZymn- Iv aX-]-T\w -\-S-p-hm\p kuI-cyw, tIc-tf-Xc {]tZ-i--fn hnZym-`ymk {]Nc-W-nse A\p-`-h- Chsbmw ta ey-n\v Zmdp lpZmsb {]m]vX-am-pp.
apK-W\ \tI Ia]-Xn-I

Hv: aX-kw-LS\I - - imkv{Xobambn kwL-Sn-n-s-SpI. cv: _m[y-X-Ifpw A[nImcfpw \In alv PamA-p-I ]p\-{I-aoI-cn-p-I. aqv: kakvX tamU {]mY-anI aX-hn-Zym-`ymk ]cn]mSn m]n-pI. \mev: aX-m-]-\--fn ùXnI ]T-\-n\v Ah-kcw krjvSn-p-I. Av: CXc kap-Zm-b-sf ASp-n-m-\p {ia- \Sp-I. Bdv: kap-Zm-b-n
sXfnw hymg-h---Xnv
37
IY
inlm_v ]n-pdw
Hv
CXn-s\ms Fsnepw amw hc-W-sav Ftmgpw Nnn-m-dp-XmWv. sjn-bpsS "HmUv p shv hnn' sImSpmmbn ASnphoip-Xv BZyw tXmn-bXv _me-Iy-jW v km Cwojv mkv FSpn-cnp-tm-gm-Wv. UkvpInS-bn s_n-en-cpv AsXmpw \S-n-sv a\-nse-nepw sNdp-Xmsbmv B-Sn-m {ian-p. ssZhw Xn- Xs CXn\v sXscs-Sp-Xv A ]dbmdpXv kXy-am-sWv Fs ]qWambpw t_m[y-s-Sp-n. \psS Fm-h-cp-sSbpw a\v ssZh-n-s-Xm-Ws{X. a\p-jy\v Ahs ssIIm-epI Fhn-tSv thW-sa-nepw Nen-n-mw. a\-n\v Hcp Nppw sNm Ign-bn-. a\-
38
sXfnw hymg-h---Xnv
IY
nse Nnbpw kz]v\hpw hnIm-chpw hnth-Ihpw ssZhw Xocp-am-\n-pw. ]c-am-[n-Im-cn. lrZ-bnse sImSp-mv, ]ns Hcp t]cpw Iq-sS-bpv. Cu kXyw kJmtfm-Smcpw ]d-n-n-.]dm Ah ssZh-n-s\-Xnsc bpw- sNpw. ssZhw FhnsS Hfn-n-cpmepw Ahs\ ]nSn-IqSn Gpap-pw. ]ns Innb ]mbv {]kn-Uv m\hpw t]mIpw. G _nPp Ctm ssIdn hkv{X- am{XamWv [cn-m-dp--Xv. kJm-hv, cmjv{So-bm-c, Idp-\ndw Cu aqpw Hp-h-m JZtdm ssI-dntbm [cn-Ww. Gcnbm sk{I-dn hnPb kmsd honp apn Ae-n-bn-Sp JZ hkv{X Fk.v-F-k.v-F.knp ]Tn-p-tm t\mn-\n-Xv Cpw Hma- hcp-p. kzw hkv{Xntev t\mpXn Bkzm-Z\an-m- -Xn-\m-emWv Hma-bn-tev Xs Xpdn-p-t\m-p--Xv. hnP-b kmsd hmUnemWv _nPp BZy-ambn a-cnXpw Pbn--Xpw. kwh-cW hmUmbXn-\m hnP-b kmv Hgnp sImSp-p-I-bmsX thsd amKw Cm-Xmbn. _nPp-hns\ a-cn-n-p-Xn-t\mSv Abmv tbmPnpm-bn-cp-n-. cp sImw apv Fkv-F-^v-sF-bpsS {]I-S\-n apX-em-fnXzw Xpe-b-ssbv _nPp Dds hnfn-Xv hnP-b amjn\v ckn-n-cp-n-. Iayq-WnvImc-\m-sW-nepw \mn apX-emfnsbv ]dm hnP-b kmdmWv. AXm-bXv apX-em-fnXzw Xpebs Fp ]d-m hnP-b km Xpe-bs Fm-bn-cnpw {]mtZ-inI hnh-. C\n Cu G-cn-bbn AXm-hn-cpsXv XmoXp \In-bmWv hn-bXv. - ]mn DmbXp apX tkmdn, tIc-fn Dm-bXp apX hnP-b kmdpsS AhIm-iamWv Gcnbm sk{I-dn m\w. A-\n \nv A\-c-ambn e`n--Xm-Wv. CXphsc Bpw hnp-sIm-Sp-n-n. aqv sImw Ign-bp-tm Gcnbm kt-f-\hpw Ce-
sXfnw hymg-h---Xnv
39
IY
\pw \S--W-sapw h`qcn-]tmsS hnP-b amjv - hnP-bn-Wsa-p-amWv ]mn - `cWLS-\. tIU ]mnBbXn\m CXp-hsc \nbaw ewLn--s-n-n-. Fm-hcpw \n_-n-Xp sImmWv _nPp-hns\ AwKo-I-cn--Xv. thsd ZfnXv {]Xn-\n[n Cm-Xn-\m Ah-s\-s {]knU--m-n. BiohmZw tXSn _nPp h-tm \nev t\mn-bmWv A\p-{K-ln-Xv. Idp apJ-t-sms Fs\ t\mpw? ssI ]nSn-tm ]mSs tNdv aW-pp. v. ImcWw hnP-b kmsd apv A-bmWv NmWIw sXfn-n-cp-Xv. ^b-se-Spv Abm-fpsS apJtv hen-s-dn-p. hnPb amjv Pohn-X-n BZyambn Xmtgmv hoWp. "t]mSm, Cw]o-cn-b-en v Ata-cn-... \ns ]mn Xpe-bs'! hnd--enp \np m^pIn-Sbn-eqsS _nPp ]pd-t-n-d-n. "Cn-em_v apZm-_mZv'..!
aqv
"Imew t]mb t]mv' "Fm amntf \o As\ ]d-bp-Xv?' AmSn \mb-cpsS tNmZyw tI-tm-gmWv ]d-Xv Xm Xs-bm-sWv ssl{Zqkv amv tXmn-b-Xv. adp-]Sn Hpw ]d-n-. "FSm {]Xn-]-n\v Hcp ka-c-hp-an-tm?' "kacw t]mbnv Rm ]m-bn Xs t]mhm-dn.' "AsXm As\?' "Idp a\p-jy-t\mSv kacw sNm Fs ]n htcn hcpw.\mb-tc, Hpwth; Abm-tfmSv kwkmcnm Av t]mIpw.' "AXmtWm thXv? Ahs A Fs _m sImSp In-bmWv IpSn-ncp--Xv. Adntbm \nv?' Fmw Hfnp tI-tm-gmWv tN _nPphn\v tIt-mbn-cpp Fp tXmn-b-Xv. A[n-Im-cn-eqsS ZfnXv aptw Fm-sWv CtmgmWv a\-n-em-b-Xv. ]etmgpw cm{Xn sshInbmWv hon-sem-dp--Xv. `mcy-sbbpw asfbpw Ctm Hma- t]m-ep-an. t\sc t]mbXv ]mn Hmô-kn-te-m-Wv. Hmôskms Xpdv {]h\w XpS-n-bn-p-v. Xm htc Bh-iy-sam-p-an-. Xs sNbdn hnP-b amjn--cn-p-p-v. Hpw anmsX tS_n-fnse
cv
"A[n-Im-cn-eq-sS ZfnXv aptw' Bhn-m-hnv ]d-npw Fm-WnXv kw`-hsav tN _nPp-hn\v a\-nem-bn-. AXv a\-n-em-Im-Xv Xs Ipg-amWv FmWv hniz-kn-n-cp-Xv. ImcWw ]mn-bn {]hn-m XpSn-bnv sImw ]Xn-s\m-m-bn. CXp hsc ]mn ]d-bp tkmjy-enkw, sshcp-ym-[njvTnX ùXnI hmZw Hpw a\-n-em-bn-n-. AXpt]mses-bt ZfnXv apt--hpw? ]m-bv Hmôknse apgp-h ^b-ep-Ifpw ]mn Hmô-kn-tev sImp t]mbtmgmWv _nPp Pohn-Xn BZyambn ]mn-sb-pdnv Nnn--Xv. ]m-bv {]kn-Um-sWnepw Imcy-amb ]Wn-Isfm-pan-. Fmw \S-p-Xv ]mn Hmô-kn-em-Wv. Xs IpSpw-_m Bsc-nepw hm thXv sNbvXp-sIm-Sppw. Ah ]d-bp-Xv A\p-k-cnv hnc Aapw. Hmô-kn-encn-p-tm An ]pI-bm-dpv. CXn-s\mpw X\nv AhIm-i-an-tm Fv Nnn-p-Xn-\m hmcn-sb-p-In-SbneqsS Xo CXp-hsc ]pd-tv hn-n-. Hmô-kn-tev hnPb km hcp-tm Fgp-tv \n-Wsa-mWv Nw. Fpw Fgp-t v\nm-dp-
"t]mSm, Cw]o-cn-b-en v Ata-cn-... \ns ]mn Xpe-bs'! hnd--enp \np m^pInS-bn-eqsS _nPp ]pd-t-n-d-n. "Cn-em_v apZm-_mZv '..!
