2009

Teodorita Al Seadi, Dominik Rutz, Heinz Prassl, Michael Kttner, Tobias

Finsterwalder, Silke Volk, Rainer Janssen, , ,
, ,

Dominik Rutz, Teodorita Al Seadi, Konstantinos Sioulas, Biljana Kulisic

Teodorita Al Seadi,

Catrineda Al Seadi, Iwona Cybulska,

Catrineda Al Seadi

,
ISBN 978-87-992962-1-7


, , , BiG>East
(EIE/07/214/SI2.467620), 09.2007 02.2010.
BiG>East

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,
2008

...................................................................................................................................................2
...........................................................................................................................................3
........................................................................................................9
1.

.......................10
1.1
...........................................................................................................10
1.1.1
...................................................................................10
1.1.2

...........................................................................................................................................11
1.1.3
.......................................................11
1.1.4

...................................................................................................................................12
1.1.5
...............................................................................................12
1.1.6
.....................................................................................12
1.1.7
12
1.1.8
...........................................................................................................12
1.2
..............................................................................................................13
1.2.1
.....................................................................................13
1.2.2
......................................................................................13
1.2.3
...................................................................13
1.2.4
............................................................13
1.2.5
.....................................14
1.2.6
......................................................................................................15

2.

......................................................................................................................................................15
2.1
2.2
3.

....................................................17
3.1
3.2
3.2.1
3.2.2
3.2.3
3.2.4
3.3
3.3.1
3.3.2
3.3.3
3.3.4
3.3.5
3.4
3.4.1
3.4.2
3.4.3

4.

15
......................................16

............................................................................................18
.........................................................................................................................22
.............................................................................................................................24
......................................................................................................24
.........................................................................................................................24
......................................................................................................25
...........................................................................................25
........................................................................................................................25
pH..........................................................................................................................................28
................................................................................................28
.................................................................................................................................29
, .......................................29
...............................................................................................................30
.................................................................................................................30
(HRT)..............................................................................30
.....................................................................................................31

...............................................................................32

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
5.

.........................................................................................................43
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.3.1
5.3.2
5.3.3
5.3.4
5.3.5
5.4
5.4.1
5.4.2
5.4.3

6.

........................................32
.........................................................................................33
......................................................................................34
() - ...................................37
................................................................39
..............................................40
..................................................................................41
..................................................................42

............................................................................................................44
.................................................45
.......................................45
...................................................................................................47
...............................................................................47
....................................................................................................48
....................................................................................................48
....................................................................................................................49
( ) .....................................................50
......................................................................................51
.......................................................52
..........53

.........................................................53
6.1

..................................................................................................................................................54
6.2
...................................................................54
6.2.1
6.2.2
6.2.3
6.2.4
6.2.5
6.2.6
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.6.1
6.6.2
6.7
6.7.1
6.7.2
6.7.3

7.

.........................................................54
................................................................................................54
....................................................................................................55
.........................................................................55
.........................................................56
.........................................................................56
....................................56
............................................57
..................................................................................................................59
..................................................59
.............................................................59
....................................................................................................................62
.....................................................63
, ...........................63
...............................63
..................64

.....................65
7.1
7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.6.1

............................................................................................68
...................................................................69
.............................................................................................69
..............................................................................................71
................................................................................................................73
...............................................................73
................................................................................................75
...................................................................................................78
.....................................................79
...........................................................................................................................80
.........................................................................81

7.6.2
......................................................................82
7.6.3
............................................................................................85
7.7
................................................................................................86
7.7.1
.......................................................................................................87
7.7.2
..................................................................................................88
7.7.3
...................................................................................................88
7.8
..........................................................................................................89
7.8.1
, ..................................................................................90
7.8.2
.........................................................91
7.8.3
................................................................................................91
7.9
..........................................................................................................92
7.9.1
..................................................................................................................93
7.9.2
..................................................................................................................................96
7.10
................................................................................97
7.11
..............................................................................................................99
7.11.1 ..................................................................100
7.11.2 ....................................................................101
7.11.3 ..................................................................................101
7.11.4 .......................................................................101
7.11.5 ...................................................................................................101
7.11.6 pH........................................................................................................................................101
7.11.7 ................................................................................101
7.11.8 .....................................................................................102
7.11.9 .............................................................................................102
......103

8.

8.1
.........................................103
8.2
............................................105
8.2.1
,
..........................................................................................................................................106
8.2.2
, / 107
8.2.3
....................................................................................107
8.3
.............................................108
8.4
...........................................................................................109
8.5
.....................................................110
..........................................................110

9.

9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.4.1
9.4.2
9.4.3
9.4.4
10.

.....................................................................111
................................................................................112
....................................................................113
, .................................113
..........................................................113
.................................114
..................................................................................................116
...................................................................................117

...............................119

10.1
.........................119
10.2
...................................120
10.2.1 .............121
11.

.............................................................................................122

11.1
,
..............................................................................................................................................122
11.1.1
.....................................................................................................................122

........................................................................122
..................................................................................................................................123
11.1.2 , ........124
11.1.3 ...........................................................................................125


.............................................................................................................125


...............................................................................125
11.1.4 ................................................................................125
11.2
, ........................................126
11.2.1 ..................................................................126
11.2.2 .............................130
11.3
..........130
11.4
..................................................130
11.5
,
131
11.6
...............................................................................132
11.7
.......................................................................134
11.8

....................................................................................................................................135
11.9
.............................................................137
1. ..............................................139
.....................................................................................................................................................139
.......................................................................................................................145
2. ........................................................................................................146
3. ..........................................................................150
4. .................................................................152

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.
Teodorita Al Seadi and Dominik Rutz

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1.1
1.1.1

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10

. 1.1 (ASPO, 2008 .)

1.1.2

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(CO2).
CO2 ,
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CO2, ,
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(
).
(CH4) (N2O),
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23 , 296 -
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1.1.3
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1.1.4


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12

1.2
1.2.1


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1.2.2
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- , - C/N
.

1.2.3
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- . (C)
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(CO2)
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1.2.4

: , ,
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6070%.

(, .). ,
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3.1.

13

CO 2

O2

H 2O

. 1.2
(AL SEADI, 2002 .)

1.2.5

, ,
. 80%.
,
. . 1.3

.
A

B
1200

Odour units per m of air

800

1000

mg per litre slurry

1000

600
400
200

800
600
400
200
0

0
Iso-butanoic acid Butanoic acid
Untreated slurry

Iso-valeric acid

20 minutes

Valeric acid

Untreated slurry

Digested slurry

260 minutes
Digested slurry

. 1.3 A: (
)
: ,
, (HANSEN, 2004
.)

14

1.2.6
,
.
,
.

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2.

2.1

, 20 30%
. , , ,
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15

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2.2

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(AEBIOM),
, , 72
. 2004. 220 . 2020. -
. AEBIOM, 20 40
.
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. 2.1 (),
(THRN, 2007 .)

16

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2006 . 18
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145 . . , 5
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3.
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(.
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17

3.1

() (). -
-:

;

( );
(
);
;
(, , , ).

. 3.1, 3.2 3.3, . 3.1

, .
. 3.1 , (EUROPEAN WASTE
CATALOGUE, 2007 .)

02 00 001

03 00 00

04 00 00

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( 15 01)
(
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1) 6- (EWC),
.

18

. 3.1 , (RUTZ, 2008 .)

. 3.2 (RUTZ, 2007 .)

. 3.3 (RUTZ, 2007 .)

