Short Stories

cgy{

;KtfxJofkL k'/f0f rln/x]sf] lyof] . Jof;–cf;gdf a;]sf k'/f0fjfrs kl08t a8f /l;s lyP . u0f]z klg plQs}
/dfOnf b]lvGy] . b'a} hgfsf] xfpefpn] >f]tfx? dVv ky]{ . k'/f0f ;'g]sf] ef/f nfU5 eg]/
eQmhgx?n] k"hfsf] yfndf y/Ly/Lsf k|;fb NofpFy] .

cfFk kmNg] a]nf ePsf] lyof] . Ps hgf eQmn] ev{/ kfs]sf] 7"nf] kx]Fnf] aDa} cfFk k"hfsf]
yfndf ;hfP/ NofPsf] lyof] . Jof; / u0f]z b'a}hgfsf] cfFvf Ps}rf]l6 Tof] cfFkdfly k¥of] .

Jof;n] dxfef/tsf] syf ;'gfpg yfn] .

æclg eujfg >Ls[i0fn] sf}d'bL z+v ahfpg' eof]Æ eGb} pgn] xft d'vdf nu]/ z+v ahfPsf] clego
u/] . Jof;sf] ;'/df u0f]zn] klg k"hfsf] yfnaf6 aDa} cfFk 6ØfKk l6k]/ z+v ahfPsf] clego ub}{
cfFk h'7f] kf/] .

of] b]v]/ Jof;n] l/;n] cfFvf b]v]gg\ . æclg eLd;]gn] ah| h:tf] s7f]/ ubfn] b'of{]wgsf] 5ftLdf k|
xf/ u/] Æ eGb} pgn] u0f]zsf] 5ftLdf d'Ssf k|xf/ u/] . Jof;sf] d'Ssf nfu]/ u0f]z 9n]sf] b]v]/
eQmhgx? æcgy{ eof], cgy{ eof]Æ eGb} Jof; / u0f]znfO{ 5'6Øfpg bf}8] .

cgf}&f] l^sf

afx| aif{kl5 5f]/f–a'xf/Lx? cd]l/sfaf6 of] ;fnsf] bz}+df 3/ cfpg] va/ k7fPsf lyP t/ bz}sf] d'v}df
cfP/ pgLx? of] ;fn klg gcfpg] eGg] va/ kfpFbf ;flaqL lgs} ddf{xt eOg\ . pgnfO{ cfˆgf 5f]/f,
a'xf/L / gfltgfltgfx?nfO{ x]g]{ 7"nf] /x/ lyof] . pgLx?sf] lgwf/df bz}+sf] 6Lsf ;hfOlbg] sqf]
wf]sf]
lyof] . t/ of] ;fn klg cfˆgf] wf]sf] k"/f gx'g] b]v]/ ;flaqLnfO{ lgs} kL/
k¥of] . ca of] hLjgdf 5f]/f a'xf/L / gfltgfltgfx?nfO{ x]g]{ olQs} xf] eGg] ;Dem]/ ;flaqL dg
dg} /f]Og\ .

;flaqLsf] cfF;' b]v]/ pgsf klt /fdk|;fbn] ;DemfpFb} eg], ælsg kL/
dfG5Øf} . of] ;fn gcfP klg csf]{ ;fn cfOxfN5g\ lg . a? xfdL a"9fa"9L g} ToxLF hfDnf, wGbf
gdfg\ .Æ

cfdf–afsf] kL/ b]v]/ sfG5f] 5f]/f s[i0fnfO{ s]xL u?F eGg] dgdf nfUof] / p;n] dgdg} Pp6f sfd
cfF6Øf] . p;n] eGof], ælsg kL/ dfGg' x'G5 bz}+sf] lbgdf d]/} sf]7fdf bfO, efph" / elthf
elthLx?sf] lgwf/df 6Lsf nufOlbP t e}xfNof] lg .Æ

cgf}&f] ;fa'g

ædonsf] zq' n'ufsf] ldqÆ eg]/ ahf/df gofF lsl;dsf] ;fa'gsf] lgSs} k|rf/ ;'g]/ u[lx0fLn]
>Ldfg\;dIf gofF ;fa'gsf] kmdf{o; ul/g\ .

;fFRr} gofF ;fa'gn] n'uf w'Fbf lgSs} d}n lg:Sof] . sfnf] d}nf] emf]n b]v]/ æn'uf s:tf] d}nf]
eP5Æ eg]/ >Ldfg\ >LdtL b'a}n] sf7df8f}+sf] k|b"if0fnfO{ bf]if lbP . ;fa'gsf] u'0fufg ufP, clg
ef]ln–kl;{ kfOPnf gkfOPnf eg]/ Ps bh{g ;fa'g t'?Gt} lsg]/ e08f/df /fv] .

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s]xL lbgkl5 Ps lbg dfq} nfP/ /flv5f8]sf] Pp6f ;]tf] sldh w'g' k¥of] . gofF ;fa'gn] w'Fbf d}nf]
gePsf] sldhaf6 klg sfnf] d}nf] emf]n lg:Sof] . of] b]v]/ u[lx0fL 5Ss kl/g\ . pgn] bf]xf]¥ofP/
Tof] sldh wf]Og\, t/ km]l/ klg TolQs} d}nf] emf]n lg:Sof] .

pgsf] dgdf lr;f] k:of] . pgn] Ps aflN6g ;kmf kfgL el/g\ / kfgLdf ;fa'g /fv]/ cfˆg} xftdf ;fa'g
blng\ .

crDd, ;fa'gaf6} kf] sfnf] d}nf] emf]n lg:sg yfNof] .

ck|Toflzt

u'nfaL /+usf] vfdleq b"w h:tf] ;]tf] sfutdf tL/n] d'6' 5]8]sf] lrqsf] tnlt/ s]an b'O{ j6f zAb
n]lvPsf lyP— ca'em nf5L .

gfdsf] x:tfIf/ geP klg Tof] s;n] k7fPsf] xf] eGg] yfxf kfpg ufx|f]
lyPg . d]/f] clkm;df cfP/ 306f}+ ukm ug]{ ;GWofs} n]vfO lyof] Tof] .

eGg t pgL dnfO{ c+sn elGyg\ . pgL k|foM d]/f] clkm;df cfpFlyg\ . 5l/Psf lstfa / sfut kq
ldnfOlblGyg\ / glhs} a;]/ kq klqsf / lstfa
k9\lyg\ . d uDeL/ s'/f k9\g vf]Hy]+ . pgL xNsfkm'Nsf s'/f k9g hf]8
lblGyg\ . lkmNd / km];gsf s'/fdf pgsf] ?lr lyof] . d /jLGb|gfy 6}uf]/sf sljtf k9\y+] . pgL k|]d /
>[+uf/sf uLt / uhn u'Gu'gfpFlyg\ .

pd]/s} sf/0fn] xfd|f] ?lrdf leGgtf ePsf] s'/f :ki6} lyof] . pgsf] r+rntf / a}+; b]v]/ dnfO{
nfUYof] æca Ps hgf of]Uo j/ vf]h]/ pgsf] lax] ul/lbg' k5{ .Æ

t/ pgL lax]sf] s'/f k6Ss} ;'Gg rfxGglyg\ . pgL elGyg\, ætkfO+{ h:tf] cfw'lgs ljrf/sf] JolQmn]
dnfO{ olt rfF8} lax] u/]/ u[lx0fL eP/ a;f];\ eGg] rfxg' x'G5 <Æ

pgsf] s'/f hfoh lyof] . pgL s]xL aGg rfxG5' t elGyg\, t/ s] aGg] eGg] s'/f zfob pgL
cfkm}FnfO{ yfxf lyPg .

pgL elGyg\ æd hah{:tL lax] ul/lbP/ hfGg . d]/f] lax] ul/lbg] g} xf] eg] tkfO{+ h:t} s]6f]
vf]lhlbg' k5{ .Æ

ætkfO{ h:t}Æ eGg] zAbdf pgsf] ljz]if hf]8 x'GYof] . pgsf] s'/f ;'g]/ dnfO{ sfps'tL nfUYof] . d
eGy]FFFF, æd h:t} s]6f] kfpg t ;+ej 5}g . ls t j}1flgsx?n] d]/f] Snf]lgª u/] eg] d h:t} dfq}
x}g dnfO{ g} kfpg ;S5Øf}, t/ pd]/ eg] d]/} x'G5 . k6\7f] l76f] x'g ;St}g .Æ

d]/f] s'/f ;'g]/ pgL /ftf] x'lGyg\ . clg d}n] lh:SofpFb} eGy]FFFF+, æwGbf gdfg ltd|f a'jf
cfdfnfO{ eg]/ dh:t} s]6f vf]lhlbpFnf .Æ

Ps lbg d Psfu| lrQn] kl9/x]sf] lyPF . crfgs g/d xftx?n]

d]/f cfFvf 5f]lklbP . o;/L d]/f] cfFvf 5f]Kg ;Sg] gf/L d]/L kTgLafx]s c? sf]xL lyPg . d}n] klg
b'a} xft k5fl8 nu]/ pgnfO{ cFufnf]df afFWg vf]h]F . t/ cFufnf]df s:g gkfpFb} d em:s]F, lsgls
Tof] nfdf] / afSnf] s]z clg z/L/sf] :kz{ ;'kl/lrt lyPg . d em:s]sf] b]v]/ ;GWofn] xfF:b} xft x6fOg\
.

pgsf] ck|Toflzt Jojxf/n] d :tAw ePF . d}n] Ps tdf;n] x]/]sf] b]v]/ pgn] d:sFb} ;f]lwg\, ælsg o;/L
vfpFnfem}+ u/L x]g'{ ePsf] < o;clw dnfO{ b]Vg' ePsf] lyPg ls < s:tf] nfUof] d]/f] n'uf <Æ
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æd dlxnfx?sf] n'ufsf] kf/vL x}gÆ, eg]/ d klG5g vf]h]F .

æn'uf dfq} x}g tkfO{+ s'g} s'/fsf] klg kf/vL x'g'x'Gg eGg] s'/f d}n] a'‰b}5',Æ eGb} pgL
d;Fu 7'l:sOg\ .

Tof] klxnf] ck|}nsf] lbg lyof], To;}n] pgn] dnfO{ d"v{ agfpg vf]h]sL xf]nL eg]/ d}n] lrQ
a'emfP/ a;]F .

To;kl5 Tof] u'nfaL /+usf] vfd cfPsf] lyof] . vfd vf]n]/ x]bf{ d 5Ss k/]F . cSs g aSs ePF .

cfw'lgs l;l$g/l;+x dNnx?

k|flrg nlntk'/sf /fhf l;l4g/l;+x dNnsf] b/af/df clxn]klg pgnfO{ tdfv' e/]/ /flvlbg] rng 5 . pgsf]
cf]5\Øfg klg lbglbg} ;kmf u/]/ cf]5\ØfOlbg' k5{ . pgsf] ;flnssf] 6fpsf]df a;]sf] r/fsf] d"lt{ p8]/
guP;Dd pgnfO{ Ho'Fb} 7fGg" eGg] pgsf] cfb]z 5 /] Û

of] /dfOnf] P]ltxfl;s cfVofg k9\g gEofpFb} Pp6f sfof{nof hfg'kg]{ sfd ;Dem]F . xflsdn] b'O{
ah] clkm;df e]6\g af]nfPsf lyP, t/ d ToxfF k'Ubf xflsdsf] s';L{ vfnL lyof] . xflsd geP klg sf]7f
zLtn lyof] . Po/ slG8;g/ dfq} xf]Og k+vf klg rln/x]sf] lyof] . lah'nL aQL ;a} aln/x]sf
lyP .

æxflsd ;fx]a slxn] cfpg['x'G5 <Æ kfn];Fu ;f]w]F .

æv}, cfh cfO:of 5}g . dGqfnodf ldl6ª 5 /] eg]/ kmf]g ul/:ofYof] . cfh cfOl;G5 ls cfOl;Gg yfxf
5}g .Æ

kfn]sf] pQ/ ;'g]/ d cndNn k/]F . æsf]7f olt zLQn 5 . k+vf klg rn]s}
5 . xflsd ;fx]a rfF8} cfpg' x'G5 xf]nf .Æ d}n] cfzfjfbL x'Fb} eg]F

æo:t} xf] . sf]7f t 5'§Lsf] lbgdf afx]s ;Fw} lr;} kf/]/ /flvG5 . udL{ ofddf lr;f] / hf8f] ofddf tftf]
/fVg} k5{ . xflsd ;fx]asf] ;jf/L eP klg geP klg cfˆgf] 8Ø'6L ug}{ k5{ . s'g a]nf xflsd ;fx]a
;jf/L x'G5 s] yfxf ÛÆ kfn]n] cfˆgf] st{Jo k/fo0ftf bzf{pFb} eGof] .

cfkm\gf] cfkm\gf] *Dkm'

vf]nfkfl/ xl/of] snsnfpFbf] 3fF; pd|]sf] b]v]/ Pp6f af]sfnfO{ nf]e nfUof] . t/ pm vf]nf t/]/ kfl/
hfg ;Qm}gYof] .

p;n] Pp6f pkfo ;f]Rof] .

vf]nfsf] lt/}df Pp6f ;'l/nf] ?v lyof] . ?v d'lGt/ d';fsf] kl/jf/ a:Yof] . af]sfn] d';fnfO{ eGof], æd';f
efO, dnfO{ Pp6f u'g nfpg' k¥of] . ltdLx? h'g ?vsf] h/fdf a;]sf 5f} Tof] ?vsf] h/f vg]/ To;nfO{
vf]nfdfly kN6fOlbof} eg] d}n] To;dfly r9]/ vf]nfkfl/ uP/ xl/of] 3fF; vfg kfpF5' . ltdLx?n] klg
vf]nfkfl/ uP/ 3fF;sf kf]l6nf aLp vfg kfpF5f} .Æ

d';fn] eGof], æbf9Ljfn bfO, of] sfd xfdLaf6 x'Fb}g, lsgeg] cfkm" a;]sf] 3/ cfkm}F eTsfpg'
a'l4dfgL xf]Og .Æ

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af]sf lg/fz eof] . Tof] ;fn TolQs} laTof] .

csf]{ jif{ Tof] ?vsf] xfFufdf lrnn] u'F8 agfof], km'n kf¥of] / rNnf sf9Øf] . dfpm lrnn] ?vsf]
km]Fbdf a:g] d';fx?nfO{ kfn}kfnf];Fu df/]/ cfˆgf rNnfx?nfO{ Vjfpg yfNof] . d';fx? l/;n] r"/ eP
. pgLx?n] ?vsf] jl/kl/ vfN6f] vGg yfn] . ?v 9n]/ lrnsf] u'F8 eTSof] .

9n]sf] ?vsf] 6'Kkfn] vf]nfkfl/sf] au/df 6]s]sf] b]v]/ af]sf dVv k¥of] . pm lbglbg} ?vsf]
k'ndflyaf6 vf]nfkfl/ uP/ xl/of 3fF; vfg yfNof] / lgSs} df]6fof] .

Pp^f k|]d syf

jl/kl/ km;L{sf nx/fdf ;'gsf] >Lkm"n / 9'+u|L h:tf kx]Fnf km"nx? km'n]sf] b]v]/ xn'jfa]bsf]
af]6nfO{ nf]e nfUof] . p;n] km;L{sf] nx/fnfO{ lgDTofof] . xn'jfa]b h:tf]] ;'Gb/ ;xf/f kfPsf]df
km;L{ klg dVv k/L .

km;L{ la:tf/} xn'jfa]b;Fu 6fl:+;b} 6'Kkfdf k'uL . p;n] xn'jfa]bsf] af]6nfO{ kft} gb]lvg] u/L
5kSs 5f]kL / >Lkm"n Pj+ 9'+u|Lh:tf kx]+nf km'nx?n] l+;+uf/L .

s]xL lbgkl5 km"nx? em/] . km;L{sf ;fgf ;fgf kmn kmNg yfn] . xn'jfa]b / km;L{ b'a} k|zGg
eP . tL lrlrnf km;L{x? xn'jfa]b hqf geP;Dd b'a} v'zL g} lyP, t/ tL ;fgf ;fgf km;L{x? 7"nf x'g
yfn]kl5 eg] ltgnfO{ wfGg xn'jfa]bsf] af]6nfO{ ufx|f] eof] . p;n] km;L{nfO{ eGof], ælk|o],
ltd|f ;Gtfgsf] af]emn] d s'k|f] kl/;s]F, ca efFlrg dfq} afFsL 5, laxfgLsf] 3fd h:tf] /ftf] u/L
kfSg] d]/f Kof/f ;Gtfgx? kmNg} gkfO{ em/] . ltdL ltd|f ;Gtfgx?nfO{ lnP/ e'OFdf emg{
;lQmgf} <Æ

km;L{n] cfˆgf] ljjztf k|s6 ub}{ egL, æ lk|o, oL d]/f dfq} x}gg\ xfd|f ;Gtfg x'g\ . d}n] ltd|f]
lhpel/ h'g TofGb|fx?n] a]/]sL 5' tL xfd|f] ddtfsf] aGwgsf kljq cf}+7Lx? x'g\ . dfgjsf] h:tf]
:jfy{sf] l5gf]n] l5lgg] g]nx? x}gg\ tL . ltdLn] jf d}n] rfx]/ tL aGwgx? tf]8\g ;ls+b}gg\ . xfdL
k|s[ltsf] lgodsf aGbL xf}+ / cf;Gg lgolt ef]Ug jfWo 5f}+ .Æ

xn'jfa]bn] nfdf] lgZjf; 5f]8\of] / pm df}g eof] .

Pslbg ;fFem x'/L rNof] . xn'jfa]bn] km;L{x?nfO{ ;s];Dd hf]8n] cF7\ofP/ cfkm";Fu} /fVg
vf]Hof] t/ ;s]g .

ef]lnkN6 dfnLn] xn'jfa]bsf] af]6 efFlrPsf] b]Vof] . efFlrPsf] af]6nfO{ km;L{sf] nx/fn] 9fs]sf]
lyof] . kx]Fnf km;L{x? otfplt 5l/Psf lyP .

xn'jfa]bsf] af]6 glhs} km;L{ /f]k]sf]df dfnLnfO{ Psflt/ k5'tf] nfUof] eg] csf]{lt/ kx]Fnf
km;L{x?sf] y'k|f] b]v]/ v'zL klg nfUof] .

PsfbzL

b'O6f v;Lx? s'/f ub}{lyP .

b'An] M cfh xfdLnfO{ lsg gsf6]sf] xf]nf <

df]6] M cfh PsfbzL h:tf] 5 .

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b'\An] M of] PsfbzL klg lsg cfpF5 xf]nf . a]sf/df Ps lbg ef]s} a:g'kg]{
eof] . au/]]n] ef]ln sf6\g] t xf] lg eg]/ lbgel/ vfg klg lbFb}g .

df]6] M vfg gkfP/ s] eof] t . Ps lbg eP klg a9L afFRg t kfOof] .

b'An] M v} o;/L klg s] afFRg\' <

Tolts}df Pshgf dflg; cfP/ au/]nfO{ af]nfPsf] ;'lgof] .

dflg; M P bfO, cfh lsg k;n aGb < v;L sf6\g] xf]Og <

au/] M cfh 7"nf] PsfbzL eGg] yfxf 5}g xh"/nfO{ <

dflg; M cf=== 5fl8b]pm PsfbzL ;]sfbzL . cfh df]6f] u|fxs km]nf k/]sf] 5 . Pp6f gfdL
Pg=lh=cf]=n] cfh}b]lv kfFr lbg] ;]ldgf/ ub}{5 . kfFr} lbg ef]h}ef]h df]h}df]h 5 . cfh v;L,
ef]ln s'v'/f, kl;{ df5f clg km]l/==== nf} nf} rfF8f]
u/ . Pp6f v;L 9flnxfn .

au/] M v} PsfbzLsf] lbg sf6df/ ug{ x'Gg, kfk nfU5 eG5g\ .

dflg; M vfg]n] vfPkl5 ltdLnfO{ s] sf] kfk < dnfO{ xtf/ 5 rfF8} u/ g
bfO .

au/] M ;Fw} cfpg] tkfO{++h:tf] u|xsnfO{ To;} kmsf{pg ePg . t/ s;}nfO{ gb]vfOsg n}hfg'
k5{ x} .

olt eGb} au/]n] df]6]nfO{ 8f]¥ofpFb} leq nfUof] . b'An]n] 6'n'6'n' x]l//Xof] .

c¤ufnf] / xTs*L

pgL ljleGg ljBfdf kf/+ut 7"nf ljåfg lyP . d}n] >Wbfn] pgnfO{ a'jf
eGy]FF+ .

Ps lbg d}n] pgnfO{ pgsf] clkm;df e]6]F . pgL PSn} lyP . a]r}g b]lvGy] .

d}n] ;f]w]F, æa'jf, s] ub}{ x'g'x'G5 .Æ

pgn] eg], æca ltdL 7"nL eof}, dnfO{ a'jf geg . dnfO{ bfO eg] x'G5 .Æ

pgsf] pQ/ dnfO{ /dfOnf] nfUof] . d}n] klg /dfOn} u/L ;f]w]+, æTo;f] eP cfpg] ltxf/df efO
6Lsfsf] lbg tkfO{FnfO{ k"hf u/]/ dfnf nufpg cfpF <Æ

pgsf] cfFvf r+rn eof] . pgn] eg], æltdLn] dnfO{ efO 6Lsfsf] dfnf x}g, j/dfnf nufOlbg' k5{ .
ltd|f] cFufnf]df afFlwg d}n] kv]{/ a;]sf] aiff}{+
e};Sof] . olt klg ltdLn] s:tf] ga'em]sL <æ

olt eGb} pgn] d]/f] xft ;dft]/ cfkm"lt/ tfGg vf]h] . dnfO{ kTof/ nfu]g / of] ck|Toflzt Aojxf/sf]
lj/f]w ug{ klg d}n] ;lsgF . t/ ha pgn] dnfO{ ;fFRr} cFufnf]df afFWg vf]h] ta d em;+u ePF .
d}n] pgsf b'a} xft em6\sf/]/ kG5fPF / xtf/ xtf/ clkm;af6 aflx/ lg:s]+ .

5
ca dnfO{ cFufnf]df afFWg vf]Hg] pgsf xftx?nfO{ d xTs8Ln] afFWg
vf]Hb}5' . @)%$.%.@@

s%'jfsf] ;+;f/

s5'jf u'kmfdf a:Yof] . ;a}sf] s'/f ;'GYof] . t/ w]/} af]Nb}gYof] . pm tk:jLn] em}+ w]/} lbg;Dd
s]xL gvfO{ a:g ;SYof] . To;}n] p;nfO{ c? hgfj/x?n] æbfz{lgs dfdfÆ eGy]F .

Ps lbg p;n] af6fdf Kofhsf] Pp6f 7"nf] 8Nnf] e]§fof] . u'kmfdf NofP/ p;n] KofhnfO{ cf]N6fO{
kN6fO{ x]¥of] . Psflt/ af]sfsf]h:tf] em':; 8f9L, csf]{lt/
r/fsf] r'Rrf]h:tf] tLvf] 6'[Kkf] . lrNnf] . x]b}{df /fd|f] . s] hLj xf]nf of] eg]/ s5'jf lgSs} 3f]l/of] .

w]/} a]/;Dd lrGtg ubf{ klg 7Dofpg g;s]kl5 p;n] ljrf/ u¥of], æljåfgx?sf] rfnf a8f] ljlrqsf] x'G5 .
aflx/ h:tf] b]lvG5 leq Tof] x'Fb}g .Æ o;sf/0f p;n] leq vf]n]/ x]g]{ lgwf] u¥of] .

p;n] Kofhsf] aflx/sf] kftnf] af]qmf RofTof] . leq afSnf] g/d s'/f b]v]/ pm v'zL eof] . p;n] Tof]
kq klg kmfNof] . leq To:t} csf]{ kq b]lvof] . æof] t a8f] /x:odo hLj /x]5Æ, eGb} emg pT;'s
x'Fb} p;n] Kofhsf kqx? PsPs ub}{ vf]Ng yfNof] .

cflv/df s]xL ge]§fPkl5 s5'jfn] Tof] Kofhsf af]qmfx?sf] /f;nfO{ dgdg} k|0ffd ub}{ eGof],
æ;+;f/ o:t} /x]5 .Æ

sljtf ld&f] ls l*g/ <

slj uf]i7Ldf o:tf] eL8 slxNo} b]lvPsf] lyPg . /ftL bz alh;Sbf klg >f]tfx? w}o{k"j{s sljtf ;'g]/
al;/x]sf lyP .

;a} sljx?sf] sljtf ;'gfpg] kfnf] ;lsPkl5 klg >f]tfx? p7]/ hfg] 5fF6 gb]lvPkl5 uf]i7Lsf cfof]hsn]
slj uf]i7L ;dfKt ePsf] cf}krfl/s 3f]if0ff ub}{ w}o{k"j{s al;lbPsf]]df ;a}nfO{ wGojfb lbP / labf
dfu] .

cfof]hssf] 3f]if0ff 6'+lug gkfpFb} >f]tfx?sf] aLraf6 cfjfh cfof]— æl8g/

v} <Æ

ælgDtf] sf8{df lsg l8g/ n]v]sf] <Æ, w]/} >f]tfx? Ps} :j/df lrRofP .

cfof]hsn] ljgd| x'Fb} eg], ædfkm ug'{xf]nf . cfh ck|}n dlxgfsf] klxnf]
tfl/v xf] eGg] s'/f oxfFx?nfO{ yfx} xf]nf . c;'ljwfsf nflu xfdL cToGt b'vL Pj+ Ifdfk|fyL{ 5f}+
.Æ

>f]tfx? cfof]hsk|lt qm"4 eP .

s;sf] ljsf; <

of] Pp6f ljsf; s]Gb| xf] . of] s]Gb| Pp6f eJo kfFr tn] ejgdf cjl:yt
5 . ejgsf] jl/kl/ 7"nf–;fgf kf]v/Lx? 5g\ . tL kf]v/Lx?df y/Ly/Lsf df5fx? 5g\ . ToxfF s]xL uFu6f,
Eofu'tf / c? hnr/x? klg 5g\ . ejgleq dflg;x? 5g\, h;nfO{ ;/sf/L efiffdf æsd{rf/LÆ elgG5 .
pgLx? dWo] sf]xL b'O{ ;o ?k}ofF vfG5g\ t sf]xL b'O{ xhf/ vfG5g\ . pgLx? kf]v/Lsf df5fnfO{
a8f] dfof u5{g\, rf/f–kfgLsf] v'a} Vofn /fV5g\ .