40
sXfnw hymg-h---Xnv
aX-hn-Zym-`ymkw
]mc-cy-hm-b\ tXSp apkvenw hnZym-`ymkw

aX-hn-Zym-`ym-khpw ]mc-cyhpw
kpss_ lpZhn tNI-\q

cPn-kv{Sm, Zmdp lpZm Ckvem-anIv bq\n-th-gvknn
bYm Ncn{X hnZymnv ]mc--cy[m-c-bpsS ho-W-K-Xn-sm-ta k-cnm-\mhq. Imc-Ww, Ign \qm-nse kmaq-lnI am-sf ap\q-m-p-Ifnse Imen-I-amb am--fn \nv thXn-cnv ImWpI Hcn-epw km[ya-. hnZym`ymkw, kwkvIm-cw, kmaq-lnI PohnXw, km-n-Im-h-- XpSn H-t\Iw Af-hp-tIm-ep-I shv Hcp kaq-lns Ncn-{X-]-c-amb D-hhpw hfbpw Dm-\ ]X-\-fpw imkv{Xob-ambn hne-bn-cp-m Ignbpw.
Ccp-]Xmw \qm-ns tIcf apkvenw Ncn{Xw s]mXpsh B[p-\n-I -[mc, ]mc--cy[mc Fo cv ho-W-tImWp-Ifn-eqsS Fgp-Xs-Xmbn ImWmw. Ign Hcp \qmn ]mc-cyhmZn-Ipw ]ptcm-Ka\hm-Zn-Ip-an-Sbn - - aX-Iob hnj-bfn \S - Nm-]m-ccy-amWv Cu - Zznam\ ho-W--fpsS \nZm\w. 1921se Zmcp-W- kw-`-hv tijw kaq-lKm-{Xn cq]w-sIm ]pXp-Po-h aX- \-ho-I-cW Bi-b--fpambn cwK-p-h {]m-\fpsS {]h-\- ^-e-n Dun-bp-XmWv CXn Hma-t-Xv. Ccp-]Xmw \qm-nse tIcf apkvenw-I-fpsS \thmm\ {]h-\v {]tNm-Z\ta-In-bXv hlm-_n- kw, Ckvem-anIv tamtU-Wn-kw, ke-^n-kw, ]m Ckvem-ankw XpSn at[y-jy-bn {]Xy-n cq]-s ho-W-K-Xn-IfpsS Cd-p-aXn ê-am-sWv hmZn-p Ch Cu \h-Pm-Kc-W-n\v app Ime-Ls Xopw Ccp-fSXpw - Pmln-en-n-t\mSv kam-\hp-
ambn Nn{Xo-Icn-p-Xv ImWmw. A[n-\n-th-i -hn-cp-X, kmlnXy ta XpS-nb hnj-b Nn-Xam-Ip-tm Chpw ap\q-m-p-I-fnse ]n-X- h-tc-Wy-cpsS Ncn-{X D-cn-tn hcmdpsnepw sam-n ]sm-Xmw \qm-n\p apv Hmtcm Ime-Lnepw CX - hn-cn ]p\-cp-m\ {]{In-bI Ch kuI-cy-]qhw hnkva-cn-m-dmWv ]Xn-hv. Ign \qm-p-Ifn cq]wsIm aX-Iob {]h\-fpsS XpS-bm-bmWv ]mccyhmZn-I Ccp-]Xmw \qmnse \h-Pm-KcWs - t\mn-m-Wp-Xv. \_n(kz)bpsS Imev Xs Ckvemw {]N-cnp Fv hnizkn-s-Sp tIc-fn Ign ]{v \qm-p-Ifnepw Htc Xmf-n-e apkvenw kmaq-lnI PohnXw apgp-In-bsXpw temI-s-mbn-Spw kw`-hn-Xp t]mse ]X\-fpw A]-Nbfpw - Ncn-{X-ns ]e Zim-k-n-Ifnepw kw`-hn-n-p-spw Atm-sgms bpK-{]-`m-hcmb -
sXfnw hymg-h---Xnv
41
aX-hn-Zym-`ymkw
]n-X-h-cy Ckvem-lv, XPvZoZv Ia- \nh-lnv Ckvem-an-I--\na \ne-\nnbn-p-spw A\p-kyqXw XpS Cu {]{In-b-bpsS `mKamWv Ign \qm-nse kmaq-lnIam-ns ASn-dsbpw Ah hne-bn-cp-pp. AXp-sImv Xs \thmm\w F-Xn-ep-]cn ]p\-cpm\w Fv CXns\ hnfnm Ah XmXv]-cy-s-Sp-p. ]ptcm-K-a\hmZn-I hw A_vZp JmZn aue-hn, k\m-D an X, la-Zm\n, sambvZp aue-hn, sI.Fw auehn Fn-hsc \thm-m-\ns in]n-Ifmbn Nn{Xo-Icn-p-Ibpw X {]Xn-\n[m\w sNp ho-W-K-XnIv \nc-m-Xv sImv ]qh-kq-cn-Isf A[n-\n-thi kmlnXy Ncn-{X--pdw kuI-cy-]qhw hnkva-cn-pIbpamWv sNp-Xv. Fm ]mc--cy-hm-Zn-I amen-Ip_v\p Zo\m, At-l-ns A\p-bmbn-I, tImgn-tms JmZn IpSpw-_w, aJvZqw ]nX IpSpw-_w, tIc-f-n-tev ISp-h ap-tXmfw {]hm-NI J_o-eI, Xzco-Jns ssiJp-am, kmXzn-I-cmb Da-dm XpS-n-b-h Xe-ap-d-I-fneqsS ssIam-dnb hnm-\o-b-fp-sSbpw ]mc-cy aqey-fp-sSbpw ]p\-cp-m-\-ambn Ccp]Xmw \qm-nse kw`-h-hn-Imk-sf t\mn-m-Wp-p. Hcp bYm Ncn{X hnZymnv ]mc--cy -[m-cbpsS ho-WKXn-sm-amWv - k-cn-m-\m-hp-I. Imc-Ww, Ign \qm-nse kmaq-lnI am-sf ap\q-m-p-Ifnse Imen-I-amb am--fn \nv thXn-cnv Hcn-epw ImWm Ign-bn-. hnZym`ymkw, kwkvIm-cw, kmaq-lnI PohnXw, km-n-Im-hI XpSn H-t\Iw Af-hp-tIm-epI shp-sImv Hcp kaq-lns Ncn-{X-]-c-amb Dhhpw hfbpw ]ptcm-K-Xnbpw Dm-\ ]X-\fpw imkv{Xob-ambn hne-bn-cp-m km[npw. Ccp-]Xmw \qm-ns appw tij-hp-ap apkvenw hnZym-`ymk coXn-I-fpsS Dhw, hym]-\w, \ho-I-c-Ww Fn-h-sb-p-dn-p sNdnsbmcp N-bmWv ChnsS Dtin-p-Xv. Ckvem-anI hnm-\o-bfpsS ]p\-cp-Xv]m-Z-\-n\pw hym]-\n\pw Am-cmjv{S apkvenw kaqlw Hmtcm ImeL-nepw Bh-iym-\p-kcWw kzoI-cn coXn-Ifpw kwhn-[m\-fpw `qan-imkv{X]chpw kml-N-cy-n-\-\p-k-cn am-tfmsS AXmXp Imes tIc-fob apkvenw kaq-l-n-\nS-bnepw \S-n-em--s-n-cnpp Fv ImWmw. {]mY-anI, DX, kmh-{XnI Xe-fn hnZym-{]-kcWw kpK-aambn \S--s-Sp--Xn\p thn tIc-f-n aqp coXnI apKman-I cq]w sImSpn-cp-Xmbn ImWmw. Hv, Hmp-]-n-I. cv, hAvfv ]c--c-I. aqv, ]n ZkpI. Cv hne-bn-cp-p-tm Ah-bn-semmsI Hcp-]mSv A]m-IXIfpw sshI-ey-fpw - ImWm Ign-bp-sa-nepw AXXv Ime-Lfn Ghpw - - Imen-Ihpw ]ptcm-K-a-\-]-c-hpamb \o--fm-bn-cpp Chsbms Fv Hcp bYm Ncn{X hnZymnv a\-n-emm {]bm-k-an-. Nne sshIey- am{Xw Dbn-m-nbmWv B[p-\nI[mc-bpsS Bfp-I Ccw coXn-Isf ]cn-lm-k]qhw t\mn-mWm {ian-n-p-Xv. shv hne-bn-cp-p-tm tIcf-nse Ckvem-anI BK-a-\tmfw Cu kwhn-[m-\-n\v ]g--ap-sv A\p-am-\n-mw. ]n-ItfmSv tNtm A[ym-]I-cpsS hoSp-I-fntem \S-n-cp Hmp-]-n-I t]cv kqNn-np-Xv t]mse-s Fgpn-\-pdw hmb-\v am{X-amWv {]mapJyw sImSp-n-cp-Xv FmWv {]_-em-`n-{]m-bw. tIv