, :

;
(4-8% ),
-
;
,
.

,
: ,
. (,
, .) (, , ),

.
,
, . . 3.2
.
, - 20%,
. ,
.
35%,

19

.
, ,
.
. 3.2 (AL SEADI, 2003 .)

C:N

,
,

3-10

3-8

70-80

3 -1
m kg
0.25-0.50

,
,

6-20

5-12

80

,
,

3-10

10-30

,
,
75-80%
20-25%
75-80%
20-25%
65-70%
30-35%

3-5
n.a.*

4-10

1-5

80-95

0.35-0.78

80100
100150
12-25
10-25
35

70-90

80-90

0.15-0.35

60-70

90

0.20-0.50

20-25
15-25
15-20

90
90
75

0.55
0.56
0.25-0.50

10

80

0.50-0.60

30-50%
90%

40%

*
%

, , ,
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0.20-0.30

, , ,
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80

0.35-0.60

,
,
NH4+
,
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NH4+

15

80

0.40-0.68

8-12

90

0.35-0.80

20-25

90

0.80-0.95

,
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n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

* ; **n.a.

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-,
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20

- -, ,
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-
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. 1774/2002
( 50 )
-,
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http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/f81001.htm.

. 3.4 (PRAL, 2007 .)

21

. 3.3 ,
, (PRAL, 2008 .)

Cu Zn

3.2

- ,
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22

: , (),
.

. 3.5 4 (AL SEADI, 2003.)

. .

. 3.6.

(m3.kg-1)

(m3.m-3d-1)

. 3.6 (STMUGV, 2004.)

23

3.2.1
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() - (
). , ,
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(70%), ()
(30%).

3.2.3
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,
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24

3.2.4

. 70% ,
30% CO2:

,
- .
, ,
, pH . ,
, ,
.

3.3

. 4

. :
; ; pH; ;
, .

.

3.3.1

.

: ( 20oC), (25oC 45oC) (45oC
70oC) .

(. 3.4).
. 3.4

< 20 C
30 42 C
45 55 C

70 80
30 40
15 20

. 3.7
.

25

, 0

()
()

. 3.7
(STMUGV, 2004 .)

- - .

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50C -,

-
(ANGELIDAKI, 2002 .).
()
- -
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(. 3.8).

26

. 3.8 , (ANGELIDAKI,
2002 .)

,
, - -
.
(NH3, H2, CH4, H2S, ), ,
(. 3.5).
.
. 3.5
(ANGELIDAKI, 2002 .)
(C)

H2

Mmoll-1

50C - 35C
3,3 %

35
50
35
50

0,749
0,725
26,6
19,6

H2S

35
50

82,2
62,8

31 %

CH4

35
50

1,14
0,962

19 %

CO2

36 %

. - -
.

. -
- .
.
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- ( 1C)
( 3C) -
,
. 3C
.

27

3.3.2 pH
pH / . pH
.
pH
, 5.5 8.5, 7-8,
- pH (2.5-5.0).
pH 6.5 8.0
, pH 6.0 8.3.

. , pH ,
.
pH ,
(NH3+H+NH4+) ,
. ,
() pH.
pH
. , pH
CO2
.
,
pH .
, pH
. , pH
.

3.3.3
() ,
. (. , , ).

.

pH.
pH . ,


() pH. ,
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pH ,

28

- ,
- .

,
.
.
pH,
.

3.3.4
(NH3),
+

(NH4 ). NH4
.
+

NH4 , 80 mgl-1.
+

NH4
,
+

NH4
.
+

, - NH4 ,
.
:

[NH3] [T-NH3] ,
ka ,
. , pH
,
+

NH4 .
NH3,
pH.
+

NH4 .

3.3.5 ,
, , ,
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: , , (C:N:P:S)
600:15:5:1. ,

.
29

,
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,

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3.4

3.4.1

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-:
BR = m * c / VR
BR
m
c
VR

[kgd-1m-]
[kgd-1]
[%]
[m]

3.4.2 (HRT)

(HRT). HRT ,
. HRT (VR)
, , :
HRT = VR / V
HRT
VR
V

[d]
[m]
[md-1]

,
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10 ).
, - .
HRT
30

. ,
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3.4.3

(. 3.6) .
. 3.6 (SCHNELL, 2008 .)

mbar

md-1; td-1

VR

V
V

md-1; m-1

Nm3

(,
)

HRT
MGRT

kg (md)-1

mm-

KWh

kWh

kWh

kWh

KWhm-
kWhGV-1

kWh

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CH4

31

m- .GV-1

m- ; .GV-1

: , ,
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4.

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4.1

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32

,
:

(. , ,
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4.1.1

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(. , ,
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:
a) (. 4.1a) , 6 8 m.
- ,
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. 1958.
(ANGELIDAKI & ELLEGARD 2003 .)
b) (. 4.1b) -
.

33

, ( )
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c) ,
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) (ANGELIDAKI & ELLEGAARD, 2003 .)

4.1.2
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34

, ,
( , 35C
55C).
. ,
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-
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20 40 ,
.
,
, .
. 10 30%

,
.
,
. 4.2,
- . 4.3.

Digester
tank

Slurry storage tank

Prestorage
tank

Heat
Biogas
storage
facility
Pow er
CHP - plant

. 4.2 (HJORTGREGERSEN, 1998 .)

150-200 m3,
, ,
,
().
- (35-48C)
15-25 . 40 50 m m
.

. 4.3 , (Nordisk Folkecenter, 2001 .)

35

(. 4.4, 4.5 4.6).

,
.
, .
.

(CHP). 22-250C
50 .

Heat

Prestorage
tank
Digester, biogas storage
and slurry storage tank

Pow er
CHP - plant

. 4.4 (HJORTGREGERSEN, 1998 .)

. 4.5 , -
(GROENGAS A/S)

. 4.6 , ,
(KRIEG AND FISHER, 2008 .)

36

(. 4.7).
, -
. ,
,
.

. 4.7 , 2005.,
(KRIEG &FISHER, 2008 .)

4.1.3 () -
- ,
,
.
, .

, ,
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.
( -)
(. 4.8),
.
,

.
, -,
.

.
, , , .

12-25 .
,

37

. 4.8 - (LEMVIG BIOGAS)

. , ,
. ,
,
( 15% ).
. ,
( , , N, P, K, pH)
, .
,
. ,
. ,
, . ,

(. 4.9).
.

. 4.9 (AL
SEADI, 2003 .)

38

-
,
.
, ,
(. 4.10):

;
;
;
;
;
.

*
*
*

*
*
*

*
*
*
*
*

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*

*

. 4.10 - (TAFDRUP, 1994

. & AL SEADI, 2003 .)

-
. , ,
,

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4.2

, .

.

.

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39

.
30 70%

(. 4.11).
,
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. 4.11 , (EYDAPSA, 2008 .)

4.3

,
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40

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4.4

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41

4.5

, -
.
,

(. 4.12). , ,
(50-70% , 30-50% ).

. ,
(. 4.13).
,
.

.
.
-
.
,
, -
(. 4.14).

. 4.12 (NST ENGINEERS, 2007 .)

42

. 4.13 , , (SIOULAS 2005 .)

. 4.14
(ANONYMOUS)

5.
,
. -,
,
,
- (CHP) (.
5.1).