6
Ps lbg s]Gb|df 7"nf kfx'gf cfpF5g\ . s]Gb|sf] xflsdn] klg dfGg' kg{] eb| k'?if cfpF5g\ . df5f
kf]v/Lsf] lg/LIf0f u5{g\ . /ftL eAo ef]hsf] cfof]hgf x'G5 . a+ufnL efG;]n] df5f ksfpF5g\ .
efFtLefFtLsf df5fsf y/Ly/Lsf kl/sf/x?, ¥ofn s9fpg] Jo+hgx? vfP/ eb| k'?if t[Kt x'G5g\ . k|zGg
x'G5g\ . 8sfb}{ eG5g\ – æoxfFsf df5fx? v'a} /fd|/L x's{]5g\ . Sof :jflbnf eP5g\ Û Sof ljsf;
eP5 ÛÆ

ef]ln kN6 vf;v'; x'G5– s]Gb|sf] xflsdsf] kbf]Gglt x'g] eP5 . ljsf; s]Gb|sf] gfd ;fy{s eP5 . dT:o
ljsf; s]Gb|sf df5fx?sf] Sof ljsf; eP5 Û

/]k;L8 3fF;] t]ndf e'l6P/, lxGb':tfgL u/d d;nfdf n6kl6P/, a+ufnL efG;]sf] bIf kfssnfdf kfs]/,
lrlgofF Kn]6df ;lhP/, hd{g :6Lnsf] sfF6f rDrfdf nl/a/L v]Nb} a]nfotL dlb/fsf] 3'6\sf] ;Fu;Fu}
eb| k'?ifsf] kfs:ynLdf k'u]sf df5fx?n] ædT:o ljsf; s]Gb|Ædf cfˆgf] ljsf; ePsf] cg'ej eb| k'?ifsf]
k]6df k'u]kl5 dfq} u/]5g\ .

sfg"gsf] dd{

h+undf :ofn, AjfF;f], lrt'jf cflb hgfj/sf] cGofo a9\b} lyof] . ;f]emf;Lwf kz'x? ;x]/ a;]sf lyP t/
s]xL rnfs kz'x? c;Gt'i6 lyP / pgLx? sfg]v'zL ub{] cfˆgf] c;Gtf]if JoQm ug{] uy]{ .

s]xL ;dokl5 h+undf c;Gtf]ifsf] nx/ Jofks x'g yfNof] . l;+x/fhsxfF klg s'/f k'Uof] . l;+xsf] cf8df
:ofn, AjfF;f], lrt'jfx?n] df]h p8fO/x]sf] / s]xL 7f]; sbd rfNg g;s] kz'x?nfO{ zfGt kfg{ d'lZsn
x'g] x'Fbf l;+xn] Pp6f P]g hf/L u¥of] M æca pk|fGt P]g lgodsf] dof{bf leq /xL h+undf x'g]
cGofo cTofrf/sf] cfnf]rgf lj/f]w ug{ 5'6 lbOPsf] 5 .Æ

;f/f ;f]emf;Lwf kz'x? v'zL eP . ca :ofn, AjfF;f] / lrt'jfx?n] cGofo cTofrf/ ug{ gkfpg] eP eg]/
9'Ss eP .

t/ h+unaf6 cGofo cTofrf/ x6]g . af]Ng ;Sg] kz'x?n] tL w"t{ kz'x?sf] w'dwfd cfnf]rgf u/] .
cGofo cTofrf/sf] lj/f]wdf ;ef h'n'; u/] . cg]s
u/] .

t/ h+unaf6 cGofo cTofrf/ x6\b} x6]g . o;sf/0f s]xL ;r]t kz'x? ldn]/ slxn]sfxL+ GofofwLz e}
6f]kNg] a'l4dfg afFb/ sxfF uP/ ph'/ u/], æcGofo cTofrf/sf] la/f]w / cfnf]rgf ug{ kfOg] sfg"g
ag]kl5 klg h+unaf6 cGofo cTofrf/ x6]g .Æ

hgfj/x?sf] ;a} s'/f ;'gL ;s]kl5 a8f] u+eL/ eP/ afFb/n] eGof], ætkfO{x?n] gofF sfg"gsf] cy{
/fd|/L a'‰g' ePsf] /x]g5 . To;df t :ki6 5 ls cGofo cTofrf/sf] cfnf]rgf lj/f]w ug{ kfOG5 . Tof] s'/f
t kfOPs}5 t/ cGofo / cTofrf/ ug{]nfO{ ;hfoF lbOg]5 eg]/ t st} elgPsf] 5}g .Æ a'l4dfg afFb/sf]
o:tf] jhgbf/ s'/f ;'g]/ kz'x? cndNndf k/] .

lsg rflxof] ljsf; <

ufpFsf] b]p/fnLdf 7"nf] r]K6f] 9'+ufdfly l76fx? af3rfn v]Nb}lyP . ux|'Fuf] emf]nf af]s]sf] Ps
hgf a6'jf kl;gfn] lgy|'Ss leHb} ToxfF cfOk'Uof] / 5]psf] 9+'ufdfly a;]/ kl;gf k'5\g yfNof] .
l76fx?n] pT;'s eP/ p;nfO{ x]/] .

æel/of–ufpF eg]sf] oxL xf] <Æ a6'jfn] ;f]Wof] .

l76fx?af6 æxf]Æ eGg] ;+s]t kfPkl5 p;n] :s"nhfg] af6f] ;f]Wof] .

7
p;sf] k|Zgsf] hjfkm glbOsg l76fx?n] Pscsf{nfO{ x]g{yfn]sf] b]v]/ p;n] crDd dfGb} ;fWof],
æof] ufpFdf :s"n 5}g <Æ

cln 6f7f] l76f]n] cufl8 ;/]/ hjfkm kmsf{of], æcxF, otflt/ s'g} klg ufpFdf :s"n 5}g . tkfO{+
sxfFaf6 cfpg' ePsf] < :s"n vf]Ng cfpg' ePsf] xf] ls <Æ

æxf]Og, d :s"n vf]Ng cfPsf] xf]Og . of] ufpFsf] ljsf; ug{sf] nflu s] ug{ ;lsG5 eg]/ a'‰g
cfPsf] .Æ

æufpFsf] ljsf; eg]sf] s] xf] < xfdLn] s] ug'{ kg]{ xf], xfdLnfO{ s]xL klg yfxf 5}g . cln
a'lemg] u/L eGg';\ g .Æ l76f]n] ;f]Wof] . c? l76fx? / b'O{rf/ hgf a"9fkfsf klg p;sf] s'/flt/
cfslif{t eP .

a6'jfn] eGg yfNof], æljsf; eg]sf] ufpFdf ;kmf vfg]kfgL Nofpg', s]6fs]6LnfO{ k9fpg :s"n
vf]Ng', af6f] vGg', cf}ifwL pkrf/ ug{ :jf:Yorf}sL vf]Ng', gofFgofF Ond l;Sg', pBf]uwGbf ug'{,
k};f sdfpg', lg/f]uL eP/ afFRg' xf] . 5f]6s/Ldf eGg] xf] eg] ljsf; eg]sf] ;'v;Fu afFRg' xf] .Æ

p;sf] s'/f 6'+lug gkfpFb} clnk/ a;]/ ;'lg/x]sf Ps hgf j[4n] eg], æafa'sf] s'/f cg';f/ ljsf; ug{sf]
nflu t w]/} d]xgt ug'{kg]{ /x]5 . clxn] klg xfdL sxfF b'vL 5f}+ / < d]/f] ;f]emf] a'l4n]
EofPcg';f/ t ;'v eg]sf] a;La;L vfg' xf] . clxn] klg xfdLn] a;La;L vfPs} 5f}+ eg] afa'n] eg] h:tf]
ljsf; lsg ug'{ k¥of] < v} d}n] ga'em]sf] xf] ls afa'n] ga'em]sf] xf] s'lGg ÛÆ

j[4sf] s'/f ;'g]/ a6'jf cNdNn k¥of] . c? l76fx?n] klg a"9fs} s'/fdf ;xL yfk]kl5 a6'jfn] cfˆgf]
emf]nfaf6 ldg/n\ jf6/ cyf{t\ ljsf;] kfgLsf] af]tn lemSof] / 36\36\ lkof] / ljsf;sf] nIo k|fKt ug{sf]
nflu pm csf]{ ufpFsf] vf]hLdf cl3 a9Øf] .

s'v'/fsf] clwsf/ <

kf]N6«Lkmfd{sf s'v'/fx?n] ef]s x8tfn u/] . h'n'; lgsfn] . km'n kfg{ 5f8] .

s'v'/fx?sf] dfu lyof] — kf]lifnf] bfgf vfg kfpg' k5{ . ;kmf :jR5 kfgL lkpg kfpg' k5{ . v'nf rf}/df
v]Ng kfpg' k5{ . OToflb .

kmfd{sf] dflnsn] cfsl:ds a}7s 8fSof] . s'v'/f–ljz]if1nfO{ af]nfof] .

s'v'/fsf k|ltlglwx?nfO{ klg /fVof] .

dflnsn] s'v'/f–ljz]if1;Fu ljrf/ ljdz{ u¥of] . s'v'/fsf dfux? slQsf] plrt 5g\ eg]/ ;f]Wof] . ljz]if1sf]
egfO lyof], æs'v'/fsf dfux? laNs"n} hfoh 5g\ . oL dfu k"/f ul/Peg] dflnsnfO{ g} kmfObf x'G5
. kf}li6s cfxf/ vfg kfP eg] s'v'/fx? xnSs a9\5g\, df]6fpF5g\ . km'n w]/} kf5{g\ . ;kmf kfgL vfg
/ v'nf rf}/df v]Ng kfP eg] s'v'/fx? db}{gg\ / lj/fdL klg x'Fb}gg\ .Æ

æTo;f] eP n cfh}b]lv s'v'/fx?n] kf]lifnf] bfgf / ;kmf kfgL vfg kfpg]

5g\ . v]Ng] rf}/sf] klg rfF8} g} Joj:yf ug]{5' .Æ

of] ;'g]/ s'v'/fx? v'zL eP . cfˆgf dfux? k"/f ePsfn] pgLx?sf] xf};nf a9\of] . pgLx?n] Pp6f csf]{
dfu yk] — æxfdLn] v'nf rf}/df efn]x?;Fu ;Fu} rg{ kfpg'k5{ .Æ

gofF yk dfu ;'g]/ dflnsn] s'v'/f–ljz]if1nfO{ x]¥of] . ljz]if1n] eGof], æof] dfu t
kf]N6«Lkmfd{sf] cfwf/e"t lgodsf] ljNs"n ljk/Lt 5 . logLx?sf] sfd atf;] km'n kfg'{ xf] . efn]sf]
s] sfd <Æ
8
s'v'/fx?sf] dfu / ljz]if1sf] s'/f ;'g]/ dflns cndNn k¥of] .

Sof/]daf]*{

gf}j6f ;]tf / gf}j6f sfnf uf]6Lx? /fgLnfO{ 3]/]/ So/daf]8{–d}bfgdf ldn]/ a;]sf lyP . crfgs r6\ofª
k/]h:tf] cfjfh cfof] . ldn]/ a;]sf uf]6Lx?
rf/}lt/ l5lqP . b'O{6f ;]tf uf]6Lx? cQflnFb} vfN6f]df hflSsP . of] s] eof] egL a'‰g gkfpFb}
km]l/ r6\ofª k¥of] . b'O{ rf/ j6f sfnf / ;]tf uf]6Lx? otfptf 5l/P t/ o;k6s s'g} klg uf]6L vfN6f]df
k/]gg\ .

km]l/ csf]{lt/af6 k|xf/ eof] / Pp6f sfnf] uf]6L vfN6f]df hflSsof] . csf]{ k|xf/ klg Tot}af6 eof] /
km]l/ csf]{ sfnf] uf]6L 9'Gd'lgFb} vfN6f]df v:of] . lar/f tL uf]6Lx?n] /fd|/L xf]z klg ;FefNg
gkfpFb} slxn] stfaf6, slxn] stfaf6 k|xf/dfly k|xf/ e}/Xof] . ;a} uf]6Lx? vfN6f]df gk/];Dd k|xf/
e}/Xof] . /fgL–uf]6L klg afFsL /x]g .

of] v]n w]/} k6s bf]xf]l/of] . Pp6f v]n ;lsg] lalQs} uf]6Lx? vfN6faf6 lgsflnGy] / /fgLnfO{
dfemdf kf/]/ d}bfgsf] aLrdf ;hfOGy] clg df]6] uf]6Ln] lah'nLsf] ultdf lxsf{pFb] ltgLx?nfO{
cFWof/f] vfN6f]df v;flnlbGYof] .
lar/f tL uf]6Lx? cg]s sf]lz; ubf{ klg So/daf]8{sf] lrKnf] d}bfgdf cl8g ;s]gg\ .

t/ o;} qmddf uf]6Lx?n] cfkm"nfO{ xfGb} nv]6\g] df]6] :6«fOs/nfO{ lrg] .

v]n rNbf;Dd uf]6Lx?n] :6«fOs/sf] lj/f]wdf r"F klg ug{ ;s]gg\ . df]6] :6«fOs/ klg /dfpFb} Ps
5]pb]lv csf]{ 5]p;Dd bu'b}{ uf]6Lx?nfO{ d'06\ofpFb} vfN6f]df hfSg] sfddf d:t b]lvGYof] .

cflv/df v]n ;lsPkl5 ha tL uf]6Lx?, /fgL / :6«Os/nfO{ Pp6} 8Aafdf aGb ul/of], ta tL uf]6Lx?n]
:6«fOs/dfly cl3sf] l/; kf]Vg yfn] . s;}n] nfQLn] es'g{, s;}n] lrdf]6\g / s;}n] 3r]6\g yfn] .
:6«fOs/sf] l:ylt 6L7nfUbf]
eof] . p;n] cfˆgf] Hofg hf]ufpg d'lZsn b]Vof] / xft hf]8\b} uf]6Lx?;Fu ;f]Wof], æx}g
tkfO{x?n] lsg dnfO{ o:t/L ;f:tL lbg' ePsf] <Æ

uf]6Lx?n] Ps} :j/n] eg], æxfdLx?nfO{ lbgel/ d}bfgaf6 76fpFb} vfN6f]df hfSg] t}F x}g;\ <
tFnfO{ s] afFsL /fVYof}F, t]/f] 6'qmf 6'qmf gu/L 5f8b}gf}F .Æ

:6«fOs/n] ?Fb} eGof], ætkfO{Fx?n] ;fFrf] s'/} a'‰g' ePsf] /x]g5 . tkfO{Fx?nfO{ xfg]sf]
d}n] sxfF xf] / < v]nf8Lx?sf] xftsf] cfb]z cg';f/ d}n] rNg' k5{ . pgLx?n] htf xfGof], pt}
xflgg' k5{ . d]/f] s]xL bf]if 5}g .Æ

of] ;'g]/ uf]6Lx?n] rs{b} eg], æxfdLnfO{ xfGb} nv]6\b} vfN6f]df hfSbf t tF v'a} v'zL
b]lvlGy;\ . v'a} axfb'/L u/]F eGg] 7flGy;\ . clxn] v]nf8Ln] dnfO{ xfGg nufPsf] eg]/ pDsg
vf]Hb}5;\ . Æ

æxf], d v]nf8Lsf] O;f/fdf xflgP/ tkfO{x?nfO{ vfN6f]df hfSbf dnfO{ s] s] g 7"nf] sfd u/] h:tf]
nfUYof] . t/ d klg w]/} k6s tkfO{x?;Fu} 9'Gd'lgb} vfN6f]]df v:bf dnfO{ cfˆgf] cl:tTj af]w eof]
. cfsf/df s]xL 7"nf] eP klg d klg tkfO{x?s} ju{sf] x'F eGg] dnfO{ 1fg eof] . v]nf8Ln] dnfO{
d]/} bfh'–efOnfO{ 76fpg] sfddf nfufPsf] d}n] a'em]F . d]/f] lgolt b]v]/ dnfO{ g} 3[0ff
nfu]sf]
5 . cab]lv d d]/f] æ:6«fOs/Æ eGg] bhf{ ToflulbG5',Æ :6«fOs/n] eGof] .

9
:6«fOs/sf] s'/f ;'g]/ uf]6Lx?sf] l/; s]xL sd eof] . pgLx?n] ;f]w], æTo;f] eP ef]ln v]nf8Lx?n]
Sof/daf]8{df xfdLnfO{ /fv]/ km]l/ vfN6f]df hfSg tFnfO{ cx|fP eg] s] u5{;\ t <Æ

:6«fOs/n] hf]lzb} eGof], æef]ln d v'a} pk|mG5' . dflg;x?n] tkfO+{x?nfO{ tfs]/ xfGg dnfO{
nufP eg] d pk|m]/ csf]{ 5]psf] v]nf8Lsf] 6fpsf]df 7f]lsg] 5' . o;/L pk|mLpk|mL dfG5]sf] gfs,
cfFvflt/ 7f]lsg yfn]kl5 pgLx?n] klg lbSs dfg]/ v]n aGb ug{' kg]{5 .Æ

To; kl5 tL uf]6Lx? ef]lnsf] /dfOnf] v]nsf] sNkgf ub}{ ;'t] .

vF ;kL+ BM Hof ;kL+ RoM

-s'/f hfGg] b]atf aG5, sfd hfGg] bf;_

:j:yfgL syfdf s'df/hL cf1f ug'{x'G5, æx] cu:To d'lg, Ps lbg lzj kfj{tLn] cfˆgf k'qx? u0f]z /
s'df/nfO{ ;'d]? kj{t kl/qmdf u/L klxn] cfpg]nfO{ j/ lbG5' eGg] cf1f eof] . s'df/ do'/df r9L
t'?Gt} k|:yfg
ul/xfn] . t/ w]/} vfO{ k]6 a9]/ lxF88'n ug{ g;Sg], d';f] r9\g] u0f]znfO{ of] sfd ug{] cfF6
cfPg . pgL lzj kfj{tL a;]sf] 7fpFdf uP / b'a}nfO{ tLg k6s kl/s|df u/L k|0ffd u/L of] k|fy{gf u/]–
æx] hubLZj/, xh"/x? g} d]/f] nflu ;Dk"0f{ hut x'g'x'G5 . xh"/x? g} ;'d]? kj{t klg x'g'x'G5,
xh"/x? g} ;Dk"0f{ ljZjsf] ;[li6, kfng / ;+xf/stf{ x'g'x'G5 . o; sf/0f xh"/x? afx]s c? s'g} To:tf]
JolQm jf :yfg 5}g h;sf] kl/s|df ugf{n] s'g} 7"nf] k'0o k|fKt xf];\ .Æ

u0f]zsf oL dL7f, lrNnf s'/f ;'g]/ lzj kfj{tL k|zGg x'g' eof] / j/ lbg'eof], æca pk|fGt x/]s sfd
yfNbf ltd|f] k"hf klxn] u/L ltd|f] efu 5'§Øfpg' kg{]5, gq sfd ;kmn x'g] 5}g .Æ

syfsf] ;f/ lvRb} cfw'lgs s'df/hL eGg'x'G5, æo;/L ld7f / lrNnf s'/f ug]{ u0f]zhLsf] a;La;L vfg]
aGbf]a:t eof], t/ 7"nf] d]xgt u/L w]/} ;do nufO{ ;'d]? kj{t kl/qmdf u/L kms{]sf s'df/
kmf]:;fdf k/] .Æ

æx] kf7s j[Gb, To; a]nfb]lv g} ;+;f/df rfkn';L / rfs8Lsf] k/Dk/f cf/De ePsf] dfGg'k5{ . ;fy}
s'g} klg sfd u/fpg'eGbf klxn] g} e]6L, blIf0ffsf] ¿kdf 3";, gh/fgf lbg' kg{] rng klg To;kl5 g}
rn]sf] xf] .Æ

u'nfkmsf] km"n / sf¤(] em\ofª

ædonsf] zq' n'ufsf] ldqÆ eg]/ ahf/df gofF lsl;dsf] ;fa'gsf] lgSs} k|rf/ ;'g]/ u[lx0fLn]
>Ldfg\;dIf gofF ;fa'gsf] kmdf{o; ul/g\ .

;fFRr} gofF ;fa'gn] n'uf w'Fbf lgSs} d}n lg:Sof] . sfnf] d}nf] emf]n b]v]/ æn'uf s:tf] d}nf]
eP5Æ eg]/ >Ldfg\ >LdtL b'a}n] sf7df8f}+sf] k|b"if0fnfO{ bf]if lbP . ;fa'gsf] u'0fufg ufP, clg
ef]ln–kl;{ kfOPnf gkfOPnf eg]/ Ps bh{g ;fa'g t'?Gt} lsg]/ e08f/df /fv] .

s]xL lbgkl5 Ps lbg dfq} nfP/ /flv5f8]sf] Pp6f ;]tf] sldh w'g' k¥of] . gofF ;fa'gn] w'Fbf d}nf]
gePsf] sldhaf6 klg sfnf] d}nf] emf]n lg:Sof] . of] b]v]/ u[lx0fL 5Ss kl/g\ . pgn] bf]xf]¥ofP/
Tof] sldh wf]Og\, t/ km]l/ klg TolQs} d}nf] emf]n lg:Sof] .

pgsf] dgdf lr;f] k:of] . pgn] Ps aflN6g ;kmf kfgL el/g\ / kfgLdf ;fa'g /fv]/ cfˆg} xftdf ;fa'g
blng\ .

crDd, ;fa'gaf6} kf] sfnf] d}nf] emf]n lg:sg yfNof] .

10
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Pp6f afFb/n] s'g} dlGb/af6 k"hf ubf{ ahfpg] 306 rf]/]/ agdf Nofof] . 306 ahfpFbf p;nfO{
/dfOnf] nfu]sf] x'gfn] agdf cfP/ p;n] hf]8hf]8n] 306 ahfpg yfNof] .

306sf] cfjfh ;'g]/ d';f / v/fof] h:tf sft/ hgfj/x? b'nf] leq n'Sg uP eg] c? hgfj/ s]sf] cfjfh xf]
eGb} pT;'s eP/ afFb/5]p e]nf eP . pgLx?n] of] s] rLh xf] eg]/ ;f]Wg yfn] .

Tof] rLhsf] gfd afFb/nfO{ klg yfxf lyPg . ToxfF cfOk'u]sf] Pp6f a'h|'s :ofnn] eGof], æcf]xf]
of] t a8f] sfd nfUg] s'/f xf] . d ufpFdf s'v'/f lng hfFbf dnfO{ o;}n] s's'/x?af6 hf]lug dbt u5{ .
ufpFsf dflg;x?n] s's'/sf] 3fF6Ldf o;nfO{ afFlwlbG5g\ . o;}n] s's'/ sxfF 5 eGg] s'/f ;lhn} yfxf
x'G5 .Æ

æTof] t xf] . t/ cl:t ev{/} s] eof] la:of}{ <Æ csf]{ :ofnn] Jo+Uo ub}{ eGof], æcl:t ufpFdf
s'v'/f lng hfFbf o:t} s'/f ah]sf] ;'g]/ xfdL s'n]nd 7f]Sof}+ . t/ s's'/ cfPsf] gb]v]kl5 Tof]
cfjfhnfO{ k5ØfpFb} hfFbf t o:t} s'/f ?vsf] xfFufdf em'08fOPsf] /x]5 . atf; rNbf xfFuf xlNnP/
of] aHbf] /x]5 . Tof] lbg v'a} t;f{of] o;n] xfdLnfO{ .Æ

p;sf] s'/f ;'g]/ c? hgfj/x? lgSs} a]/;Dd xfF;] .

To;} a]nf Pp6f la/fnf] ToxfF cfOk'Uof] . p;n] 306nfO{ lrGof] / eGof], æxf], kf]xf]/ d ;'t]sf]
a]nfdf d';fx? ldn]/ em08} d]/f] 3fF6Ldf o:t} 306L
gafFw]sf] Û d]/f] 3fF6Ldf of] afFlwPsf] eP t d hxfF uP klg d'';fx?n] rfn kfOxfNy] . clg
ef]sef]s} dg]{ lyOgF d < b'i6 d''';fx? ÛÆ

:ofn / la/fnf]sf] s'/f ;'lg/x]sf] d[usf] dgdf Pp6f gofF ljrf/ km'¥of] . pm pk|mFb} agsf] /fhf
l;+xsxfF k'Uof] . p;n] l;+xnfO{ afFb/n] zx/af6 NofPsf] cgf}7f] aHg] a:t'sf] aofg ub}{
eGgyfNof], ædxf/fh, Tof] ck"j{ a:t' t xh"/n] wf/0f ul/aS;g' k5{ . Tof] afFb/sf] xftdf /xg lbg'
plrt 5}g .Æ

d[usf] s'/f ;'g]/ l;+xsf] dgdf klg pT;''stf hfUof] . p;n]

afFb/nfO{ Tof] cgf}7f] 306 lnP/ cfpg] cfb]z lbof] .

afFb/;Fu} c? hLj hGt' klg l;+xsf] u'kmfdf k'u] . afFb/sf] xftaf6 306 lnP/ l;+xn] a8f] pT;'stf;fy
xNnfP/ x]¥of] . To;af6 cfPsf] dL7f] :j/ ;'g]/ l;+x ljlrq lsl;dn] d';'Ss xfF:of] .

cvaf/, /]l8of]sf] t s] s'/f xfFs xfNg] s6'jfn klg gePsf] Tof] agdf Tof] 306n] jgsf hLjx?nfO{
t;f{pg dfq xf]Og ;+ul7t u/]/ l;+xsf] cf;g klg xNnfpg ;S5 eGg] c8sn l;+xn] u¥of] .

l;+xsf] s'l6n d':sfg b]v]/ s]xL rnfv hgfj/x?sf] d'6' 8/n] lr;f] eof] . t/ ;f]emf] d[un] xft hf]8b}
eGof], æof] ck"j{ a:t' dxf/fhn] g} wf/0f ul/aS;g'
k5{ . o;sf] ;'dw'/ cfjfhn] xfdL k|hfx?nfO{ dxf/fhsf] pkl:yltsf] af]w eO/xg] 5 / xfdL
cfkm"x?nfO{ ;'/lIft 7fGg]5f}+ .Æ

æ7Ls eGof} . ca pk|fGt of] 306 d :jo+ wf/0f ug]{5' .Æ l;+xn] cfFvf 7"nf]7"nf] kfb}{ eGg
yfNof], æt/ ;'g . o:tf] 306 w]/} eof] eg] of] agdf s;}n] klg cdg–r}g;Fu a:g kfpFb}g . o; sf/0f
cab]lv of] agdf c? s;}n] klg 306 Nofpg, cfkm"l;t /fVg / ahfpg kfpg] 5}g . csf]{ s'/f, hlxn]
hlxn] d of] 306 ahfpF5' ltdLx? t'?Gt} d]/f] u'kmfdf xflh/ x'g'kg]{5 . s;}n] x's'dsf] alv{nfkm
u/]df Hofg ;hfo x'g]5 .Æ

11
l;+xsf] x's'd ;'g]/ d[u nufot ;Dk"0f{ kz'k+5Lx?n] 6fpsf] lgx'/fP/ ;xdlt hgfP / l;+xsf] cfb]z
cg';f/ cf–cfˆgf jf;:yfglt/ nfu] .

l;+xn] afFb/nfO{ 306 ahfpg] kfn]sf] lhDdf ;'DkFb} eGof], æof] 306 ahfpg] sfd ca ltd|f]
lhDdfdf . t/ va/bf/ Û d]/f] cfb]z jf O;f/flagf ltdLn] of] ahfpg] 5}gf} . ;'g . of] 306sf] :j/ agsf]
kNnf] 5]p;Dd ;'lgFb}g . o;}n] ef]ln g} ufpFdf uP/ of]eGbf w]/} 7"nf], 6f9f6f9f;Dd ;'lgg] 306
lnP/ cfpg" .Æ

#fts &^\^f

p;sf] 3/ ef]hk'/ lhNnfsf] b'u{d ufpFdf ePsf]n] cvaf/df æef]hk'/df df]6/ k'Ug]Æ zLif{ssf] ;dfrf/
b]Vg]lalQs} d}n] p;nfO{ Tof] ;dfrf/ ;'gfPF . p;n] v'zL x'Fb} a8f] pT;'stfk"j{s ;dfrf/ k9\of] .
;dfrf/;Fu} 5flkPsf] df]6/ af6f]sf] /]vf+sg ePsf] gS;f x]¥of] .

d}n] p;nfO{ gS;fsf] cy{ ;DemfpFb} eg]F, æclxn] df]6/ af6f] galg;s]sf] / of]hgf dfq} ePsf]n]
af6f] sxfF aG5 egL b]vfpg d;Lsf] yf]kf yf]kfsf] dfq} nfOg agfOPsf] 5, kl5 af6f] alg;s]kl5 :ki6
b]lvg] u/L l;+uf] nfOg agfP/ b]vfpF5 .Æ

p;n] Tof] cvaf/ cfkm};Fu /fV5' eGof] .

pm cyf{t\ sfG5f jif{ lbgcl3 sfd / dfdsf] vf]hLdf ef]hk'/af6 sf7df8f}+ cfPsf] xf] . ef]hk'/sf]
b'u{d ufpFb]lv w/fg;Dd k}bn cfpFbf p;n] la;{g} g;lsg] b'Mv kfPsf] x'Fbf df]6/ af6f] gag];Dd
3/ kmsG{g eg]/ dgdg} afrf u/]sf] /x]5 . To;}n] ef]hk'/;Dd df]6/ af6f] aGg] eGg] va/n] pm
lgs} v'zL ePsf] xf] .

df]6/af6f] aGg] va/ 5flkPsf] dlxgf lbg hlt kl5 p;n] Ps lbg ;f]Wof], æef]hk'/sf] df]6/af6f] slt
aGof] xf]nf ;/ <Æ jf:tjdf ;dfrf/ af6f]sf] of]hgfaf/] lyof] . ;fFlRrs} af6f] aGg] sfd ;'? ePsf] lyPg .
d}n] hjfkm lbg gkfpFb} p;s} pd]/ ldNg] d]/f] sfG5f] 5f]/f ;/f]j/n] eGof], æaf6f] ag]kl5 t
cvjf/df ;dfrf/ cfOxfN5 lg <Æ

p;n] emf]nfaf6 k'/fgf] cvaf/ lgsfn]/ gS;f b]vfpFb} ;/f]j/;Fu ;f]Wof], ædf]6/ af6f] ag]kl5 tL
yf]kf yf]kfsf] nfOgsf] 7fpFdf Pp6f df]6f] nfOg
sf]l/G5 /] xf] < ;/n] eGg'ePsf] lyof] .Æ

;/f]j/n] d';'Ss xfF:b} eGof], æxf] t lg, af6f] ag]kl5 yf]kfyf]kfsf] nfOgsf] ;§f df]6f] nfOg x'G5
clg df]6/af6f] aGof] eGg] yfxf x'G5 . x}g 8\of8L <Æ

d}n] 6fpsf] xNnfP/ ;xL yfk]F .

bz}+ cfpg} nfu]sf] lyof] . bz+}df 3/ hfg] xf] < egL ;f]4f sfG5fn] eGof], æb'O{ tLg lbg;Dd
lxF8\g'k5{ . af, cfdf, efO, alxgLx?nfO{ e]6\g t dg nfu]sf] lyof] t/ af6f] ;DemFbf ?g dg nfU5 .
df]6/ gu} 3/ hfGgF d t .Æ

sfd ug]{ dflg; bz}+df 3/ hfGgF eg]sf] ;'g]/ v'zL g} nfUof] . gq hlxn] klg bz}+df 3/sf] ;a}
sfd cfkm}F ug{' kg]{ . bz}+df 3/ ghfg] eg]kl5 d}n] p;nfO{ gofF n'uf / h'Qf lslglbPF .

t/ bz}+sf] Ps ;ftfcl3 g} pm crfgs x/fof] . gofF n'uf, h'Qf, emf]nf lnP/ pm s]xL va/} gu/L
lxF8]5 . bz+}df 3/n] tfGof] xf]nf . df]6/ af6f] gagL hfGg eg]tf klg dg yfDg g;s]/ uof] xf]nf –
xfdLn] oxL 7fGof+} .

