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Όρια συναρτήσεων (μεθοδολογία1)
Όρια συναρτήσεων (μεθοδολογία1)
.
. .
. . .
. . .
1o :
0
0
f , g :
lim f = lim g = 0
xx 0
xx 0
lim
xx 0
f
f
f
, : lim
= lim
xx 0 g
xx 0 g
g
2o :
f , g :
lim f = lim g = +
xx 0
xx 0
lim
xx 0
f
g
: lim
xx 0
f
f
= lim
xx 0 g
g
Rolle
. 0 , + .
. 2 :
+
,
,
.
.
.
.
1
De L Hospital :
:
lim
xx 0
f
.
g
:
+
: lim 2
0
lim ln + 1
1
= 0
= 0.
1
1
1
= lim
lim
0 ln + 1
0
1/ + 1
2
2 -
0
, :
0
(1)
lim
0
1
1
, < 0
, : lim =
+, > 0
0
De L Hospital, :
1
, 0
ln + 1
2
1
:
ln + 1
(2)
: lim
0
ln + 1
0
lim
= 0,
0
ln + 1
1
De L Hospital = lim
=
lim
= 1.
0
0 + 1
0
1
= 0 = 0
: lim
0 ln + 1
1
2
2
De L Hospital
, .
lim
0 e
3
+1
0
0
De L
= lim
+
3 2
0 e
+1
De L = lim
0 e
= 0.
Rolle
3
,
.
0 0 .
+ +
De L Hospital,
. :
2 0, :
lim
++
+ 2
+
= lim
+
+
1
1++1
1
+2
++ +
+1+ +43
+1+ +43
= lim
=
2
0
0
+
2 +
1
1
1 1
+
2 +1 2 +4 2+4 3
= lim
=
=
0
2 + 1
1
4
lim
4 -
1+0+1
= 1.
0+2
4
: 0.
:
. lim 2 e
+
. + ( ) . ( )
2
2
lim
=
lim
+ e
+ e
De L H
2 +
De L Hospital =
+ e +
= lim
+
De L Hospital
+
ln
+ . 0
+ + ,
, .
0
. lim+ ln = lim+
2
= 0.
+ e
= lim
,
ln 1
1 1
.
0 0
1
2 ln
=
ln 1
1 ln
(1)
Rolle
5
: = +
, , P
f = +
lim f , :
eP
De L Hospital, .
. +
. : + ,
, 2 :
lim
e2 2 + = lim
. lim ln2 2 + 2
+
: lim
lim
+
lim
ln2
= lim
e2
1
1+
2
= lim
ln2
, De L = lim
1
ln2 + 2 + 1
(1)
= u0
1 1
2 + +
ln2
= lim
= lim
u0
u
u
= 0
= 1 , :
= + 0 2 + 1 + 0 = .
6 -
6
lim f
0
: ,
y f
y eg
.lnf
, f > 0
u = g . lnf :
lim u = , + .
: = lim eu .
u
. +
. +
: lim+ ln
0
0.
= lim+
0
1
lim
= lim+ = 0 ,
1
0+
0
2
ln
1
1 :
, De L
+
lim = e0 = 1.
0+
Rolle
,
,
: F = f , .
.
!
. f F
.
f =
1
1
=
2
= , 0 0, + F = f A.
:
: F = f A, F
f , .
:
F f
, 0
0, + .
. : f
, .
8 -
.
.
ln
+1
, 1
+1
1
2
1
2
1
, 0
f ()
f()
f f ()
f ()
f2
f ()
2 f ()
ln f()
f +1
+1
1
f ()
f ()
f ()f ()
f ()
f ()f ()
f ()
1
2
f ()
2 f ()
f (
10
1
2
f ()
2 f ()
f ()
11
f ()ef ()
ef ()
12
ln
f ()f () ln
f ()
ln
Rolle
:
,
()
Cf (, f )
(,f())
Cf
(,f())
()
(,f())
Rolle : f = 0,
, .
,
, .
f
1 , 2 1 < 2 , f
,
1 , 2 .
10 -
1 , 2 f = 0,
: f = 0.
1 , 2 , f = 0,
0 , : f = 0.
f f
1 , 2 , 3 , f
1 , 2 f .
: f
+ 1 , f
f 0, , f = 0,
.
f 0 , f 1 1.
Rolle)
.
,
.
Rolle
11
Rolle
:
=
+ + + ,
+ . + + , >
, , ,
Rolle f, : = , .
f 1,0), (0,1 ,
f1 = 2 + 3 + 1 + 1
. Rolle
f2 = 2 + 1 ln + 1 +
, .
f = 0, :
lim f = lim+ f = f 0
= .
()
1,1 , :
f 1 = f 1
+1=1+
= , :
==
()
: f = 2 + 3 + 3 + 1 , 1,0
12 -
1,1 .
f = 2 + . ln + 1 +
1
, 0,1 .