43

Biogas end-uses
Sanitary landfills

Digesters
Crude biogas
Upgrading

Scrubbing
Biogas

Normalised natural gas

Generator

Boiler (burner)

Turbine
Heat

Compression

Cogeneration
Electricity

Hot water

Vehicle fuel

Injection to
public grid

District heat

Use in industry, house, desk, farm

Glasshouse heating, other

. 5.1

5.1

, , , ,
.
. ( 50%
), 21 MJN-1m-3, 1.22 kgN-1m-3
, (1.29 kgN-1m-3).
. 5.1.
. 5.1

(.%)

CH4

50-75

CO2

25-45

H2O

2 (20C) -7 (40C)

O2

<2

N2

<2

NH3

<1

H2

<1

H2S

<1

,
, . 5.2.
. 5.2

[lkg-1 ]

CH4 [%]

CO2 [%]

700

70 71

29 30

1 200 1 250

67 68

32 33

790 800

50

50

44

(. 5.3).
. 5.3
[%]

[mt-1 ]

60

25

65

28

61

40

60

45

60

60

60

80

53

88

61

100

54

108

51

111

54

172

52

202

5.2

- ,
.
.
, .

,
(. 5.2). , ,
,
, , .

5.3

-
.
, .
,
. -
90%. 35%
65% .
-
() , ,
. , , (1500 /
), . :
, - . ,
,
. . ,
.
, -, , .
45

.
- .

. 5.2 , (AGRINZ GmbH, 2008 .)

, .

,
,
.

. ,
,
.

, . ,
- .
(. )

. , ,
.

, . -
,
. ()
.
( ) ,
.
, , ,
. , ,
, -.
.
,
,
. - ,
- , ,

46

-, ,
. .

5.3.1

. (
), . -
.
45% . -
( 100 kWel) . -
.
. ,
.
(. 5.3) (.
). ,
.

. 5.3 (RUTZ, 2007 .)

5.3.2
(
, PING, , )
.
.
.
, . 10%
.
.
,

.

.
, (--)
47

.
, -
. , ,
. : -
;
;
.
.

5.3.3
, ,
.

.
, ,
.
24 28%, -
. -
50 kWel. 250 300C. ,
, - .
.
.
.
.

5.3.4

. .
.
. 5.4. ,
200 kWel.
, ,
.

48

. 5.4 (www.energysolutionscenter.org)

5.3.5
,
.
( ) ,
.
. 5.5. ,
() ( ),
( ) ( ).
, .

. 5.5 (EMERGING ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, 2005 .)

(AFC, PEM), (PAFC)
(MCFC, SOFC).
. - - (PEM)
. 80C,
/ .
49

PEM,
, .
, .
- (PAFC),
. ,
, , -
.
(MCFC)

40 %. 600
700C,
. , ,
(. 5.6).

. 5.6 MCFC , (RUTZ, 2007 .)

SOFC (
). 750 1000C.
SOFC
.
.

(12 000 kW-1), .
,
.

5.4

( )

, , ,
, .
. ,
, 50 - 75% 95%.


.
50

,
. ,
. 23 - CO2 (..
23 -, 2
),
.
. -
( , ) (
) (. 5.7). , - ,
.

. 5.7
() ()
, (RUTZ, 2007 .)

,
.
, -
.

. .
,
- - ,
-.

5.4.1

- .
, .
,
, .
,
. ,
, , .


.
- -
. 200 250 ,
51

. 50
250 , .

, , .

.
-
. ,
,
.

.
.
,
, . , , .
, () -
, . . 5.8
.
, 1 ,
. , , .

Biomethane

BtL (Biomass-to-Liquid)

Rape seed oil

Biodiesel

Bioethanol

* Biomethane as by product
(rape cake, mash, straw)
Vehicle fuel consumption: gasoline engine 7.4 l/100km,
diesel engine 6.1 l/100 km

. 5.8 : ,
, 1 (FNR, 2008 .)

5.4.2
()
,
52

. ,
( , 2001.).

. ,
, , -
. .
, ,
( ) .
, , ,
,
. , ,
. ,

.
, ,
,
.
- , .
,

.
, , ,
, , .
.

5.4.3

CO2
.
. CO2
, (
CO2).

6.

,
, -
.
. ,
, ,

.

53

6.1

,

, .
.
, :







,
;
;

;
;
;
.

,
.

6.2

6.2.1
,

. , ,
40%
65% .
,
. ,
- - .
( ),
. ,

.

6.2.2
,
( ,
). , 80%
.
(. 6.1) ,
,
. - ,
. . 6.1

54

, 12
.

. 6.1 ,
(BIRKMOSE, 2003 .)

6.2.3
,
, .
.
, ,
. -
(50-55C), , .

, 99% .

,

.

.
7.2.

6.2.4
,
. ,
.

10-16 , ,
. ,
.

55

6.2.5

,
.
,
. - ,
,
/
.

6.2.6
,
,
. .6.2 (%) ,
( )
. ,
,
, .
- C/N
. - C/N , . C/N
, .

. 6.2 ( )
(BIRKMOSE, 2002 .)

6.3

- N/P
.
.

56

, -
.


.
,
:

( 6 );
;
;
.

- ,
- .

. ,
:

;
;

, , ,
;
,
;
,
. , -
;
1/3
;

. ,
.

.
.
, ,
.

6.4

,

. , ,
- -
.
() 10 -
57

. , , ,
- ,
.
.



o

,

.

(.
6.3).

(,
).

. pH
NH3, .

. 6.3 ,
(AGRINZ GmbH)

-
,
. ,
,
0.82 1.04. -
, ,
, .

58

6.5

, ,
.
, ,
.
- -
.

. ,
, -
.

. ,
. ,
,
.
,
, .
,
- .
,
- ,
.
, ,
,
, .

6.6

,
.
.
,
. ,
.

,
.

6.6.1

.
50-60% (Angelidaki, 2005 .). ,
40-50% , .

59

()
.

.
, ,
45%,
.
15% (Angelidaki, 2005 .).

, . ,
,
(. 6.2 . 6.4).
.
,
-.
.

: , .
(, , .)

, .
-
. ,
.
. 6.1 , (AL SEADI, 2003 .)

100

14

86

N
%

NH4-N
%

P
%

K
%

100

100

100

100

100

(6,4%)

(5,7%)

(4,2%)

(1,6%)

(2,6%)

65

25

15

75

17

(30%)

(10,1%)

(4,5%)

(8,7%)

(3,1%)

35

75

65

25

83

(2,6%)

(4,9%)

(4,2%)

(0,5%)

(2,5%)

( )
,

.
, , . -
,
.

60

. 6.4
(AL SEADI, 2003 .)
. 6.2

%
6,0
4,0
2,8

N
kg/t
5,0
5,0
5,0

NH4-N
kg/t
2,8
3,8
4,0

P
kg/t
0,8
1,0
0,9

K
kg/t
3,5
2,0
2,8

pH
6,5
7,0
7,5

, (. 6.5). 15-20% /
60% . ( 90%) ,
, /
.
( )
: .
.
, 700 KW.

61

. 6.5 (ANGELIDAKI, 2005 .)

,
. -, -
- ,
.
. -,
. , -
,
.
, ,
,
.

. . -,

,

.

, .
,
.
- , , ,
.

6.6.2
( )

, . 50%
62

.
- , - -
.
, ,
,
.

, (< 0.2 mm)
,
.

, , ,
.

6.7

6.7.1 ,

,
. ,

N, P, K, , pH. ,
.
,
.
,
.

6.7.2

.

. 91/676/
170 kg N/ha/year,
.
,
. . 6.2
.