12
km"nkftLsf] lbg xfdL 3/ leq Jo:t lyof}+ . d"n 9f]sfsf] 306L ah]sf] ;'g]/
;/f]j/ 9f]sf vf]Ng uof] . pm tn}af6 lrRofof], æ8\of8L sfG5f cfOk'u]5 .Æ

bz}+df pm 3/ gu} lsg kms{]/ cfof] < lagf;"rgf efu]/ uPsf] kZrftfksf] efj p;sf] cg'xf/df
emNsGYof] . ;a}sf] pT;'stfnfO{ d]6\g vf]Hb} p;n] eGof], æd t xfd|f] ufpFdf df]6/af6f] k'Uof]
eg]/ 3/ hfg lxF8]sf] . bz}+df 3/ hfGg elgxfn]+ t/ af6f] alg;s]sf] yfxf kfP/ hfg dg nfUof] /
s;}nfO{ gegL lxF8]F . t/ wgs'6f k'u]kl5 yfxf kfPF af6f] aGg]] t s] s'/f, vGg] ;'/;f/ klg /x]g5 .Æ

æltdLn] af6f] ag]sf] s'/f s;/L yfxf kfof} <Æ d}n] ;f]Wg gEofpFb} p;n] pxL k'/fgf] cvaf/
b]vfpFb} eGof], æof] gS;fdf yf]kfn] ag]sf] df]6/af6f]sf] nfOg af6f] ag]kl5 l;+u} df]6f] nfOg
x'G5 eg]sf] x}g < x]g'{;\ g of] gS;fdf af6f]sf] nfOg slt ;kmf;Fu sf]l/Psf] 5 .Æ

d}n] gS;f x]/]F . ;fFRr} gS;fdf /fd|};Fu df]6/af6f] :ki6 x'g] u/L sfn]f d;Ln] wsf{ sf]l/Psf] /x]5 .
s;n] sf]¥of] xf]nf egL d}n] ;/f]j/lt/ x]/]F .

t/ pm t cfˆgf] kf]n v'Ng] eof] eg]/ slt a]nf ;'FOs'Rrf 7f]ls;s]5 .

rfs/L ufyf

;Fw}em}F cfh klg /fdafa' æ7"nf] dfG5]Æ sf] rfs/Ldf uof] . 7"nf] dfG5]sf] 3/sf] s's'/n] klg
p;nfO{ lrlg;s]sf] lyof] . p;sf] xftaf6 s's'/n] rf/j6f la:s'6 vfof] / cfˆgf] 7fpFdf uP/ r'krfk a:of] .

7"nf] dfG5]sf] 3/leqaf6 ;+uLtsf] w'g ah]sf] cfjfh aflx/;Dd ;'lgGYof] .

/fdafa' d"n 9f]sfdf k'Ubf ;fx]agL cyf{t\ 7"nf] dfG5]sL kTgL ;+uLtsf] cfjfh cfO/x]sf] sf]7faf6
æs:tf] xNnf u/]sf]Æ eGb} kmTkmtfpFb} aflx/ lg:sFb}
lyOg\ .

;fx]agLnfO{ b]Vg]lalQs} /fdafa' b'O{ xft hf]8]/ sDd/ em'sfpFb} pleof] . p;nfO{ b]v]/
;fx]agLn] ;+uLt sf]7fdf xNnf ug]{x? lj?4 c? b'O{ rf/ s'/f ylkg\ . /fdafa'n] df}sfsf] kmfObf
p7fpFb} yKof], ædgfl;a dhL{ eof] xh"/,
3/s} OHht hfg] u/L lsg o:tf] xNnf u/]sf] xf]nf <Æ

;fx]agLn] clnslt g/d x'Fb} elgg\, æcfh 5f]/Lsf] hGdlbg xf] . ;fyLx?nfO{ af]nfP/ s] s] u/]sf5g\
s'lGg .Æ

æcf]xf], s:tf] /fd|f] lbg /x]5 cfh Û d}Fofsf] hGdlbg kf] /x]5 . o:tf] /dfOnf] z'e cj;/df o:tf] g/fd|
f] :j/n] ufpg] sf] xf]nf < k6Ss} ;'xfPg .Æ /fdafa'n] b'a} xTs]nf d';fb}{ eGof] .

æufpg] t d}Fof g} xf] . /fd|} ufpF5] .Æ ;fx]agLn] :ki6 kfl/g\ .

;fx]agLsf] s'/f 6'Flug gkfpFb} /fdafa'n] ;+zf]wg ul/xfNof], æxf] lg t . d}Fofsf] :j/ s:tf] dL7f] 5
. a? d}Fofsf] :j/;Fu ;+uLt k6Ss} ldn]g h:tf] 5 . lu6f/ ahfPsf] klg s's'/ e's]h:tf] ;'lgG5 .Æ

ælu6f/ ahfpg] klg p;}sf] efO xf] . c? klg 5g\, Æ ;fx]agLn] :ki6 kfl/g\ .

æcf] xf], ;fgf] /fhfsf] lu6f/ Sof dw'/ 5 xh"/ . kl5 uP/ dflns 7"nf] ;+uLtsf/ xf]OaS;g] 5 . o;df
s'g} z+sf 5}g . a? unf / ;+uLtnfO{ ldNg] uLt} ePg . sf] /x]5 o:tf] gldNg] uLt n]v]/ lbg] <Æ
/fdafa'n] hfGg vf]Hof] .

;fx]agLn] cln ems]{/ ;f]lwg\, æs] ltdLnfO{ d]/f] uLt dg k/]g <Æ
13
/fdafa' 5fFuf]af6 v;]h:tf] eof] t/ p;n] cfkm"nfO{ t'?Gt} ;dfNof] lsgeg] hLjge/ ub}{ cfO/x]sf]
rfs/L p;sf] ljz]if vfnsf] snf g} xf] . o;}af6 p;sf] u'hf/f rn]sf] 5 / eljiodf klg rnfpg' 5 . p;n]
t'?Gt} elgxfNof], æd h:tf] k6d"v{nfO{ s]sf] uLt ;+uLtsf] s'/f yfxf x'GYof] xh"/ . To;dfly ;ftf
lbg hlt eof] sfg kfs]sf] cf}ifwL u/fpg kfPsf] 5}g . pd]/ uPkl5 a'l4;'4L klg x/fpFbf] /x]5 xh"/ .Æ
olt eGb} xft d;fb}{ /fdafa' ;+uLt sf]7flt/ nfUof] . ;fx]agL d:sFb} >[+uf/ sf]7flt/ nflug\ .

rf/hgf rl/qjfg

hGd]b]lv cefj / b'Mvdf x's]{sf rf/hgf k'?ifx? lyP . pgLx? rl/qjfg

lyP . lsgls pgLx? s;}nfO{ 7Ub}gy], n'6\b}gy] / df]kmtdf s;}sf] vfg x'Fb}g eGy]F .
dlxnfnfO{ ;Ddfg uy]{ . ;a}sf] enf] x'g] sfd uy]{ .

w]/} b'Mv ;x]/ ;+3if{ u/]kl5 ;'vsf] laxfgL em'lNsg] 5fF6 b]lvof] . tL rf/} hgf ljxfgLsf]
nflndfnfO{ e]§fpg lxF8] .

Pp6f e+Hofªdf af; k¥of] . 3/k6L klt kTgL lgM;Gtfg lyP . wg ;DklQ k|;:t lyof] . pgLx?n] tL rf/}
hgfnfO{ cfˆgf] wd{k'q eP/ a:g / wg ;DklQsf] pkef]u ug{ cfu|x u/] . tLg hgf 8u]gg\ . Ps hgfn]
eGof], æx'G5, d tkfO{++x?sf] ;]jf u/]/ a:5' .Æ

p;nfO{ ToxLF 5f8]/ tLg hgf cl3 a9] .

bf];|f] e+Hofªdf af; k¥of] . 3/k6Lsf] ;Gtfgsf] gfddf PSnL ;'Gb/L 5f]/L dfq lyOg\ . 3/HjfO{+
a:g] k|:tfj cfof] . b'O{ hgfn] dfg]gg\ . t];|f]n] dg yfDg
;s]g . pm ToxLF a:of] . afFsL b'O{ hgf cufl8 a9] .

t];|f] e+Hofªdf ufpFsf] d'lvofsf] 3/df af; k¥of] . d'lvofsf] klg s'g} ;Gtfg lyPg . p;n] eGof], æd
a"9f] ePF . ca tLy{–at{ ug{ hfG5' . of] ufpFsf] d'Vo]nL ;+eflnlbg' k¥of] .Æ

Ps hgfn] eGof,] æx]g'{;\ xfdL ;'gf}nf] laxfgLnfO{ e]§fpg egL lxF8]sf xf}+ .
o;/L wg ;DklQ, :qL / ;Qfsf] dfofhfndf km:of}+ eg] s;/L nIodf k'luPnf <Æ

t/ csf]{n] eGof], æ;Qf ePkl5 ;DklQ / ;'v ;'ljwf ;a} kfOG5 . o;}n] d of] ufpFsf] d'Vo]nL
5f8\lbgF .Æ

of] ;'g]/ klxnf] JolQm l/;fof] / p;nfO{ ToxLF 5f8]/ cufl8 a9Øf] . /ftf] ;"o{sf] nflndfnfO{ 5f]Kg
pm cufl8 a9Øf] / al9/x]sf] 5 .

h+undf dxflgjf{rg

HfËndf kz'tGq cfO;s]sf] lyof] . kz'x?n] agfPsf] lgoddf a:g l;+x /fhL e};s]sf] lyof] . o;}aLr
kz'x?n] b'O{ k6s dxflgjf{rg u/]/ 3fF; vfg] kf6L{, 3fF; gvfg] kf6L{, p8\g] kf6L{, 3l;|g] kf6L{,
kf}l8g] kf6L{, bf}l8g] kf6L{ cflb ljleGg kf6L{sf g]tfx?nfO{ hËnsf] /hfOF ug]{ cj;/ lbO;s]sf
lyP .

dxfanL xfQL b'a}kN6 r'gfj xf/]sf] lyof] . t];|f] dxflgjf{rg glhs} cfO;s]sf] lyof] . xfQLnfO{ s'g}
klg kf6L{n] jf:tf u/]g . pm;Fu an lyof] t/ wg
lyPg . t}klg p;n] cfkm\g} kf6L{ vf]Ng] ljrf/ u¥of] . kf6L{sf] gfd /fVof] — ;'F8] kf6L{ .

;"+8] kf6L{sf] gfd ;'g]/ p;sf lxt}ifLx?n] xfF:b} eg], æslt 5g\ / xfQLx? of] hËndf < ltdL km]l/
xfg]{5f} .Æ
14
dxfanL xfQLn] cfTdljZjf;;fy eGof], æcfufdL lgjf{rg 3f]if0fkq / sfo{qmdsf] cfwf/df nl8g] 5}g .
gfs / d'vsf] cfwf/df nl8g] 5 . lsgls of] hËndf a:g] ;Dk"0f{ kz'x? s]jn b'O{ k|sf/sf 5g\ . Ps k|
sf/sf kz'x?sf] gfs d'veGbf cufl8 5 eg] csf{] k|sf/sf kz'x?sf] gfs d'veGbf k5fl8 5 . clxn];Dd d'v
cufl8 ePsf kz'x?n] gfs cufl8 ePsf kz'x?sf] zf]if0f ub}{ cfO/x]sf 5g\ .Æ

;'F8] kf6L{sf] 3f]if0ff ;'g]kl5 hËndf ljlrqsf] r'gfjL jftfj/0f l;h{gf eof] . ;j{k|yd u}+8f, efn' /
aFb]nx? ;"+8] kf6L{sf] ;b:o aGg cl3 ;/] . To;kl5 b'D;L / rd]/fx? cfP . 5r'Gb|f], Gofp/Ld';f /
d';fx?nfO{ a'emfpg s]xL ;do
nfUof] . t/ pgLx?nfO{ æltdLx? u0f]zdfuL{ xf}Æ eg]/ ;DemfPkl5 d';f ju{sf ;a} hLjx? ;'F9]
kf6L{df cf]Ol/P .

r'gfjsf] lbg dtbfg s]Gb|df xfQL, u}+8f, efn', aFb]n, ;'Fu'/ / d';fx?sf] n:s/ b]v]/ c? kf6L{sf
g]tfx? cfZro{rlst Pj+ lg/fz x'Fb} cf–cfˆgf] jf;:yfglt/ nfu] . b'nf b'nfaf6 lgl:s/x]sf d';fx?sf] n:s/
g6'+luPsf] b]v]kl5 pgLx?n] lgjf{rg kl/0ffd kv{g' cfjZos 7fg]gg\ .

em"nleq em"naflx/

ljkgfdf ePsf] s'/f t x}g of], t/ olt :ki6;Fu ;lDem/x]sf] 36gfnfO{ ;kgfd} ePsf] eg]/ eGg klg
ldn]g . s'/f lalrqsf] 5 . d nfdv'§]sf] s'/f a'‰g ;Sg] /x]5' /] . udL{ ofd, dWo/ftsf] a]nf,
nfdv'§]sf] huhuL lyof] . d e"mnleq ;'lt/x]sf] lyPF . e"mn aflx/ vf;v'; u/]sf] ;'g]F . crDd Û

nfdv'§]x/mn] s] ;Nnfx ub}{ /x]5g\ eg], s]xL nfdv'§]x/mnfO{ s'g} h'lQmn] e"mn leq k7fpg]
/ dnfO{ 6f]Sg], 6f]s] kl5 d rN5' /] . nfdv'§]sf] a'l¢ x]g{';\ . clg d rn]kl5 d]/f] xft of uf]8f
e"mn aflx/ lg:sg ;S5 . To;kl5 ;a} ldn]/
d]/f] /ut Ko"g], df]h ug]{ /] Û

nfdv'§]x?sf] of] s'/f ;'g]/ klxn] t 8/ nfUof] . t/ xfF;f] klg p7Øf] . s] ubf{ /x]5g\ x]/f+} eg]/ d
r'k nfu]/ a;]F .

pgLx?aLr leq sf] k:g] eGg] s'/fsf] 5nkmn x'g yfNof] . s;}n] æleq k:g]n] Hofgsf] dfof df/]/
hfg' k5{Æ eg], t s;}n] æleq uPkl5 leq} a;]/ df]h ug{ kfOGg aflx/sf nflu klg df}sf lbg' k5{,
st{Jo lj;{g x'GgÆ eg] .

s]xL a]/kl5 rf/kfFr j6f nfdv'§]x? e"mnleq k;]sf] yfxf kfPF .

d]/f] s'g} klg c+u asf{] aflx/ lyPg . leq k;]sf tL nfdv'§]x? d]/f] sfg}g]/ cfP/ v'a} lrRofpg yfn]
. w]/} a]/;Dd w}o{ u/]/ a;]F . clg logLx?n] s] kf] ubf{ /x]5g\ eGg] larf/} ug{ eg]/ xftsf] Pp6f
cf}Fnf asf{] aflx/ lgsfn]F . ;a} nfdv'§]x? tF5f8\d5f8\ ub{} d]/f] cf}Fnfdf a;]/ /ut r':g yfn] .
v'a} lrnfof], ;x]/ a;]F . k]6el/ /ut lkPkl5 tL nfdv'§]x? dnfO{ lemHofpg'sf] ;§f e"mnsf]
s'gfs'gfdf uP/ r'k nfu]/ a;] . Ps l5gkl5 km]l/ /ut vfg] bfp xf]nf Û

olQs}df aflx/ a;]sf nfdv'§]x? s/fpg lrRofpg yfn], æleq k;]sf nfdv'§]x? s] ub{}5g\ < d/] ls
Ho"Fb} 5g\ < leq uP/ cfkm" dfq} df]h ub{} 5g\ ls < xfdLnfO{ la;{] ls ;DemFb}5g\ <Æ

o:t} lsl;dsf] xNnf x'g yfNof] . leq a;]sf nfdv'§]x? g;'g]em}+ u/L a;] .

aflx/ lgs} xNnf x'g yfNof] . pgLx? sf]7} prfNnfg\ ls eg]em}F ug{ yfn] . ;fx|} emf]Fs rNof] /
nfdv'§] wkfpg] w'k aflnlbPF . xNnf aGb eof] . ef]ln laxfg x]bf{ em"nleq Pp6f klg nfdv'§]
lyPg . tL t d}n] w'k afNg'eGbf cl3 g} eflu;s] 5g\ .

^f]kL nfpg] af¤b/

15
plxn]sf] hdfgf g} To:t} lyof], hldGbf/ eg] kl5 /}tLx? y/y/ sfFKy] . p;sf sd{rf/L / Kofbfx?
ufpFdf nufgL c;"n ug{ / v]t–vnfdf afnL a'‰g hfFbf /}tLx? ys{dfg x'Gy] . a'emfpg' kg{] /sd
jf afnLsf] eGbf tL Kofbfx?nfO{ ;Ddfg / rfs/L s;/L k'¥ofpg] eGg] s'/fsf] g} /}tLx?sf] Hofbf lrGtf
x'GYof] . Kofbfx?nfO{ b]Vg] lalQs} /}tLx? bz xft k/af6 em'Sb} s/hf]/L laGtL uy{] .
Kofbfx?sf] t Toqf] dfg x'GYof] eg] hldGbf/sf] s:tf] x'GYof] xf]nf Û

hldGbf/n] r+v] gfpF u/]sf] afFb/ kfn]sf] lyof] . hldGbf/ ufpFdf 3'Dg lg:sbf r+v] afFb/ klg
hldGbf/ r9]sf] 3f]8fsf] k'R5/ ;dft]/ kl5 kl5 hfg] uYof{] . pm Kofbfx?;Fu klg slxn]sfxLF ufpFdf
hfGYof] . o;/L ufpFdf 3'Dbf /}tLx?n] hldGbf/ / p;sf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ em'sLem'sL gd:sf/ uy{] t/
r+v]nfO{ rflxF s;}n] klg gd:sf/ ub}{gYof] . gd:sf/sf] t s] s'/f, c?n] /}tLsf] 3/df b"w bxL
vfFb} ukm ub}{ a:bf pm Pp6f s'gfdf 6'n'6'n' x]/L a:Yof] . a? ufpFsf s]6fs]6Ln] p;nfO{ 3]/]/
lh:SofpFy] . s;}s;}n] xl/of] ds} / sfFrf] kmn p;sf] glhs ˆofFlslbGy] .

hldGbf/sf] To:tf] Kof/f] eP/ klg /}tLx?af6 hldGbf/sf c? sd{rf/L ;/x ;Ddfg gkfpFbf p;nfO{ a8f]
b'Mv klg nfUYof] . To;}n] pm slxn]sfxLF emf]lqmP/ al;/xGYof] .

hldGbf/n] zfob p;sf] dgsf] s'/f a'em]5 Sof/] Û Pslbg hldGbf/n] afFb/nfO{ bf}/f, ;'?jfn, sf]6,
6f]kL nufOlbof] . n'uf nufPkl5 t r+v] lrl6Sssf] k6\7f] b]lvof] . bf}/f, ;'?jfn, sf]6 / 6f]kL nfP/
k5fl8 xft /fv]/, d'vdf kfg
;'kf/L rkfP h:t} u/L ufnf k'Ss lgsfn]/ lxF8bf t r+v] klg g]tf h:t} blvGYof] .

hldGbf/n] /}tLx?nfO{ r+v]nfO{ klg gd:sf/ ug{ / c? sd{rf/LnfO{ h:t} vfg–kfg / ;Ddfg lbg
cfb]z lbof] . To;kl5 t afFb/sf] klg dxTj a9Øf]],
/}tLx?n] em'sLem'sL gd:t] ubf{ pm dVv kYof]{] . /}tLx?sf] 3/df vfgkfgdf klg k"/f efu kfpFbf
pm k|km'lNnt lyof] .

r+v]n] p;sf] n'ufsf] t dxTj a'‰of] t/ h] eP klg pm 7xl/of] afFb/ g} . p;n] sf]6sf] 6fFs, bf}/fsf]
t'gf / ;'?jfnsf] Ohf/ km'sfpg l;Sb} l;s]g . p;nfO{ of] sfd ug{ ;fx|} em+em6 nfUYof] . hldGbf/
/ pgsf sd{rf/Lx?n] lgs} k|of; u/], t/ afFb/n] 7Ls;Fu n'uf nfpg / km'sfNg l;Sg ;s]g . p;nfO{ n'uf
nufOlbg] / km'sflnlbg] lhDdf Pp6f gf]s/nfO{ lbOof] . t/ p;nfO{ lb;f lk;fkn] RofKg] ljlQs}
gf]s/nfO{ gkvL{ pm cfkm}F :jefj cg';f/ hj/h:tL n'uf km'sfNYof], h;n] ubf{ s]xL lbgd} p;sf]
bf}/f ;'?jfn / sf]6sf] lahf]u eof] . s]xL lbgkl5 p;nfO{ n'uf dg kg{ 5f8\of] .

r+v]nfO{ n'uf nufOlbg] sfddf c;kmn ePkl5 hldGbf/ / pgsf

sd{rf/Lx?n] p;nfO{ 6f]kL dfq} eP klg nufO lbg yfn] . 6f]kL nfpg r+v]nfO{ ufx|f] klg lyPg .
h:tf];'s} df};d, cj:yf / 7fpFdf klg 6f]kL nufpg
;lsGYof] . /}tLx?n] klg 6f]kLs} cfwf/df r+v]nfO{ lrGg yfn] / hldGbf/sf c? sd{rf/LnfO{ h:t}
dfg ;Ddfg / vfgkfgn] :jfut ug{] sfd hf/L /fv] . r+v]n] klg 6f]kLsf] k|tfk a'‰of] / pm Ps l5g
klg 6f]kL gnufO{ ga:g] eof] .

lbg/ft 6f]kL nfpgfn] 6f]kLn] 9fs]sf] p;sf] 6fpsf]sf] cGwsf/do / kl;gfn] cfb| jftfj/0fdf h'd|fx?
v'a} j9] / p;nfO{ ;fx|} b'Mv lbg yfn] . t/ 6f]kLn] lar/f r+v]nfO{ olt ;Ddf]lxt ul/;s]sf] lyof] ls
h'd|faf6 ef]Ug' k/]sf] gf/sLo oftgfnfO{ klg p;n] ;XØf] / gdbf{;Dd 6f]kL km'sfNg dfg]g .

*/nfUbf] s's'/

dWo /ft .

rf]/x?n] nfO6 afn] .

16
Pp6f ;fOgaf]8{ b]lvof] M æleq 8/nfUbf] s's'/ 5, ;fjwfgÆ

Pp6fn] aLif ld;fPsf] df;' emf]nfaf6 lemSof] / leq s's'/nfO{ ˆofFlslbof] . t/ leq s]xL :j/ ;'lgPg .
rf]/x? 5Ss k/]= . Ps hgf lxDdt u/]/ leq k:of] / nfO6 afNof] . Toxf+ s's'/sf] uGw klg lyPg .
rf]/x?sf] nflu of] gofF cg'ej lyof] .

;a} leq k;] . ;fFrf] ldnfP/ ;]km vf]n] . leq Ps sf}8L klg lyPg . Pp6f sfuh lyof] . To;df n]lvPsf]
lyof] — æ;a} ;DklQ 8/nfUbf] s's'/ kfNbf ;lsof] . ;fOg af]8{ ;'/lIft /xf];\ wGojfb ÛÆ

*n/ vf]n]

Ps kN6 Pp6f ufpFdf ljsf;] kfx'gf cfP . ufpFsf] ljsf;af/] lbgel/ 5nkmn eof] . l:nlkª Aofu pgn]
NofPs} lyP . af; a:g] Joj:yf ldNof] . t/ kfx'gfnfO{ s] Vjfpg] eGg] ufpFn]x?n] lgwf] ug{ ;s]gg\ .

ufpFn]x? cndndf k/]sf] b]v]/ pgn] eg], æs] vfg] eGg] s'/fsf] kL/ dfGg' kb}{g . ufpFdf h]
kfOG5 ToxL vfpFnf . Æ

æxfd|f] ufpFdf t l9F8f] / vf]n] dfq} kfOG5 . tkfO{++n] vfg]h:tf] kfp/f]6L, s]s, la:s'6, rfprfp,
;'kh:tf s'/f xfdLsxfF kfOFb}g .Æ ufpFn]x?n] cfˆgf] dsf{ kf]v] .

æwGbf dfGg' kb}{g . of] ufpFdf s]s] kfOG5 eGg';\ t .Æ kfx'gfn] ;f]w] .

ufpFn]x?n] eg], æxfd|f] ufpFdf sf]bf], ds}, kmfk/, e6df;, hn'sf, ss{nf], n'F8], l;:g' kfOG5 .
s;}s;}sxfF cfn' klg kfOG5 .Æ

ætkfO{+x?sxfF t uhauhas} s'/f kfOg] /x]5 . clg d;nf s] kfOG5 lg <Æ kfx'gfn]] cg'xf/ xFl;nf]
kfb}{ ;fw] .

æxfdLsxfF d;nf eg] klg, h] eg] klg g'g, v';f{gL / a];f/ g} xf] . slxn]sfxLF cb'jf, n;'g, Kofh clg
Hjfgf] / d]yL vfg] rng 5 .Æ ufpFn]x?n] :ki6
kf/] .

æufO{–e}F;L klg kfNg' ePsf] xf]nf lg <Æ pgn] yk hfGg vfh] .

æ5 . £o" ga]lrsg t xfd|f] g'g t]n, sk8fsf] vr}{ rNb}g . ufpFn]x?n]

hfgsf/L lbP .

ufpFdf kfOg] vfB ;fdu|Lsf] hfgsf/L kfPkl5 kfx'gfn] cfˆgf] vNtLaf6 5g\5g\ aHg] 6Nsg] Ps d'7L
8n/sf]9Øfs lgsfNb} eg], æx]g'{;\ tkfO{x?sf] ufpFdf lgSs} kf]lifnf] vfg] s'/f kfOg] /x]5 . log}
vfg] s'/fx?nfO{ dfqf ldnfP/ d;nf /fv]/ of] 8n/;Fu ld;fP/ ksfof] eg] lha|} n7Øfpg] dL7f] vfg] s'/f
tof/ x'G5 . o;nfO{ tkfO{Fx?n] 8n/–vf]n] eg] x'G5 . nf} cfh ;a} hgfn] oxL 8n/–vf]n] vfpFm .
tkfO{++x?n] cfˆgf] uR5]cg';f/ ;fdfg Nofpg';\ . clg oL 8n/ /fv]/ d}n] eg]h:tf] u/L vf]n]
ksfpg';\ . ;a}n] ldn]/ vfpFnf .Æ

8n/ /fv]/ vf]n] ksfpg] s'/f ;'g]/ ufpFn]x? lgs} pT;'s eP . pgLx?n] s;n] s] Nofpg] eGg] ;Nnfx u/]
/ cf–cfˆgf] 3/lt/ nfu] .