a\x-]mTw ]Tn-pI F coXnbm-bXp sImvXs D-tcy-bnepw apw \S--s-Sp kam-\-co-Xn-bn-ep m]-\sf hnfn-n-cp aIvX_v AY-hm, Fgp-p- tI-{- F coXn-bn Hmp-]n-I Fhn-sSbpw kqNn-n--s-Xmbn ImWp-n-. at[y-jybn \nv D-tc-y-bn {]N-cn-n Imen-{K-^nbpw "JpivJ-zv' (\s-gpv) F Fgpp ]-T-\hpw Hcp Iebmbn tIc-fob apkvenw-Ifn {]N-cn-m-Xn-cp-Xv CXn-t\mSv tNp -hm-bn-mw. Hmv F t]cn tIc-f-n \qXn-cn {_mlva-W-cpsS thZ-]T\ coXn-tbmSv kmay-s-Spn h-Xm-sWv ImWmw. ]n FXv _p ssP\ {]m\m-e-b-sf hnfn-n-cp t]cmWv. Fm, Hmp-]nI Xopw Fgp-p- ]-T-\-n\v FXn-cm-bn-cpp F hmZw Xopw _men-i-am-Wv. Ht\Iw Hmp-]n-Ifn Fgpp IqSn ]Tn-n-n-cp-Xv sImmWv apIme ]n-Xv Ad-_n-bnepw Ad_n aebm-f-nepw \nc-h[n {K-c-N\-I \S-m\mb-Xv. ]nZkp-I-fn ]Tn-n-cp--h Fgpv ]Tn--h-cm-bn-cp-p. A-c-ame apX-emWv ]nZknse ]T\w XpS-n-bn-cpXv Fv A\p-am-\n-m Ignbn-. B[p-\nI hnZym-`ym-kcoXn apkvenw-In-S-bn {]Ncn-p-Xn\v Ghpw henb XS-ambn {_no-jp-Im Hmp]-n-Isf ImWp-Ibpw ]smXmw \qm-ns Ah-km\w apX Ahsb \ho-I-cn-m ]e amK- Bcm-bp-Ibpw
Hmp-]n-I Hmtcm {]tZ-ipw sshhn[y-tfm-sS-bmWv \ne-\n-n-cp-sX-nepw Hcp apkvenw Adnn-cn-t Ckvem-ans\ Ipdn-p {]mY-an-I-amb Adnhp-I ssIam-dpI F almb [a-amWv Hmp-]-nI \nh-ln-n-cp--Xv. IrXyambn Ime-\nWbw \S-m Ign-bn-s-nepw Jp-B, {]mY-anI Ckvem-anI hnm\o-b- Fnh ]Tn-n-m XpSw apXte apkvenw-I {in-n-cpp F hkvXpX
42
sXfnw hymg-h---Xnv
aX-hn-Zym-`ymkw tIc-fob apkvenw-I-fpsS Ghpw henb A\p-{K-lw t\Xr-cw-Ks ]n-Xmcp-sSbpw kn-Zm-cp-sSbpw Bob hgn-I-fnse ssiJp-am-cp-sSbpw CS-bn cq]-s kl-I-c-Whpw Iqm-bva-bp-amWv. hnZym-`ymk taJ-e-bn-e-Sw kh cwKpw CXns {]Xn-^-e\w ImWmw. A[nI kn-Zp-amcpw DX ]n-Xcpw Xzco-Jns ssiJp-amcpambXv ImcWw apkvenw-I X-fpsS Bob \mb-I-cmbn Ahsc Ip.
sNbvXp. 1871epw 1894epw apamv i-fhpw hnZymnIv {Kmpw apw \In Hmp-]-n-Isf ]cn-jvI-cnm Kh-s v {ian-p. 1921\v tijw el-f-bn-tev \bn Imc-W- Ism Kh-s v \nb-an Io-j B[p-\nI ùXnI hnZym-`ym-kns A`m-hamWv apkvenw-I-fn \nv kml-kamb {]Xn-tcm-[-ap-d-I Dmhm Imc-Wsav dntmv sNbvXXns ASn-m-\n aX-hn-jbtfm-sSmw ùXnI - - hnj-bfpw Hmp-]n-Ifn ]Tn-n- \n_--am-sWv km D-c-hn-d-n. 1926 Hcp kvs]jy FPyp-t-j Hmô-k \nb-an--s-p. Abmp Iognse apkvenw DtZym-K ap-amsc kinv Ah-cpsS Iogn-ep Hmp-]n-I Kh-s v kvIqfmn amn-bm Ahv i-fhpw {Kmpw apw hmKvZm\w sNp-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1947 a{Zmkv {]kn-Ukn apJy-a{n cmP-tKm-]m-em-Nmcn kvIqfn aX-]-T\w \ntcm-[np-Xv hsc {]mY-anI ùXnI kuI-cy-tfmsS At\Iw Hmp-]n-I {]hn-p. Cu {]tXyI kml-N-cy-n {]mY-an-Ihpw \n_--hp-amb aX-hn-Zym`ymkw Hmtcm apkvenw hnZymnpw \Im Ignbp ]pXnb kwhn-[m-\-sf Ipdnv ]n-Xcpw Da-dm-fpw Bg-n Btem-Nn-p, hnhn[ coXn-I-fn-ep ]pXnb kwhn-[m-\- ]e epw ]co-np sImncppshnepw hfsc hyhm-]n-Xhpw tI{o-IrX coXnbn-ep--Xp-amb Hcp _Z kwhn-[m\w Cu cwKv BZyw \S-n-em-n-bXv kakvX tIcf PwC--Xp De-am-bpsS 1951 cq]o-I-cn hnZym-`ymk t_mUm-Wv. Bhiyw h L-n apkvenw-I \S-nem-nb Hcp alm-kw-cw-`-am-bncpp Hmp-]-n-I. \q-Xncn {_mlvaW hn`m-K-a-m tIc-f-nse Hcp kaq-lhpw kmh-{XnI hnZym-`ym-kn ASn-d ]mIp C-c-samcp kwhn-[m\w Hcp-n-bn-cp-n-. {X-nepw Ia hnizmk Imcy--fnepw apIme s]mXpk-aq-ln C-t-Xn-t\m IqSp-X Adnhpw, Hmtcm Imcyhpw ssIImcyw sNptm AKm-[amb kqvaXbpw Dm-bn-cp-p. K^ns km-nI kzm[o\w hcp-Xn\v sXmp-apv hsc tIc-fnse ]n aZvd-k-I \nanp--Xn\pw kmaq-ln-Ihpw aX]-c-hp-amb ap dneo^v kwcw-`pw ]Ww Is-n-bn-cpXv hAvfv kZ-p-I-fn shv DZm-caXn-I \S-n-bn-cp - kw`m-h\Ifn \nm-bn-cp-p. - - tImSnI-fpsS hkvXp-hlI Cv kz-am-bp kakvX hnZym-`ymk t_mUns BZyIme {]h-\-v ^v Is-n-bn-cp-Xv knZv A_vZp-d-lvam _m^Jn XfpsS kPoh Iman-I-Xzn Am-es ]nXsc ]s-Sp-n-v sImbn-em-nbn shv \S-nb hAvfv ]c-cbn-eq-sS-bm-bn-cp-p. hAvfv kwhn-[m-\-n\pw AXn-tXmb t]mcm-bvabp-m-bn-cp-p. ASn-m-\an-m IY-I hen-p-\on ]d-bp--Xn\v hsc Nne A]-m-\n-I Cu thZn D]-tbm-Ks-Sp-p-Ibpw ap Nne km-n-I-amb t\w am{Xw apn Iv Cu cwKv hcn-I-bpw sNbvXn-cnmw. ]ptcm-Ka\ Ncn-{X-m Ccw Nne sshI-ey-sf am{Xw Dbn-n-Snv apKm-anI-fpsS Cu Da ]mc--cysbpw ]cn-lm-ktmsS Ah-X-cn-n-m-dmWv ]Xn-hv. Cu A\u-tZym-KnI hnZym-`ymk coXnsb Ipdnpw Ah tIcfob apkvenw kaq-l-n \nh-ln [a-sf Ipdnpw Bg-n-ep ]T-\-v kabw AXn-{I-an-n-cn-p-p. A\u-]-Nm-cnI hnZym-`ym-kw, BPo-h-\m hnZym-`ym-kw, khpw hnZym-`ymkw XpSn bp.-F t]mep temI kwL-S-\-I hsc Cv ^mj Bbn Ah-X-cn-np coXn-I \qm-p-Iv apv hsc \psS ]qhn-I \S-n-em-n-bncpp FXv
hAvfv ]c--c-I