63

. 6.3
(NORDBERG, 1999 .)

170 kg N/ha/yr
2003
230-210 kg N/ha/yr( )
140-170 kg N/ha/yr ( )
2003
170 kg N/ha /yr ( )
140 kg N/ha/yr ( )
170-500 kg N/ha /yr

250-500 kg N/ha/yr

6
9

28/2-25/10
1/2-

90-180
6-10
4

1/2- 1/12
1/2- 1/12
-

.
, ,
,
(, , , pH), -
, ,
.
,
,

.

6.7.3

,
- :

(, ..)
( ).

.
,
.


.

.


, ,
, , ..

64

7.

,
. .
( ),
, ,
. -,
, ,
,
.

. 7.1. ,
.
.

. 15% ,

.

CO2

. 7.1 (PRAL, 2008 .)

(), (. 7.2).

65

2. City Star -
:

- 100 ., 400 . 401 ;
;
5 11 ;

;

. 7.2 (PRAL, 2008 .)

()
, ,

1.

( )

2.

3.
4.

. 7.3 (PRAL, 2008 .)

66

, ,
, (. 7.3):
1. , ,
;
2. ( );
3. , ;
4. , .
, . 7.3, . 7.4,
-.
1. (, ,
) (2),
(3),
(4), - (5)
(6).
2. (7).
3.
(10) (11).
4. ( , )
(8)
(9)
.
.
2 4 , 4
2.

1
2
3

4
5 .
6

7
8
9 -
10 .
11
12

. 7.4 -,
(LORENZ, 2008 .)

67

-
.
, -.
( , , .)
.
,
, ,
, .
,
.
,
, . - ,
.

( ). ,
, .
( )
.
,
( ). ,

.

.
,
.
, ().

7.1

.
.
,
- .
, ,
, . ,
, ,
.
,
(, , , , , )
.
,
,
( ),
.

68

7.2

7.2.1

. -
, .
.
- (. )
(. ). ,
- ,

. ,
.
, , ,
.

- ,
.

.
(55-70%
,
, ).

() , , ,
.
, -
,
.
, -,
(. 7.5) (. 7.6).
,
. ,
.
, ,
. ,
,
(. 7.6). , , ,
.
-, ,
,
, .
()
.

69

. 7.5 - (WIKIPEDIA, 2008 .)

. 7.6 , ,
(RUTZ, 2007 .)

, -, ,
. ,

- .
, .

. ( ),
() .
- ( )
,
. , ,
.
,
.
, .
-
, .
,
, , .
70

.
,
,
.

, ,
,
.
, .

7.2.2
,

.
,
.

,
(
), .


.
- ,
, .
(
, )
. ,
,
.
,
( , ,
, ),
, (. 7.7 ).

, .

. 7.7 () ,
() (RUTZ, 2007 .)

71

,
, .

,
.
9.4.4.
,
.
.

, .
, ,
. -
. ,
, ,
,
.

.
-, -. ,
,
. , ,
,
.
,

,
.
, .
, ,
, ,
.


. ,
,
.
,
.
.

. , ,
,
.
,
.
- . ,
72

,
()
.

7.3

,
.
.
.
(
, , .). ,
( , , ,
.) /
(.
). ( )
.
.
,
.
, ,
. ,
.
, .
,
.
,
( 130C) ,
0C.
. ,
.

.

7.3.1

. -
: . ( )
,
, .
, (, ,
). ( - ,
) - .
,
. , - ,
- .

73

,
.
,
,
. , ,

.


(-
).
, -
. -
. ,
- .
,
,
, .

, ( ,
,
). , , ,
, ,
.
,
. ,
, - 150 mm,
, ,
, - 200 mm
300 mm .

.
. ,
,
(. 7.8).
.
, ,
.
,
, (. 7.8
7.9).

74

. 7.8 () () (RUTZ, 2006 .)

. 7.9 (AGRINZ GmbH, 2008 .)

7.3.2
, ,
, ..
(-) . ,
, (. 7.10 7.11),
,
, . 7.12.
, ,
, .
,
, .

75

.

,
.

.
. , ,
.

. 7.10 - ()
() (RUTZ, 2008 .)

. 7.11 , (RUTZ, 2008 .)

. 7.12 () ,
() (RUTZ, 2007 .)

76

,
.
,
, ,
(. 7.13).

,
,
, .

,
,
. ,

. , - ,
- .

-
. ,
. ,
. -

, .
,

.

. 7.13
(FAL, 2006 .)

77

. 7.14 (AGRINZ GmbH, 2006 .)

7.4

,
,
( ). , ,
PVC, HDPE,
. , , ,
,
, .
(. 7.15).

.
300 mm.

.
, 1-2%.
.
.

. 7.15 () ()
(RUTZ, 2008 .)

78

, .

.

7.5

-
. ,
,
,
-.
-
.
:
;

,
, ;
;
;
.

,
(. 7.16). -,
- .

( )
(. 7.17) ..

.
.

. 7.16 ()
() (RUTZ, 2008 .)

79

. 7.17 (AGRINZ GmbH, 2008 .)

7.6

,
,
. ,
, : ,
. ,
.

. , , , ,
,
.
,

.
, -,
, .
-,
: ,
- 15% ,
, 20-40%.
.
, -,
,

, ,
, ( ) ..
-
, - .
,
: .

80

7.6.1

() ,
,
. -
, , .

(. 7.18), ,
, ,
. 2 000 50 000
. ,
.

,
.
,

.
,
.


.
.

. 7.18 (BEKON, 2004 .)

.

( ,
, ) .

,
.

81

,
, ,

7.6.2
( ),
.

. ,

.
.
:
, .
,
(.
7.1). ,
- .
. 7.1

, ,

20 - 37 C

35 - 55 C

30 - 90

15 - 30

(. 7.19 7.20).
, -,
,
. , ,
. ,

. ,
,
.
(. 7.19).

82

. 7.19 , (AGRINZ GmbH, 2008 .

RUTZ, 2006 .-)

, ,
, .
.
, ,
.

.

. 7.20 (RUTZ, 2007 .)

.
,
. .
,
, ,

. ,
() .

, ,
. -,
.
,
,
(ACF ). ,

83

. ,
.
,
. , . ,
.
,
.

(. 7.21)
. , ,
,
.
50-150 m3,
- -
. , ,
- 1 000 m3.
,
- .
.
, .
,
.
, , , ,
.
,
, .

.
,
.
.
15-30
.

. .
.

, .
.

- , ,
.
, ,
. .

,
, -
.

84

. 7.21 (RUTZ, 2006 .)

7.6.3

.

. ,
.

.
, , , ,
.
. ,
.
.
,

.
10m
.
, , ,
:
;

;
;
,
;
;

85

.

. ,
- .

.
. ,
.
, ,
-.

7.7

,
,
.
.
, .
85-90%
(. 7.22 7.23).
,
,
(),
()
,
.
-, .
,
(
, , ..).
,

, .
, ,
,
.
,
. ,
, .

86

7.7.1
,
,
.

. 7.22 () () (AGRINZ GmbH, 2006 .)

. 7.23 ()
() (AGRINZ GmbH, 2006 .)

87

(. 7.23)
. ,
,
.
.
-, , ,
, , , .
,
(. 7.22 7.23). . ,
,
, .
.
. , ,
, .
, ,
. ,
.
, ,
(
). ,
( ) .
.
.
, ,
- .
.

7.7.2

, .