Ps l5gkl5 ufpFn]x?n] cfcfˆgf] 3/af6 y/Ly/Lsf vfB kbfy{x? lnP/

cfP . s;}n] sf]bf]sf] t s;}n] ds}sf] clg s;}n] kmfk/sf] lk7f] NofP, s;}n] n'F8]sf] t s;}n] l;:g'sf]

17
d'G6f NofP . s;}n] g'g, a];f/ / v';f{gL NofP eg] s;}n] cb'jf, n;'g, Kofh clg s;}n] Hjfgf], l6d'/ /
d]yL NofP . o:t} u/L s;}n] t]n / s;}n] £o" NofP .

ufpFn]x?n] v8s'Fnf]df kfgL a;fn] . kfgL] tft]kl5 kfx'gfn] To;df 8n/sf] Pp6f l;Ssf /fv] .
ufpFn]x?n] pT;'stfk"j{s x]g{ / kfx'gfn] eg]cg';f/ ug{ yfn] . kfgL pDng yfn]kl5 8n/
b]lvg5f8Øf] . clg ufpFn]x?n] To;df sf6]sf] l;:g' / n'F8]sf] ;fu v;fn] . csf]{ efF8f]df sf]bf],
kmfk/ / ds}sf] kL7f] /fv]/ kfgL /fVb} 3f]Ng yfn] . To;df g'g, v';f{gL, cb'jf, n;'g cflb d;nf lk;]/
/fv] . kL7f]sf] afSnf] n]bf] ag]kl5 To;nfO{ plDn/x]sf] ;fu kfgLdf lj:tf/} vGofpFb} 8f8'n] rnfpg
yfn] . x]bf{x]b}{ d'v} /;fpg] afSnf] vf]n] tof/ eof] .

ufpFn]x?dWo] Ps hgf vf]n] afF8\g cl3 ;¥of] . p;n] afkm cfpFb} u/]sf] tftf]tftf] vf]n] yfn,
a6'sf], b'gf, af]xtf h]h] efF8f e]l6G5, To;df k:Sof] . kfx'gf / ufpFn]x?n] lgs} :jfb lnO{lnO{
vfg yfn] . s]xL 6f7faf7fx?n] 8n/–vf]n]sf] :jfb, kf}li6stf / :jf:Yoj4{s u'0fsf] avfg ug{ yfn] .
s;}n]
ufpF3/d} kfOg] vfB ;fdu|Laf6 o:tf] ;lhnf];Fu olt :jflbnf] kl/sf/ agfpg] k|ljlw l;sfPsf]df ljb]zL
kfx'gfnfO{ wGojfb lbP . s]xL 6f7f ufpFn]x?n] ;a} ufpFn]x?nfO{ 8n/ vf]n] vfg] cj;/ k|bfg ug{
kfx'gf;Fu k|:tfj /fv] .

k:sg] efF8f gk'u]sf]n] vf]]n] vfgaf6 al~rt, ufpFsf] k'5f/df a:g] ;'wf] uDkfnfO{ ufpFn]x?n]
v8s'Fnf]leq 6fFl;Psf] / afs\n} lkFw nfu]sf] vf]t/ vfg] / v8s'Fnf] df‰g] lhDdf lbP .

uDkfn]] vf]t/ vfPkl5 d';'Ss xfF:b} eGof], æ of] vf]n] t xfdLn] ;Fw} vfg] vf]n] h:t} 5 . dnfO{ t
s]xL km/s nfu]g .Æ

vf]t/ v's{Fbf p;n] hd]sf] lkFwdf rfFbLsf] l;Ssf e]§fof] . t/ p;n] Tof] l;Ssf ufpFsf] d'lvofnfO{
lbof] .

tkfO{+ sxf¤ x'g' x'G% <

tkfO{+nfO{ crDd nfUg] 5, lsgeg] cfFvfn] b]v]sf] s'/fdf e/ kg}{ k5{ . tkfO{+sf] jl/kl/ rf/}lt/
7"nf 7"nf ;fOgaf]]8{x? 5g\ . /fd|f, ljzfn, eJo ;+s]tkf6Lx? leQfx?df 78ØfOPsf 5g\, h;df n]lvPsf]
5 M lrgL sf/vfgf, r'/f]6
sf/vfgf, sk8f pBf]u, sfuh ldn, d}bf ldn, £o" k|zf]wg s]Gb|, /fhdfu{ lgdf{0f, ljsf; a}Í, l;d]06
sf/vfgf, af+w gx/ lgdf{0f, OToflb . o:tf cg]s ;+s]tkf6Lx? b]lvG5g\, h;n] pGglt, k|ult / ljsf;sf
;'gf}nf ;kgfsf] j0f{g ul//x]sf 5g\ .

tkfO{+ 5Ss kg'{ x'G5 . cfxf Û s:tf] 7fpFdf cfP5' Û s:tf] pGglt eP5 oxfF Û s:tf] efUodfgL
/x]5g\ oxfFsf dfG5] Û

tkfO{+ …sxfF cfPFÚ eg]/ hfGg 56kl6g' eof] xf]nf . t/ dnfO{ nfU5, d sxfF 5' eGg] s'/f olt
a]nf;Dd tkfO{+n] yfxf kfO ;Sg' eof] xf]nf . olb yfxf kfpg' ePsf] 5}g eg] ;'6'Ss eG5', ;'Gg';\,
ætkfO{+ ;fOgaf]8{ k]G6/sf] k;n cufl8 pleg' ePsf] 5 .

bofn' ;]&

w]/} jif{cl3 Pshgf pBf]ukltn] dhb"/x?sf] nflu xftn] kfgL tfGg] wf/f, gns"k -6o"aj]n_ agfO
lbPsf] lyof] . gns"ksf] Psfkl§ n]lvPsf] lyof]M dxfbfgL ;]7 >L ÒÒÒn] dhb"/x?sf] enfOsf] nflu
agfPsf] gns"k .

18
gns"k ag]sf] s]xL jif{kl5 dhb"/x?n] s] cg'ej u/] eg] xftn] an u/] hlt kfgL gns"kaf6 lg:sGg,
yf]/} dfq lg:sG5 . tLvf{ d]6\g dfq} l7Ss x'G5 .

kfgL yf]/} cfpg'sf] sf/0f kQf nufpg gns"k dd{t ug{ l;kfn' ld:qLx? cfP / vg]/ x]bf{ ljlrqsf] s'/f
b]v] . Tof] gns"kaf6 Pp6f kfOk hdLg leqleq} ;]7sf] 3/sf] kfgL 6of+sLdf nluPsf] lyof] /
dhb"/x?n] xftn] kfgL tfGbf
w]/} efu kfgL ;]7sf] kfgL 6of+sLdf hfGYof] / clncln kfgL dfq gns"ksf]
wf/f]af6 emYof{] .

bz}+

sf7df8f}+af6 Nxf;f va/ k'Uof] – bz}+ cfof] . e]F8f, RofFu|f, v;L, af]sf h] 5, t'?Gt rflxof] .

Nxf;fdf xNnf rNof] – sf7df8f}+df bz}+ cfof] /] Û dflg;x? ufpFufpF bf}8]– v;L, af]sf, e]F8f,
RofFu|f vf]Hg . ltgn] ;:tf], dxFuf] h:tf] kfOG5 e]F8f RofFu|fx? a6'n] / Nxf;flt/ nu] .

sf7df8f}+af6 vl6Psf dflg;x?n] Nxf;fdf ufpF ufpFaf6 NofOPsf e]F8f, RofFu|f, v;L, af]sfx?
/f]hL/f]hL lsg] . nfdf nfdf l;ª ePsf, df]6f3f6f, alnof afFuf /f]h] . 5ftL gfk], 6fpsf] gfk], v'a}
hf]v] . dfgf}+, sf7df8f}+df bz}+ x}g, n8fOF x'g nfu]sf] 5 / w]/} df;' ePsf e]F8f af]sf x}g,
xfGg], n8\g], le8\g] e]F8f, af]sf rflxPsf] 5 ls h:tf] u/L ltgn] /f]h] . /f]Hbf /f]Hbf kfFr xhf/ af]sf
e]F8f
/f]h] . clg n8fOFsf] df]rf{lt/ al9/x]sf] kmf}h h:t} u/L kfFr xhf/ e]F8f, v;L, af]sf, Rof+u|fsf]
ayfg kxf8, d}bfg, eL/, kx/f x'b} ;+uLg h:tf tLvf l;ª xNnfpFb}, v'§f ahfb}{ / w'nf]sf] afbn
p8fpFb} sf7df8f}+lt/ nfUof] .

Nxf;faf6 sf7df8f}+ va/ k'Uof]– bz}+sf] nflu ltAataf6 kfFr xhf/ e]F8f Rof+u|f sf7df8f}+ cfO
k'Ub}5g\ . s;}n] eGof], æxfQLsf] d'vdf hL/f ÛÆ t/ x}g o;kfnL t yk kfFr xhf/ dlw;] af]sf
ef/taf6 klg cfpFb}5 /] . ufpF3/sf a"9fkfsfx?, hf] v;L af]sf zx/df a]r]/ bz}+ vr{ 6fg{] z'?df lyP,
pgLx? lrlGtt eP — ca xfd|f v;L af]sf sxfF laSnfg\ < bz} vr{ s;/L rNnf <

8g lSjSh6n] zq'bn ;lDemP/ xdnf ul/Psf] e]8fsf] ayfg eGbf klg 7"nf] kfFr xhf/ e]+8f RofFu|fsf]
ayfg nfO6 la|u]8sf cg'zfl;t hjfgx?em}+ kmf}hL cg'zf;gnfO{ lz/f]k/ ub{} sf7df8f}+lt/ nfUof]
. pgLx?sf] dgdf s'g} z+sf lyPg . xfdL sxfF hfFb}5f} < lsg hfFb}5f}+ < s;nfO{ v'zL kfg{
hfFb}5f}+ < s;sf] :jfy{sf] lglDt hfFb}5f}+ < OToflb s'/fsf] pgLx?nfO{ s]xL rf;f] lyPg . lar/f
tL e]+8fx? af6f]sf] bfofF afofF pd|]sf xl/of 3fF; rb}{, cufl8 emg slnnf] / :jflbnf] 3fF; vfg
kfOG5 eGg] Ifl0fs nf]edf Hofg u'dfpg cufl8 al9/x]sf lyP . sf7df8f}+sf] bz}+ c? /dfOnf] kfg'{
g} pgLx?sf] ;jf{]Qd pknlAw x'g] ePsf] lyof] . o; afkt pgLx?n] s] kfpFy] < jL/tfsf] kbs < x}g .
ltAatsf e]+8fx? a8f] :jflbnf / sl;nf x'G5g\ eGg] k|rf/ / cfufdL bz}+df emg a9L e]+8fx?sf] dfu
x'g ;SYof] .

h] xf];\, tL cg'zfl;t e]+8fx? 8fF8f, kv]/f, n]s, a];L gf£b} cg]s la£g afwfx? em]Nb} k'u]
sf7df8f}+ . dxfef/tsf] s'?If]qdf em}+ pgLx?nfO{ 6'Fl8v]n d}bfgdf t}gft ul/of]= pgLx? ;'gsf]
uh"/ ePsf] w/x/fnfO{ b]v]/ v'zL eP . w/x/faf6 lau'n aHg]lalQs} pgLx?sf] hLjg nLnf ;lsg] 5
eGg] s'/f pgLx?nfO{ s] yfxf Û

bz}+df xhf/f}+ e]F8f, RofFu|f, v;L, af]sf, /fFuf, kf8f, xfF;, s'v'/fsf] /utn] sf8df8f}+ /StfDo
eof] . dflg;x?n] dfq x}g 9'+uf, wft'sf d"lt{, ;fOsn, l/S;f, sf/, a;b]lv lnP/ af]OË ladfg;Dd /utn]
/+luP . sf7df8f}+ /utsf] bu{Gwn] k|zGg of] . bz}+ uof] .

19
ptf Nxf;fdf e]F8L, Rof+u|L / afv|Lx? l;ª / bfx|L xNnfpFb} sf7df8f}+ bz}+ dgfpg uPsf cfˆgf
5f]/f, v;d, / k|]dLsfx? af/] aft dfg{ yfn] .

bz}+sf] af]sf

bz}+sf] nflu eg]/ lsg]sf] af]sf cfˆgf] ayfgaf6 5'6]/ gofF 7fpFdf cfPsf]n] xf]nf ;fx|} s/fpg
yfNof] . 3fF; lbOof] . c? vfg]s'/f, 3/df /x]kx]sf] eft,
t/sf/L lbOof] . t/ af]sf s/fpg 5f8]g .

p;sf] :j/ emg emg rsf{] / emsf{]nfUbf] x'g yfNof] . emfF]lSsP/ p;sf] dflnsn] p;nfO{ l5F8Lsf]
cFWof/f] sf]7fdf aGb ul/lbof] . t/ lar/f af]sfsf] lrTsf/ emg a9Øf] . pm s/fPsf] ;'Gbf dflnssf]
lbdfu tfTg yfNYof] .

lbSs eP/ p;n] Pp6f h'QmL lgsfNof] . p;n] af]sfsf] 3fF6Ldf v'a} ld7f]
:j/n] aHg] 306L afFlwlbof] / rf/}lt/ af/ nfufPsf] 7"nf] rf}/df 5fl8lbof] .

;f]emf] af]sf rf}/df :jtGq ePF eg]/ pk|mb} gfRb,} 306L ahfpFb} xl/of] 3fF; vfg yfNof] .
rf}/el/sf] :jtGqtfdf pm dVv eof] .

ptf af]sfsf] dflns af]sfsf] 3fF6Ldf 306L afFlwPsf] x'gfn] pm x/fpFb}g eg]/ 9'Ss lyof] . rf}/df
pk|mFb}, rb}{ u/]sf] af]sfsf] 3fF6Lsf] 306Lsf] cfjfh ;'g]/ dflns d:t lyof] . 306Lsf] ;'dw'/
cfjfhn] p;nfO{ /dfOnf] bz}+sf] ;Demgf lbnfO/x]sf] lyof] .

s]xL lbgkl5 bz}+ klg cfof] . anL r9fpg] lbgdf v'§f / l;+ª cflb ;kmf
u/]/ t]n / l;+b"/ l;+ª / v'/x?df 3l;lb+bf af]sf emg v'zL eof] / km's{Fb} gfRb} pm bz}+–3/lt/
nfUof] . @)$$

b'O{ hgf g]kfnL

klZrd / k"j{sf b'O{ hgf dflg; sf7df8f}+ hfg lxF8] .

h'Dnfaf6 lxF8]sf] dflg; b'O{ ;ftf lxF8]kl5 g]kfnuFh k'Uof] . ToxfFaf6 a;df r9]/ ef]lnkN6
sf7df8f}+ k'Uof] .

emfkfaf6 lxF8]sf] dflg; 3/5]pd} a; r9Øf] / ef]lnkN6} sf7df8f}+ k'Uof] .

clxn] h'DnL / emfkfnL b'a} hgf sf7df8f}+d} 5g\ .

h'DnL 7]nfuf8f rnfP/ u'hf/f ub}{5 eg] emfkfnL em08fjfn uf8Ldf r9]/ b]zsf] ;]jf ub}{5 .

b'a} xftdf n*\*•"

rsrs] d';f ;k{ grfpg] dflg;sf] 3/leq k:of] . ToxfF p;n] afF;sf w]/} 6f]s/Lx? b]Vof] . ;a} 6f]s/Ldf
lasf]{ nfu]sf] lyof] .

6f]s/Lleq s] vfg] s'/f 5 egL hfGg rsrs] pT;'s eof] . p;n] Pp6f
6f]s/Lsf] ljsf]{df Kjfn kf¥of] / leq k:of] .

6f]s/Lleq ;k{ lyof] . ef]sfPsf] ;k{n] p;nfO{ Ps} ufF; agfof] .

20
æk]6 klg el/of] d'lQm klg kfpg] eOof]Æ eGb} ;k{ 6f]s/Laf6 aflx/ lg:s]/ b'nf]leq k:of] .

b[li^sf])f

af/Ldf lnrLsf] af]6sf] xfFufdf h'/]nL r/fn] u'F8 agfPsf] lyof] . ev{/ km'naf6 lg:s]sf rNnfx?n]
rLFrLF u/]sf] ;'lgGYof] . lah'nLsf] tf/df h'/]nL r/L 3fd tfk]/ al;/x]sL lyO{ . slxn] kv]6f tGsfpFyL,
slxn] 6fpsf] a6fyL{ .

t]x| jif{sf] 5f]/f ;/f]j/n] 9'Fuf l6k]/ r/LnfO{ xfGg vf]Hof] . d}n] p;nfO{ /f]Sb} eg]F, ælsg b'v
lbg] lar/L r/LnfO{ < xfd|} af/Ldf u'F8 agfP/ a;]sL 5 . dfof u/ g, clg kf] To;n] klg …dnfO{
;/f]j/n] s:tf] dfof u5{Ú eg]/ v'zL x'G5 / ltdLnfO{ klg dfof u5{ .Æ

;/f]j/n] d]/f] s'/f sf6\b} eGof], æcF dfof u5]{ . a? of] 3/sf dflg;x?nfO{ h] u/] klg x'Fbf]/x]5
eg]/ ef]ln xfd|} 6fpsf]dfly xUg cfpF5] . Æ

d s] hjfkm lbpmF <

w]/} nfdf] l;ª ePsf] af]sf

Pp6f sfg cf]5Øfpg], csf]{ sfg cf]9\g] nfDsfg] eGg] hLjsf] syf w]/}n] s]6fs]6Ldf ;'g]sf]
x'g'k5{ . t/ nfdf] l;ª ePsf] af]sfsf] syf ;'lgg yfn]sf]
w]/} jif{ ePsf] 5}g . To;sf] l;ª olt nfdf] lyof] ls olb Tof] af]sf sf7df8f}+df k"j{ kms{]/ pleof]
eg] To;sf] b]a|] -af+of_ l;ªsf] 6'Kkf ltAatsf] Nxf;fdf k'UYof] / bflxg] l;ªsf] 6'Kkf ef/tsf] /S;f}ndf
x'GYof]

To;sf] dflnsn] To;nfO{ a8f] htg;Fu kfn]sf] lyof] . To;nfO{ rflxg] 3fF;, bfgf h'6fpg p;n] w]/}
uf]7fnf nufPsf] lyof] / w]/} 7"nf–7"nf ag hËn /
r/gx? af]sfsf] k]6df k/]/ :jfxf x'GYof] .

dflns a8f] af7f] lyof] . p;n] Nxf;f / /S;f}ndf 7"nf] k;n /fv]sf] lyof] . p;sf] /S;f}nsf] sf]7Lsf
sfl/Gbfx?n] af]sfsf] l;+ªdf cGg, sk8f / c? dfntfnsf] ef/L em'08ØfO lbGy] / To:t} u/L Nxf;f
sf]7Lsf sfl/Gbfx?n] af]sfsf] csf{] l;ªdf ;'g rfFbLsf] y}nf em'08ØfOlbGy] . clg sf7df8f}+ a:g]
dflg;n] af]sfnfO{ kmgSs 3'dfP/ klZrd kmsf{O lbGYof], h;n] ubf{ /S;f}nsf sfl/Gbfx?n]
em'08ØfOlbPsf] dfn;fdfg Nxf;f k'UYof] eg] Nxf;fsf sfl/Gbfx?n] em'08ØfO lbPsf] ;'grfFbL
/S;f}n k'UYof] .

To;kl5 /S;f}nsfn] Tof] ;'grfFbL a]r]/ c? dfn;fdfg lsg]/ af]sfsf] l;ªdf em'08ØfOlbGy] . o;/L g}
Nxf;fsf sfl/Gbfx?n] dfn;fdfg a]r]/ hDdf ePsf] k};fn] ;'g rfFbL lsg]/ af]sfsf] csf{] l;ªdf
em'08ØfOlbGy] . clg sf7df8f}+sf] dflnsn] af]sfnfO{ kmgSs k"j{lt/ kmsf{O lbGYof] / o;/L
km]l/ Nxf;fsf] ;'g /S;f}n / /S;f}nsf] dfn Nxf;f k'UYof] /] Û

x'gt of] syf s]6fs]6LnfO{ e'nfpg] bGTosyf h:tf] 5 . t/ of] syf g]kfnsf cy{zf:qLx?, of]hgfljb\x?,
Jofkf/ljb\x? / vf;u/L eG;f/sf sd{rf/Lx?aLr lgs} rlr{t 5 /] Û

Go'of]s{df g]kfn

;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3n] Go'of]s{df cfˆgf] d'Vofno glhs} Pp6f ljZj–u|fd agfpg] lg0f{o u¥of] . k|:
tfljt ljZj–u|fddf ;+;f/el/sf ufpFn] hLjgsf] ;hLj gd"gf agfpg] of]hgf lyof] . ToxfF hfg] ofqL jf
ko{6sx?n] ;+;f/sf ljsf;zLn b]zx?sf] hLjGt gd"gf x]g{ ;s'g\ eGg] o;sf] d'Vo p2]Zo lyof] . To;df
g]kfnsf] Pp6f kxf8L ufpFsf] gd"gf agfpg] of]hgf klg lyof] .
21
/fi6« ;+3sf of]hgfsf/x?n] g]kfnsf] kxf8df cjl:yt Pp6f ufpFsf] gd"gf agfP / ToxfFsf] hLjg
z}nLsf] klg vfsf sf]/] . To;kl5 g]kfnsf] kxf8L ufpFsf] hLjg afFRg ;Sg] OR5's cd]l/sLx?nfO{
lgj]bg lbg lj1fkg ul/of] . lj1fkgdf ToxfF a:g]n] jf:tjd} g]kfnsf] kxf8L ufpFs} kl/l:yltdf afFRg'
kg]{ s8f zt{ /flvPsf] lyof] .

lj1fkg k9]kl5 bz hgfsf] lgj]bg k¥of] . lgjb]sx?nfO{ ;j{k|yd of]hgfsf] lj:t[t ¿kdf cWoog ug{ clg
kfl/>ldsaf/] 5nkmn ug{ cfpg elgof] . Tof] ufpFdf ef/L af]Sg], v]tL ug]{, ufO{a:t' kfNg], wfg
s'6\g], ds} lk:g], t]n k]Ng], df]xL kfg]{, vfg]s'/f ksfpg], kfgL eg]{, n'uf w'g], efF8f df‰g]
cflb ;a} sfd g]kfnsf] kxf8sf] ufpFdf a:g] dflg;x?n] h:t} u/L ug'{ kYof]{ . cfw'lgs oGq pks/0f,
pkof]u ug{ kfOGgYof] . ToxfF ljh'nL lyPg, 6]lnkmf]g, 6]lnlehg,
/]l8of] lyPg, gt kfgLsf] kfOk g} lyof] . wfg s'6\g l9sL lyof] . ds} lk:g hfFtf] lyof] . kfgL eg{
kFw]/f agfOPsf] lyof] .

lgj]bg lbg]x?n] g]kfnaf/] a8f] /dfOnf] e":ju{s} sNkgf u/]sf lyP . s]xLn] t ko{6ssf] ¿kdf g]kfn
b]lv;s]sf lyP . t/ jf:tljs hLjgsf] af/]df yfxf kfPkl5 cfwfhlt lgj]bsx?n] ToxfF a:g] cfF6} u/]gg\ .
afsL cfwf hltn] g]kfnL ufpFdf wf/f, lah'nL, vfgf ksfpg] Uof;, 6]lnlehgh:tf ;'ljwfx? ylkof] eg]
dfq} ToxfF a:g] s'/fdf ljrf/ ug{ ;lsg] s'/f atfP . t/ g]kfnsf] jf:tljs gd"gf k|bz{g ug]{ p2]Zo ePsf]
x'gfn] /fi6« ;+3sf of]hgfsf/x?n] To:tf ;'ljwfx? yKg g;lsg] s'/f atfPkl5 tL afFsL lgj]bsx?sf] klg
ToxfF a:g] ?lr x/fof] .

cflv/df Ps hgf dfq} lgj]bs afFsL /xØf] . p;n] cd]l/sL 8n/df 5 c+ssf] tna kfP dfq} g]kfnsf]
ufpFdf a:g] b'Mv em]Ng tof/ /x]sf] atfof] . g]kfnL ufpFdf sf]xL a:g gdfg]sf] b]v]/ /fi6« ;+3sf
of]hgfsf/x? lrlGtt eP . pgLx? clGtd lgj]bssf] dfu dfGg tof/ eP . t}klg lgj]bsn] Pp6f
cflv/L dfu /fVof] . p;n] uf]Ko ¿kdf Pp6f 6]lnkmf]g hf]l8Psf] sDKo'6/ k|of]u ug{ kfpg] dfu
/fVof] .

of]hgfsf/x? Tof] dfu dfGg tof/ ePgg\ lsgls pgLx? ;fFRr}sf] g]kfnL kxf8L ufpFsf] gd"gf agfpg
rfxGy] . a? pgLx? hlt klg kfl/>lds lbg tof/ lyP .

t/ Tof] lgj]bssf] egfO lyof], æa? gs{nf]sdf hfpFnf, ToxfF t dlxgfsf] nfv 8n/ lbP klg al:bgF .Æ

ToxfF a:g rfxg] cd]l/sLsf] nflu Tof] 7fpF cem} klg vfln 5 .

kNs]sf] ltNs]

Ps hgf kfx'gf ufpFdf 3'Db} lyof] . p;n] af6f]df Ps hgf s]6f]

/f]O/x]sf] b]Vof] . lsg /f]Psf] egL ;f]Wbf p;n] ef]s nfu]/ /f]Psf] eGof] . kfx'gfn] cfˆgf] uf]hL
5fDof] . b'O{ ?k}ofF /x]5 . s]6f]nfO{ lbof] . s]6f] cfF;' k'5\b} 3/lt/ nfUof] .

ef]ln kN6 ufpFdf 3'Dg lg:sFbf klg kfx'gfn] Tof] s]6f] ToxL 7fpFdf /f]O/x]sf] b]Vof] . p;n] vNtL
5fDof] . Ps ?k}ofF dfq} /x]5 . s]6f]nfO{ lbof] .

Ps ?k}ofF kfP/ s]6f] emg hf]8n] ?g yfNof] .

kfx'gfn] ;f]Wf], ælsg /f]Psf] afa' <Æ

s]6f]n] eGof], æcsf]{ ?k}ofF v} t <Æ

lk&Ø"¤k%fl*

22
p;sf] hLjgsf] 7"nf] wf]sf] k"/f x'Fb}lyof] . pm l;+xb/af/ hfFb} lyof] . p;sf dgdf cg]s OR5f,
cfsf+Iff / sNkgfx? lyP .

t/ 9f]sf cufl8 a8fdxf/fhfsf] ;flns b]v]/ pm t:of]{ . cf}+nf pHofPsf] Tof] ;flns b]v]/ p;n] lbJo
pkb]z ;D‰of] — d]/f ;fgf b'Mvn] cfHof{sf] d'n's xf]Og, ;a}nfO{ r]tgf eof .

pm gtd:ts eP/ l;+xb/af/leq k:of] .

l;+xb/af/leq ;a} yf]s 5 . kfn] a:g] lqkfO{b]lv lnP/ k|wfgdGqL a:g] s';L{ ToxL+ 5 . v]tdf 8Nnf
kmf]g]{ sf]bfnf]b]lv lnP/ kxf8 kmf]g]{ tf]k klg ToxL+ 5 . d;Ln] n]Vg] dfq} xf]Og, /utn]
n]Vg] snd klg ToxL+ 5 . 7]Ssfk§f, nfO;]G;, k/ld6, kfj/, k};f ;a} s'/f ToxL+ 5 .