s]mXp-P\sf Ckvem- anse hnhn[ hnj-b-sf Ipdnv Bg-n t_m[-h-XvIcn-p--Xn\pw hj-n-sem-cn-se-nepw Cl]c PohnXs Ipdnpw hnizm-k Iman-I [manI Imcy-sf Ipdnpw Hma-s-Sp-p-Xn\pambn amnf apkvenw-I hfsc hyh-m-]n-X-ambn cq]-s-Spn-sb-Sp Hcp AXpey kmh-{XnI hnZym-`ymk coXnbmWv Hmtcm al--nepw \S-s-n-cp hAvfv AY-hm, aX-{]-`m-jW ]c--c-I. hAvfpIfpw {]kw-Kfpw temIv Fm kaq-l-fnepw \ne-\n-n-cp-p-sh-nepw amnf apkvenw-In-Sbn AXv \nh-ln-n-cp [manIhpw sshm-\n-Ihpw kmaqln-Ihpw km-n-I-hp-amb Ia-sf hne-bn-cp-p-tm hAvfv ]c--c-I AXp-ey-amb tkmjy Cn-yq-j BbmWv \ne-\n-n-cp-Xv Fv ImWmw. {]kn-cmb ]n-X Hmtcm hnj-bs Ipdnpw Nne-tm hnJymX {K-sf B[m-cam-nbpw BgvN-Ifpw amk-fpw Htc e-p-Xs hAvfpI \Sn-bn-cpp. hAvfv ]c--c-I aX-hn-m-\fpsS D-a- amb Hcp kmaq-lnI DXv]m-Z\w \S-n-bn-cp-Xv sImv aX-hnj-b--fnepw Ckvem-anI Ncn-
sXfnw hymg-h---Xnv
43
aX-hn-Zym-`ymkw
Ap-XIcw Xs-bm-Wv. Zkp-I Fn\v {]N-cn-nWw F eLp-Ir-Xn-bn Zkp-IfpsS al-Xz-sf Ipdnv Nntm-o-]-I-ambn {]Xn]m-Zn-n-p-v. sImSp--q, sImw, tImgn-tm-Sv, Nmen-bw, Xm\q, s]mm\n XpS-nb Xoc-tZi ]-Wfn Ckvem-ans - BK-a\ Imev Xs \nan-s ]n-I-fn Atd-_ybn \nv h D-X-cmb ]n-X Zkp-I \S-n-bXns kqN-\-I Ncn-{X-n ImWmw. GI-tZiw Fqdv hj-v apmWv Xm\qcnse hen-b-Ip-f-c ]n (akvPnZp _nI-Xpzm-enlv A Ip_vdm) Zkv XpS-pXv. ba, CuPn-]vXv, lZvdau-v, lnPmkv XpS-nb ep \np ]n-Xm AhnsS ]Tn-n-n-cp-p. ssiJp Camw apl-Zv A_vZp-m-ln lZvdan-n Jmln-cn lnPvd 675 AhnsS apZ-cnkpw ap^vXn-bp-am-bn-cp-p. s]mm\n aJvZq-ap-am-cpsS ZkmWv ]Xn-\memw \qmv apX Ccp-]Xmw \qm-ns BZy-Lw hsc tIc-f-nse apkvenw {]tZ-i--fnepw sshm-\nI {]N-c-W-n\pw kap-Zmb t\Xr-Xz-n\pw Bhiy-amb ]n-Xsc kss sNbvXn-cp-Xv. Ctm-t\-jy, ate-jy, kntem, ba XpSnb hnhn[ e--fn \nv t]mepw s]mm-\n-bn ]Tn-Xm--sf-n-bn-cp-p. ChnsSbpw t]mcm-bvaI At\Iw Nqn-m-Wn-m Ign-bp-sanepw \qm-p-Itfmfw tIc-fn Adnhns ssIamw \nh-ln-Xpw Cpw \nhlnv sImn-cn-p-Xp-amb alm hnZym-`ymk kwcw-àmWv ]nZkv. t{]mz-ecpw \nkzm-cp-amb ]Xn-\m-bn-c-W-n\v ]n-X-scbpw kapZmb t\Xm--sfbpw ]p\-cpm\ \mb-I-scbpw Nn-Iscbpw FgppImscbpw kmln-Xy-Im-cm-scbpsamw ]n-Zkp-I hms-Sp-np-v. am{X-a-, Cv hscbpw tIcfw I apgp-h ]nX {]Xn-`-Ifpw Zkns krjvSn-Ifm-bn-cp-p.
]n Zkp-I
tIc-fob Ckvem-anI X\na Imp-kq-n-p-Xnepw Ckvem-anI hnm-\o-bfpw {K-fpw Xe-ap-d-I-fneqsS ssIam-dp--Xnepw kaq-l-n\v Imen-Iamb t\XrXzw \Im tbmKy-cmb ]n-Xsc hms-Sp-p-Xnepsams ]n-Zkp-I hln ]v \no-a-am-Wv. \_n(kz) aZo-\m]-n-bn XpS-nb Cu ]T\ kwhn-[m\w Ckvem-an-Im-Ka\- tmsS Xs tIc-fn \Sn-em--s-n-cpp Fv a\-nem-mw. _KvZm-Zv, AeIvkm{Un-b, Ckv^\kvJqw, Ua-kvI-kv, sIbvtdm, ^mkv, {Km\-U, a, aZo\ XpS-nb Fm CkvemanI \K-c--fnepw ]n ZkpI {]Nm-c-n-ep-m-bn-cp-psh-nepw Ah ]nm-ev tImsf-Pp-Iv hgn-am-dp-Itbm bq\n-th-gvkn-n-Ifpw ap-ambn cq]w {]m]n-p-Itbm BWv Dm-bXv. Fm, tIc-fn Cpw Cu kwhn-[m\w Imen-Iamb am-tfmsS XpScp-p. lb skIU-dn, tImsfPn-tbv hnZym-`ymk [a-amWv ]n-Zkp-I \nh-ln-n-cp-Xv. D-Xhpw Fm Ghpw sNehv Ipd--Xp-amb coXn-bmWv ]n-Zkp-Ifp-tS-Xv. Ipn-Iv tlmkvepw mkv dqapw ]n Xs-bm-bXv sImv sIn-S C{^m-kvs{SIvN-dp-Iv thn shsd ]Ww Is-t-Xn-. (tIcf-nse ]n-I Xp-I-fmbn \nan-m ImcWw Zkv kwhn-[m-\am-Wv.) hnZymnIv al-nse Hmtcm hon \nmWv `Ww \I-s-ncp-Xv. ]n-bnse Camapw JXzo_pw apZcnkpw Htc Bfm-bXv sImpw Db hnZymn-I Pq\n-tb-gvkn\v ]Tn-nv sImSp-n-cp-Xv sImpw Bbn-\-nepw Nnehv Ghpw efn-X-am-bn-cpp. tUm. Iam ]mj Xs
Bob t\Xr-Xz-ns kw`m-h\I - tIc-fob apkvenw-IfpsS Ghpw henb A\p-{K-lw t\Xr-cw-Ks ]n-XmcpsSbpw kn-Zm-cp-sSbpw Bob hgn-I-fnse ssiJp-amcp-sSbpw CS-bn cq]-s kl-IcWhpw Iqm-bvabp-am-Wv. - hnZym-`ymk taJ-ebn-eSw kh cwKpw CXns {]Xn^-e\w ImWmw. A[nI knZp-amcpw DX ]n-Xcpw Xzco-Jns ssiJpamcpambXv ImcWw apkvenwI X-fpsS Bob \mb-Icmbn Ahsc Ip. kzq^n anj-W-dn-am-cpsS kPoh {]h-\-am-bn-cpp tIc-fn Ckvemw hym]-I-am-hp-Xns ]nn {][m-\-ambpw {]hn-Xv. _KvZm-Zns XIv tijw temIv Bob ]p\-cp-m\w \S-p-Xn\v t\XrXzw \Inb {]apJ kzq^n Xzco-J-p-Isfmw tIc-fn-ep-sa-n-bn-cpp. Chn-Ss At\Iw ]nIfpw apkvenw A[n-hmk tI{-fpw Ah-cpsS {]h\ ê-ambn cq]-s-Xm-Wv. Cao cwKv tkh\w sNp ]n-X-m XsbmWv Xzco-Jp-IfpsS ssiJp-amcpw CPm-kv sImSpp--h-cp-ambn \ne-\n-Xv FXv sImmWv "Iv kzq^nkw' Hcp-Im-epw
\nkvIm-c-n ssI FhnsS sI-Ww, Xe apgp-h XS-h-tWm, \nkvImc tijw ZnIvdp-Ifpw ZpB-Ifpw BIm-tam, acn-hv thn ka- sNm-tam XpSn Ime-p apt hniz-]-nX N sNbvX Imcy- s]mXp-P-\n-S-bn N-n ]ptcm-K-a-\m apkvenw _unI {]h-\-sf \qm-p-I ]nd-In-temWv hen-psImv t]mb-Xv. Ch-s-Xnsc {]Xn-I-cnm ]n-X \n_-n-X-cp-am-bn.