. ,
( ), . -
.

.

7.7.3
,
.
,
-.
,
, - .

88

7.8

,
- . ,
, . , ,
, ,
.
,
.
.
,
, .
.
, .


.
,
.

. ,
, ,
. ,
. ,
( - -) (.
7.24), .
, -
.
.

. 7.24 (AGRINZ GmbH, 2006 .)

89

7.8.1 ,
,
.
. -
-
0,05 0,5 mbar.

(. 7.25).
.

, (
), . 7.26 ,
. ,
, .
. ,
. (. 7.26 ).

. 7.25 , (RUTZ, 2007 .)

. 7.26 , () (AGRINZ
GmbH, 2006 .) () (RUTZ, 2006 .)

90

7.8.2

( ), 5 250 bar.
. 10
bar, 0,22 kWhm-,
200 300 bar, 0,31 kWhm-.
,
.

7.8.3
, ,
.
.
,
.
,

(. ),
. .
, , ,
,
. ,
,
.
.

, .
,

.
.
,
. ,
850-1200C
0.3 .
- .
,
.
, ,
.
3-15 kPa .

, -
,
.
: .

. ,

91

. ,
,
. ,
.
, ,

. ,
.
, ,
, ,
, (. 7.27).
,
- .
, , ,
.

- (
,
). 45:1 20-60% (). - 10:1
, ,
.

. 7.27 (RUTZ, 2007 .)

7.9

,
(CH4) (CO2)
(H2S). ,
92

,
. ,
. ,
.

(. 7.2). .
,
.
(. ,
), .
. 7.2 5%
(GLZOW, 2005 .)
( )

Hu

4 kWhm-

()

2,2 gm- CH4

H2S-

H2S

0,15 . %

()

Cl

100,0 mgm- CH4

()

50,0 mgm- CH4

(Cl + F)

100,0 mgm- CH4

10,0 mgm- CH4

(3 ... 10 m)
( -
, ..
)

< 90 %

pGas

20 ... 100 mbar

< 10 %

10 ... 50 C
< 0,4 mgm- CH4

(> C5)
(at Si > 5 mg/m CH4 oil analysis of metal content < 15 mg/kg
oil observed)

Si

< 10,0 mgm- CH4

(Biogas MC approx. 135)

MZ

> 135

7.9.1
1000 - 3000
ppm (H2S) (Agelidaki, 2003). -
, - H2S.

(), 700 ppm
,
.
(H2S) .

, .
H2S
.
.

. , 50%
.
, ,

.
93

H2S , ,
() (. 7.28) ,
:
(1) 2H2S + O2 -> 2H2O + 2S
(2) 2H2S + 3O2 -> 2H2SO3

.
,
(2 - 8 %) .

,
.

. 7.28 , (RUTZ,
2007 .)

,
( ) .

.
,
.
, ,
. 7.29.


.
.
,
,
.

94

. 7.29 H2S

. 7.30 ( 80 m3 50 m3 )
, (
), .
H2S, ,
.

.

. 7.30 - (ANGELIDAKI, 2005 .)

, .
, , .
95

10 m3h-1 m3
35C ,
H2S. pH
6 -.
,
.
,
, , H2S.

,
H2S .


. -, -,
, ..
-. ,
H2S.


.
,
. ,
.


( ).
.

.
(FeS),
. - ,
2-3
(Angelidaki, 2005).
-
- .

7.9.2
, ,
. 100%,
.
, .
.
,
.
- .

96

. ,
, ,
.

, .
, ,
.

10C,
. ,
, ,
.

7.10

.
( )
,
, .


. ,
.
,
, (. 7.31
7.33), (. 7.34).

. 7.31 (Al SEADI, 2008 .)

,

20% - 2% (. 7.32).

97

. 7.32 (DIAS,
2005 .)

. 7.33 (Danish Biogas Association, 2008 .)

. 7.34 (AGRINZ GmbH, 2006 .)

,
,
-
.
, 20%
, .

98

,
(. 7.33).
,
, (.
7.34).

7.11

. ,
,
(. 7.35 7.36).


.
,
.
.

. ,
,
. :

();
();
pH ();
();
;
.

.
.
:

;
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
.

. ,

- .

99

. 7.35
(AGRINZ GmbH, 2006 .)

. 7.36 (RUTZ, 2007 .)

7.11.1
,
.
. , -
- ,
, . ,
- .

100

7.11.2
(. )
.
.

7.11.3

,

.

7.11.4

(
). ,
()
, .
, ,
.

7.11.5

. ,
.
.
.

7.11.6 pH
pH
. pH ,
, .
-.

7.11.7
.

.
, .
,
101

. ,
.

.

7.11.8

.
.
- .

.

7.11.9

.

.
, ,
, ,
, .
.
,
.
.
,
-
. ,
.

102

8.

8.1

, .
- ,
, , ,
, ..
:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

:
1.
2.
3.
4.

?
?
?
?

(,
, , )
.
.
:

,

, ,
, .

103

.

. . 8.1
.
:

,
,

,

-
-
-
-
-

- ,

- (, ,
..)

-
-
- ()

+
. .
:

+
:

+
:

+

:
:
:

:
+ +
:

, .

. 8.1 .

104

Big East .

. ,
( ).
, .
,
, . -
(
) .
,
. , ,
.

, (
), . ,
.
, ,
, ..
, ,

, . ,
- 10
.

8.2

.
,
.
, ,
(, ), ,
.
,
, -
.
, , ,
, (,
, ).

,
.
.

8.2.1 8.2.2
.


.
105

8.2.1 ,

-
,
. - . 8.1.
. 8.1 ,
(FINSTERWALDER, 2008 .)
* [%]

10

8

40

32
*- ; **-

. [%]
75
75
85,6
95,4

[mt-1 .]
340
400
656
611

[mt-1 **]
25
24
225
187

[%]
55
58
55
53

,
, .

kWel.
/ , :
, (m/)
/
( %)
/ 9-10%,
/ 2.4 kWeldm-.
, 200 10 m/
10%.
:
10 m3d-1 x 2,4 kWeldm- = 24 kWel

, :
(, ) (ha)
, (kWel ha-1 year-1)
.
, 2.5 kWel ,
2.5 kWelha-1 .
200 ha x 2.5 kWelha-1 = 500 kWel

.
-
. ,
,
250 kWel ,
. ,
106

, ,
.
, , 15
.

8.2.2 ,
/
,
. ,

.

,
. -
.
. ,
. 8.2.
. 8.2 - ,
(FINSTERWALDER, 2008 .)
*
[%]
27
40

.
[%]
92
80

[mt-1 .]
720
454

**

(
36
69
1 200
)
*- , **--

[mt-1 ]
179
145

[%]
65
60

298

61

.
,
.
, -
,
.

.
http://www.bigeast.eu/.

8.2.3

.
.
1. (, ),
, , ,

107

.
2. (- ,
), ( ,
) ,
.

. -,
.
, / ,
- :

;
;
;
.

,
,
.

8.3

. -

:

, ,
,
.

,
.

,
,
,
.

,
.

()
(, , )
, .

108

- ,

. ,
, ..,
- .

. ,
500 kWel 8 000 m.
,
.

, .
(),
.

. , 250-750 kWel
. ,
.
= M / ( * )
[t]



[m]

:
:
:
:

[tm-]
[m]

. :
= 2 *
:
:

8.4

,
.
,
,
,
, ,
, , ,
..

109

, -
,
.


.
,
.