To;}n] l;+xb/af/df pm lgs} /dfof] . p;n] cfˆgf] hLjgsf] ;Dk"0f{ cfs+fIff oxL+ k"/f ug]{ c7f]6
u¥of] . l;+xb/af/leqsf]] j}ej s;}n] klg :yfoL ¿kn] ef]Ug kfpFb}g . p;n] ToxfFsf] j}ej cfˆgf]
3/df cf];fg]{ lgZro u¥of] .

t/ ;d:of lyof] Tof] ;lnssf] . p;nfO{ Tof] ;flnsn] lgu/fgL ul//x]sf] h:tf] nfUYof] .

lbgx'F l;+xb/af/df cfpg] hfg] ubf{ubf{ p;n] s] kQf nufof] eg] ;flnsn] k5fl8 kms]{/ x]b}{g .
ToxL ;flnsd'lGt/ pleP/ oftfoft lgoGq0f ug]{ k|x/Ln] cfˆgf] lk7Ø"Fk5fl8 uf8Lx?sf] nfdf] tfFtL
gb]v]em}+ Tof] ;flnsn] klg l;+xb/af/af6 aflx/ lg:sg]x?nfO{ b]Vg ;Qm}g eGg] 1fg p;n] kfof]
.

of] lbJo /x:o kQf nfu]kl5 p;nfO{ cfˆgf OR5f, cfsf+Iff k"/f ug{ ufx|f] ePg . pm ljxfg 7"nf]
df]6/df r9]/ xhf/ kfOnf hlt k/ /x]sf] eb|sfnLsf] dlGb/lt/af6 l;+xb/af/ hfGYof] . ;flnsnfO{ bflxg]
kf/]/ :jl:t ub}{ leq k:Yof] . ;fFem aflx/ lg:sFbf klg ;flnsnfO{ bflxg] g} kf/]/ lk7Ø"Flt/af6
dfOtLw/ eP/ cfˆgf] 3/lt/ xflgGYof] . p;nfO{ g t 6«flkms k|x/Ln] b]VYof] g t ;flnsn] g} b]VYof] .
s]xL jif{kl5 t p;sf] 3/} l;+xb/af/h:tf] b]lvof] .

k|fOj]^ kf]v/L

b]zh:t} Pp6f kf]v/L lyof] .

kf]v/Ldf w]/} aN5L yflkPsf] lyof] . aN5Ldf /flvPsf] vfg]s'/fsf] nf]edf vf;u/L 7"nf df5fx? ky{] .
alnof df5fx? aN5Ldf k/]kl5 pkb|f] uy{] . aN5L tfg]/ n}hfGy] . aN5Ljfnfn] klg df5fx?sf]
cfgLafgL v'a} a'em]sf] lyof] . aN5Ldf k/]sf] df5f yfs]/ zfGt ePsf] a]nfdf p;n] aN5Lsf] wfuf]
la:tf/} tfGYof] . df5f rNg / pk|mg yfNof] eg] wfuf] 5fl8lbGYof] / df5f gyfSbf;Dd rNg, v]Ng
lbGYof] . o;/L wfuf] tfGg] 5f8\g] v]ndf aN5Ljfnf ;fx|} s'zn
lyof] . o;}n] h:tf];'s} alnof] df5fnfO{ klg p;n] aN5Ldf kf/]/ v]nfO{v]nfO{ dfg{ ;SYof] .

df5fx? cln 7"nf / alnof x'g] lalQs} aN5Ldf kb}{ Hofg u'dfpg' k/]sf] b]v]/ s]xL rnfv df5fx?
;fx|} lrlGtt eP / Ps lbg ;Nnfx u/] . of] kf]v/Ldf xfdL :jtGq eP/ x's{g gkfpg] sf/0f s] xf] < xfdL
;a} ldn]/ aN5Lsf] rf/f] g} gvfP x'Fb}g =======<

kfgLleq df5fx? o:tf] ;Nnfx ub}{ lyP . kfgL aflx/ kf]v/Lsf] l8ndf aN5Ljfnf dflg; csf{] dflg;;Fu
df5fsf] efptfp ub{} lyof] M

– of] kf]v/Ldf df5f slt xf]nfg\ <

– sDtLdf klg %)) lsnf] 5 .

23
– Toltsf w]/} t 5}g xf]nf . v'a} eP @)) lsnf] xf]nf .

– x]/g sqf sqf 5g\ . %)) lsnf]eGbf sdsf] lx;fa t d nufpg}

;lQmgF .

– v}/, slt 5 eGg] lx;fa t kl5 u/f}+nf t/ df5f s;/L lgsfNg] < aN5L yfk]/ t ;a} df5f dfg{ d'l:sn 5 .

– geP hfn xfNg' knf{ . hfn xfn]/ klg geP k+lk+u;]6 NofP/ kf]v/Lsf] kfgL ;a} ;'sfOlbpFnf lg t .

– To;f] ug{ kfOG5 / <

– lsg gkfpg' < of] ;fj{hlgs kf]v/L x}g, of] t d]/f] k|fOj]6 kf]v/L xf] .

k|f/De

tna a'‰g] lbg lyof] . ;a}sf] kfs]6 u/d lyof] . xflsdn] k|:tfj /fVof], æ cfh ;a} hgf o:;f] aflx/ st}
uP/ vfpmF g . Æ

xflsdsf] k|:tfj . ;a}n] v';L;Fu :jLsf/] . w]/} 7fpFdf sfd Eofpg' kg]{ x'gfn] ;Fw} slxn] 5'§L xf]nf
eg]/ xtf/ ug]{ lkpg xj;axfb'/ klg xflsd;+u} ;a}sf] kl5 nfUof] .

xflsdn] ;a}nfO{ Pp6f /fd|f] /]i6'/fFdf nUof] . /]i6'/fFleq lgs} eL8 lyof] . xj;axfb'/ slxn]sfxLF
Tof] /]i6'/fFdf xflsdsf] nflu vfg]s'/f lng hfGYof], t/ ToxLF a;]/ slxNo} vfPsf] lyPg .

b'O6f 6]a'n hf]8]/ ;a} hgf a;] . xj; xflsdsf] cufl8 slxNo} s';L{df a;]sf] lyPg . t/ ;a} hgf a;]kl5
pm klg cK7Øf/f] dfgLdfgL a:of] . a]o/fn] d]g' lnP/ cfof] .

æn ;a}n] cfcfˆgf] dg nfu]sf] s'/f c8{/ ug]{ x} .Æ xflsdn]

eGof] .

;a} hgfn] d]g' x]g{ yfn] . xj;n] klg x]¥of] . d]g'df s'g} klg vfg] kl/sf/ ;o ?k}ofFeGbf 36Lsf]
lyPg . lkpg] s'/fdf lrof kRrL; ?k}ofF sk;Ddsf] lyof] . To;dfly bz k|ltzt Eof6 -s/_ / l6k a]Un} .
p;n] cfˆgf] 3/df lbgx'F vf]n] / ltx'Fgsf] nflu x'g] lrlrnfx?sf] xfgyfk ;D‰Øf] .

pm cndNn k/]sf] b]v]/ xflsdn] eGof], æd]g' a'lemPg ls s;f] xj; < v}, ;Fu} a;]sf]n] ;3fOb]pm
g .Æ

P;\=Pn\=;L=;Dd k9]sf] / xflsdsf] nflu vfgf lng cfO/xg] xj;n] d]g' ga'‰g] s'/f lyPg . t/ pm
cNdlnPsf] b]v]/ ;Fu} a;]sf] h;nfnn] æs]
vfg] <Æ eGb} d]g'lt/ b]vfof] / æPs Kn]6 df]df] / sf]s vfg] ls <Æ eGg] ;'emfj lbof] .

æn, x'G5, x'G5Æ eGb} xflsd;+u} c?n] klg ;xL yfk]kl5 xj;n] klg ;xdlt hgfpFb} 6fpsf] xNnfof]
. a]o/fn] c?sf] klg c8{/ n]v]/ nUof] .

Psl5gkl5 a]o/fn] ;a}sf] cufl8 lha|} /;fpg] kl/sf/x? /fVof] . xflsdsf] cufl8 df;'sf] y/Ly/Lsf kl/sf/ /
lkpg] s'/fx? cfOk'u] . To:t} s;}sf] cufl8 zfsfxf/L kl/sf/, s;}sf] cufl8 leq df;' /fv]sf] /f]6L clg
s;}sf] cufl8 s'v'/fsf] df;' /fv]sf] lkhf ;lhof] . ;a} hgf ;s];Dd rfF8} Kn]6 l/Tofpg Jo:t eP . xj;n]
klg cfˆgf] Kn]6sf] df]df] pl5l§P/ hfnf ls eGb} 8/fpFb}, kl;gf sf9\b} df]df] / sf]s l;Wofof] .

24
To;kl5 xflsdn] :jL6l8; cyf{t\ ld7f] kl/sf/ vfg] eGof] . s;}n] cfO;lqmd dufP, s;}n] s]s, t s;}n]
rfOlgh ld7fO{ dufP . xj;n] b'O6f /;e/L
dufof] .

;a}n] vfO;s]kl5 lan cfOk'Uof] . b; hgfn] vfPsf] Eof6 ;d]t hf]8]/ rf/xhf/ b'O{;o krf; ?k}ofF eP5
. xflsdn] cfˆgf] gf8L38Lsf] SofNs'n]6/df lx;fa ub}{ eGof], æl6k ;d]t hf]8\bf ;f9] rf/ xhf/ x'G5
. Ps hgfsf] efudf ;f9] rf/ ;o eof] .Æ

olt eGb} xflsdn] cfkm"n] a'em]sf] aL; xhf/ ?k}ofFsf] SofF6 uf]hLaf6 lemSof] / To;af6 rf/ ;o
krf; ?k}ofF lems]/ xf]6nsf] landfly
/flvlbof] . xflsdeGbf tnsf] eb|aL/n] b; xhf/sf] SofF6af6 cfˆgf] lx:;fsf] /sd /fVof] . To;} u/L
s;}n] ;ft xhf/sf] SofF6af6 t s;}n] kfFr xhf/sf] SofF6af6 cf–cfˆgf] efusf] /sd /fv] . xj;axfb'/n]
vNtLaf6 kRrL; ;osf] SofF6 lemSof] / To;af6 ;f9] rf/ ;o ?k}ofF lems]/ landfly /flvlbof] .

xf]6naf6 aflx/ lg:s]kl5 xflsdn] xj;axfb'/ ;d]t uf8Ldf c6fPhltnfO{ cln k/;Dd k'¥ofOlbG5' eGof]
. t/ xj;n] dgel/ 3[0ff / cg'xf/df eg] hah{:tL ljgd|tf e/]/ æe}xfNof] ;/Æ eGb} dG6f] a6f¥of] /
xflsds} cufl8 6]S;L af]nfP/ To;df r9]/ ;/// 3/lt/ nfUof] .

alS;;

sfn'dfgn] v'a+} d]xgt u/]/ sf7sf] Pp6f snfTds kfg; agfPsf] lyof] . snfk|]dL h/;fksxfF Tof] kfg;
gh/ u/fP/ alS;; kfpFnf eGg] cfzfn] pm
b/af/sf] 9f]sfdf uof] / 9f]s];Fu kfg; h/;fksxfF gh/ u/fpg cg'/f]w
u¥of] .

klxn] t 9f]s]n] emsf{] dfGof] t/ sfn'n] w]/} l9kL u/]kl5 p;n] leq 6xn'jfnfO{ sfn'sf] kfg; lbof] .

6xn'jfn] kfg; a}7s]nfO{ lbof] . cg's"n ;do x]/]/ h/;fk cf/fd u/]sf] df}sf kf/L a}7s]n] sfn'sf]
kfg; h/;fknfO{ gh/ u/fof] . snfk"0f{ kfg; b]v]/
h/;fk lgs} v'zL eP / vhfGrL;Fu ;o ?k}ofF dfu]/ sfn'nfO{ lbg' egL a}7s]nfO{ x's'd lbP .

a}7s]n] vhfGrLnfO{ h/;fksf] x's'd ;'gfof] . vhfGrL / a}7s]n] vf;–v';

u/] . vhfgfaf6 vhfGrLn] x's'd adf]lhd Ps ;o ?k}ofF lgsfNof] / krf; ?k}ofF a}7s]nfO{ lbof] .

a}7s]n] 6xn'jfnfO{ sfn'dfgnfO{ lbg" eg]/ kRrL; ?k}ofF lbof] . 6xn'jfn] klg sfn'nfO{ lbg" eg]/
kGw|| ?k}ofF 9f]s]nfO{ lbof] .

9f]s]n] sfn'nfO{ af]nfP/ h/;fk ltd|f] sfdaf6 lgs} v'zL xf]OaS:of], ltdLnfO{ as; aS;]sf] 5 eg]/
bz ?k}ofF sfn'sf] xftdf /fVb} eGof,] æd]/f] efu gla;{ x,} sfn'dfg .Æ

sfn'n] h/;fksf] ho xf];\ eGb} bz ?k}ofF yfKof] / To;af6 Ps ?k}of+ 9f]s]nfO{ lbof] . clg lr;f]
r'nf] ttfpg] ;dfg lsGg ahf/lt/ nfUof] .

abln¤bf] cfl;s

d]/f] lax]sf] ef]hdf afSnf] bxL Nofpg] vfgL5fksL dugL{ ah} cfkm"nfO{ vfgL5fksL ;"o{j+zL
eg]/ kl/ro lbg ?rfpFlyg\ . ;f7L gf3]/ klg 7d7dsL alnO{ lyOg\ pgL . pgn] /f0ff zf;g b]v]sL lyOg\
. k~rfotL zf;g t
/fd|/L g} ef]lug\ . ca k|hftGq a'‰g yfn]sL lyOg\ .

25
d]/f] 5f]/fsf] kf:gLsf] ef]hdf klg pgL bxL lnP/ cfOg\ . rng cg';f/ pgn] ef]h vfg'eGbf clw
5f]/fnfO{ cfl;s lbOg\, ægftL 7"nf] ePkl5 ;'Aaf eP;\ .Æ

pgsf] 5f]/f ef/tdf sfd uYof]{ . ;f;"–a'xf/L slxn] ;Fu;Fu} ahf/ cfpFy] . slxn] kfnf]kfnf] u/L cfpFy]
. ahf/df cfpFbf ufpFaf6 kmnkm"n, t/sf/L, bxL, £o" a]Rg NofpFy] / kms{+bf g"g, t]n, rfdn,
d;nf cflb 3/vr{sf] nflu rflxg] ;fdfg lsGy] .

b;–jfx| jif{kl5sf] s'/f xf] . 5f]/f sf7df8f}+af6 5'§Ldf cfPsf] a]nfdf ah};Fu p;sf] e]6 eof] .
æltdLnfO{ ;fg}b]lv ld7f] bxL Vjfpg] ah} pxfF g} xf]Æ eg]/ kl/ro u/fPkl5 5f]/fn] clejfbg u¥of]
. hjfkmdf pgn] elgg\, ænf} gflt 7"nf] ePkl5 c~rnfwLz eP;\ .Æ

k~rfotsf] cj;fgkl5 c~rnfwLz kb g} vf/]h eof] . k|hftGq cfof] . b'O{b'O{ kN6 ;+;b / :yfgLo
lgsfox?sf] lgjf{rg klg eof] . ;f+;bx?sf] rsrsL klg hgtfn] b]v] . o;aLr pgsf] ahf/ cfpg] qmd
36\g yfNof] . w]/}h;f] a'xf/L g} ahf/ cfpFlyg\ . pgL;Fu ah}sf] xfnrfn ;f]Wy]+ . æa"9L
x'g'eof], w]/} lxF8\g ;Sg'x'GgÆ elGyg\ .

uPsf] bz}+eGbf s]xL lbgclw a'xf/LnfO{ ahf/df lsgd]n ug{ cfPsf] e]6]+ / bz}+df xfdL ;a}
e]nf x'G5f}+, ;f;'nfO{ lnP/ ef]h vfg cfpm eg]/ lgDtf]
k7fPF .

bz}+df ah} a'xf/L;Fu nf}/f] 6]Sb} ;sLg;sL cfOg\ . c;L gfl3;s]sL ah}nfO{ xfdLn] g} e]6\g
hfg' kYof]{ . dfofn] e]6\g cfOg\ . ah} k'/fgf
s'/f ;DemFb} lgs} v'zL eOg\ / xfdL ;a}nfO{ Ps Ps ub}{ cfl;s lbg yflng\, æv} cfhsfn t cfl;s
lbg klg cfpFb}g, s] cfl;s lbpFm . nf} sf]xL ;f+;b eP;\ . sf]xL dGqL eP;\ . t/ h] eP klg of]
a"9LnfO{ gla;]{;\ x} .Æ

;'Aaf, c~rnfwLz, ;f+;b / dGqLdWo] s'g rflxF cfl;s pgn] ;f+FRr} a'em]/ leqL dgn] lbPsL
xf]lng\ eGg] cg'dfg ub}{ d}n] tL ;]t} km'n]sL ah}nfO{ ;Ddfgk"j{s ljbf u/]+ .

af# cfof]

ufpFdf :ofnn] s'v'/f rf]g]{ s'/f t ;fdfGo g} lyof] . slxn]sfxLF agdf rl//x]sf afv|fsf kf7fkf7LnfO{
klg :ofnn] l3;fYof{] . t/ o;kfnL t ufpFdf af3} cfPsf] xNnf rNof] .

af3sf] xNnf rn]kl5 ufpFn]x? cFWof/f] gx'Fb} b}nf] y'g]/ 3/leq} a:g yfn] . pgLx?n] afv|fsf]
vf]/ alnof] agfP / uf]7sf ufO{ e}F;L kf8fkf8LnfO{ ;s];DDf hf]ufpg] pkfo klg u/] .

t/ o;/L slt lbg sfd rNg ;SYof] / < ufpFn]x? cflQg yfn] . cflv/ Ps lbg ufpFsf k|wfg ;b/d'sfddf
k'u] . pgn] ;DalGwt clwsf/Lx? ;dIf ufpFdf jf3sf] cft+s a9]sf] s'/f ;'gfP / af3 dfg{] Ohfht dfu] .
tL
clwsf/Lx? :ynut cWoog ug{ ufpFdf hfg] eP . ufpFnfO{ af3af6 d'lSt lbnfpg cfpg] clwsf/L–
ju{sf] dg km'sfP/ :jfut ug{ ufpFn]x?n] lgSs} d]xgt u/] .

clwsf/L–ju{sf] lzsf/L 6f]nL k"/f tof/Lsf ;fy ufpFdf cfOk'Uof] . pgLx? lbgel/ ufpFsf] glhs}sf]
agdf 8'Ny] . ;fFem k/]kl5 ufpFdf 3'Dy] .

s]xL lbg laTof], t/ af3sf] kQf] nfu]g . o;aLr lzsf/Lx?n] agdf s]xL d[u df/]/ vfPsf] s'/f ;'lgof] eg]
agdf rg{ uPsf v;L af]sfx? x/fpg yfn] . 3fF; bfp/f ug{ agdf uPsf 5f]/L a'xf/Lx?n] agdfG5]n]
9's]sf] s'/f rrf{ ug{ yfn] . pgLx? 8/n] ag hfg klg 5f8] . ufpFn]x? af3af6 dfq} xf]Og,
agdfG5]af6 ;d]t cft+lst x'gyfn] .
26
ufpFdf Ps ;ftf a;]kl5 clwsf/Lx?sf] lzsf/L 6f]]nL af3 gdf/L kmSof{] . ufpFn]x?n] rogsf] ;f;
km]/], lsgls Ps ;ftfleq ufpFaf6 5 j6f v;L / kGw| j6f s'v'/f x/fO ;s]sf] lyof] . clg agsf] 5]pd} 3/
ePsf] af3aL/sf 3fF; sf6\g uPsL b'O6L 5f]/Lx?nfO{ æag dfG5]n]Æ l3;f/]/ nu]sf] /x]5 .

afb/sf] k'R%/

æcf] 8\of8, d]/f] s'/f a'‰g] sf]lz; ug'{;\ g . of] n]6]:6 l8hfOg
xf] .Æ

5f]/fsf] s'/f ;'g]/ cfˆgf] ;+:s[ltsf] k"hf/L lrGts 5Ss k¥of] .

æh:tf] t]/f] OR5fÆ eg]/ pm cfˆgf] cWoog sIfdf uof] / lstfax?;Fu e'Ng yfNof] .

cfFksf] af]6df afFb/x? r9]/ pTkft dRrfPsf] ‰ofnaf6 b]lvGYof] . lrGts afFb/af/] lrGtg ug{
yfNof] . pm xHhf/f}+ aif{ cl3sf] Tof] o'udf k'Uof], hxfF dfG5]sf] ;[li6 ePsf] lyPg, ljleGg k|
sf/sf afFb/x? dfq} lyP . afFb/x?aLr ljjfb e}/x]sf] lyof] . ljjfbsf] ljifo lyof] – k'R5/ . k'R5/sf] s]xL
sfd 5}g, o;nfO{ sf6]/ kmfNg' k5{ eGg] Pp6f kIf lyof] . csf]{ kIfn] of] xfd|f] uf}/jsf] k|tLs xf],
o;sf/0f o;nfO{ lxkmfht u/]/ /fVg' k5{ eGYof] .

k''R5/ k"/} sf6]/ 7'6] lsg x'g' k¥of] < a? clnslt 5f]6\ofP e}xfNof] lg eGg] t];|f] kIf klg lyof] .
ljjfb g;'Nem] kl5 k'R5/ kmfNg] / /fVg] ;d"xaLr n8fOF+
eof] . t];|f] kIf sf]xL stf sf]xL stf nfu] .

s]xL ;dokl5 k'R5/ kmfNg] ;d"xsf afFb/x?aLr csf]{ ljjfb rNof] . o; k6s ljjfbsf] ljifo lyof] – rf/
v'6\6fn] 6]s]/ lxF8\g] ls b'O{ v'§fn] < k'R5/ gePsf] x'Fbf b'O{ v'§fn] lxF8\g' g} ;a}nfO{
;lhnf] lyof] t/ rf/v'§fn] lx+8\g' xfd|f] hftLo :jfefj xf] egL l9kL ug]{x? klg lyP . df}sf x]/]/ h:tf]
;lhnf] x'G5, To;/L lx+8\g' k5{ eGg] t];|f] kIf klg lyof] .

;do laTb} uof] . clg o:t} u/L ?vdf a:g] ls e'OF{df a:g], efiff af]Ng] ls O;f/f / WjgLn] dfq} sfd
rnfpg], u'kmfdf a:g] ls 3/ agfP/ a:g], lzsf/ v]n]/ lgjf{x ug]{ ls v]tLkftL ug]{, h+undf a:g] ls
a:tL a;fP/ a:g] eGg]x? aLr emu8f x'Fb} uof] .

t/ afFb/ j+zsf] ljsf; /f]lsPg . k'R5/ kmfNg x'Gg eGg]x?, rf/ v'§fn] 6]s]/ lx+8\g uf}/j dfGg]x?, ?
vdf a:g ?rfpg]x?, efiff k|of]u ug{ grfxg]x?, u'kmfdf a:g ?rfpg]x?, lzsf/ v]n]/ afFRg vf]Hg]x?,
h+un 5f8\g grfxg]x? la:tf/} sf]xL PlSnFb} uP eg] sf]xL nf]k x'Fb} uP .

csf]{ sf]7faf6 cfO/x]sf] rsf]{ xNnfn] ubf{ lrGtssf] lrGtg layf]lnof] . Tof] sf]7fdf p;sf] 5f]/f /
5f]/fsf ;fyLx? e"–pku|xaf6 k|;fl/t 6]lnlehg xb}{ To;}sf] tfndf gflr/x]sf lyP .

kNnf] sf]7fdf lrGtssf j[4 lktf Sof;]6 Kn]o/df efg'eQmsf]

/fdfo0f ;'Gb} lyP . lrGtsn] 6]lnlehg vf]Nof] . aLaL;L Rofgndf ;dfrf/ cfO/x]sf] lyof] . ef/tsf]
cof]Wofsf] afa/L dl:hb eTsfpg]x? kx]+nf] em08f af]s]/ sfl:d/sf] cd/gfysf] tLy{ ofqfdf
hfFb}lyP .

csf]{ b[Zodf n]vsx? ;ndfg ?:bL / t;lndf g;l/gnfO{ kmfF;Ldf em'08Øfpg' k5{ eGg]x? xl/of]
em08f af]s]/ h'n'; lgsfNb}lyP .

27
To;kl5 pQ/L cfo/Nof08df Sofyf]lns / k|f]6]:6]06sf] emu8fdf ad lj:kmf]6gaf6 Pp6f 7"nf] 3/
Wj:t eP/ s}og dflg; d/]sf] b[Zo b]lvof] .

lrGtsn] g]kfn 6]lnlehg vf]Nof] . sf7df08f}+sf] w/x/f glhs} Pp6f h'n';n] gf/f nufpFb}lyof],
æxfd|f] efiff xfd|f] e]if k|f0feGbf Kof/f] 5 .Æ

w/x/f b]v]kl5 lrGtsn] k'/fgf] 36gf ;D‰of] . Ps hgf 6'l/i6 ufO8n] klZrdf ko{6snfO{ w/x/f
b]vfpFb} eGb}lyof], æof] xfd|f] k'vf{n] cGtl/Ifdf k7fpg agfPsf] cGtl/If ofgsf] gd"gf xf] .Æ

6'l/i6 6\jfNn k/]/ xb}{lyof] .

otf lrGts klg ls+st{Joljd"9 eof] .

afWotf

æx6f, x6f, x6f To;nfO{ . P wg] x6f .Æ

e';sf] af]/f af]s]sf] km'Rr] s]6f]nfO{ b]Vg]lalQs} ;fx'hL 6f9}af6 lrRofof], æTolt ;fgf] s]6fn]
klg af]/f af]Sg ;S5 < P wg] To;nfO{ x6fOxfn\ .Æ

;fx'hL lrRofPsf] ;'g]/ Tof] s]6f]n] e';sf] af]/f k]6Ldf la;fof] / k]6Ld} 6'qm'Ss a;]/ 6f]kLn] kl;gf
k'5\g yfNof] . p;nfO{ ufpFaf6 sfd u/fpg lnP/ cfpg] hdfg] kl5kl5 cfpFb} lyof] . p;n] klg ;fx'sf]
s'/f ;'Gof] .

ef/L la;fP/ hdfg] km'Rr] s]6f5]p uof] / sd]hsf] km]/f]n] kl;gf k'5\b} ;f]Wof], æs] u5{;\ t nfn]
ca <Æ

æv} s] u?F t}Fn} g} eg\ g . Gjf/fg u/]/ grf]lvOsg cfdf sfddf lxF8lbgg\ . e/] vfg] vr{ 5}g .
xftdf k};f g/flvlbP afn] b}nf]df 6]Sg lbGgg\ .Æ nfn]n] ;+If]kdf cfˆgf] Joyf ;'gfof] .

hdfg]n] kf]xf]/ sfddf nfUbf p;nfO{ klg o:t} b'Mv ePsf] ;D‰of] . pm ;fx'hLsf] glhs uof] /
gfDnf] xftdf a]b}{ p;n] eGof], æ;fx'hL nfn]nfO{ klg ef/L af]Sg lbg';\ g x} .Æ

;fx'hL s8\Sof], æToqf] km'Rr]n] klg af]/f af]S5 < x'Gg, x'Gg .Æ

æTo;f] geGg';\ ;fx'hL, p;sf] 3/df ;fx}| uhf]{ k/]/ xf] . Pp6f af]/f t af]s]/ cfOxfNof] . a?
xfdLnfO{ lbPsf] HofnfeGbf Ps df]x/ 36L lbg'eP x'G5 . af]sfd\ x} ;fx'hL <Æ hdfg]n] b'Mv
kf]Vof] .

ædf]x/ xf]Og ?Kk] 36f . n, Ps ?k}ofF 36Ldf af]S5;\ eg] af]s\ .Æ ;fx'hL n] nfn]lt/ x]b}{ eGof]
.

nfn] v'zL x'Fb} gfDnf] xNnfpFb} af]/f af]Sg bu'¥of] .

;fFem . lbgel/sf] sdfO xftdf lnP/ nfn]n] lx;fa u¥of] . p;sL ;'Ts]/L cfdf, ef06fªe'06'ª cwf bh{g
efO–alxgL / lgsDdf jfa'sf] nflu c? yf]s geP klg e/] / ef]ln laxfg b'O{ 5fssf] nflu tLg lsnf] rfdn
geO{ x'Fb}g . e'6g -t]n_, cfn', Kofh eP ufF; k]6df k'¥ofpg ;lhnf] x'GYof] . t/ cfh cfdfnfO{
cf}ifwL gnuL x'Fb}g .

28
;a}eGbf klxn] pm cf}ifwL lsGg uof] . cf}ifwL lsg]/ afsL ar]sf] k};fn] d'l:snn] b'O{ lsnf] rfdn
cfof] .

3/df k'Ubf cFWof/f] x'g nfu]sf] lyof] . cfdf b}nf]g]/ a;]/ l;:gf]sf] d06f s]nfpFb} lyOg\ .
cfFugdf s]6fs]6L ef]s nfUof] eg]/ s/fpFb}lyP . nfn]sf] af ;Fw} em}+ e§Laf6 hfF8 vfP/ cfP/
an]gLd'lGt/ a;]/ aa{/fpFb} lyof], ærf]Fr]n] em}+ htfgfdsf] ldhf kfof] . :ofxfg]{ 9+u 5}g
/fF8L ====.Æ

nfn] cf}ifwLsf] l;;L n'sfpFb} n';'Ss b}nf]leq k:of] .

lar/f :ofp l^Kg] ldl;g

lj1fgsf] :ofp–af/Ldf olt w]/} :ofp kmNof] ls xftn] l6k]/ ahf/df k'¥ofpg' ;+ej lyPg . p;n] :ofp
l6Kg] ldl;g e8fdf Nofof] .

ldl;g sDKo'6/–rflnt lyof] . af/Ldf cfkm}F uP/ /f]hL /f]hL :ofp l6Kg
;SYof] . htf htf /ftf /ftf kfs]sf :ofp x'Gy,] ldl;g pt}lt/ hfGYof] / To;sf Ps bh{g xftx?n] km6fkm6
:ofp l6Kb} s06]g/df /fVy] . /ftf /ftf kfs]sf :ofp dfq} l6Kg] k|f]u|fldª ul/Psf] x'gfn] ldl;gn] xl/of]
sfFrf] :ofp l6Kg] uNtL ug]{ ;+efjgf lyPg .