44
sXfnw hymg-h---Xnv
aX-hn-Zym-`ymkw
tIcfn thcp-]n-Sn-msX t]mb-Xv. A]-m-\n-Ifpw \nn]vX XmXv]cy-mcpw ico-A-n-m ]ecpw ]etmgpw ssiJv thjw sIn {]Xy-s-tm-sgms icoApw Xzco-Jpw Hnv kt-fn ]n-X AhsXnsc P\-sf t_m[-hm-m-cmn-sm-n-cp-p. apkven-bm Fv hnfn--s-Sp aX-]-nXv Fpw DX m\amWv tIc-fob apkvenw kaqlw I]n-p-t]m-Xv. a, aZo-\, kaJ-v, _pJm-d, ba, Iq^, _kz-vd XpS-n H-t\Iw apkvenw {]tZ-i-fn \nv ]nX IpSpw-_ Chn-sS-sbn sshm\nI cwKv tkh\w sNbvXncp-p. aJvZq-ap-amcSw an DX IpSpw-_--fnepw Cu Atd-_y ]mc-cyw ImWmw. Ah-cn \nv Adnhv \pIv hnZy-bpsS Bg--fn Cd-ns kztZin ]n-X-m, Ah F{X \oN Zcn{Z IpSpw_-fn \nm-sW-nepw DX m\hpw BZ-chpw \I-s-n-cp-p. Npcp--n Ben-ao-, kn-Z-m, kzq^n hcy-m, Da-dm- Fn-hn-Sbn-ep-mb ]ckv]c _lp-am-\hpw Iqmbvabpw Cp-h-scbpw ]ptcm-KXn-bp Hcp kaq-l-ambn tIcf apkvenw-Isf hfp-Xn \no-a-amb ]v hln-np-v. n Cu `mj s]Sp-n-bn-cps-n Hcp kaqlsa \nev G-hp-amZyw km-cX t\Sn-b-h-sc \ne-bn a[y-\qm-p-Ifn Pohn tIc-fob apkvenw-Isf Ds-Sp-m-am-bncp-p. hwi-\miw kw`-hn-psIm-n-cn-p `mj-Ifpw kwkvIm-cfpw hmsam-gn-Ifpw Ub-e-p-Ifpw ]cn-t]m-jn-n-p-Xn\pw \ne-\np--Xn\pw {_l-mb ^p-I temIs hnhn[ cmPy- sNe-h-gnp sImn-cn-p Cm-ev kmln-Xy-khpw apkvenw kmwkvIm-cnI ss]Xr-Ins alm-t\-fn Hp-amb Ad-_n-a-e-bm-fns {]N-c-W-n\p thn Hcp Kh-s v klm-b-hp-an-msX-s kakvX tIcf Ckvemw aX hnZym-`ymk t_mUv sNbvXpsImn-cnp tkh-\- FSp-p-]d-tb-Xm-W.v Npcp--n, Ckvem-anI BK-a-\-tmfw ]g--apv tIc-f-nse Ckvem-anI hnZym`ymk coXn-I-fpsS Ncn-{X-n-\v. {]mY-an-Imw-KXzw apX tImsfPn-tbv FPyp-t-j hscbp Hmtcm cwKpw Imen-Iamb kwhn-[m-\ Hcp-m apKm-an-I {in-ncp-p. ]sm-Xmw \qmns D-cm[w apX temI-nse an kaq-l-fnepw ]mm-Xy A[n-\n-thi ê-ambn kw`-hn B[p-\nI kuI-cy-fp-sSbpw ]pXnb ùXnI hnZym-`ymk coXn-I-fpsSbpw hym]\w kzm`m-hn-Iambpw tIc-fob apkvenw-I-fpsS hnZym-`ymkcoXn-bnepw kzm[o\w sNep-n. Fm, CtX Ime-Ln Xs - B[p-\nIhXvI-c-W-ns ad]n-Snv temIv hym]n bpn-hm-Zw, en_-d-enkw Fo ]pXp-ho-WfpsS - - Af-hp-tImepI D]-tbm-Knv Ckvem-an-Im-ibsf - ]p\hym-Jym\w sNm {ian-h-cpsS Bi-b- tIc-fn {]N-cn-n-m Hcp hn`mKw {ian-Xv tIc-fob apkvenw-IfpsS \h-Pm-KcW- ns `mh-sbpw thKsbpw {]Xn-ê\sfbpw - - - kmc-ambn _m[n-p. ]mc--cyhm-Zn-Ifpw ]ptcm-Ka\hm-Zn-Ifpw - - Fsmcp tNcn-Xn-cnhv Cmev kaq-l-n cq]-s-Xv sImv Xs Hmtcm am-tmSp {]Xn-I-c-W--fn ]mc-cyhmZ-ns Ah-[m-\XbpSw - B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS NSp-e-Xbpw hkvXp-\n-jvT-ambn ]Tn-m ImWm Ign-bpw. ]ptcm-K-a-\hm-Zn-I am-sf Btem-N-\Iv hnt[-bam-msX BZyw hmcn-p-Wcp-Ibpw ]no-SXns A\c ê--sf-p-dnv Btem-Nn-p-Ibpw sNbvXtm ]mc-cy-hm-Zn-I kqva-X, `b-`n XpS-nb aX-ns ASn-m\ aqey-fp-ambn amp-cv hne-bn-cp-pIbpw Bh-iy-ap--hsb sImp-Ibpw A\m-hiyhpw aX-hn-cp--hp-am-b-hsb XpIbpw sNp kao-]-\-amWv kzoI-cn--Xv. ]ptcm-K-a\ {]m-\-m apkvenw _mv XpS-n-bXv, dmj-Wen-kns Af-hp-tIm shv Pnv, knlv, It-dv, a{w XpSn H-t\Iw hnj-bsf hymJym-\n--Xv, Fmw ]noSv Xncp-tn h-Xv, aX-]-T\s Ad_n `mjm ]T-\ambn amn-sb-Sp--Xv XpSn Ign Hcp \qm-nse kw`h- shv tamtU-Wn-kns Cu NSp-e-Xbpw AXns A\--c-^-e-fpw hne-bn-cp-m-hp-Xm-Wv. ùXnI hnZym-`ym-kw, Cwojv hnZym-`ym-kw, kv{Xo hnZym-`ymkw, aZvdkm {]m\w XpSnb At\Iw hnj-bfn - ]mc-cy-hm-Zn-I kzoI-cn \ne-]mSpw AXns {]Xn-^-e\-fpw ]Tnv CXn-t\mSv tNp-hm-bn-m-hp-Xm-Wv. ]mc--cy-hmZw am-n\v FXn-c. adn-v, kqva-X-tbmsS Ahv Ah-kcw Dm-nsm-Sp-p-hcmWv F kaq- l-imkv{X knmw ChnSs ]mc-cyhmZn-Isf kw_-nv ]qW-ambpw icnbm-bn-cp-p-shv Hcp bYm Kth-j-I\v t_m[y-s-Spw.
