Electrical Power & Machines Dept.

3rd year Lab.

M1 Three Phase Transformer Back to Back Test

Objective To determine the parameters of large transformers and obtain their performance characteristics. Background Two very simple tests are used to determine the constants of equivalent circuit and the power losses in the transformer. These consist in measuring the input voltage, current, and power to the primary, first with the secondary short circuited and then with secondary open circuited. The core losses are determined from the open circuit test. The copper losses are determined from the short circuit test. Stray load loss consists of the losses arising from the non-unifrom current distribution in the copper and the additional core losses produced in the iron by distortion of the magnetic flux by the load current. It is difficult to determine such losses accurately by conventional no-load and short circuit load tests. To obtain exact equivalent circuit and losses, the input and output parameters are directly measured under different loading conditions. This is easy for small rating transformers. However for large transformers, it is difficult and expensive to take direct measurements. A Back to Back Test is used in this case. This test requires two identical transformers having some tapping in the windings. Why Back-to-back test is used in case of large transformers ? First, the short circuit test is difficult to be applied, since applying a reduced voltage is very difficult and unpractical. Second, this test can simulate the loading conditions on the transformer without using real loads. Third, a large transformer supplying large essential loads has usually a second identical transformer installed in the same location for back-up, so using back-to-back transformer in this case is very practical. Procedure This test requires two identical three phase transformers. Take complete particulars of either of the two transformers. Connect the two transformers as shown in figure 1 and check the correct polarity using a voltmeter connected across the switch. The reading of the voltmeter should be zero for correct polarity connection. Then carry out the following procedures: 1. With the switch open, apply the rated voltage and read the various instruments. The input power in this case covers the iron losses of the two transformers, thus the parameters Rc and X of the transformer equivalent circuit can be determined. The turns ratio of the transformer can be calculated from the reading of the primary and secondary voltages. 2. It is to be noted that if no taps are used and the corresponding terminals of the two transformers are connected together, by closing the switch no circulating current will pass and the transformers behave as if they were open circuited. 3. With the terminals of either of the two transformers remain unaltered and changing the taps of the other, a small voltage will appear across the switch when it is open. This small voltage results in a circulating current in the transformer windings if the switch is closed. It

Electrical Power & Machines Dept.

3rd year Lab.

is to be pointed out here that the voltage which appears across the switch (when it is open) is the open circuit voltage calculated when Thevenin's theory is applied. Correspondingly the circulating current which passes after closing the switch is due to the impedance seen from the switch terminals. This impedance is nothing but the short circuit impedance of the two transformers as if they were connected in series. This input power in this case covers the iron losses of the two transformers as well as their corresponding copper losses. 4. Repeat step 3 using other tapping points. 5. From the readings of steps 2 to 4, the resistance and leakage reactance of the transformer referred to the secondary side can be determined. Hence along with the results of step 1 the complete equivalent circuit referred either to the primary or the secondary side can be obtained. Report 1- From the results obtained determine: a- The parameters of the equivalent circuit of the transformer under test referred to the primary and secondary sides. b- Draw the loss curve of either of the two transformers (power losses vs. load factor). c- The efficiency curves at unity power factor, 0.8 lagging, and 0.8 leading. d- The regulation curves at different power factors at x=0.8 and x=1. 2- Comment on the shape of the curves obtained. 3- Comment on the method used to determine the equivalent resistance and reactance and compare with that used in the normal short circuit test. Comment on your results whenever necessary.

Electrical Power & Machines Dept.

3rd year Lab.

Electrical Power & Machines Dept.

3rd year Lab.

Induction Regulator A stationary 3-phase induction machine can also be used as a source of variable 3-phase voltage if it is connected as an induction regulator as shown in Figure (2). The phasor diagram shown illustrates the principle. As the rotor rotated through 360o, the output voltage Vo follows a circular locus of variable magnitude. If the induced voltages E1 and E2 are of the same magnitude (i.e. identical stator and rotor windings) the output voltage may be adjusted from zero to twice the supply voltage. The induction regulator has the following advantages over a variable auto transformer: A continuous step-less variation of the output voltage is possible. No sliding electrical connections are necessary.

Figure 2

Electrical Power & Machines Dept.

3rd year Lab.

M1 Back-to-back transformer Lab results

V1o = turns ratio (a) = V1 V2 V (V) Tap 1 (no-load) Tap 2 Tap 3 Tap 4 At No-load (Tap 1)
W1o + W2 o 2

V2o = = V1o V2 o 3 I2 (A) W1 (W) W10 = W2 (W) W20 =

I1 (A)

I 1o cos o 2 I 2 I m = o sin o 3 3V10

Ic =

Io 2 3

cos o

Rc =

V1o = Ic

Xm =

V1o = Im

Piron =

At loading conditions (other taps) [(W1 + W2) - (W10 + W20 ) ] = 2 * 3 I22 Req 2Zeq = V 2 2 = 2 Req + X eq I2
2 )

Req =

Zeq =

Xeq =

PcuFL= 3 I22 Req * ( PcuFL=

I2FL =
ReqLV= ReqHV=

=
XeqLV = XeqHV =

Transformer Ratings S= V1/V2 = f=

Sb = Srated = S/3 V1b = V1rated Z 1b =

2 V1b Sb

V2b = V2rated Z 2b = V22b Sb

Electrical Power & Machines Dept.

3rd year Lab.

Loss Curve

Plosses = Piron + Pcu Pcu = x2PcuFL

where

x = load factor =

Piron = Plosses = Piron + x2PcuFL

x Plosses (w) 0.1 0.3

PcuFL =

0.4

0.6

0.7

0.8

Efficiency Curves

0.1

0.3

0.4

0.6

0.8

(0.8 lag) (unity)

Regulation Curves

=
(degrees) Reg (x=0.8) Reg (x=1)

= ( )

- lagging pf / + leading pf

lag 30 10

unity 0 10

lead 20 30

80