Nofpg]lalQs} lj1fgn] ldl;g rfn' u¥of] . To;sf kf+u|f / k'hf{x? rNg

yfn] .

t/ cgf}7f] eof] . Tof] ldl;g :ofp af/Llt/ guP/ l5d]sLsf] 3/lt/ hfg
yfNof] . lj1fgn] To;nfO{ /f]Sg] sf]l;; u¥of] t/ ldl;gn] dfg]g . cflv/ p;n] ldl;gsf] d]g l:jr aGb ug'{
k¥of] .

p;n] km]l/ ldl;g :6f6{ u¥of] . t/ km]l/ klg Tof] ldl;g l5d]ss} 3/lt/ hfg vf]Hof] . s]xL ;Lk
gnfu]kl5 lj1fgn] cfFugdf a;]/ ldl;gsf] rlt{snf
x]l//x]sf cfˆgf l5d]ssf ;a} 5f]/L–a'xf/Lx?nfO{ 3/leq hfg cg'/f]w u¥of] . clg dfq} Tof] ldl;g :ofp
af/Llt/ nfUof] .

lj1fgn] ldl;gsf] uNtL kQf nufof] . sDKo'6/ lgolGqt Tof] ldl;gdf s'g
/+usf] :ofp l6Kg] eGg] dfq} lgb]{zg /x]5 . s'g csf/sf] / s'g jhgsf] :ofp l6Kg] eGg] lgb]{zg
/fVg lal;{Psf] /x]5 . lj1fgn] sDKo'6/sf] k|f]u|fddf uNtL ;Rofof] . To;kl5 ldl;gn] km6fkm6 /ftf
/ftf kfs]sf :ofp l6Kg yfNof] .

Psl5gkl5 l5d]ssf 5f]/L a'xf/Lx? klg x]g{ cfP . t/ Tof] ldl;gn] pgLx?lt/ jf:t} u/]g . ælar/f a'4"
ldl;gæ eGb} lj1fg :ofp h:tf ufnf ePsf l5d]sLx?;Fu lh:sg yfNof] .

lahf]*f h'Qf

jL/u~h eG;f/ sfof{nfosf] cfug cyf{t\ ;fdfg hfFRg] 7fpFdf h'Qfsf]

k;f/f] nfu]sf] lyof] . ;]7 wgktnfnn] ef/taf6 k}7f/L u/]sf] s/f}8f}F ?k}ofFsf] h'Qf eG;f/df
hfFRbf ;a} h'Qf bflxg] v'§fsf] dfq lg:Sof] . ;]7 wgktnfnn] 6fpsf] ;dft] . ca s] ug]{ < Pp6f
v'§fsf] dfq h'Qf s;/L laS5 < pgn] eG;f/ xflsdsxfF uP/ u'gf;f] kf]v] . t/ xflsdn] s]xL ug{ g;Sg]
atfPkl5 pgn] xflsdaf6 Pp6f v'§fsf] dfq h'Qf cfPsf] eGg] Joxf]/fsf] lr7L n]vfP . clg h'Qf e+;f/sf]
lhDdf 5f8]/ pgL sf7df8f}Flt/ nfu] .

29
wgktnfn l;w} cy{dGqLsxfF k'u] . dGqLnfO{ cfkgf] dsf{ kf]v] / Psflt/sf] v'§fsf] dfq h'Qf cfPsf]
x'gfn] eG;f/ ldgfxf ul/lbg cg'/f]w u/] . s'/f laNs"n hfoh lyof] . Pp6f v'§fsf] dfq} h'Qf s;/L laS5
< dGqLn] Jofkf/Lsf] dsf{ a'em]/ eG;f/ ldgfxf ug]{ tf]s nufOlbP .

lgod cg';f/ wgktnfnsf] bz 6«s h'Qf lagfeG;f/–dx;'n g]kfn lelqof] .

;]7 wgktnfnn] h'Qf k}7f/L u/]sf] dlxgf lbg glaTb} ;/sf/ ablnof] . ;/sf/ ablnPsf] Ps ;ftf glaTb}
;]7sf] csf]{ bz 6«s h'Qf eG;f/ sfof{nodf cfOk'Uof] . t/ o; k6s jL/u~h xf]Og, e}/xjf eG;f/df .
eG;f/ hfFrsLx?n] h'Qf hfFRbf ;a} h'Qf b]a]| v'§fsf] dfq lg:Sof] . ;]7 km]l/ 6fpsf] ;dfTb} eG;f/
xflsdsxfF k'u] . xflsd bofn' lyP . Jofkf/Lsf] dsf{ a'em]/ pgn] klg ePsf] Joxf]/f n]v]/ ;]7nfO{ lbP
.

;]7 wgktnfn km]l/ k'u] /fhwfgLdf . cy{dGqL gofF lyP . sfd ug]{ km"tL{
lyof] . Jofkf/Lsf] dsf{ ga'‰g] s'/} lyPg . pgn] klg eG;f/ ldgfxf ug]{ tf]s nfufOxfn] .

clxn] ;]7 wgktnfn cfˆgf] uf]bfddf lahf]8f h'Qfx?sf] hf]8f ldnfpgdf Jo:t 5g\ . ;fy} pgL ;/sf/
ablng] xNnfk|lt klg ;r]t 5g\ . o;}n] pgL lbgx'F sgLs'yL g]kfnL cvjf/ k9\g] u5{g\ .

af]^] ufp¤ / ko{^sx?

lxFhf]cfh af]6]ufpF klZrdf ko{6sx?sf nflu cfsif{0fsf] s]Gb| ePsf] 5 .

o'/f]k / cd]l/sfaf6 ljdfgdf cfPsf ko{6sx? sf7df8f}+df cf]n]{kl5 a;df r9]/ kfNkf tfg;]g k'U5g\ .
pgLx?sf] s]xL lbg tfg;]gdf /dfOnf] u/L
laT5 . ltg} /dfOnf lbgx?dWo] Ps lbg pgLx? af]6]ufpF x]g{ hfG5g\ .

tfg;]gaf6 af]6]ufpF k}bn hfg' k5{ . ko{6sx?sf] efiffdf o;nfO{ 6]«lsª elgG5 . cfwf lbgsf]
6«]lsª u/]/ af]6]ufpF k'luG5 . ToxfF k'u]/ ko{6sx? af]6]ufpFsf dflg;x?sf] lbgrof{ cjnf]sg
u5{g\ .

af]6]ufpFsf af]6]x?sf] 3/, r'nf], l9sL, hfFtf], xnf], s'6f], sf]bfnf], v]tLkftL, kz'kfng ;a}s'/f
pgLx?nfO{ gf}nf / cgf}7f nfU5g\ . pgLx? u'kmf–o'usf dflg;nfO{ e]6]sf] cg'ej u5{g\ .
af]6]x?sf] sl7g / k|s[ltdfly lge{/ hLjgrof{nfO{ x]/]/ ko{6sx? pgLx?nfO{ k|UP]ltxfl;s dfgj;Fu
t'ngf u5{g\ . vf; u/L, aN5L jf hfnlagf xft}n] kfgLleq 9'Fufsf] sfkdf n's]sf sfk|]df5f ;dfTg]
pgLx?sf] ;Lk b]v]/ ko{6sx? 5Ss k5{g\ . Tof] b[ZonfO{ cfˆgf] Sofd/fdf c+lst ug{ pgLx?
306f}+ s'5{g\ . o:tf] kmf]6f] lvRg kfP eg] pgLx? v'zLn] pk|mG5g\\ .

;fFem k/]kl5 ko{6sx? tfg;]g kms{G5g\, lsgls pgLx? u'kmf–o'udf a:g ;Qm}gg\ .

a]n'sf cFWof/f] gx'Fb} af]6]ufpFsf dflg;x?n] efG5f pDsfO;S5g\ . clg

la:tf/} k'?if, vf; u/L tGg]/L af]6]x?sf] x'n, tfg;]glt/ nfU5 . b'O{ 306f lxF8]/ pgLx? tfg;]gdf
ko{6sx? a;]sf] xf]6ndf k'U5g\ . xf]6n sDkfp08 aflx/ cFWof/f]df ko{6sx?n] pgLx?nfO{ b]Vg
;Qm}gg\ . clg pgLx? ko{6sx?sf]
/fqLrof{ pT;'stf;fy x]g{ yfN5g\ .

ko{6sx?sf] ;a} Jojxf/ pgLx?nfO{ cgf}7f] nfU5 . xf]6nsf] cfFugdf ko{6sx?n] cfuf]df kf]n]sf]
df;';Fu /S;L / lao/ vfPsf], Pscsf{nfO{ cFufnf]df afFw]/ d'v hf]8\b} gfr]sf], ufPsf] x]bf{ pgLx?
5Ss k5{g\ .

/ft l5lKkg yfn]kl5 ko{6sx? cf–cfˆgf sf]7fleq k:5g\ . sf]7fleqsf] b[Zon] af]6]x?sf] pT;'stf emg
a9\5 . kbf{ gnufPsf ‰ofnsf P]gfleq lkmlnddf klg gb]v]sf ljlrqsf ultljlwx? b]v]/ pgLx?sf]
30
d'vaf6 lg:sG5 — æl5, logLx? t ufO{l8Fuf h:tf /x]5g\ .Æ s;}n] lkRr e'O{Fdf y'S5 . t}klg
pgLx? /dfO{/dfO{ x]5{g\ . dWo/ftkl5 af]6]x? /fFsf] afNb} cl3 xf]6ndf b]v]sf b[Zox?
;DemFb}, xfF:b}, lh:sFb} 3/ kms{G5g\ .

ef]lnkN6 af]6]ufpFsf dflg;x?sf] lbgrof{ x]g{ ko{6sx?sf] csf]{ ;d"x af]6]ufpF em5{ .

es')*f]

k"jf{4{

— s] sfd 5 <

— ;'s'Djf;L x'F xh"/, hUuf kfpF5' ls eg]/ cfÚ sf] .

— 3/ sxfF xf] <

— 3/åf/ 5}g xh"/ .

— gful/stfsf] k|df0f kq 5 <

— yfxf 5}g xh"/ .

— s] vfg cfPsf] t < klxn] gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq lnP/ cfpm .

— x; xh"/ .

pQ/f4{

— s] sfd 5 <

— gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq lng cfÚ sf] xh"/ .

— 3/ sxfF xf] <

— 3/åf/ 5}g xh"/ .

— s] vfg cfO;\ t < 3/åf/sf] 7]ufg geOsg gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq kfOG5 <

— yfxf 5}g xh"/ .

— hf, klxn] 3/åf/sf] 7]ufg u/]/ cfOh .

— x; xh"/ =========== .

efn]x? lsg af;] <

6'sL afNg] ufpFdf d}06f]n an]kl5 s;sf] Wofg tflgFb}g / Û b'O{ jif{kl5 3/ kms]{sf] nfx'/]
sfG5fn] cfkm";Fu Pp6f d}06f]n klg NofPsf] /x]5 . cfPs} lbgdf 3/df d}06f]n aflnxfNof] .

31
nfx'/] sfG5fsf] 3/df pHofnf] aQL an]sf] b]v]/ l5d]sLx? pT;'s eP/ x]g{ cfP . ;+of]un] ufpFsf]
d'lvof klg 6'Kn'Ss cfOk'Uof] . x]bf{x]b}{ nfx'/] sfG5fsf]
3/df ;fgf]ltgf] d]nfh:t} nfUof] . dflg;x?sf] eL8 a9]kl5 nfx'/]n] d}06f]n cfugdf /fVof] . d}06f]n
aflx/ /fVg' s] lyof] glhs} vf]/leq af; a;]sf
s'v'/fsf efn]x? wdfwd af:g yfn] . ev{/ af:g l;s]sf rNnfx? klg SofF SofF ub}{ s/fpg yfn] .

;fFem kv efn] af;]sf] ;'g]/ of] s] x'g yfNof] eg]/ w]/} hgf 5Ss k/] . d'lvofn] eGof], æ/ftL /ftL
af:g] oL efn]x?sf] 6fpsf] sf6]/ w'/L s6fpg' k5{, gq cnlR5g nfU5 .Æ

d'lvofsf] s'/f sfG5fnfO{ lrQ a'em]g . p;n] eGof], æx}g d'lvof bfO, oL efn]x? t d}06f]nsf]
pHofnf] b]v]/ laxfg x'g cfF6\of] ls eg]/ em'lSsP/ af;]sf x'g\ . logLx?sf] s]xL bf]if 5}g .Æ

t/ d'lvofn] dfq} x}g, l5d]sLx? / nfx'/]sL :jf:gL ;d]tn] klg nfx'/]sf]

s'/f dfg]gg\ . l5d]sL l76fx?n] vf]/leqaf6 efn] / efn] hftsf ;a} rNnfx?nfO{ aflx/ lgsfn] / v'kf{n]
3f+6L l5gfNb} /ut r'x'Fb} u/]sf] 6fpsf] 3/sf] w'/L g3fP/ kmflnlbP .

kfFr 5 j6f s'v'/f sfl6Psf] x'Fbf nfx'/] sfG5fsf] 3/df /fd|} ef]h hDof] . sfG5f dgsf/L lyof] .
nfx'/af6 NofPsf] a|f08Lsf] af]tn vf]n]/ /dfOnf] u¥of] .

nfx'/] sfG5f 3/ kms]{s} lbg ;GWofsfndf efn] af;]/ cnlR5g ePsf] s'/f ufpFel/ km}lnFb} lyof] .
Ps lbg ;fFemkv nfx'/] sfG5f d'lvofsf] 3/df k'Uof] . d'lvof 3/df lyPg . d'lvgL / 3/sf
s]6fs]6Lx?;Fu nfx'/] ukm ub}{ lyof] . Pp6f s]6fn] eGof], ænfx'/] bfO, tkfO{n] d}06f]n aQL
Nofpg' ePsf] 5 /] xfdLnfO{ klg afn]/ b]vfO lbg';\ g . Æ d'lvgLn] klg ykL, æxf] sfG5f, Ps kN6
xfd|f] 3/ klg pHofnf] kfl/b]pm g .Æ

æs] 7"nf] s'/f eof] / efph",Æ nfx'/]n] emf]nfaf6 d}06f]n lemSb} eGof], ækNnf] ufpFdf ;f8'
bfOsf] 3/df ef]ln ;Togf/fo0fsf] k"hfsf] nflu d}06f]n lnP/ cfpg' k¥of] eg]/ va/ k7fPsf] /x]5 .
To;}n] d}06f]n ;Fu} lnP/ lx+8]sf] 5' .Æ

nfx'/] sfG5fn] d}06f]ndf bd lbPsf], ;nfO{ sf]/]/ afn]sf] ;a}n] ?lrk"j{s

x]/] . pHofnf] aQL an]kl5 ;a} hgf xFl;nf b]lvP . ToxL a]nf af6f]df sf]xL cfPsf] b]lvof] . æP otf
aQL b]vfcf] tÆ, eGb} d'lvof lrRofpFb} /x]5g\ .

d'lvofnfO{ af6f] b]vfpg nfx'/] sfG5f d}06f]n af]s]/ af6f]lt/ s] nfu]sf] lyof], d'lvofsf] vf]/leq
af; a;]sf efn]x? wdfwd af:g yfn] . æs] cnlR5g x'g yfNof]Æ, eGb} d'lvgL s/fpg yflng\ . ænf}
d'lvof bfO, cfh t tkfO{sf] 3/sf efn] klg af;] lg . ca /dfOnf] ug]{ x}g t <Æ nfx'/] sfG5fn]
Ao+Uo ub}{
eGof] .

æs] eG5 of] nfx'/]n] < cl:t ltdLn] g} d}06f]nsf] pHofnf] b]v]/ s'v'/fx? em'lSsP/ af;]sf] eg]sf]
x}g <Æ d'lvofn] cnlR5gsf] 8/ d]6\g vfHb} eGof] . t/ d'lvgL Tolt af7L lyOg, To;}n] p;n] dflgg
. æoL cnlR5gf efn]x?sf] 3f+6L l5gfn]/ w'/L s6fOb]cf]Æ, pgn] lh2L u/]/ s]6fx?nfO{ cx|fOg\ .

Tof] ;fFem d'lvofsf] 3/df klg nfx'/]sf] 3/df h:t} s'v'/sf] df;'sf] ef]h t eof] t/ nfx'/] sfG5f dfq}
dgdg} /dfPsf] lyof], lsgls p;n] d}06f]nsf] csf]{ kmfObf kQf nufPsf] lyof] . pm dgdg} ef]h
vfg dg nfUof] ls t ;fFem s'g} l5d]sLsf] 3/df d}06f]n aQL lnP/ k'Ug] c7f]6 afFlw/x]sf] lyof] .

e"tsf] kmf]^f]

32
s]6fx? ?v r9]/ cfFk l6Kb} lyP . Pp6fn] eGof], æcln dfly r9\g . dflydfly 7"nf]7"nf] kfs]sf] cfFk
5 xf]nf .Æ csf]{n] eGof], æhlt dfly r9Øf] plt 7"nf] cfFk e]l6G5 .Æ t];|f]n] yKof], æk|wfg afn]
eGg' ePsf] ljsf; ljsf; eGof] eg] 7"nf]7"nf] s'/f kfOG5 /] . xfdL klg ljsf; ljsf; eGb} ?v r9f}+ t
kSs} klg 7"nf], ld7f] / w]/} cfFk l6Kg ;lsG5 xf]nf .Æ

Tof] lbg s]6fx?n] af]/fel/ cfFk l6k]/ 3/ NofP .

ljsf;sf] rdTsf/sf] xNnf ufpFel/ km}lnof] . ufpFn]x?n] ljsf;sf] gfd hKb} v]tLkftL ug{ yfn] . ljsf;]
wfg, ljsf;] ds}, ljsf;] kmnkm"n, ljsf;]
t/sf/L dfq} xf]Og ljsf;] s'v'/f, ljsf;] ;'Fu'/, ljsf;] e}F;L cflb cg]s s'/f cfP . ljsf;sf] gfpFdf
af6f3f6f], vfg]kfgL, :s"n, s'nf] cflb aGg yfNof] .

ptf, /fhwfgLdf cUnfcUnf 3/x? aGg yfn] . ;nnn aUg] df]6/ uf8Lx? cfP, lrNnf ;8sx? ag] . ljsf;sf]
af/]df ax; ug{ ljnfl;tfk"0f{ ljzfn ;efu[x / xf]6nx? ag] . ljsf;sf] kl/ro lbg] /+uLg / lrNNff lstfa /
kqklqsf 5flkg yfn] . ;Dk"0f{ ufpF k~rfot / lhNnf k~rfot ljsf; ;ldltdf
km]l/P . htftt} ljsf;s} :t'lt / dlxdf ufpg yflnof] .

g]tfx?, gLlt lgdf{tfx? / a'l4hLjLx?n] ljsf;sf] hfb" /fd|/L a'em] . ca pgLx?n] b]zsf x/]s ;/sf/L Pj+
u}/ ;/sf/L sfof{nox?, ;Dk"0f{ uflj; / lhlj;x?df ljsf;sf] kmf]6f] /fVg] gLlt agfP . of]hgf cfof]un]
ljsf;sf] /fd|f] kmf]6f] tof/ kfg]{ Pp6f cfsif{s of]hgf agfof] . cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L lgsfox? / bft[
;+:yfx?n] ljsf;sf] kmf]6f] / d"lt{ agfpg nfvf}+ 8n/ 5'6ØfP .

ljsf;sf] kmf]6f] agfpg] af/]df /fhwfgLsf eJo xf]6nx? / 7"nf zx/x?df klg ;ef uf]i7Lx? cfof]hgf
ul/P . ljb]zaf6 ljåfg\ / Jo:t ;Nnfxsf/x? lemsfOP . kmn:j?k ljsf;sf cg]s PA:6«ØfS6 lrqx? ag] .
hflu/] a'l4hLjLx?n] tL PA:6«ØfS6 lrqx?sf] JofVof ub}{ zf]wkq, sfo{kq, n]v /rgfx? n]v] .
g]tfx?n] x]lnsK6/ / sf/ r9]/ b]zsf] s'gfsfKrfdf k'u]/ ljsf;sf] kmf]6f]sf] JoVof ub}{ nfdfnfdf
efif0f u/] .

ljsf;sf] gzf o;/L b]zJofkL ¿kdf r9]sf] b]v]/ ljsf;nfO{ lgs} v'zL
nfUof] . p;nfO{ ;fFRr} g} hgtfn] slQsf] ?rfPsf /x]5g\ egL a'‰g pm uf]Ko ¿kdf g]kfndf cfof] .
p;n] cvaf/ x]¥of], ljsf;sf va/ / efif0fn] el/Psf] /x]5 . /]l8of] / 6]lnlehg klg ljsf;sf s'/fn] /+luPsf]
/x]5 . cvaf/df p;n] /fhwfgLdf x'g] cfhsf] sfo{qmd x]¥of] . ljsf;s} ljifodf kfFr j6f uf]i7L /x]5g\ .

pm ;j{ k|yd dlxnf ;+a+wL Pp6f uf]i7Ldf k'Uof] . eLif0f efif0f eO/x]sf]
lyof] . æ5f]/LnfO{ klg 5f]/f;/x ;DklQsf] clwsf/ lbg'k5{ eGg] ljrf/ xfd|f] ;+:s[ltnfO{ df:g cfPsf]
xf] . 8n/sf] a'O{ r9]/ cfPsf] ljrf/ xf] of] . xfd|f] wd{ df:g] if8oGq xf] of] . o;n] xfd|f] ;dfhnfO{
ljv08g u5{ .=====Æ dlxnf ljsf;sf] gfpFdf o:tf] efif0f ;'g]/ pm em;+u eof] .

ToxfFaf6 lg:s]/ pm hn;|f]tsf] ljsf;af/] eO/x]sf] ljrf/ uf]i7Ldf k'Uof] . ToxfF klg hf]lznf] efif0f
eO/x]sf] lyof] . æxfd|f] PsPs yf]kf kfgL xfd|f] nflu PsPs yf]kf /ut a/fa/ dxTjk"0f{ 5 . xfdL xfd|
f] hn;|f]tdfly ljb]zLsf] anfTsf/ ;xg ;Qm}gf}+ . kfgL xfd|f] /fli6«otfsf] k|tLs xf] . rfx] xfdL xhf/
jif{;Dd cGwsf/df a:g' k/f];\ jf ef]s} gf+u} /xg' k/f];\, xfdL xfd|f /fli6«o Pj+ kljq gbL gfnfdf
aUg] kfgLsf] yf]kfyf]kfsf] Hofgsf] afhL nufP/ /Iff ug]{
5f}+ .======Æ ljsf; eoeLt x'Fb} ToxfFaf6 ;'6'Ss lg:Sof] .

pm ljsf; zAbnfO{ hf]8]/ eO/x]sf c? b'O{rf/ j6f ;ef / uf]i7Ldf k'Uof] . ljsf;sf] gfddf ;+rfng
ul/Psf of]hgf, cfof]hgf / kl/of]hgfx?df k'Uof] . p;n] b]Vof] — ljsf;sf] sfNklgs kmf]6f] / lrqx?
a]r]/ a'l4hLjLx?,
of]hgfsf/x? / g]tfx? dfnfdfn e}/x]sf lyP . hgtf ljsf;sf] ehgdf em'ld/x]sf lyP . st} aFu'/sf] ljsf;,

33
st} df5fsf], st} cfn'sf], st} lkF8fn'sf] ljsf; eO/x]sf] lyof] . t/ dflg;sf] ljsf;sf] nIf0f p;n] sxLF klg
b]v]g .

ljsf;nfO{ nfUof] olb d cfˆgf] jf:tljs ?ddf b]lvPF eg] dflg;x?n] dnfO{ 9'Fuf d'9f u/]/ wkfpg a]/
nfpg] 5}gg\ . o;}n] pm ;'6'Ss ToxfFaf6 lxF8Øf] .

dfs'/f / lah'nL

dfs'/f dfs'/LnfO{ cfˆgf] ;flasf] 7fpFdf a;]/ hLp kfNg wf} wf} e} /x]sf] lyof] . b'a}n] a;fO ;g]{
larf/ u/] . clg b'a}n] cfˆgf] hfnsf] dl;gf] wfuf]nfO{ xfjfdf p8fpg yfn] . atf; hf]8n] grn]sf]
x'gfn] pgLx?sf] wfuf] 6f9f k'Ug ;s]g . s]xL a]/kl5 dfs'/fsf] wfuf]sf] 6'Kkf] Ps 7fpFdf c8\lsof] .
p;n] tfg]/ x]¥of] . alnof];Fu cl8Psf] /x]5 . clg dfs'/L;Fu ;Nnfx u/]/ pm wfuf]df r9]/ kNnf] 5]pdf
uof] . wfuf]sf] 6'Kkf Pp6f kvf{nsf] 9'Ëfdf cl8Psf] /x]5 . p;nfO{ Tof] 7fpF lrQ a'em]g / pm
kmSof{] .

s]xL a]/kl5 cln hf]8n] atf; rNof] . o; k6s dfs'/Lsf] wfuf]sf] 6'Kkf c8lsof], tfgL x]/L, clg To; dfly
r9]/ kNnf] 5]pdf uO{ . wfuf]sf] 6'Kkf lah'nLsf] v+afsf] u'n'k -aNa_ sf] tf/d} clNemPsf] /x]5 .
dfs'/Ln] ToxfF 8]/f ug{] ls gug{] lgwf] ug{ ;lsg / dfs'/f;Fu ;Nnfx ug{ kmsL{ .

To;kl5 dfs'/f / dfs'/L b'a} Tof] 7fpFdf uP . pgLx? b'a} cGof}ndf lyP . lah'nL aQLsf] u'n'k
pgLx?n] klxn] b]v]sf lyPgg\ . pgLx? ToxfF 8]/f
ug{]]af/] 5nkmn ub}{ lyP . /ft k¥of] . lah'nLsf] v+afdf em'l08Psf] u'n'k aNof] .

lah'nL an]sf] b]v]/ klxn] t b'a} t;{], t/ aQLsf] jl/kl/ sL/fx? gfRg yfn]sf] b]v]kl5 pgLx?n] Tof]
7fpFsf] dxTj a'em] / lgs} v'zL eP .

ef]ln kN6 v+afdf u'n'ksf] jl/kl/ pgLx?n] v'a} d]xgt u/]/ hfn a'g] . To;kl5 la:tf/} pgLx?sf
;Gtfgx? v'a} km}lnP . clg zx/df dfq x}g ufpFdf klg hxfFhxfF lah'nLsf] v+af 5, ToxfFToxfF
dfs'/fx?n] hfn agfP/ a:g yfn] .

dflg;nfO{ s;/L lrGg] <

dfpm d[un] cfˆgf kf7f–kf7Lx?nfO{ lzIff lbFb} lyO{ . lzIffsf] d"n ljifo lx+;s / clx+;s hLj s;/L
5'6Øfpg] eGg] lyof] . cGTodf d[un] kf7fx?nfO{ ;f]Wg yfnL M

d[u M af3 s] xf] <

kf7f M af3 lx+;|s hLj xf] lsgls p;sf] bfx|f / g+u|f x'G5 .

d[u M 7Ls eGof} . xfdLx? af3;Fu hf]lug' k5{ . AjfF;f] s] xf] < eg t .

kf7L M Tof] klg lx+;|s hLj xf] . To;sf] klg tLvf bfFt / g+u|f
x'G5g\ .

d[u M l7s . ca eg h/fof] s] xf] <

kf7f M Tof] t xfdL h:t} clx+;|s hLj xf] . p;sf bfx|f g+u|f s]xL klg x'Fb}g .

d[u M Psbd l7s eGof} . ltdLx? lx+;|s hLj / clx+;|s hLj 5'6Øfpg ;Sg] eP5f} . ca ltdLx? agdf
3'Dg hfg ;S5f} . t/ PSnfPSn} glxF8g' lg .
34
olQs}df Pp6f ;fgf] kf7f]n] ;f]Wof] . cfdf, xfd|f] h:t} rf/ j6f v'§f eP/ klg kl5Nnf b'O6f v'§fn]
dfq} 6]s]/ lxF8\g] . afFb/ h:tf hLj s] xf] lg <

d[u M P, Tof] t dflg; xf] .