8.5

, ,
, .

, . ,
,
, . ,
.
,
, ,
.

.
,
.
, ,
.
500 kWel,
, ,
. , ,
.

9.

,
, .

,
.

,
:

;
;
;
110

9.1

;
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
,
;
.

-,
.
.
,
. . 9.1 9.2
. ,
: 60 . %, 38 . %
2 . %.
. 9.1 (INSTITUTE FOR ENERGETIC UND UMWELT GmbH, 2005 .)

KWhm-
kgm-

6
1,2
0,9

10
0,7
0,54

26
2,01
1,51

10
0,72
0,55

3
0,09
0,07

C
. %

700
6 12

650
4,4 15

470
1,7 - 10,9

600
4,4 - 16,5

585
4 - 77

. 9.2 (INSTITUTE FOR ENERGETIC UND UMWELT

GmbH, 2005 .)

Kgm-

CH4
0,72
0,55

CO2
1,85
1,53

H2S
1,44
1,19

CO
1,57
0,97

H
0,084
0,07

C
. %
ppm

600
4,4 16,5
-

5 000

270
4,3 - 45,5
10

605
10,9 - 75,6
30

585
4 - 77
-

= , ,

.

111

1999/92/EC,

.
. .
0
, ,
(, ). , ,
.
1
,
(, ). ,
.
2
- .
(,
), .
,
, .

9.2

, . ,
(H2S),
.
. 9.3 (INSTITUTE FOR ENERGETIC UND UMWELT
GmbH, 2005.)

( )
0,03 0,15 ppm
15 75 ppm
150 300 ppm
(0,015 0,03 %)
> 375 ppm
(0,038 %)
> 750 ppm
(0,075 %)
1000 ppm
(0,1 %)

( )
, , , ,

( )
30 60

(,
.), .
- ( 1.2 kgN-1m-),
. , - ( = 1,85 kgm-)
- ( = 0,72 kgm-). ,

. ,
112

( , ..)
.

9.3

,
(
, ),
().
,
.

.
,
(, ,
).
.
,

.

9.4

9.4.1

,
,
.
,
, ,
. -,
Salmonella,
Enterobacter, Clostridiae, Listeria, Ascarididae,
Trichostrongylidae, Coccidae, . -
,
.
, -,
.

.
, -
:

.
.

.
.
113

, EC
1774/20022. ,
( 70oC ), (
133oC - 20
3 ).

. ,
,
EC 1774/2002,

/
.

.
,
. -

9.4.3.

9.4.2

, ( .. ,
,
..). , (
, , .)

. ,
, .,

.

. ,

.

,
, - ,
,
.

2
1774/2002 ,
www.big-east.eu

114

.9.4, -90 ,
. 90%
Salmonella typhimurium 0,7 ,
53oC ( ), 2,4 ,
35oC ( ).
, 2 6
.
pH-
()
.
pH.
. 9.4 90%
(BENDIXEN, 1999 .)

Salmonella typhimurium
Salmonella dublin
Escherichia coli
Staphilococcus aureus
Mycobacterium paratuberculosis
Coliform bacteria
Streptococi spp
Streptococcus faecalis

,
530C (
350C (
)
)

0,7
2,4
0,6
2,1
0,4
1,8
0,5
0,9
0,7
6,0
3,1
7,1
1,0
2,0

18-210C
6-150C

2,0
2,0
0,9
2,1
5,7
-

5,9
8,8
7,1
9,3
21,4
-

. Salmonella , -
. , ,
-
.
/
()
, .

Salmonella -
7%.

-
. -
, -
.

115

,
. ,
, ,
. , .
.

9.4.3

,
.
-
Streptococcus faecalis .
,

. Streptococcus faecalis ,
- .

-,
/
. ,

. -
, Bhm ,
Salmonella - . , Salmonella spp. >90% ,
. Salmonella

50g. ,
, Salmonella
.

. ,
.
, .
,
, .

. - ,
- . ,

. pH, ,
.

116

9.4.4

,
,
.
- ,
.. EC 1774/2002,
.

,
. . 9.5,
1 .
. 9.5 , :
EC 1774/2002 (AL SEADI, 2002 .)

1. , ,
( ),
, , ,
.

.
2.

,
( ,
1)
2.

. ,
.
3. , ,

().

3
1330C 20.

.


1
700C

, , ,
( ,
),
2
( 3 ) 133C .
- 20
133oC .
< 50 mm.
,
( 3),
,
. 3
: 70C 60 .
< 12 mm.
,


.

117

3,
-
, . (. 9.6).


.
. 9.6 ,
70oC 1 h (BENDIXEN, 1995 .)

a)

52,0oC

10

53,5oC

55,0 C

b)


c)

d)

5,5

7,5

2,5

3,5

60,0oC

,
, .
/ .
a) 52oC.
- 7
b)
c)
a)
d)
20 oC 52 oC.
- 14 .

(
), .
- .

,
,
: 55C, 20
24 , 12 mm.
( 37C),
.

,
.
,

. , ,
(, ),
.
, ,
, , ,

. ,

,
.
118

. .
, ,
. . 9.1
,
. ,

.
,
, - .

.

:

,

,
.
,

0,2% NaOH, 200 - 150

- .

2
.

,


,
.
Standard procedure of cleaning the slurry transport

. 9.1
(AL SEADI, 2000 .)

10.
10.1

.
.
,
. .


. 20 . ,
( ),
. ,
, ,
.
,
, .

, 30% .
119

10.2

, .
,
:

;

.
-
.
:

-,
(/kWh);

/ (%
/);

, (kWhyear-1);

,
.
,
:

;

;

(.. );

.
,
. ,

- .
,
,
. ,
, ,
,
. ,

.
, ,
.
-
,
.
( CD)
,
, .. ,
http://www.big-east.eu .
120

10.2.1

, Big<East
.
,
.
. ,
, , .
.
.
, .
:

/ ;

.
- 9%,
. 9%, ,
, .
()
. , ,
, ..
,
.

, .

( , 8.1).

121

11.
11.1

,
() .
, ,

, 10 MW.

5 MW .
- - ,
50 MWh.
.

.

11.1.1

:

.

. 1
01.01.2007, 12 ,
, ( 10 MW)
.
,
2022 .
, 31.12.2010 . ,

. , ()
800
(), 2009 .
1,000 2.

9 2003 8
2006.
2

2010

122

, ,
. 9.7.
. 9.7. ,


(<10 MW)
(< 2250 full load hours)
(> 2250 full load hours)
(< 5 kW)
(> 5 kW)
- (< 5 MW)
- ( , .)
(< 5 MW)
- ( , .
..) - < 5 MW)
- ()
Biomass co-firing

Sales price of the national utility to public energy suppliers

EURO/MWh ( )
43,55
89,51
79,79
400,00
367,3
94,1
110,00
82,9
43,55
31,29

: EnerCEE Bulgaria, http://www.energyagency.at/enercee/bg/supplybycarrier.en.htm

:
2018 . , (.
- <10MW);
, (. - <10 MW),
12 , ( - 31.12.2011 .);
2018 .
-;
-3
12 ,
( - 31.12.2011 .).

2003 .
() 50 . 10 .
,
() 4.

2005 . 60 . ,
. - 1,5 . ,
7,5 % , .
, 20 %
.

SOLID DER - ,
.
4
Bulgarian Enery Sector 2001-2004. Ministry of Energy and Energy Resources , Communication Strategy for the Accession of
Bulgaria to the European Union.