Ad_nae-bmf kzm[o\w
Ad-_n-aebmfw Fsmcp - kc `mj tIc-f-nse Ckvem-anI hnm-\o-bfpsS hf-bnepw hym]-\nepw hln ]v hln--XmWv. ae-bmf `mj t]mepw icnbmb hf-sb-m H-Xv, ]v \qm-p-I-fn Hcp A\nhm-cyX t]mse tIcf apkvenwI-fn cq]w sIm Hcp A[ym-]\ amK-am-bn-cpp Ad_nae-bm-fw. H-t\Iw auenI IrXn-Ifpw \nc-h[n alm-{K-fpsS ]cn-`m-j- Ifpw Cu `mj-bn FgpX-sn-p-v. HutZym-KnI IW-s-Sp-
sXfnw hymg-h---Xnv
45
aX-hn-Zym-`ymkw ka-kvXbpw aX-hn-Zym-`ym-khpw

\qm-p-Itfmfw CkvemanI Xz-n-e[n-jvTn-Xamb PohnXw \bn tIcfob apkvenw-In-S-bn B[p-\nI-hXvIcWns {][m\ - - LS-Iamb kwL-S\m-hXvIcWw kw`-hn-p-Xv 1921se ae-_m Iem-]-ns ]m-e-n-em-Wv. 1922 sImSp-q-cn cq]wsIm tIcf apkvenw sFIy-kwLw cq]o-Icn-p-tXm-sS-bm-bn-cpp kakvX-bpsS XpS-w. kwLns AWn-bdin]n-I - 1924 tIcf PwC--Xp Dea cq]o-I-cn-p. CkvemanIv Deam kwL-S\ cq]o-Icn-m hnfnp tN ]nX kt-f-\-n \nv {]apJ ]n-X-m hnp-\n-s-nepw Ah Acw Hcp \ow A-ambn FXnn-cp-n-. Fp am{X-a-, ]nm-ev ka-kvX-bpsS \nc-bn {]hn Nne ]n-X AXns\ ]np-W-pI IqSn sNbvXp. Fm, apl-Zp_v\p A_vZn hlm-_ns ]pXnb XuloZv, dioZv cnfbpsS ke-^n-kw, apl-Zv A_vZp-hns Ckvem-anIv tamtU-Wn-kw, Pam-ep-o A^vKm-\n-bpsS ]m Ckvem-ankw, D-tc-y-bnse XlvcosI apPm-ln-Zo, Alvse lZo-kv XpSn Ckvem-an\v \I-s ]p\hym-Jym-\fpsS tIc- fob ]Xnv Cd-m-\p {iav {]kvXpX De-am-kw-Lns mvt^m-apI A[nIw sshImsX D]-tbm-Ks-Sp-n-p-S-n. t{]mz-ecmb ]n-X-scbpw Ahsc ]n]-p _lp-`q-cn-]w hcp s]mXp-P\sfbpw - Ah-cpsS apX-e-ap-d-I-sfbpw Fmw apivcn-Ip-Ifpw Ckveman\v ]pd-p-\np--h-cpambn Nn{Xo-I-cnp sImp A]-I-S-I-c-amb \ow Hcp `mK-p-\npw Db-tm adp-`m-Kv ]mm-Xy hnZym`ym-k-ns {]N-c-Whpw
tIc-fob Ckvem-anI X\na Imp-kqn-p--Xnepw Ckvem-anI hnm-\o-bfpw {K-fpw Xe-ap-d-I-fneqsS ssIam-dp--Xnepw kaq-l-n\v ImenI-amb t\XrXzw \Im tbmKy-cmb ]n-Xsc hms-Sp-p-Xnepw ]n-Zkp-I hln ]v \no-a-amWv. \_n(kz) aZo-\m-]-n-bn XpSnb Cu ]T\ kwhn-[m\w Ckvem-an-ImK-a-\-tmsS Xs tIc-f-n \S-nem-s-n-cpp. AXn-eqsS apkvenw IpSpw-_-fn-tepw al-p-I-fn-tepw ]p ùXnI kwkvIm-cns A[n-\n-th-ihpw AXnepw henb òj-Wn-bmbn Dbp-h-p. Iem-]-ns sISp-Xn-Ifn sRcn-a Hcp kaq-l-n Cu cv {]iv\--sfbpw hfsc ]Izambpw kqvaXtbmSv IqsSbpw - ssIImcyw sNt-Xp-m-bncp-p. hc- ap-tmb Xsf t]mep bpK-{]-`m-hcmb kn-Zp-amcpw ]mn AlvaZv Ipn apkven-bmsc t]mep InS-b ]n-Xmcpw Da-dm--fpsS ]np-WtbmsS cwK-n-dn kakvX tIcf PwC--Xp Dea cq]o-Icn--Xv Cu al-mb bXv\n\v thn-bm-Wv. \qm-p-Ifmbn ssIam-dn-h Zo\o kwkvIm-chpw aX-hn-m-\o-bfpw ASp Xe-ap-d-bn-tev IqSn Fn-pI F `Ko-cY {]b-Xv\-n-emWv Cu ]nX k` X-fpsS APU-bn {]mapJyw \In-b-Xv. cp `mK-p-\npw Db shphn-fn-I G-hp-a-[nIw òj-Wnbp-bn-bXv ]cn-]m-h-\hpw If--a--Xp-amb aX-hnZym {]kc-W-n\pw ssIam--n\pw t\sc-bm-bn-cp-p. ]p ]mm-Xy kwkvImcw aX-]T\s ]g--\mn Nn{Xo-I-cn-tm aX-\ho-\hm-Zn-I Jp-B\pw kp-n\pw ]qh-kq-cn-I \Inb hni-ZoI-cWfpsS B[n-Im-cn-IX - - tNmZyw sNp-Ibpw aX-]-T\s tIhew Jp-B,
lZokv ]cn-`mjm ]T-\--fntepw Ad_n `mjm ]T-\n-tepw HXp-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. hen-sbmcp XIsb t\cn aX-]-T\ taJ-esb IpdnmWv ka-kvX-bpsS ]n-Xm Gsd hymIp-e-s--Xv. ùXnI hnZym-`ym-ks t{]mm-ln-n-m ]e kwhn[m-\ Dspw t{]mmln-n-msX Xs ùXn-I-Xbn XmXv]cyw IqSpXv ImcWw B taJ-e-bpsS hnZym`ymkw hf-cp-sapw aX-m-]\-fpw Zkp-Ifpw m]nm\pw in-s-Sp-m-\p-amWv ITn-\m-[zm\w sNp-sXpw ]nX k` hne-bn-cp-n. am{Xa-, BZy-L--n At\Iw m]-\ Dm-m {ian-p--Xne; adn-v, s]mXpP-\fn Zo\o hnm\w - {]N-cn-n-m hAvfpIfpw aX]-T\ mkp-Ifpw s]mXp-k-tf-\fpw hym]-Iambn \S-m- \mWv ka-kvX-m bXv\n--Xv. CXn-\n-S-bn ùXnI hnZym`ymk m]-\- t\cnv \Sm kakvX bXv\n-n FXv kXy-am-Wv. AXn\v ImcWw aX-hn-Zy-bpsS {]N-c-Wn Ah ImWn AanX {i-bm-Wv. Fm Hcn-epw ùXnI hnZyv kakvX FXncp-\n-n-. 1930Ifn kakvX AwKo-I-cn `c-W-L-S\ Xs aX-hn-Zyv tImw Xm- coXnbn-ep ùXnI hnZym-`ymk {]h-\-sf t{]mm-ln-n AXns apJy-e-y--fnsem-mbn D-cn-p-p. APU-bnse apKW\-bmb aX-hn-Zy-bpsS imo-IcW- n\v Bh-iy-amb \S-]-Sn-I kzoI-cn--Xn\v tijw kakvX Xs t\cnv Cu cwK-tv IS-p-hp. Cm-ebfhn- - semw Iqdp ]pep `qcn] apkvenw kap-Zm-b-n hfp-h hnZym-`ymk {]h-\fn ka-kvX- bpsS ]n-X-m Fpw kl-I-cn-p. Ccp-]Xv hjtmfw ka-kvX-bpsS {]knUm-bn-cp hmf-pfw A_vZp _mcn apkven-bm ]pXp--dv kvIqfns amt\-P
46
sXfnw hymg-h---Xnv
aX-hn-Zym-`ymkw
IqSn-bm-bn-cp-p. Fm apkvenw hnZym-`ymk GPknI t]mepw aX-hn-cp--amb \o- \S-n-btm kakvX AXn-s\-Xn-sc iambn {]Xn-I-cn-p. bYm Ncn-{Xm-t\z-jI CXn-t\mSv Nne Imcy- Iqntv hmbn-Ww. temIs an kaq-l-fnepw ]sm-Xmw \qmns Ahkm\w apX B[p-\n-IhXvIcWhpw - - imkv{Xob hnZym-`ym-khpw hym]-Iam-hp-Ibpw amkw`-hn-p-Ibpw sNbvXnp-v. Xp-Ibpw sImpIbpw sNpI F kao-]-\- Ahn-sS-sbmw kzoI-cn-s-np-v. \qm-p-I-fpsS hnZym ss]Xr-Ihpw kac ]mc-cyhpw Am-cmjv{S _fpw sImv Xmc-Xtay\ {]_p-cm-bn-cp tIcf apkvenw-In-S-bn Cu am CXnepw thK-X-bn kw`-hn-p-am-bn-cp-p. ChnsS t{]mz-ecmb ]n-X Xs aX-]-c-amb aqey--fn \np-sImv Cu am-v t\XrXzw \Ip-am-bn-cp-p. Fm, temI-kaqlw ]ptcmK-Xn-bpsS Nhn-p-]-Sn-I Ib-dptm Chn-Ss apkvenwIn-S-bn hv hnizm-k Ia Imcy-fn kwi-bns hnv hnX--h kXyn kaq-ls ]nd-tImv hen-p-I-bm-bn-cp-p. \nkvIm-cn ssI FhnsS sI-Ww, Xe apgp-h XS-h-tWm, \nkvImc tijw ZnIvdp-Ifpw ZpB-Ifpw BIm-tam, acn-hv thn ka-fpw {]m-\Ifpw sNm-tam, almmsc BZ-cn-epw Ah-cpsS hgntb Am-lp-hns {]oXn tXSepw hnizm-k-ns AItm ]pdtm XpSn Ime-p apt hniz-]n-X N sNbvX Imcy s]mXp-P\n-Sbn - N-nv ]ptcm-K-a-\-m \qm-p-I ]nd-In-tev apkvenw _unI {]h-\sf hen-p-sImv t]mbtm hnizm-k-fpw Ia-Imcy-fpw P\-a-\-p-I-fn \ne\np-Xn\pw kwi-b hn]m-S\w sNp--Xn\pw XfpsS apgp-h A[zm-\-fpw sNe-h-gn-m ]n-X-m \n_-n-Xcm-hp-Ibm-bn-cp-p. \thm-m\ {]m-\fn BIr-jvS-cmb ]e hnZym`ymk hnN--Wcpw ùXnI hnZym-`ymk {]m-\fpsS - {]N-c-W-n\pw t{]mm-l-\n\pw {ian-n-pv F hkvXpX Bcpw FXnp-n. Fmepw ùXnI hnZym`ymk m]-\--fpsS samw IpI Bpw Ah-ImisSm-hX. cmjv{So-bamb - apkvenw {]_p--Xbpw Acmb apkvenw s]mXp-k-aqlw thmp-I sNbvXv A[n-Im-cfn {]Xn-\n-[n-Isf FnXpsamw CXnse {][m\ LS-Ifm-Wv. tIc-fnse - `qcn-]-hpw ]mc--cy-hm-ZtmSv tNp-\np-hcmbn-cns Ahn-Sbn-emWv s]mXp-hmb hnZym-`ymk ]ptcmKXn Ghpw IqSp-X-ep-m-hp-I. ]ptcm-Ka\m-cpsS Ip-Ibm- - bn-cp A^vZ-ep Deam m]-\fn 1990I - hscbpw Cwojv ]T-\-n\v bmsXmcp {]map-Jyhpw Dm-bncp-n-. Un{Knv Xpey-ambn AwKo-Icn-n-p-ap-m-bn-cp-n-. C-csamcp AwKo-Im-cn\p {ia- \Sn hnP-bn-Xn\v tij-amWv ]mc--cy-hmZn-I hym]-Iambn cwK-tv IS-p-hXv. ChnsS {itb - hkvXpX A^vZ-ep Deam kne-_-kn IqSp-X Cwojv P\-d hnj-bv {]m[m\yw \Im Kh-s v iTn-tm CXns\ apgp-h ]mc-cy-m-]\fpw Ccp - ssIbpw \on kzoI-cn-p. Fm, `qcn-]w ]ptcm-K-a\ m]-\-fpw Cu \os i-ambn FXnp-Ibm-Wpm-b-Xv. CXp-ambn _-s hnZym-`ymk hnN-Wv CtX-p-dnv IqSp-X ]d-bm Ign-bpw. Npcp--n \thmm-\hpw ]ptcm-K-a-\hpw apw Ftmgpw Htc coXn-bn-e Ah-Xcn-n-s-tS-Xv; hkvXp-\n-jvT-ambn hne-bn-cp-s-S-Ww. B[p-\nI [mc-bpsS Ncn-{XImcmv ]ng--X-hn-sSbm-W.v