;a} kf7fx?n] Ps} :j/df ;f]w] M Tof] lxF;|s xf] ls clxF;|s xf] lg <

d[u M To;nfO{ lrGg ufx|f] 5 . To;n] s] u5{ eg]/ o:;} eGg ;lsFb}g . sf]xL lxF;|s x'G5g\ eg]
sf]xL clx+;|s klg x'G5g\ . To;sf] g t d'v, bfFt / xft v'§f x]/]/ c8sn ug{ ;lsG5 g t :j/ ;'g]/} . lx+;|
s hLjx?af6 t xfdL k/}af6 xf]l;of/ x'G5f}+ . t/ dflg;sf] rfn yfxf kfpg ufx|f] x'G5 . p;n] dfof klg
u5{ . dL7f] vfg klg lbG5 . dL7f] af]nL klg af]N5, t/ p;n] sxfF hfn jf kf;f] yfk]sf] x'G5 / s'g
a]nf sxfF s;/L em'SofpF5 eGg} ;lsFb}g . To;}n] dflg;af6 ;Fw} 6f9} a:g' k5{ .

D'flvofsf] ufp¤

3'Dbf3'Db} Ps lbg d o:tf] ufpFdf k'u]+, hf] lgs} pAhfp / ;DkGg b]lvGYof] . ebf} dlxgf
ePsf]n] xkSs udL{ lyof] . Pp6f 3/sf] cfFugdf pleP/ kfgL vfg dfUf]+ . 3/kltn] ldhf{k'/] cUnf]
sfF;sf] lunf;df afSnf] df]xL vfg lb+b} lk+9Ldf u'Gb|L cf]5\ofOlbP . gf}gL;lxtsf] df]xL vfFbf
cf]++7} lrNnf] eof] . 3/ cufl8 sfFqmf, l3/f}+nf, l;dL, gf:kftL n6/Dd kmn]sf /x]5g\ . d}n]
Pp6f l5lKkPsf] sfFqmf] lsGg dfu]+ . 3/kltn] eg] æafa', Tof] sfFqmf] t d'lvgLnfO{ bz}+df crf/
kfg{ eg]/ /flv5f8]sf] xf] . Tof] a]r]sf] yfxf kfOg\ eg] t d'lvgLn] dfl5{g\ . a? c? ;fgf ;fgf
sfFqmfx? rflxG5 eg] nu] x'G5 .Æ

bz}+ glhs cfPsf]n] b'O{ rf/ dfgf £o" n}hfg kfP x'GYof] h:tf] nfUof] / ;f]w]+, æ£o" s] efp
kfOG5 xf]nf <Æ

d}n] ;f]Wg gEofp+b} pgn] hjfkm lbP, æcf]xf], £o"sf] s'/} gug'{;\ afa' . bz}+df d'lvofsf
5f]/L / HjfOF cfpg] eg]/ d'lvgLn] £o" slQ klg grnfpg" eg]sL l5g\ .Æ

uf]7el/ b'x'gf e}+;L clg h'+ufdf gf}gL c8lsg] df]xL vfg lbg] 3/k6Lsf] o:tf] s'/f ;'g]/ crDd
dfGb} d labf ePF .

csf]{ 3/df k'Ubf Ps hgf dlxnf ds} lk:b} u/]sL e]6]+ . dlxnfn] ˆofFs]sf] ds} vfg] bfpdf b'O6f
ch+usf s'v'/fsf efn] cfugdf v]Nb} /x]5g\ . d}n] efn] a]Rg'x'G5 ls eg]/ ;f]w]+ . dlxnfn] hjfkm
lbOg\, æPp6f efn] e}/anfO{ efs]sf] xf] . csf]{ rflxF d'lvofsxfF a'emfpg n}hfg] xf] . a]Rg]
efn] t xfdLsxfF 5}g .Æ

ToxL a]nf Ps x"n afv|fx? pk|Fmb} cfP . Pp6f af]sf lgs} km'lt{nf], /x/nfUbf] lyof] . af]sf n}hfg
kfP t bz}+ lgs} /dfOnf] x'GYof] h:tf] nfUof] / ;f]w]F, æTof] af]sf a]Rg' x'GYof] ls <Æ

;f]Wg gEofpFb} hjfkm cfOxfNof], æTof] af]sf t d'lvofn] bz}+df

5f]/L HjfOF cfpF5g\ s;}nfO{ klg lbg kfpb}gf}, eg]/ /f]s]/ /fv]sf] xf] . e}/anfO{ efs]sf] 5 eGbf
klg dfg]gg\ . e}/anfO{ af]sfsf] ;§f efn] lbP x'G5 eg]/ ToxL Pp6f efn] 5'6\ofPsf] xf] . s] ug]{
k};fsf] vfFrf] k/] klg a]Rg kfOFb}g .Æ

ca of] ufpFdf s]xL klg lsGg gkfOg] eof] eGg] nfUof] / d cfˆgf] af6f]
nfu]+ . clnk/ k'u]kl5 Pp6f 3/sf] cfugdf Pshgf dflg;n] Pp6f afnsnfO{ l;:gf] kfgL nfpg nfu]sf]
b]v]/ /f]lsPF . slt lgb{oL dfG5] xf]nf o:tf] slnnf] afnsnfO{ l;:gf] nfpg ;Sg] <

35
d /f]lsPsf] b]v]/ Tof] dflg;n] cfˆgf] sfdsf] cf}lrTo ;flat ug{ vf]Hb} eGg yfNof], æx]g'{';\ g, of]
alhofnfO{ d'lvofsxfF sfd ug{ k7fPsf] hfg} dfGb}g . o;sL lbbL ToxfF sfd uyL{, d'lvofsf 5f]/fn]
w]/} cfDbfgL x'g] sfddf nfOlbG5' eg]/ zx/df k7fP . ca o;nfO{ lbbLsf] 7fpFdf sfd ug{ hf eGbf
d/] dfGb}g . hlxn] klg :s"n hfG5' eg]/ lstfa lnP/ :s"nlt/} bu'5{ .Æ olt eGbfeGb} p;n] 5f]/fsf]
v'6\6fdf l;:gf] xflgxfNof] . lar/f Tof] afns æcfTyf, kf]Nof], d/]+ lg d/+] === cab]lv d :s"n
hfGgÆ eGb} e'O{+df kN6\of] .

o:tf] b[Zo b]v]kl5 Tof] ufpFdf Ps l5g klg a:g dg nfu]g . cufl8 a9]+ . s]xL k/ Pp6f :s"n /x]5 .
Pp6f sIff sf]7faf6 ;+uLtsf] ;''/df uLt ufO/x]sf] ;'g]/ glhs hfg vf]Hbf Ps hgf ;Hhg 6'Kn'Ss e]l6P
. pgL :s"nsf x]8df:6/
/x]5g\ .

pgn] :s"nsf] jflif{sf]T;jsf] tof/Lsf] l;nl;nfdf :jfut uLtsf] cEof;

e}/x]sf] s'/f ;'gfP . :s"nsf] jflif{s pT;j slxn] xf] / egL ;f]4f pgn] eg], æx'g t jflif{sf]T;j j}zfv
;+qmflGts} lbg xf] t/ of] ;fn bz}+df ufpFsf d'lvofsf 5f]/L / HjfOF cfpg] ePsf]n] bz}+df
jflif{sf]T;j dgfOg] ePsf] 5 .Æ

To;} a]nf csf]{ sf]7faf6 7"nf] 7"nf] :j/n] s/fPsf] / xfF;]sf] :j/ ;'lgof] . x]8df:6/n] :ki6 kfb}{ eg],
æTotf slj uf]i7Lsf] cEof; e}/x]sf] 5 .Æ

UffpFdf slj uf]i7L < d 5Ss k/]sf]] b]v]/ pgn] d]/f] lh1f;f d]6fpg vf]Hb} eg], æd'lvofsf HjfOF
slj klg x'g'x'Fbf] /x]5 . d'lvofn] bz xhf/ ?k}ofFsf]
k'/:sf/sf] klg 3f]if0ff ug'{ ePsf] 5 . HjfOFsf] ;Ddfgdf k|ltof]lutfTds slj uf]i7Lsf] cfof]hgf ul/g]
ePsf] 5 .Æ

æclg Tof] k'/:sf/ s;nfO{ lbg] lg <Æ d}n] pT;'s x'Fb} ;f]w]+ .

æToqf] k'/:sf/ kfpg ;Sg] nfossf] of]Uo kfq xfd|f] ufpFd} sf] 5 / <Æ pN6} pgn] d;+u} ;f]3] .

lgd'vfx?sf] a:tL Tof] d'lvofsf] ufpFaf6 d gfhjfkm e} kms]{+ .

d';f gdfg]{ la/fnf]

dLgf ufpFaf6 zx/df cfP/ hflu/ vfg yfn]sL lyO{ . t/ zx/df p;nfO{ ‰ofldg lgSs} ufx|f] eof] .
8]/fdf PSn} ePsLn] ;do sf6\gsf] nflu p;n] ufpFaf6 la/fnf]sf] 5fp/f] NofP/ kfNg yfnL .

;fFem ljxfg t 5fp/f] dLgf;Fu} v]NYof], e'NYof] . t/ dLgf sfddf uPsf] a]nfdf k|foM lbgel/ pm
PSn} x'GYof] . lbpF;f] 5fp/f] v]n]/ a;f];\ eg]/ dLgfn] gSsnL v]nf}gf–d';f NofO{ / sf]7fsf] s'gfdf
?vsf] xfFuf c8ØfP/ d';fnfO{ To;df em'08ØfOlbO{ .

d';f b]v]/ la/fnf] lgSs} v'zL eof] . pm b"w vfg klg 5f8]/ ?vsf] xfFufdf r9]/ pk|m]/ d';fnfO{
;DffTg emD6GYof] . wfuf]df t'n{Ë em'l08Psf] d';f pl5l§P/ k/ k'UYof] . lj/fnf] e'OFdf klN6GYof]
. pm km]l/ ?v r9]/ d';fnfO{ ;dfTg vf]GYof] . of] v]n la/fnf]nfO{ dfq} xf]Og, dLgfnfO{ klg dg
kYof]{ .

zlgaf/sf] Ps lbg dLgf 3/}df a;]sL lyO{ . lbpF; p;n] la/fnf]nfO{ v]nfpg ?vdf d';f em'08ØfO
lbO{ . la/fnf] ;bfem}+ d';f ;dfTg] v]ndf d:t lyof] .
la/fnf]sf] v]n x]bf{x]b}{ dLgfsf] dgdf Pp6f ljrf/ cfof] .

36
dLgfn] wfuf] km'sfP/ d';fnfO{ la/fnf]sf] glhs} /flvlbO{ . la/fnf]n] emD6]/ d';fnfO{ k~hf /
d'vn] Rofk]/ Roftr't kfg{ vf]Hof] . t/ Tof] d';f slQ klg grn]sf], c+ue+u klg gePsf] / To;af6 /ut /
df;'sf] uGw / :jfb klg gcfPsf] b]v]/ la/fnf] 5Ss k¥of] . pm crfgs /f]lsof] / d';fnfO{ r6Ss} 5f8]/
c?lt/ e'Ng yfNof] .

Ps l5gkl5 sf]7fsf] s'gfdf Pp6f ;fFRr}sf] hLljt d';f b]lvof] . la/fnf]n] To;nfO{ b]v]/ klg
gb]v]h:tf] u/L a:of] . To; lbgb]lv Tof] la/fnf]n] d';fnfO{ k5Øfpg 5f8Øf] .

d';fnfO{ bf];Nnf

plxn]sf] syfdf Pp6f km'Rr] d';fn] l;+xnfO{ d2t u5{' eg]/ cfˆgf] Hofg hf]ufpg vf]h]sf] lyof] .
l;+xn] kTofPsf] lyPg, t/ gfy] Pp6f d';fn] p;sf] 5fs g6g]{ x'gfn] p;n] d';fnfO{ k|f0fbfg lbP/
5l8lbPsf] lyof] . kl5 ;+of]ujz Tof] l;+x lzsf/Lsf] hfndf kmF:bf ToxL d';fn] hfn sf6]/ l;+xsf]
Hofg hf]ufOlbPsf] lyof] .

of] syf To;kl5sf] xf] .

cfˆgf] /fhfsf] Hofg hf]ufOlbPsf] v'lzofnLdf jgdf hgfj/x?n] d';fnfO{ l;Gb"/ hfqf u/]/ bf];Nnf
cf]9fO{ ;Ddfg ug]{ ljrf/ u/] . of] s'/f hfx]/ ug{ hgfj/sf cu'jfx? l;+xsf] u'kmfdf uP .

l;+x hDd"dGqL;Fu} lyP . hgfj/x?sf] s'/f ;'g]/ l;+x dg gnfuLgnfuL

xfF:of] .

hDd"dGqLn] l;+xsf] cfzo a'lemxfNof] . p;n] tL hgfj/x?nfO{ eGof], æx]/, ;Ddfg t l;+xsf] kf]
ug'{k5{, sxLF d';fsf] klg ;Ddfg x'G5 < ;/sf/af6 d';fnfO{ Hofg ;hfo dfkm eof] . oxL g} p;sf]
nflu 7"nf] ;Ddfg xf] . a? l+;+x/fhsf] pbf/tfk|lt k|hfx?n] s[t1tf hfx]/ ug{ ;/sf/nfO{ kf] bf];Nnf
cf]9fpg' k5{ .Æ

hDd"dGqLsf] s'/f ;'g]/ s]xL hgfj/x? cndNn k/] eg] w]/}h;f]n], æxf], ;Ddfg t ;/sf/sf] kf] x'G5,
sxLF d';fn] bf];Nnf cf]9]sf] klg ;'xfpF5 ÛÆ eg] / pgLx? 3/lt/ kms]{ .

d"lt{ / d"lt{sf/

lxhf];Dd h'g d"lt{ p;sf] Hof;nsf] Pp6f s'gfdf cnkq k/]/ klN6/x]sf] lyof], cfh ToxL d"lt{nfO{
dlGb/sf] pRr cf;gdf lj/fhdfg u/fpFbf To;df cnf}lss cfef emNs]sf] h:tf] blvGYof] .

vx/] vf]nfsf] au/af6 NofPsf] 9'ËfnfO{ l5gf] / d+'u|f]n] tf:bftf:bf Tof] d"lt{ ag]sf] lyof] . d"lt{
alg;s]/ klg u|fxs kfOPsf] lyPg / ;+of]us} s'/f xf] — crfgs dlGb/sf] k'/fgf] d"lt{ rf]/L x'Fbf Tof]
d"lt{n] ToxfF ;'zf]let x'g] df}sf kfPsf] lyof] . t/ d"lt{sf/ cfkm}FnfO{ Tof] ToxL vx/]] vf]nfaf6
NofPsf] 9'Fufaf6 ag]sf] cnkq k/]sf] d"lt{ xf] eGg] s'/f ljZjf; ug{ ufx|f] eO/x]sf] lyof] . cf;gdf
lj/fhdfg ePkl5 To;df vx/] vf]nfsf] au/df kN6]sf] 9'Ëfsf] s'g} nIf0f ca Tof] d"lt{df afFsL lyPg .

d"lt{ :yfkgf ug]{ lbg d"lt{sf/ :jo+ dVv / uhSs k/]sf] lyof] . c?n] d"lt{nfO{ lgx'/L lgx'/L
9f]u]sf] b]v]/ pm dVv k¥of] . t/ ha d"lt{nfO{ clejfbg ug]{ p;sf] kfnf] cfof] ta pm em:Sof] .
æd}n] g} agfPsf] d"lt{nfO{ d}n] g} 9f]Ug] <Æ p;n] ;f]Rof] . p;sf] cfFvf cufl8 ToxL vx/]
vf]nfsf] 9'Ëf / Tof] 9'Ëdf l5gf] / d'u|f] rnfPsf] b[Zo gfRg yfNof] .

pm gd:sf/ ug{] ls gug{] bf]dg ub}{lyof] . crfgs p;n] d"lt{n] g} b'O{ xft hf]8]sf] b]Vof] .
æxh"/n] cfˆgf] snfnfO{ cfkm}n] ;Ddfg ug'{ x'Gg eg] c?n] emg s] unf{g\ <Æ eGb} d"lt{
xfF;]sf] p;n] b]Vof] . clg p;n] leq}b]lv >4f pdf/]/ xft hf]8]/ d"lt{nfO{ 9f]Uof] . p;n] Tof] d"lt{
37
v'zLn] ubub\ ePsf] dx;';
u¥of] . cfˆgf] ;[li6df cfkm} b+u kb{} d"lt{sf/ yk hf]z / hfFu/ lnP/ Hof;nlt/ nfUof] .

/Ifs

s– d';fn] b'Mv lbof], crfSnL u¥of] eg]/ la/fnf] kfn]+ .

v– x/fof] t d';f <

s– d';f t b]lvg 5f8], t/ ======,

v– a];} eP5 t .

s– s] a]; x'GYof] < %) j6f d';fn] vfg] s'/f PSnf] la/fnf]n] vfOlbG5 . To;dfly b"w, df;', £o" h:tf
dL7f s'/fx? ;a} ;vfk kf/]/ x}/fg u/]sf] 5 .

v– To;f] eP t la/fnf] v'a} df]6fPsf] xf]nf x}g <

s–df]6f] dfq} xf] / cN5L klg ePsf] 5 . d';f cfP klg gb]v] h:tf] u/L cfFvf lrDn]/ a:5 / slxn] xfd|f]
cfFvf 5n]/ dL7f s'/fsf] t/ dfg{ kfOPnf eg]/ bfp vf]hL a:5 .

v–To;f] eP la/fnf]nfO{ tx nfpg s's'/ lsg kfNb}gf} <

s– ca ToxL larf/ ub{}5' .

/fhs'df/sf] d'vaf^

ul/asf] syf

Ps hgf /fhs'df/nfO{ syf ;'Gg] lgSs} zf]v /x]5 . pm /ftL syf g;'lgsg lgbfpg} g;Sg] /x]5 . b/af/df
syf ;'gfpgs} nflu gf]s/–rfs/x? klg
/x]5g\ .

Ps lbg Ps hgf gf]s/nfO{ /fhs'df/af6 syf ;'Gg dg nfu]5 . p;n] /fhs'df/nfO{ eg]5, æcfh ;/sf/af6}
Pp6f syf ;'Gg kfP d slt efUodfgL x'g] lyPF .Æ gf]s/sf] lrKnf] s'/f ;'g]/ /fhs'df/ klg km'?+u k/]5
/ syf eGg yfn]5 M

æPsfb]zdf Ps hgf ;fx|} ul/a dflg; lyof] . p;sf] 3/ lyPg, ;8ssf] k]6Ldf ;'TYof] . v]tLkftL, hflu/
s]xL lyPg, dfu]/ vfGYof] . csf{sf] h8fp/L
nfpFYof] .

PskN6 pm la/fdL k¥of] . dfUg hfg ;s]g . tLg rf/ lbg;Dd dfUg hfg gkfPkl5 pm ef]sn] 56k6fpg
yfNof] . ef]sn] ubf{ pm cf]5\ofgaf6 p7\g klg ;s]g . clg p;n] ;sL g;sL cfˆgf] xft la:tf/} l;/fgLlt/
nUof] / 306Lsf] l:jr lyRof] . 306L ah]sf] ;'Gg] lalQs} p;sf] cufl8 b'O{ hgf gf]s/ cfP .
gf]s/x?nfO{ b]Vg] lalQs} p;n] eGof], æ sxfF x/fPsf lyof} ltdLx? < dnfO{ ef]s nfu]sf] yfxf
5}g < hfpm, t'?Gt} vfg]s'/f lnP/ cfpm .Æ

æcf1f kfpg] lalQs} tL gf]s/x? efG;faf6 dudu af; cfpg] tftf] tftf] vfg] s'/f lnP/ xflh/ eP . k]6e/L
ld7f] vfgf vfP/ Tof] ul/a dflg; d:t;Fu
;'Tof] .Æ
38
syf s:tf] nfUof] egL ;f]Wg / eGg gEofpFb} /fhs'df/ t kn+udf e';'Ss} lgbfO;s]5 .

-k|rlnt r'6lsnfdf cfwfl/t_

/fhwfgLsf ;f¤(]x?

kxf8sf] Pp6f uf]? lzj/fqLsf] d]nf x]g{ sf7df8f}F k'Uof] . kz'ltgfysf] bz{g ug{ hfFbf dlGb/sf]
9f]sf cufl8 ;fF9]sf] ljzfn d"lt{ b]v]/ pm b+u k¥of] . vf; u/]/ To;sf] ljzfn c08sf]if b]v]/ pm 5Ss
k¥of] . p;n] dgdg} cfˆgf] c08sf]if;Fu d"lt{sf] c08sf]ifsf] t'ngf u¥of] / o;sf] sf/0f kQf nufpg]
lgwf] u¥of] .

bz{g u/]/ kms{Fbf 9f]sf aflx/ leqsf] d"lt{h:t} ch+usf] df]6f]3f6f] ;fF9];Fu p;sf] e]6 eof] .
p;};Fu p;n] cfˆgf] lh1f;f /fVg] ljrf/ u¥of] . p;n] ;fF9]nfO{ gd:sf/ u¥of] . t/ Tof] ;fF9]n] ;'g]sf]
g;'g}em}F u/L 3fd tfKb} pu|fO/Xof] . sf7df8f}Fsf] ;fF9]nfO{ kxf8af6 cfPsf] b'Anf] kftnf] /
v'OlnPsf] ufpFn] uf]?;Fu s'/f ubf{ dfq} klg cfˆgf] OHht hfnf ls h:tf] nfu]/ xf]nf pm
af]n]g . ;fF9] gaf]n]kl5 uf]?n] Pp6f o'lQm lgsfNof] . p;n] kz'kltsf] km"n / cIftf ;fF9]nfO{
6qm\ofof] .

kz'kltgfysf] k|;fb ;fF9]n] cgfb/ ug{;Sg] s'/} lyPg . 6fpsf]df km"n l;p/Fb} ;fF9]n] eGof], æ3/
sfxfF xf] efO < klxnf] kN6 cfPh:tf 5f} lg . s] sfdn] cfof} <Æ

uf]?n] ;Fsf]r dfGb} eGof], æ 3/ d]/f] kxf8df xf] . kz'kltgfysf] bz{g ug{ cfPsf] x'F . leq
;fF9]sf] d"lt{ b]v]kl5 Pp6f s'/f ;f]Wg dg nfUof] . ;f]Wg x'g] xf] ls xf]Og yfxf 5}g . gl/;fOsg
eGg';\ t bfO, Tof] d"lt{sf] c08sf]if s] eP/ Tolt 7"nf] ePsf] <Æ

p;sf] k|Zg ;'g]/ ;fF9] d';'Ss xfF:of] . kxf8sf] ufpFaf6 cfPsf] caf]w uf]?sf] ;f]emf]kg b]v]/ pm
5Ss k¥of] . p;nfO{ uf]?dfly bof klg nfUof] . p;n] ;s];Dd a'emfpg] u/L eGg yfNof], æx]/ efO,
of] sflGtk'/ eujfg kz'kltgfysf] jf;:yfg xf] . xfdL ;fF9]x? pxfFsf ;jf/L cyf{t\ afxg xf}F . o;}n]
kz'kltgfyn] xfdL uf] j+zdfly ljz]if s[kf ug'{ ePsf] 5 . pxfFn] cfˆgf] Onfsfdf v]tLkftL ubf{ xnf]
hf]Tg aGb]h nufpg' ePsf] 5 . o;}n] oxfF hGdg] afR5fx?nfO{ v;L kfg]{ jf afFemf] agfpg] rng
5}g .Æ

æ;fF9]Ho", To;f]eP xnf] ghf]tLsg tkfO{x?sf] u'hf/f s;/L rN5 < s;n] tkfO{x?nfO{ vfg lbG5 <
x]bf{ ;a} df]6f]3f6f] g} b]lvg'x'G5 .Æ kxf8sf] uf]?n] km]l/ lh1f;f /fVof] .

;fF9]n] uDeL/ eP/ hjfkm lbof], æ d}n] clw g} eg]F xfdL lzjhLsf afxg xf}F . xfdLnfO{
kz'kltgfysf] ljz]if s[kf k|fKt 5 . o;}n] kz'kltsf eQmx?n] xfd|f] ;'vb'Mvsf] lgSs} Vofn u5{g\ .
xfdLnfO{ ef]s nfUbf s;}sf] klg 3/ jf k;ndf k;]/ vfg] s'/f vfg ;S5f}+ . s;}n] xfdLnfO{ lk6\g
;St}g . af6} 5]s]/ a;] klg k|x/Ln] ;d]t s]xL ub}{g .Æ

;fF9]sf] s'/f ;'g]/ uf]? 5Ss k¥of] . æs:tf] df]h /x]5 oxfFsf ;fF9]x?nfO{ Û sflGtk'/df a;] klg hxfF
a;] klg xfdL ;a} kz'kltgfys} afxg ePkl5 d]rLb]]lv dxfsfnLsf ;a} uf] j+znfO{ Pp6} Jojxf/ x'g'
kg]{ xf]Og / ;fF9]Ho" < xfdL /fhwfgL aflx/sf uf]?x?n] lsg o;/L d/Ld/L sfd ug'{ kg]{, clg
oxfFsf ;fF9]x? a;La;L vfg] . of] cGofo ePg / <Æ

uf]?sf] s'/f ;'g]/ ;fF9] cln leFmlhof] . æ/fhwfgLdf a:g] ;fF9] / aflx/ a:g] uf]?sf] klg sxLF Pp6}
x}l;ot x'G5 < kz'kltgfysf] ufpFdf a:g]n] olt ;'ljwf klg gkfpg] < ltdLnfO{ klg dfG5] eGg] k|
f0fLsf] ;+utsf] c;/ k/] h:tf] 5 . d;Fu o:tf] s'/f
gu/ . v'?Ss 3/ uP/ v]t hf]Tg yfn . oxfF gcNdn]pm . o;}df ltd|f] sNof0f
5 .Æ
39
:jfyL{ ;fF9]sf] o:tf] w"t{ dg;fo a'em]/ uf]? qm"4 eof] .

/fi^«kltnfO{ ;Nnfx

cd]l/sL /fi6«klt ca|fxd ln+sgsf] bf; pGd"ng so{s|dsf] blIf0flt/af6

lj/f]w e}/x]sf] lyof] . pgL lrlGtt / ;fx|} Ao:t klg lyP . pgn] ;xL ;Nnfxsf] vf+rf] ePsf] cg'ej u/] .
sf];Fu ;Nnfx dfUg] < ljrf/ ub}{ hfFbf pgn] cfˆgf] ufpFsf] k'/fgf] ls;fg ;fyLnfO{ ;Dem] .

XjfO6 xfp;af6 /fi6«klt r9g] rf/3f]8] aUuL ls;fgnfO{ lng ufpFdf uof] . ls;fg v]tdf xnf] hf]lt/x]sf]
lyof] . /fi6«kltsf] lgDtf] kfP/ pgL 5Ss / dVv klg k/] . sfd ub}{ u/]sf v;|f xft–uf]8f / lxnf] nfu]sf
h'Qf /fd|/L gk'l5sg} pgL aUuLdf r9] . t/ 6f]k nfpg eg] pgn] la;]{gg\ .