123

2005 .,
60 . .
- ,
, 2006 .
,
, .

, 54 .
. ,
- , 90 % Petrolvilla
Bortolotti ( ),
10 % . ,
- 26 MW.
A- 34 . , .


5.

11.1.2

.
(
20 % ) .

- , ,
10 MW. , - , ,
, .

EBRD: Bulgaria Country Factsheet, http://www.ebrd.com/pubs/factsh/country/bulgaria.pdf

124

11.1.3

()

2 % 2008 .
3.5 % 2009 .
5.75 % 2010 .
8 % 2015 .
10 % 2020 .

:
, 2007-2020 .

, ,
2005 . (: ).
.

, ,
6.

11.1.4

20 %
, .
:

(),
().
"" (. , ,
, , .).
- .
,
,

7.

European Renewable Energy Council, Renewable Energy Policy Review, BULGARIA: Monitoring and Evaluation of the RES
Directives implementation in EU27 and policy recommendations to 2020.
7
http://www.ebrd.com/country/sector/nuclear/overview/funds/kidsf.htm

125

11.2
11.2.1

() ,
. 25
. 12.8
. , 25.3 . .
234,000 MWh 198,000
MWh , 8,000 MWh
160,900 GJ ,
164,700 .
, ,

8.

(USAID) ( ).
, , 50 %
. ,
;

.

., 49/19.06.2007
,
,
, ,
,
,
,
.

, ,
.
2001/77/EC
,
2003/30/EC
.
,
, /
, .

http://www.beerecl.com/

126

,
.
, :
1. , ;
2. .
,

, -
.

.
107/09.12.2003,
74/08.09.2006
,
, , , ,
,
, ,
,
,
.
:
1.
, ;
2.
;
3. ;
4. ;
5. ,
..
;
6. -;
7. ,
, ;
8. , , , , ,
, ,

, , ,
.
18/5 2004,
74/8 2006, 55/6 2007
,

.
, ,

, .

127

16-27/22.01.2008

/
.
16-28/22.01.2008
, ,
,
,
.

2005-2015/ 2005

2005-2015 ()
. 4, . 2, . 9 .
,
.

:
1.
2.
;
3.

.

2007.

. 2007
:
.

.

.

2008-2020/ 2007

(2008-2020.)
. 5, . 1, . 3 . 5, . 1, . 5 .

. . 2
43 15 .
,
2003/30/
- 8-9
128

2007 ., -
-.
,
-
,
.
,
, .
,

.

2008-2020/ 2008

2008-2020 .
.
. 5, . 1, . 4
. 5, . 2 ,
,
.

.
,

, ..
,
, ,
.
,

.
,
-, ,
.

. ,

. ,

.
2007-2013/2006
:
1.
;
2. ,
, ,
, , ..;
3.
- ;

129

4. ,
, -, ,
.
11.2.2

2007 .
.
,
, ,
/ -, , , /
.
,
.

11.3

,
:
- 5,75 %
2010 ., 2003/30/EC;
- 11 %. ,
2001/77/EC ;
- 8 % (
1988 .), .
50 %.
;
- -
-;
- ;
-
;
- , ;
-
,
.

11.4

, ,
, ,
.
.
, .
,
(. . 9.8).
130

. 9.8.

&

&

&

()

(.

)
, .

11.5

.
,
. 85 %
, a 52 %
.
,

. , ,
( ).

.
.
,
, .
9.9
.

131

. 9.9.

(. ).
-, ,
- .

.
, ,
.

11.6

. , ,
. ,
,
, .

. (, , , ..)

,
(.
- ).
/
, .
.

( . 9.10).

132

. 9.10. ,

1
2
3
4

5
6

EC
AWPP
AWSP
FPW

SW
WW

-

(BG13 BG22).
, -
, (BG21 BG22).
(
) (, , ,
, ) , -
,
.
( );
- .
9.11
; -
.
.
. 9.11.
, -

**

NUTS

BG11
BG12

BG13

BG21
BG22

BG23
BG

Ha*103
1029
1827
1997
2031
2752
1465
11101

AWPP
360
720
990
420
760
510
3760

, m3.104
AWSP
SW
WW
27561
4491
156
50188
10422
363
77135
12511
428
40706
19430
676
93947
17610
613
39785
7859
273
329322
72323
2509

FPW
465
1079
1274
2011
1823
814
7466

GWh
1982
3766
5540
3795
6885
2954
24923

(
) 30 %
( ).

**

NUTS -

133

11.7

,
- Europharm. ,
.
2004 . 3,3 (61,8 %
), 70 % NUTS 2 - ,
.
- () ( 78 %)
, 50 ( 0,8 %
). - 7 % 75 % ,
- .
- 2004 . 665 500 , 2007
. 477 100. (
), (
.. ).
.
, (23 %),
(15 %), (10 % 15 %),
( ).
. 50 %
0,04 % ( 5 600
, 76 ). 30 %
, - 9
96 % .
,

0,15%
3,45%
9,93%

0,04%
23.0%

12
39

12
39

46.2%

1099

1099
8.8%

100999

100999
>=1000

>=1000

15.0%

86,43%
7.1%

- . 18 %
50 (957 112 ).
69 % ,
30 % .

134

0.6%
1.6%
3.0%

18%
29%

25.7%

12

12

39

39
1019

13%

1019

2049

2049

>=50

>=50

69.2%

10%
30%

-
(242 10
), (193 10
). - (73
10 ).
,
. -
,
.
,
.
,
, .

11.8

. (GIE).
- .

. 28 . 96
, 56
50 .
1 600 .
, ISO
6976 9.12:

135

9.12. , ISO 6976

:
6 25 2004 .
, ,
, (., , .107 7
2004 .);

,
( 171 16 2004 .) (., , . 67
02.08.2004 . - 02.09.2004 ., . . 78/2005 ., . . .
32, . 93/2006 ., . 46/2007 .).

.
,
, , ,
, ,

,
, . . 197 (1)

,
136

.

/ ,
67 2 2004 . 5 (1)

/
, ,
, ,
, :
-
;
-

,
,
" ".

11.9

,
.
- .
,
, .
.
,
.
,
,

.
,
.
,
. , 2006 .
.

, .
( )
,
. ,
.
137

, ,
-

.
,
, ,
.

138

1.

( ,

4):

(boe):

( ):

():

():

,
.

,
.
.
,
,
, .

: ( (70 %),
)
( ).
,
(NH3).
, , 6.1 GJ,
1,700 kWh. " "
42 U.S. (35 159 ); 7.2
( ).

, ,
.
.
,
. 5060 % .

.
,
.

/ ,
.

139

(W):

(SI ),

. 'kW' ""
1,000 . 'MW' "" 1,000,000
.

.
,
,
.

(
):

,
. ,
,
. ( )

.
: , , ,
.
,
.

,
,
, ,
, ( ).

(,

):

,
( )
. , ,
.

,
. -
, ,
.

, ,
.

(GW):

, 1
1 .

140

,
.

,
.

,
(, ,
, , , .)
.

(J):

. ,

(= 1 kg m2s-2). (J) = 0.239
(1 = 4.187 J).

/
.

,
. ,
1 MWh .

,
.

,
.
.
, -,
.

(kWh):

-
.
1 , 1 .

, pH -
7.0.

-:

(-):

. ,

( ). ,

, (
).

141

(VS):

():

, .
,
.
:
,
5 8 ,
, 2 3
.
.

.


.

, .