+1
= 0, :
lim
f f 0
f f 0
= lim+
0
0
0
lim
f 1
f 1
= lim+
f 1
2 + 3 + 1
: lim
= lim
=
0
0
lim + 3 + 1
lim
f 1
=3
(3)
:
f 1
2 + 1 ln + 1
lim+
= lim+
=
0
0
T lim+
0
lim+
ln + 1
= 0 + . 1 . 1 =
(4)
ln + 1
, De L Hosp.
ln + 1
0
ln + 1
1
= lim+
= lim+
= 1.
0
0 + 1
0
3 4 : = 3
= .
: = = = .
Rolle
13
:
: , < < + = .
f
= = , :
. :
= ,
Rolle , .
. ,
=
. g
, :
g = f f f 2 = g = f 2. (1)
: g = g :
f f 2 = f f 2
: =
f f
2 2
. . .R. ,
f 2 = 0
f 2 = f 2
: g = 0
f f
f = 2 = + . 2
2
f f
f =
14 -
' O
f(x)=0
, :
Bolzano ,
Rolle f ,
Rolle ,
, ,
< , = . :
+ = ,
, .
: f 1 = 0 f 2 = 0. (1)
eg
f eg
+ f g eg
=0
f eg
: h = f eg
:
= 0.
, 1 , 2 .
h .R, .
Rolle
15
f = 2 1, g = .
: f = 0
= 1, = 1.
f( x) x2 1
f + f g = 0,
2 + 2 1 = 0
y h'( x)
h = f eg
2
h = 1 e .
h( x) e x ( x2 1)
f ,
:
(1)
, .
:
. .
. f
, .
. = 0 1 : f 0 0 f 0 0,
: f 0 0 = : f 0
: f 0 . f 0.
. f 0, : f 0
0, . . : f 0 0, . (1)
16 -
0,
f f 0
f ( ) f
0
f2
g =
, 0,
f
f f
0
f2
(2)
2 : g 0.
g . Rolle 0, , :
.
0,
g 0 = g = 0. g = 0
0, , (2).
' O
f(x)0
f = 0,
, Cf
. :
f .
: f = 0
1 , 2
Rolle 1 , 2 1 < 2 .
Rolle
17
' O
f(x)0
.
Bolzano f.
Rolle F, f.
:
f.
Rolle.
: = = + + .
:
. , , ,
.
. ,
(0,1)
, .
Cf
B(1, e)
Cg
x
O 1
. : f 0 = e0 = 1 g 0 = 02 + e. 0 + 1 = 1.
Cf , Cg . : f 1 = e g 1 = 1.
Cf , Cg .
18 -
. . : f 0 = g 0
: f = g
f 1 = g 1
f g = 0,
0 1.
: h = f g = 0,
.
:
: h = f g = e + 2 e 1,
0, 1, . . 0 < 1 < .
0,1 , 1, , h
Rolle, 0,1
: h = 0 1, :
h = 0.
= + , Rolle , :
, .
h = e + 2, ,
h = h .
, , : h = 0
: e + 2 = 0, .
h
f g
.
Rolle
19
' O
, Cf
,f( , .
, ,
= = .
, , ()
.
1,2
: f = f , f() 0,0 .
:
0f = f 0
f f =0
:
f
y f( x)
f = f
f f
= 0.
2
f f
= 0,
2
y g( x)
1 2
= 0, 1,2 .
H : g =
f
, 1,2
Rolle, 1,2 ,
20 -
1,2 , 1,2 , g 1 = 2 = g 2 .
g = 0 1,2 .
. :
. ,
: = .
. = + , 3
.
. , f
, , f
, f
Cf : < < .
f
Cf
, , , ,
(, f())
(, f())
...
()
(, f())
1 , , 2 ,
f 1 =
f f
=
f 2 =
f f
=
, , , : =
Rolle
21
: f 1 = f 2 . (1)
f Rolle
1 , 2 f
1 f 1 = f 2 .
1 , 2 : f = 0.
, ,
, : = , = .
. , , :
. =
. , , :
. =
. , ,
Rolle , .
. f + 2 = 0.
: g = f + 2 , 0,2 .
0,2 , .
: g 0 = f 0 2 = 2 < 0
g 2 = 2f 2 = 4 > 0.
: g 0 . g 2 < 0,
22 -
Bolzano, 0,2 , : g = 0,
2
f +2=0
f =
0
2
. f ...
, 2 . : 0,
f f 0
f =
=
0
2
2
= 2
0,
, 2
(1)
2
2
f 2 f
3 2
f =
=
=
2
2
2
(2)
1 , 2 :
f .f =
2 3 2
3 2
2
3
. f f .
Rolle f
f = f
2
3 2
=
2
2
2 4 + 4 = 32 2
0,2
22 + 2 4 = 0
= 9 : 1,2 =
, , :
= 3 2
2 + 2 = 0.
1 3
1
=
2
2
= 1, : 0,2 .
Rolle
23