Formelblad Atom- och Karnfysik

Rydberg:
=
1

= R
_
1
n
2

1
m
2
_
Z
2
E
n
= hcR
Z
2
n
2
hcR

=
m
e
(e
2
/4
0
)
2
2
2
= 13, 606 eV
R = R

M
N
m
e
+M
N
(masskorr.)
Alkalilika system, med n

= n
l
:
E = hcR

(Z
eff
)
2
n
2
E
FS
=
Z
2
i
Z
2
o
(n

)
3
l(l + 1)

2
hcR

Vatelika atomer:
V (r) =
Ze
2
4
0
r
=
Ze
2
0
r
a
0
=

2
4
0
m
e
e
2
(I Bohrs atommodell: r
n
= a
0
n
2
/Z)
Radialfunktioner, R
n,l
=
P
n,l
r
, for vatelika system:
R
1,0
=
_
Z
a
0
_
3/2
2e
Zr/a
0
R
2,0
=
_
Z
2a
0
_
3/2
2(1
Zr
2a
0
)e
Zr/2a
0
R
2,1
=
_
Z
2a
0
_
3/2
2

3
Zr
2a
0
e
Zr/2a
0
Klotytefunktioner Y
m
l
= Y
l,m
Y
0
0
=
1

4
Y
0
1
=
_
3
4
cos
Y
1
1
=
_
3
8
sin e
i
Y
0
2
=
_
5
16
(3 cos
2
1)
Y
1
2
=
_
15
8
sin cos e
i
Y
2
2
=
_
15
32
sin
2
e
2i
Hamiltonoperator for erelektronsystem:
H =
N

i=1
_

2
2m

2
i

Ze
2
/4
0
r
i
+
N

j>i
e
2
/4
0
r
ij
_

LM
L

l
1

LM
L
_
=

l
1
L
_
L(L + 1)

LM
L

LM
L
_
LS-koppling:
termer
_
L = |l
1
l
2
|, . . . , l
1
+l
2
S = |s
1
s
2
|, . . . , s
1
+s
2
nivaer J = |L S|, . . . , L +S
Zeemaneekt:
E
ZE
=
_

_
g
J

B
BM
J
(end. nstruktur)
g
F

B
BM
F
(svagt falt, hfs)
g
J

B
BM
J
+AM
I
M
J
(starkt falt,
B
B > A)
Koppling magnetiskt momentrorelsemangdsmoment:
g
S
= 2
g
J
=
3
2
+
S(S + 1) L(L + 1)
2J(J + 1)
g
F
= g
J
F(F + 1) +J(J + 1) I(I + 1)
2F(F + 1)

I
= g
I

N
I
Dopplerbredd:

0
= 2

ln 2
u
c
1, 7
u
c
u = 2230
_
T
300M
m/s
Hypernstruktur: H =
I
B
e
= AI J
For s-elektroner i vatelika system galler:
A =
2
3

0
g
S

B
g
I

N
Z
3
a
3
0
n
3
Boltzmanfordelningen:
N
2
N
1
=
g
2
g
1
e
E/(kT)
Harmoniska oscillatorn:

n
=
1

2
n
n!
_
m

_
1/4
H
n
()e

2
/2
, =
_
m

x
E
n
= (n +
1
2
)
H
0
() = 1
H
1
() = 2
H
2
() = 2 + 4
2
H
3
() = 12 + 8
3
H
n+1
() = 2H
n
() H

n
()
1
Integraler
_

0
x
n
e
x
dx =
n!

n+1
_

0
x
2n+1
e
x
2
dx =
n!
2
n+1
_

0
e
x
2
dx =
1
2
_

_

0
x
2n
e
x
2
dx =
(2n 1)!!
2(2)
n
_

Operatorer
p = i
L = ir
H =

2
2m

2
+V (standard)

2
=
1
r

2
r
2
r +
1
r
2
_

2

2
+
1
tan

+
1
sin
2

2
_
Diracnotation:
< H >=< |H| >=
_
R

Hdv
Kommutatorer:
[A, B] = AB BA
[A, B] = [B, A]
[A, B +C] = [A, B] + [A, C]
[AB, C] = A[B, C] + [A, C]B
Schrodingerekvationen:
H = E (tidsober.)
H = i

t
(tidsber.)
Konguration

n
i
l
w
i
i
Termer L och S (
2S+1
L)
Nivaer J
Tillstand (ZE-subnivaer) M
J
Hypernivaer F
1 J = 0, 1 (J = 0 J

= 0) niva
2 M
J
= 0, 1 (M
J
= 0 M
j
= 0 om J = 0) tillstand
3 byt paritet konguration
4 l = 1
5 L = 0, 1 (L = 0 L

= 0) term
6 S = 0 term
5, 6 bara om L och S ar goda kvanttal.
nstruktur - LS hypernstruktur - IJ
vaxelverkan L S AI J
moment J = L+S F = I +J
egentillstand

LSJM
J
_

IJFM
F
_
energi /2
_
J(J + 1) L(L + 1) S(S + 1)
_
A/2
_
F(F + 1) I(I + 1) J(J + 1)
_
intervall E
J
E
J1
= J E
F
E
F1
= AF
(om E
SO
E
re
) (om A E
kvadrupol
)
2