20-45C, 37-41C.

(CH4):

, , , , ,
, ;
161.6C 182.5C.
.
( 97 %) ,
.

, 25 500
kW. , ,
, , .

, ,
, ,
, - , - , -
,
.

,
,
.

(
110 kV 765 kV);

(23 kV-138 kV);
(4 kV 35 kV);
(120 V 480
V).

142

,

.
:

( ):

,
.

:
, 1
42 GJ.

,
- 7.0.

,
.
,
, , ,
, ,
.

,
,
.

pH:

.
0-14, 0 -,
14 -, 7 .

,

.

, ,
, .

,

.

,
.

, ,
,

143

. ,
.
:

, - ,
.

CO2 :

CO2
, , . ,
21 -
. , 21
CO2 .

, .

.

.

50-52.
70C
.

,
, , .

. ,

, .

,
,
.

, ,

.

, ,

.

,
-
.
, .
97 % .

144

1 (kW)
1 (MW)
1 (GW)
1 (TW)
1 (J)
1Wh
1 (cal)
1 (BTU)
1 (m)
1
1
1 psi
1
1 (0C)
1 (hPa)

= 1 000 (W)
= 1 000 kW
= 1 106 kW
= 1 109 kW
= 1 Wsec-1 = 278 x 10-6 Wh-1
= 3 600 J
= 4,18 J
= 1 055 J
= 1 000 (l)
= 100 000 a (Pa)
= 100 Pa
= 6894,76 Pa
= 133,32 Pa
= 133,32 Pa
= 100 Pa

145

2.
Agapitidis I. and Zafiris C. (2006). Energy Exploitation of Biogas: European and
National perspectives. 2nd International Conference of the Hellenic Solid Waste
Management Association.
Al Seadi, T.: Good practice in quality management of AD residues from biogas
production. Report made for the International Energy Agency, Task 24- Energy from
Biological Conversion of Organic Waste. Published by IEA Bioenergy and AEA
Technology Environment, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom, 2001.
Amon, T.; et al.: Optimierung der Methanerzeugung aus Energiepflanzen mit dem
Methanenergiewertsystem Published by Bundesministerium fr Verkehr, Innovation und
Technologie, Wien, Austria, 2006.
Amon, T.; Kryvoruchko, V.; Amon, B.; Moitzi, G.; Buga, S.; Lyson, D. F.; Hackl,
E.; Jeremic, D.; Zollitsch, W.; Ptsch, E.: Optimierung der Biogaserzeugung aus den
Energiepflanzen Mais und Kleegras.Published by Bundesministeriums fr Land- und
Forstwirtschaft, Umwelt- und Wasserwirtschaft, Wien, Austria, 2003
Amon, T.; Kryvoruchko, V.; Amon, B.; Schreiner, M.: Untersuchungen zur Wirkung
von Rohglycerin aus der Biodieselerzeugung als leistungssteigerndes Zusatzmittel zur
Biogaserzeugung aus Silomais, Krnermais, Rapspresskuchen und Schweineglle.
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3.
1. University of Southern Denmark
Centre for Bioenergy
Niels Bohrs Vej 9-10
DK-6700 Esbjerg
Denmark
Tel.: (+45) 6550 4165
Fax: (+45) 6550 1091
Web: www.sdu.dk/bio
Contact person: Teodorita Al Seadi
e-mail: tas@bio.sdu.dk
2. WIP Renewable Energies
Sylvensteinstr. 2
D-81369 Munich
Germany
Tel.: +49 89 720 12739
Fax: +49 89 720 12791
Contact person: Dipl.-Ing. DominikRutz M.Sc. and Dr. Rainer Janssen
e-mail: dominik.rutz@wip-munich.de
Web: www.wip-munich.de
3. Finsterwalder Umwelttechnik GmbH & Co. KG
Mailinger Weg 5
83233 Bernau / Hittenkirchen
Germany
Tel.: +49 (0) 8051-65390
Telefax: +49 /0) 8051-65396
e-mail: info@fitec.com
Web: www.fitec.com
Contact person: Dipl.-Ing. Tobias Finsterwalder
4. German Society for Sustainable Biogas and Bioenergy Utilisation (GERBIO)
FnBB e.V. - Geschftsstelle
Am Feuersee 8D - 74592 Kirchberg/Jagst
Germany
Tel.: + 49 (0) 7954 921 969
Fax: +49 (0) 7954 926 204
Web: www.fnbb.org
e-mail: office@fnbb.org
Contact person: Michael Kttner and Silke Volk
Ing. Gerhard Agrinz GmbH
Emmerich-Assmann-Gasse 6
A-8430 Leibnitz
Austria
Tel: +43 3452/73997-0
Fax: +43 3452/73997-9
e-mail: office@agrinz.at
Web: www.agrinz.at
Contact person: Mag. Heinz Ptral
e-mail: prassl@agrinz.at

150

5. Center for Renewable Energy Sources

Marathonos Ave, 19009,
Pikermi Attiki
Greece
Tel.: +30210 6603300
Fax: +30210 6603301/302
e-mail: cres@cres.gr
Contact person: Konstantinos Sioulas

6.
1407 ,
. . 51
.: +359 2 9607 800
: +359 2 8668 951
-mail: office@enpro.bg

7.
1000 ,
1, . 26, . 7, . 141
.: +359 2 9626 995
: +359 2 9621 181
E-mail: office@eae-engineering.com
: .

8.
1369 , .. 1080,
. 7
.: +359 2 8246 141
: +359 2 8248 937
E-mail: soil@mail.bg
: .

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4.

" "
: +359 2 9263 255
: +359 2 9883 216
E-mail: e-docs@mee.government.bg
. 8
1000 ,
website: http://www.mi.government.bg/eng/geoterm.html

: +359 2 9406 000
: +359 2 9406 006
: +359 2 9885 913
E-mail: contact@moew.government.bg
. 67
1000 ,
website: http://www.moew.government.bg/

: +359 2 985 11 199
E-mail: minister@mzp.government.bg
. 55
1040 ,
website: http://www.mzh.government.bg/Default.aspx?lang=2&lmid=0

"
. +359 2 940 64 74
E-mail: regiolab_sofia@abv.bg
. III 136
website: http://nfp-bg.eionet.eu.int/ncesd/bul/index.html

./: +359 2 9811 890,
GSM: +359 896 634 651
E-mail: nabf_bg@yahoo.com;
E-mail: office@biofuelsbg.org
. 25, . 3
1000 ,
website: http://www.biofuelsbg.org/index.php?loc=home&lang=bg

: +359 2 9795 223
: +359 2 9795 333
: +359 2 9817 262
E-mail: office@eagle.cu.bas.bg
. 15 1
1040 ,
Website: http://www.cu.bas.bg/bg/board.html

152

:+359 2 9299 481
: +359 2 8127 514
E-mail: aa@acad.bg
. 30
1373 ,
website: http://www.ncan.info/


: +359 2 8680 235
: +359 2 9621 747
: +359 2 8622 830
E-mail: bdbaykov@abv.bg
. 10
1756 ,
website http://edu.ltu.bg/typo3/


: +359 042 699 300
: +359 042 699 303
: +359 042 670 942
E-mail: af@uni-sz.bg
.
6000 ,
website: http://www.uni-sz.bg/

()
./: +359 2 9880 052
./: +359 2 9880 053
E-mail: office@enconservices.com
. 135,. 2. . 5
1000 ,
website: http://www.beerecl.com/

153