aZvdkm {]m\w
m sNbvX sIn-S-, mkv apdn-I, Hn-e-[nIw A[ym-]-I, s_v, sUkvIv, t_mUv, tNmv, \nWnX Icn-p-ew, ]com k{-Zmbw, kn-^n-v hnX-cWw XpSn m]-\hXvIcW- - ns coXn-bn-tev Cybnse aX-hn-Zym-`ymkw amdpXv {_nojv hnZym-`ymk coXnbpsS hym]-\tm-sS-bm-Wv. 1867 Zbq-_-nse Zmdp Deqan-emWv C-c-samcp kwhn[m\w BZy-ambn ]co---sSp--Xv. ssiJv A_vZp hlm_v A theqcn 1983 Xan-gv\m-nse shq-cn XpSnb _mJn-bm-Xp-zm-en-lmn-eq-sS-bmWv Cu coXn ZntW-y-bn-se-p-Xv. s]mm\n-bpsS {]Xm]w AkvX-anp XpS-nb Cm-ev DX ]T-\-tI-{-ambn Db shqcn-tev Av a{Zmkv {]knUkn-bpsS `mK-am-bn-cp ae_m-dn \nv At\Iw hnZymn-I t]mbn-cp-p. hfsc ]cn-an-X-amb coXn-bn-embn-cp-p-sh-nepw {_nojv coXn-bpsS Cu kzm[o\w ae_m-dnepw DS Zriy-am-bn. 1871 hmg-ms hI {]ap-Jcpw {]Xm-]n-I-fp-am-bncp sImb--smSn IpSpw_w Xan-b-Xp Deqw aZvdk F t]cn Cu taJ-e-bnse BZy m]\w XpS-n. \ne-hn-
\thm-m\ {]m-\--fn BIr-jvScmb ]e hnZym-`ymk hnN--Wcpw ùXnI hnZym-`ymk {]m-\--fpsS {]Nc-W-n\pw t{]mm-l-\-n\pw {ian-npv FXv hkvXp-X-bm-Wv. Fmepw ùXnI hnZybpsS sampI Bpw Ah-Im-isSm-h-X-. cmjv{Sob-amb apkvenw {]_p--Xbpw apkvenw s]mXp-k-aqlw {Inbm--I-ambn {]XnIcnXpsamw Gsd {][m\am-Wv.
sXfnw hymg-h---Xnv
47
aX-hn-Zym-`ymkw
ep Zkv Hcp {]tXyI _nUnw-Kn-tev amp-Ibpw IqSp-X hnZymn-Isf BIjn-m {]kn-\mb Hcp A[ym-]-Is\ \nb-an-pIbpw `-W Xmak kuIcy- sa-s-Sp-p-Ibpw sNbvXp F-Xn-\-pdw Imcyamb am-sampw Cu m]-\n ImWm Ign-bn--. Cusbmcp coXn ae-_m-dn ]te-Spw A\p-I-cn--s-p. hmf-pfw A_vZp _mcn apkven-bm tImgn-tms aZvdk-Xp Pn^vcn F m]\-n Ccp-]-Xmw \qm-ns BZy hj--fn A[ym-]-I\m-bn-cp-p. Xmc-X-tay\ IqSp-X {]_p-cm-bn-cp tImgn-tms apkvenw {]ap-J-cmWv ùXnI hnZy-bn-temZy-ambn kap-Zm-bns {i Xncn-p-hn--Xv. 1891 Ah cq]o-I-cn lnamb-Xp Ckvemw Inn cp hj-n\v tijw CXn-imdp Ckvemw F D]-k-anXnv Iogn Hcp aZvdk m]n-p. 1912 lnZmb-Xp Ckvemw Bwtm Ad-_nIv kvIq F t]cn tIc-fnse BZy apkvenw kvIq XpS-n. 1894 ]pn-smSn sskZv aplZv lmPn ^tdmv am-n Hcp aZvdk XpS-pIbpw ]noSv AsXmcp amnf kvIqfmbn amp-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1918 tImgn-tms apl--Z FPyp-t-j skmsskn {]mY-anI aX ùXnI hnZym`ymkw Hnv \IpI F Dt-iy-tmsS {]kn-amb aZvd-k-Xp apl--Zn kvIq m]n-p. 1923 Xan-b-Xp Ckvemw Atkm-kn-tb-js Iogn Nmen-bv aZvd-k-Xp a\m (BZy t]cv aZvd-k-Xp ClvbmAv) F m]\w XpS-n. CXmWv ]noSv kuv ae-_m-dnse BZys AwKo-IrX apkvenw kvIqfmbn amdn-bXv. Cu Ah-k-c-n-emWv \nehnse aX-]-T-\-coXn ]p\-cp--cnp--Xns\ Ipdnv ]ecpw kPo-h-ambn Btem-Nn--Xv. 1911 Iq-cn aA-vaq-\p Deqw aZvdk m]n F.Fw tImb-pn C-csamcp ]pXnb aZvdk m]n-m bXv\n--h-cn Hcm-fm-Wv. ae-bmfhpw `mjm-]-T-\-n DsSp-nb At-lam-bn-cpp B[p-\nI aZvdkm hn-hns {]Ya hm-hv. Fm, {]mY-an-Ihpw DX-hp-amb aX-]-T-\-ta-J-e-bn Ghpw henb am-n\v XncnsIm-fp-n-bXv alqw Nmen-eIv Ip-lvaZv lmPn(18661919)bmWv. At-lamWv tIc-f-nse B[p-\nI aZvd-k Ad-_nIv tImsf-Pp-IfpsS ]nXm-hv. 1909 hmg-ms Xan-bXp Deqw aZvdkbn - Atlw A[ym-]-I-\mbn \nbp-\m-bn. sImb-smSn IpSpw-_-n\v Iogn-ep {]kvXpX m]-\-n A\ptbm-Py-amb Hcp Ah-kcw ssIh--tm cv ]pXnb coXn-I ]co-n-m Atlw ss[cyw ImWn-p. D-tc-y coXn-bn Zmdp Deqw F m]-\-s Atlw ]p\\m-aIcWw - sNpIbpw tai, Itk-c, mIv t_mUv XpS-nb kwhn-[m-\- \S-n-em-pIbpw ]pXn-sbmcp kne-_kv sImp-h-cn-Ibpw sNbvXp. Fmw Dsm-n-p ]g-bIme Zkp-I-fpsS kne-_kv ]p\-cp-o-hn-n-p--Xns `mK-ambn temPn-Iv, Bkvt{Sm-Wan, IWv Fnh ]pXnb coXn-bn ]Tn-n-m Atlw {ian-p. X^vko, lZo-kv, ^nJvlv, \lvhv, kz^v, Xkzp^v Fo ]c--cm-KX hnjb-tfm-sSmw ae-bmfw Hcp `mj-bmbns ]Tn-n-m At-l-ns ]pXnb kne_kv Blzm\w sNbvXp. {]mYanI aX-]-T\ taJ-e-bnepw Hcp ]pXnb coXn Atlw \S-mn. ae-_m-dns ]e `mK-p\npw ]pXnb ]co-Ww ImWm Bfp-I hmg-m-tsm-gp-In. Cu coXn A\p-I-cnm hnhn[ {]tZ-i--fn {ia-fp-m-bn. kzm`m-hn-Iambpw Hmtcm amhpw kw`-hn-p-tmgpw apkvenw temIw \S-n-bn-cp _nZv-Av F ASn--d-bneqn Hcp N hmg-ms ]pXnb ]co-Wsf - sNmnbpw Dm-bn. s]mXp-P-\-fn ]e A`n-{]m-b-fpw Dbp-h-p. ]mmXy hnZym`ymk coXn-bm-bXv sImv ]ecpw Cu \o-sf XmXv]cy-an-msX ImWp-Ibpw Nnescms i-ambn FXnpIbpw sNbvXp. temIs apkvenw Ncn{Xw ]Tn-p-hv kqva-X-bp-sSbpw `b-`n-bp-sSbpw `mK-am-bpsmcp N-bmtb CXns\ ImWm-\mhq. A-Sn-b{w Ip-]n-Sn-Xn\pw AXv kzoI-cn-p--Xn-\pan-S-bn apkvenw temIw HSw \mev \qm-tmfw Cu coXn ]p-tam; ]nt Fv N \S-n-bn-cp-p. ]ptcm-Ka\ Ncn-{X-Im-c-m Nmen-e-In\v X-fpsS Bi-bmc\mm\pw FXnp-I-fpsS ]m]`mcw apgp-h ka-kvX-bpsS ]n-X-cpsS Npa-en sIn-shm\pw \nc-cw {ian-m-dp-v. Ch Xncn--dn-tb Nne hkvXp-XI: 1. Nne Db ]n-X hmg-ms aZvdktbmSv - FXnv ImWn-Xv Ahn-Ss kzv hl-I hJv^v sNs-Xv ]n Zkv \S--sSm F Dt-iy-tmSv IqSnbm-bXv sImv Hcp m]\w/ aZvdk \S-n-n\v D]-tbm-Knm ]ptam F ssZh-`n-bn-e[n-jvTn-Xamb ktlw sImm-bn-cp-p. 2. kakvX cq]o-I-cn-p-Xn\pw hj-v apt
tIc-f-nse apkvenw-I X-fpsS aX]-camb AkvXnXzw Dbn-n-Snp sImv Xs CXc kaq-l--fp-ambn Ghpw \ _w hfn-sb-Sp--Xn\v ]nn ka-kvX \S-m-nb coXn-bnep {]mY-anI aZvd-km-]-T\w hfsc henb ]v hln-n-p-v. tIcf apkvenwIsf Ipdn-p Xs kpZoL ]T-\n Zn h Hm^v amnf apkvenwkv FmWv Cu kwhn-[m-\s tdmfv C an AS-bm-f-s-Sp-n-b-Xv.
48
sXfnw hymg-h---Xnv
aX-hn-Zym-`ymkw
Nmen-eIns ]cn-jvIm- cs Ipdn-p N-I sI-S-n-bn-cp-p. am{X-a-, 1920Ifn Xs kakvX Xm\q-cn Ckvem-lp Deqw F ]pXnb coXn-bn-ep m]\w XpS-p-Ibpw AhnsS Cwojpw IWpw ]Tn-n-m Hcp A[ym-]-Is\ \nb-an-m thn s]mm\n \K-c-k-`v Is-gp-XpI hsc sNbvXn-cp-p. 3. ]e taJ-e-I-fn \npw FXnp-I hcn-Ibpw s]mXpP-\n-Sbn kwi-b DS-se-Sp-p-Ibpw sNbvXXv sImv Nmen-e-Ipw sImb-smSn Imc-Whcpw As {]apJ ]n-Xsc hnfn-p-hcpn Ah-cpsS A`n-{]mbw tXSn. AXp-{]-Imcw s]mm\n aJvZqw sNdnb _mh apkvenbm, In-e-tcn Ben apkvenbm, ]n-pdw bqkp^v apkven-bm XpS-nb hnJymX ]mc-cy ]n-X Zmdp Deqw kin-p-Ibpw ]pXnb ]mTy-]-Xn hne-bn-cp-p-Ibpw hnZymn-Isf ]cn-tim-[n-pIbpw sNbvXXn\v tijw CXn bmsXmcp Ipg--hp-an Fv ^Xvh \Ip-Ibpw s]mXp-P\fpsS kwi-b - - Zqco-Icn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Npcp-n bmYm-nI ]n-Xm-cmWv hmg-ms ]pXnb aZvdk {]tamv sNbvXXv Fw. 4. JpXzv_n apl-Zv apkven-bm, sNdp-tcn AlvaZv Ipn apkven-bm XpSn ]nm-ev ka-kvXbpsS \mb-Icpw hm--fp-ambn-cp ]n-X Nmen-e-Ins ]pXnb m]-\-n ]Tn {]apJ injy-cm-Wv. 5. Nmen-e-I-ns\ ka-ImenI ]n-X-m A[nIw Dbn-m-Wn-m-Xn-cp-Xn\pw At-l-ns {]h\-sf Ipdnv ]mc-cy ]n-XnS-bn {]N-cWw e`n-m-Xn-cp--Xn\pw ]nnep LSIw At-l-ns aZvdkm ]cn-jvIm-c--f; adnv, Jn_ve \nW-bs Ipdnv Am-ev ]n-
Xn-Sbn \S {]am-Zamb N-I-fn tIc-f-nse `qcn] ]n-X-cpsS A`n-{]m-bn\v hncp--amb ImgvN-mSv kzoI-cn--Xn-\m `qcn-] kaq-ln-\n-Sbn Atlw A\-`n-a-X-\m-b-Xns t]cn-emWv. 6. Xkz-p-^n\v hfsc {]mapJyw \Inbpw aZvl-_pI-fpsS Cam-ap-Isf AwKo-Icnpw X^vko, lZokv Fnh-bpsS ]T-\-v {]apJ ap^-n-dp-I-fp-sSbpw lZokv hnim-cZcp-sSbpw {K- - kzoI-cnpw Nmen-e-Iv cq]w sImSp ]pXnb ]mTy-]-Xn ImWp-Ibpw Cam-ap-IfpsS aZvl_v A, \_n-bpsS aZvl_mWv kzoI-cn-t-sXv Blzm\w sNp-Ibpw, JpB\pw kppw ]Tn-tXv t\cn-p Kth-j-W-neq-sS-bmWv, \qm-p-Iv apv Fgp-X-s {K--fn \n Fsmw ]Tn-n-pIbpw sNp ]ptcm-K-a-\-hm-ZnI-fnse Hcp hn`m-K-n\pw Nmen-eIns\ AwKo-Icn-m- \m-hn-. Cy-bnepw ]pd-p-ap `qcn-`mKw apkvenw kaq-l- aX ùXnI ]T-\--fn GsX-n-ep-samv Xnc-s-Sp-
m \n_-n-X-cm-hpIbpw X^-eambn Hp-In X Pohn-p kaq-l-n \nv ]qW-ambpw H-s-S, Asn X-fpsS kwkvIm-cn \npw ]qW-ambn AIv CX-ccpsS kwkvIm-cn Cgp-In-t-c Fo cv Ah--Iv hnt[-b-cmhp-Ibpw sNtn hp. Fm, tIc-f-nse apkvenwI X-fpsS aX-]-camb AkvXnXzw kqnv aqey- Dbn-n-Snp sImv Xs CXc kaq-l--fp-ambn Ghpw \ Hcp _w hfn-sb-Sp-Xn\v ]nn ka-kvX \Sn-em-nb coXn-bn-ep {]mYanI aZvd-km-]-T\w hfsc henb ]v Xs hln-n-p-v. aZvd-k-bn \nv Zo\ns\ Ipdnv ]Tn-p Hmtcm apkvenw hnZymnbpw kvIqfpI-fn CXc aX-tcm-sSm-nn-cpv ùXnI ]T\w t\SpIbpw aX-ku-lmZw Impkq-n-p alm-bXv\n - `mK-`m-m-hp-Ibpw sNp-p. Iayq-Wnn kvIqfp-I hym]-Iamb 1990Iv tijw hfph Xe-ap-d-n-S-bn aX-kulmZ _--fpsS Bgw Ipdp-hcp-Xmbn ImWp-Xpw CXn-tev tNp-hm-bn-t-Xm-W.v
sXfnw hymg-h---Xnv
49
IhnX
]n.sI tKm]n
AXnnp-I ]ngp-sX-dn-tm ans ASn-bn\nv AW-p-]n-Sn \ne-bn cp An-IqS- Is-Sp-s-p. Al-n-I - HXp-n-btm s\ns CS-Xp-`m-Kp-\nv XpSn-p Hcp {]]w hos-Sp-s-p. hnfn-tm-sgmpw IqsS hcm-h hnf-p-IfWtm - - Icp hnfn-p-sIm-n-cp-p. kzbw {]Im-in-pI Fv kmz-\-s-Spn Ai-co-cn-I AIp t]mb-tm ans ssIsh-bn s\n-tNv an--tW.....--an-tW Fv Rm\-t]-n-p-sIm-n-cp-p.
Is-
50
sXfnw hymg-h---Xnv

Hniz) Uc-Xz-Tømss Ate-Jy-Bn Ign-Bp - Xns (XN Ico-A-Øns KMK-CHPW Ljo-J-Øns ) - ©HPW

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