XjfO6 xfp;df /fi6«kltn] cfˆgf ldqsf] lgs} vflt/bf/L u/] . cu]gfsf] 5]pdf cfkm";Fu} /fv]/ kf]n]sf]
df;' / /S;L vfFb} /fi6«klt ln+sgn] cfˆgf ldqnfO{
w]/} s'/f ;'gfP . cd]l/sfaf6 bf; k|yfsf] sn+s d]6fP/ gofF ;'gf}nf] cd]l/sfsf] lgdf{0f ug]{
kl/sNkgf k|:t't u/] .

cfˆgf s'/f kf]v]kl5 pgn] lgs} xNsf dx;'; u/] . ls;fgn] /ftL ca]/;Dd ln+sgsf] s'/f b+u kb}{ ;'g] /
cfˆgf] af]Ng] kfnf] slxn] cfpnf / s] ;Nnfx lbg] xf]nf eg]/ kv]{/ a;] .

ef]lnkN6 laxfg ln+sgn] cfˆgf] ldqnfO{ XjfO6 xfp;df cfP/ pkof]uL ;Nnfx lbP/ d2t u/]sf]df
xflb{s wGojfb lbP / pkxf/x?;lxt ljbf u/] .

ls;fg crDd dfGb} aUuLdf a;] . pgn] /fi6«kltnfO{ s] ;Nnfx lbP eGg]
s'/f pgn] a'‰g} ;s]gg\ . 3/ k'Ug] lalQs} pgn] cfkm\gL kTgLnfO{ eg], æx]/g, ln+sgsf] 76\6f
ug]{ afgL cem} 5'6]sf] /x]g5 . /fi6«kltsf] h:t} d]/f]
vflt/bf/L u/] v'a} v'jfP lkofP . t/ h'g sfdsf] nflu af]nfPsf lyP Tof] sfd g} gu/L wGojfb / pkxf/
lbP/ k7fP .Æ

pgsf] s'/f ;'g]/ kTgLn] elgg\, æc? s'/f geP klg xfd|f] b]zsf] /fi6«klt s:tf] 3/df a:5, s:tf]
cf]5\ofgdf ;'T5, s:tf] vfg]s'/f vfG5, s:tf] n'uf nfpF5, s:tf] af]nL af]N5 eGg] s'/f t yfxf eof]
ltdLnfO{ < clg cd]l/sL ls;fgn] s:tf] n'uf nfp+5, s:tf] efiff af]N5, s:tf] sfd u5{ eGg] t yfxf kfP
xf]nfg\ lg /fi6«kltn] .Æ

æxf] t lg . ufpFsf] Pp6f ls;fgn] eJo x\jfO6 xfp;df a:g] /fi6«klts]f

af/]df hfGg] of]eGbf /fd|f] cj;/ c? slxn] x'g ;SYof] / < ;/;Nnfx / cg'ejsf] afF8r'F8 eg]sf] oxL t
xf]nf ÛÆ

æxf]nf, xf]nf .Æ ;f]emL kTgLn] ;xdlt hgfOg\ .

nufgL

@)$@ ;fn

ælkm; lsg gNofPsL ;fgL <Æ

æaf 3/df x'g'x'Gg . Æ

æljr/f Û ltd|f] afnfO{ h]ndf /fv]sf] 5 /] xf] < Æ

40
æxf] ld;, dnfO{ ;fyLx?n] …s}bLsL 5f]/LÚ eg]/ lh:SofpF5g\ . Æ

ælsg h]ndf /fv]sf] yfxf 5 ltdLnfO{ < Æ

æk+rfotsf] lj/f]w u/]sf]n] eGy]F . Æ

æltd|L cfdf s] ul5{g\ t < Æ

æc?sf] 3/df sfd ul5{g\ . Æ

@)$& ;fn

k|hftGqsf ;]gfgLsf] ;Ddfg

æk+rfotsf] sfnsf]7/Ldf 5 dlxgf latfpg' ePsf, k|hftGqsf] nflu cys ;+3if{ ug'{x'g] of]4f >L
nfnWjhhL / pxfFsf] kl/jf/nfO{ ;Ddfg ug{ kfPsf]df xfd|f] ljBfno uf}/j ub{5 . Æ

@)%% ;fn

æxfO{ ;fgL Æ

æxfO{ Æ

æltd|f] 8Øf8 /fhb"t x'g] /] xf] < s+U¥of6\;\ . Æ

æ/fhb"t dfq} t xf] . 5 dlxgf h]n a;]sf]n] /fhb"t ePsf] eG5g\ . 5 jif{ a;]sf] eP t dGqL e} xfNg'
x'GYof] . s:tf] af]/ eof] of/ . Æ

æSof af]/ xuL < hfpF lao/ vfpF .Æ

ljsf;sf] nIo

;/sf/n] ufpFsf] ljsf; ug{ eg]/ kfFr nfv ?k}ofF k7fOlbof] . Toqf] /sd s] sfddf vr{ ug]{ < —
ufpFn]x? cndndf k/] . 5nkmn ug{ ufpFaf;Lx?sf] e]nf 8flsof] . k};f s] sfddf vr{ ug]{ eGg]
ljifodf ljleGg JolQmx?af6 a]Unfa]Un} ;'emfjx? cfP .

Ps hgfn] eGof], æufpFdf :s"n vf]Ng' k5{ . s]6fs]6Ln] k9] eg] rnfv
x'G5g\ . ljb]zLsf] rf}sLbf/L ug{, efF8f df‰g / ef/L af]Sg kb}{g .Æ

csf]{nfO{ of] s'/f lrQ a'em]g . p;sf] ts{ lyof] — s]6fs]6Ln] k9] eg] c6]/L x'G5g\ . ljb]zdf sfd
kfpg ufx|f] x'G5 . a? ufpFdf df]6/ Nofpgsf] nflu af6f] vGg' k5{ . ufpFsf dflg;x?n] sfd kfpF5g\
. df]6/;Fu} ljsf; klg cfpF5 .

a"9fkfsfx?nfO{ of] s'/f lrQ a'em]g . pgLx?sf] egfO lyof] — df]6/ cfPkl5 ufpFdf gfgfy/Lsf
dflg;x? cfpF5g\ . ufpFdf rf]vf] dL7f], kf]l;nf] s]xL rLh klg /xg lbGgg\ . ;a} zx/lt/ cf];f5{g\ .
;a} s'/f k};fdf laS5 . ufpFsf] ;x hfG5 . ;dfh efFl8G5 .

æt/ ;/sf/n] lbPsf] k};fsf] pkof]u t ug'{ k¥of] lg . o;/L ts{ dfq} u/]/ t ePg .Æ Ps hgf o'jsn] cQf]
yfKof] .

41
æ:s"n klg gagfpg], af6f] klg gvGg] eP dlGb/ agfpF s;f] <Æ csf]]{ o'jsn] k|:tfj /fVof] .

æxf], aNn lrQ a'‰bf] k|:tfj cfof] .Æ clxn]Dd gaf]nL a;]sf] Ps hgf hf]uL h:tf] cwa}+;] dflg;n]
cfˆgf] ljrf/ kf]Vof] . æ;fFRr} eGg] xf] eg] ;Kk} b'Mvsf] h/f] eg]sf] cwd{ xf] . wd{ dfl;Pkl5
a]nfdf kfgL kb}{g . v]tLkftL /fd|f]
x'Fb}g . clt j[li6 eP/ af9L cfpF5 . klx/f] hfG5 . /f]uJofwL km}lnG5 . 89]nf] nfU5 . o;}n] t wd{
ug'{ k5{ . dlGb/ agfpg], hUu] ug]{, tLy{at{ ug]{, bfg lbg] h:tf k'0o sfo{ ug'{k5{ .Æ

of] s'/f o'jsnfO{ lrQ a'em]g . p;n] eGof], ætkfO{Fsf] s'/f dfGg] xf] eg] t ;a} hgf ef]s} gf+u}
a:g' k5{ . wd{ u/]/ klg sxLF ljsf; x'G5 <Æ

cwa}+;]n] b[9tf;fy hjfkm lbof], æef]sf] / gf+uf] ge} st} wd{ x'G5 < Clifd'lgx? ef]s} gf+u}
a;]/ s7f]/ tk:of u/]/ :ju{ hfGy] . ;xL ljsf; eg]s} k/nf]s ;'wfg'{ xf] . of] nf]s ;kf/]/ s] ug]{ < cflv/
;a} hgf hfg' kg]{ pxLF xf] . aLr af6fdf cNdlnP/ s] sfd ÛÆ

æxf] xf] . xfdLn] wd{sd{ / k'0osfo{ u/]/ k/nf]s ;'wfg'{ k5{ .Æ w]/}n] of] s'/fdf ;xL yfk] .

To;}adf]lhd ufpF ljsf;sf] nflu cfPsf] kfFr nfv ?k}ofF vr{ ug]{ lg0f{o
eof] . b'O{ nfv ?k}ofF dlGb/ agfpg 5'6ØfOof] . a]nfdf a[li6 xf];\, cGg w]/} kmnf];\, ;'v zflGt
xf];\ eg]/ wfGo–kj{t o1 ug{sf] nflu Ps nfv ?k}ofF 5'6ØfOof] . j[4–a[4fx?nfO{ rf/wfd tLy{at{
ug{ k7fpgsf nflu Ps nfv / ufpFdf cfpg] hf]uL, ;Gt, dxGtx?sf] ;Tsf/ ug{ / a]nfavtdf k"hfcfhf
ug{sf nflu afFsL Ps nfv ?k}ofF 5'6ØfOof] .

;/sf/n] ufpFsf] ljsf; ug{ egL k7fPsf] /sdsf] olt /fd|f] pkof]u ug]{ of]hgf agfpg ;s]sf]df
ufpFn]x?n] cfkm}FnfO{ wGojfb lbFb} 5nkmn 6'FUofP .

ljsf;] efn]

ufpFdf ;fFem kv, ;+Wof sfndf, / /ftL efn] af:of] eg] cnlR5g jf ck;s'gsf] ;+s]t dflgG5 / Tof]
efn]nfO{ sf6]/ To;sf] 6fpsf] 3/sf] w'/L g3fP/
kmflnG5 .

ljsf;] efn]x? ufpFdf lelqPkl5 o:t} cnlR5g x'g yfNof] . s'g} hfkfgaf6, s'g} a]nfot t s'g}
cd]l/sfaf6 NofOPsf x'gfn] xf]nf, tL efn]x? cfˆgf] k'Vof}{nL b]zdf x'g] k|ftM sfnsf] ;dodf af:y]
. tL b]zdf 3fd em'NsFbf g]kfndf /ft k/]sf] x'G5 . s'g} s'g} efn] t lah'nL jf d}06f]nsf] pHofnf]
b]v]/ klg af:g a]/ nfpGgg\ .

ufpF3/lt/ ljsf;] eGgfn] :yfgLoeGbf leGg, vf;u/L ljb]zsf] a:t' dflgG5, hf] nfebfos eP/ klg k|
foM ?rfOGg . ljsf;] ux'F w]/} kmNg], 7"nf] u]8f ePsf], k]6 8Dd el/g], t/ :jflbnf] dflgFb}g .
To:t} ljsf;] km'n, ljsf;] e]F8f, ljsf;] df5f, ljsf;] efn] cflb klg c?lrs/ lyP . t/ klg cfly{s b[li6n]
:yfgLo eGbf a9L nfe bfos x'g] x'Fbf htftt} ckgfOg yflnof] .

o;}n] ;'?;'?df s]xL ljsf;] efn]x? sfl6P . s'a]nfdf af;]sf]df ltgLx?n] Hofg ;hfo kfP . t/ ca htftt}
ljsf;] s'v'/fx? km}lnPsf] x'gfn] ljsf;] efn]x?n] ;hfo kfpg'sf] ;§f s'a]nfdf af:g] :jefjnfO{
ltgLx?sf] u'0f dfGg yflnof] .

ca t :yfgLo efn]x? klg cfˆgf] j+z /Iffsf] nflu ljsf;] efn]s} :j/df :j/ ldnfpg nfu]sf 5g\ .

zflGtsf] r/f

42
Ps k6s agsf r/fx? æzflGtsf] r/fÆ s;nfO{ dfGg] eGg] s'/fsf] lg0f{o ug{ e]nf eP .

w]/} ;dob]lv dfG5]n] k/]jfnfO{ æzflGtsf] r/fÆ dfGb} cfPsf] x'gfn] p;}nfO{ zflGtsf] r/f dfGg'
k5{ eGg] ;'?df w]/}h;f] r/fx?sf] larf/ lyof] .

zflGtsf] r/f ag]/ k/]jfn] w]/} x08/, 7Ss/ vfO;s]sf] x'gfn] p;nfO{ of]
s'/f lrQ a'em]g . lzsf/L r/fx?n] klg of] s'/fsf] lj/f]w u/], lsgeg] xltof/lagfsf] k/]jfn] slxNo}
zflGtsf] /Iff ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . zflGtsf] /Iff ug{ ;Sg]nfO{ g} zflGtsf] r/f dfGg' k5{ eGg] pgLx?sf]
c8fg lyof] .

w]/} a]/sf] 5nkmn kl5 ;j{ ;Ddltn] rLnnfO{ zflGtsf] r/f dfGg] lg0f{o
u/L To;} cg';f/ 3f]if0ff ul/of] .

tb'k/fGt czflGt dRrfpg] r/fsf] 3fF6L lgdf]7\g rLn ;w}F tof/ eP/ a:g yfNof] .

lzjhLsf] ;k{

ufpFdf Pp6f sfnf] ;k{n] lgSs} b'Mv lbO/x]sf] lyof] . d';f vfg pm ufpFdf k:Yof] / d';f gkfPsf]
a]nfdf s'v'/fsf rNnfnfO{ klg 5f]8\8}gYof] . Ps kN6 ufpFn]x?n] lxsf{pFbf To;sf] k'R5/ efFlrP/
afFuf] ePsf] lyof] . ToxL af+uf] k'R5/n] ubf{ ufpFn]x?n] p;nfO{ af+u];k{ eg]/ lrGy] .

kmfu'gsf] dlxgf lyof] . hf8f] dlxgfsf] nfdf] zLtsfnLg ;'tfOkl5 af+u];k{ Gofgf] 3fddf rf/f]sf]
vf]hLdf lg:s]sf] lyof] . crfgs k|hftGq lbj;sf] pknIodf lg:s]sf] h'n';n] p;nfO{ af6fdf 3;|L/x]sf]
b]Vof] . æcGofo cTofrf/ df:5f}+ df:5f}+ . k|hftGq NofpF5f}+ NofpF5f}+Æ eGb} gf/f
nufpFb} plk|m/x]sf s]6fx?sf] l/; ToxL af+u]dfly vlgof] .

af+u] efUb}efUb} glhs}sf] pP6f 3/leq k:of] . Tof] 3/ lzjfno /x]5 . lzjfnosf] 9f]sfdf ef]]6]tfnf
nfPsf] eP klg vfkfsf] cGt/af6 pm hah{:tL l5¥of] . p;sf] kl5 nfu]sf s]6fx?n] lzjfnosf] 9f]sf
vf]n]/ af+u];k{nfO{ l;Wofpg] of]hgf agfP . pgLx?n] k'hf/L;Fu lzjfnosf] 9f]sf vf]Ng cg'/f]w u/]
. t/ k'hf/Ln] dfg]g . p;sf] egfO lyof], ælzjfnosf] z/0fdf cfPsf] Tof] ;k{ kSs} klg lzjhLsf] eQm
x'g'k5{ . lzjhLsf] unfdf a:g] ;k{ pxL g} kf] xf] ls s]
yfxf . o;}n] p;nfO{ 5'g' rnfpg' x'Fb}g .Æ k'hf/Lsf] s'/f ;'g]/ s]6fx? lg/fz eP/ kms]{ .

lzjfnosf] cFWof/f] sf]7fdf af+u] s]xL a]/ 8/fO{ 8/fO{ al;/Xof] . ToxL a]nf lzjhLnfO{ r9fPsf]
cIftf / k|;fb vfg kNs]sf] df]6] d';f b'nf]af6 lg:Sof] / lzjln+udfly r9]/ cIftf vfg yfNof] . cfFvf
lemldSs ug{ gEofpFb} ‰ofKk} af+u]n] d'';fnfO{ Ps} ufF; agfof] . s]xL a]/kl5 csf]{ d';f
cfof] . To;nfO{ klg p;n] Ps} ufF; agfof] . o;/L p;n] lbgel/df kfFr 5 j6f d'';f vfof] / c3fP/ ;'Tof] .

ef]ln kN6 ljxfg k'hf/Ln] lzjhLsf] lgTo k"hf ug{ cfpFbf af+u];k{ lzjln+unfO{ a]/]/ ;'lt/x]sf]
lyof] . klxn] t k'hf/L 8/fof] t/ lzjhLsf] :d/0f ub}{ p;n] ;k{nfO{ 6f9}af6 gd:sf/ u¥of] . lzjfnoleq
lzjhLsf] uxgf ;k{ cfPsf]
s'/f p;n] ufpFn]x?nfO{ ;'gfof] . ufpFn]x?n] klg lzjhLsf] lk|okfq ;k{nfO{ v'zL kfg{ b"w /
kmnkm"n r9fpg yfn] .

af+u]nfO{ b"w / kmnkm"nk|lt ?lr lyPg . pm t lbgel/ d';f 9's]/ a:Yof] t/ p;nfO{ egL r9fPsf]
b"w / kmnkm"n k'hf/Ln] 3/ n}hfGYof] .

o;/L lzjfnodf af; a:g yfn]b]lv af+u];k{nfO{ k]6 eg{sf] nflu ufpFdf 3/3/ rxfg{ klg k/]g . lk6fO
vfg] jf Hofg hfg] 8/ klg ePg . ptf k'hf/LnfO{ klg k|;fb vfOlbg] d';fx?af6 d'lQm dfq} k|fKt ePg
clkt' cltl/Qm cfDbfgL klg x'g yfNof] .
43
 ;fx'hLsf] kf^L{

ef]6 xfNof} /hfnL bfO <Æ

æcF === xfn]F xh"/ <Æ

æs;nfO{ lbof}+ t ef]6 < km/s k/]g xf]nf s]/] <Æ eGb} ljsf;n] leQfdf 6fF;]sf] gd"gf dtdq lt/
b]vfof] .

/hfnL bfOn] klg glhs} uP/ dflnsnfO{ v'zL kfg{] p2]Zon] cfkm"n] ev{/} 5fk nfPsf] lrGxdfly
cf}nf /fVof] . pgsf] cf}nf h'g r'gfj lrGxdfly k¥of], Tof] b]v]/ ljsf; em:Sof] .

æs] ltdLn] ;fFRr} To;}df 5fk nufof}+ <Æ ljsf;n] gkTofpFb} / cln emsF{b} ;f]Wof] .

dflnsnfO{ v'zL kf?Fnf eg]sf] t emg l/;fPsf] b]v]/ /hfnL bfO cflQof] . eGof], æxf]Og of]
;fx'x?sf] kf6L{sf] lrgf] xf] eGg' ePsf] xf]Og / xh'/n] g} < c?n] klg t of] ;fx'x?sf] kf6L{ eGy]F
t .Æ

æ/hfnL bfO, ltdLn] d]/f] zq'nfO{ ef]6 lbP5f} .Æ ljsf;sf] s'/f ;'g]/ /hfnL bfO 5fFuf]af6 v;]h:tf
eP . of] s] eof] <

/hfnL bfOn] ;kgfdf klg dflns cyf{t\ ljsf;sf] s'enf] lrtfpGgy] . ef]6 xfNg hfFbf klg pgnfO{ sxfF
5fk nfpg] eGg] /fd|/L yfxf lyof] . t/ ef]6 xfNg]sf] nfdf] nfOg, eL8, c•fsf ;'lsnf n'uf nfPsf
dfG5]x? / k|x/Lx?nfO{ b]v]/ pgL cln ljrlnt ePsf lyP . ef]6 xfNg] sfut lnP/ sf]7fdf k:bf pgsf] xft
cln sf+k]sf] lyof] . leq sf]xL lyPg . t/ aflx/ rsf{] 3fdaf6 leq hfFbf cln wldnf] b]lvPsf] lyof] .
pgn] dtkq x]/] . w]/} lrGxx? n:s/} lyP . s'gdf 5fk nfpg] < pgL cNdlNnP . crfgs pgsf] dgdf
Pp6f s'/f
cfof] . æ;fx'sf] kf6L{ / ul/asf] kf6L{Æ . pgn] larf/ u/], æ lhGbuLel/ ;fx'hLsf] rfs/L ul/of] .
pgs} bofdfofdf afFlrof] eg] g"gsf] u'g ltg}{
k¥of] . a]OdfgL ug{ ePg . kfk nfU5 .Æ o:tf] larf/ u/]/ pgn] ;fx'sf] kf6L{sf] lrgf]df 5fk
nufOlbPsf lyP .

jf:tjdf ;o d'/L cGg :ofxfg{] / bz kGw| hgf x?jfr?jf /fVg] dflns ljsf; ul/asf] kf6L{af6 r'gfjdf p7]sf
lyP . of] s'/f /hfnL bfOn] sNkgf ug{] s'/f klg lyPg .

cfˆgf] ef]6 v]/ uPsf] dfq} x}g, cfˆgf] dflnssf] zq'nfO{ kg{ uPsf]df /hfnL bfOnfO{ lgs} UnfgL
eof] . pgL ljsf;sf] cufl8 ck/fwLem}F plePsf lyP .

pDd]bjf/ ljsf; cfˆg} ljZjfl;nf] gf]s/n] Psflt/ cfˆgf k|ltåGåLnfO{ dt lbPsf]df e'6\e'l6Psf lyP eg]
csf{]lt/ dflnssf] g"gsf] ;f]emf] lrtfpg] /hfnL bfOsf] :jfdLelQm b]v]/ dg dg} v'zL klg lyP .

ækm]l/ ef]6 xfNg hfg kfOGg xh"/ <Æ eGb} /hfnLn] cfˆgf] uNtL ;'wfg{
vf]h] .

æca kfFr jif{kl5Æ ljsf;n] lglj{sf/ eP/ hjfkm lbP .

l;+uf] n*\*•"

k"hf u/]sf] k|;fb eg]/ l5d]sLn] Pp6f n•" NofOlbPsf] lyof] . cfdfn] n•" b'O{ 6'qmf kfl/g\ / cfwf
cfkm"n] vfP/ cfwf sfG5fsf] nflu afFsL /flvlbOg\ .
44
v]n]/ yfs]/ sfG5f 3/ cfof] . cfdfn] p;nfO{ n•" lbOg\ . cfwf dfq} n•" b]v]/ sfG5f e'OFdf kN6]/
n8La'8L ub}{ l;+u} n•" vfG5' eGb} ?g yfNof] .

cfwf n•" lnP/ cfdf efG5fdf uOg\ / xTs]nfn] cfwf n•'nfO{ lyRb} uf]nuf]n 3'dfpFb} l;+uf] n•"
agfOg\ . clg Kn]6df n•" /fv]/ sfG5fnfO{ lbOg\ .

l;+uf] n•" kfP/ sfG5f v'zL eof] .

l;kL / df]tL

;d'b|leq a:g] l;kL ls/fsf] k]6af6 dfemLn] w]/} k6s df]tL e]§fPsf] lyof] . 7"nf7"nf df]tL a]r]/
p;n] k};f klg sdfpg yfn]sf] lyof] . t/ ulx/f] ;d'b|df uf]tf nufP/ l;kL vf]Hg' em+eml6nf] dfq}
xf]Og, vt/gfs sfd klg lyof] . o;}n] p;n] 3/d} l;kL kfNg] of]hgf agfof] .

p;n] cfˆg} hUufdf Pp6f 7"nf] kf]v/L agfof] . To;df ;d'b|sf] kfgL e¥of] . p;n] ;d'b|sf] kLFwaf6
l;kLsf ;fgf;fgf aRrfx? Nofof] / kf]v/Ldf /fv]/ kfNg yfNof] . dfemL cfkm}Fn] l;kLx?nfO{ vfg]s'/f
VjfpFYof] . kf]v/Lleq k;]/ cfˆg} xftn] l;kLx?nfO{ d;fYof]{ . p;n] lbPsf] kf]l;nf] cfxf/ / :ofxf/;';f/
kfP/ kf]v/Lsf l;kLx? xnSs a9] .

Ps lbg dfemLn] kf]v/Lleq k;]/ /f]hL/f]hL Ps 6f]s/L 7"nf7"nf l;kLx? aflx/ lemSof] . tL l;kLx?df
kSs} klg 7"nf7"nf df]tL 5g\ eGg] p;sf] ljZjf; lyof] . o;}n] p;n] l;kLnfO{ htg;fy kmf]g{ / sf6g
yfNof] . ;a} l;kL df]6f /
el/nf lyP t/ crDd Û tL s'g}df klg df]tL e]l§Pg . cfˆgf] d]xgt o;/L v]/ hfnf eg]/ p;n] sNkgf klg
u/]sf] lyPg . pm xtf/xtf/ km]l/ kf]v/Lleq k:of] / csf]{ Ps 6f]s/L l;kL lemSof] . o; k6s p;n] /fd|/L
gx's]{sf, 6flS;Psfh:tf b]lvg] cln ;fgf l;kL vf]n]/ x]¥of] . tLdWo] s]xLdf ;–;fgf df;sf u]8f hqf
df]tL e]l§P .

k'i6 l;kLdf df]tL gx'g'sf] sf/0f yfxf kfpg pm a"9f] dfemLsxfF uof] . p;sf] s'/f ;'g]/ a"9f]
dfemLn] ;]tf bf/L d';fb}{ xfF:b} eGof], æx]/ afa', l;kLn]
cfxf/f lgNbf afn'jf / 9'Fufh:tf] ;fx|f] s'/f lgNof] eg] Tof] s'/f To;n] krfpg ;Qm}g / kmfNg klg
;Qm}g . xfd|f] v'§fdf sfF9f u8Øf] / lgsflnPg eg] sfF9fsf] jl/kl/ ;fx|f] x''Fb} uPem}F l;kLsf]
lhpdf u8]sf] ;fx|f] s'/fsf] jl/kl/ l;kLs} lhpaf6 lg:s]sf] Ps k|sf/sf] lvn hd]/ ;fx|f] x'Fb}hfG5 /
sfnfGt/df df]tL aG5 . o;}n] df]tLnfO{ l;kLsf] cfF;' elgG5 . ;'v;Fu x's]{sf l;kLleq df]tL
x'Fb}g . kf]v/Ldf :ofxf/ ;';f/ kfP/ x's]{sf l;kLx?xdf df]tL gx'g' cgf}7f]
s'/f xf]Og .Æ

a"9f] dfemLsf] 3/af6 tGg]/L dfemL l;kLnfO{ ?jfpg] pkfo larf/ ub}{ 3/ kmSof]{ .

;'gsf] xnf]

hgtfn] p;nfO{ g]tf r'g]kl5 klg p;n] cfˆgf] df6f] / x}l;ot la;{g
rfx]g . hgtfsf] jf/]; eP/ /fhwfgLdf hfFbf p;n] cfˆgf] v]t hf]Tg] xnf] klg ;Fu} lnP/ uof] .

sf7df8f}+df cfˆgf] 8]/fsf] 9f]sfsf] bflxg]kl§ k]6Ldf p;n] Tof] xnf] 78\ofP/ /fv]sf] lyof] . p;nfO{
e]6\g hfg]x? Tof] xnf] b]v]/ 5Ss ky]{ .

Ps t sf7df8f}+df p;sf] Ps laQf hUuf klg lyPg . csf]{ s'/f, pkTosfleq kz'kltsf] jfxg ;fF9]sf ;uf]qL
uf]?x?n] bf;Tjaf6 d'lQm kfO;s]sf] x'gfn] ToxfF xnf]n] v]taf/L hf]Tg] rng 5}g . rf/ e~HofË
gsf6]sfx?n] t 5fkf jf 6]lnlehgdf dfq} xnf] b]v]sf xf]nfg\ . o;}n] p;sf] 8]/fsf] 9f]s}5]p /flvPsf]
xnf] pkTosfaf;Lx?sf nflu cgf}7f] x]g]{ a:t' ePtf klg To;sf] jf:tljs sfd lyPg .
45
p;sf] p2]Zo sf7df8f}+ uP/ xnf] hf]Tg' klg lyPg . ljutdf p;n] b]z / hgtfsf nflu u/]sf] Tofu,
;lqmotf / nugzLntfsf] d"Nofª\sg u/]/ hgtfn] p;nfO{ ;+;bdf cfˆgf] jf/]; 5fg]/ k7fPsf lyP . pm
ToxfF xnf] hf]Tg xf]Og, hgtfsf] s'/f ;+;bdf k'¥ofpg uPsf] lyof] . p;n] t Tof] xnf] cfˆgf] ;f+;b kb
hgtfsf] gf;f] xf] eGg] gla;{gsf nflu nu]sf] lyof] .

xnf]n] /fd|} k|efj kf/]sf] b]lvof] . xnf] hf]Tg] ;fwf/0f ls;fg klg ;+;bdf k'Uof] eg]/ k|hftGqsf]
u'0fufg g} eof] . ljb]zL cvaf/, /]l8of] / 6]lnlehgdf klg rrf{ eof] .

g]tfsf] xnf]sf] dxTj / df]x b]v]/ kqsf/x? dfq} xf]Ogg\, c? If]qsf dflg;x? klg k|efljt ge} /xg
;s]gg\ . sljx?n] sljtf n]v] . lrqsf/x?n] cfsif{s lrq agfP . d"lt{sf/x?n] df6f], 9'+uf / wft'sf snfTds
xnf] agfP .

of] sfddf pBf]uL, Jofkf/L / 7]s]bf/x? klg kl5 k/]gg\ . s;}n] tfdf]sf] xnf], s;}n] lkQnsf] t s;}n]
rfFbLsf] xnf] g]tfnfO{ pkxf/ lbP . Ps hgf dxf;]7n] t ;'gs} xnf] lbof] . g]tfsf] 8]/fsf] leQf, b/fh /
6]a'nx? snfTds / ax'd"No xnf]x?n] el/g yfNof] . htf x]¥of], xnf] g} xnf] . tL snfTds / bfdL
xnf]x?sf] cufl8 Tof] v]t hf]Tg] xnf] lj:tf/} pk]lIft x'g yfNof] . g]tfnfO{ klg Tof] sf7sf] xnf]sf]
cl:tTj ToxfF cgf}7f] / c;fGble{s nfUg yfNof] .

g]tfnfO{ cfˆgf] 8]/f ;fFu'/f] nfusf]n] sf7df8f}+d} Pp6f eJo ejg aGof] .
8]/fsf] ;fdfg ;fg]{ qmddf ;a} pkxf/x? ;fl/P . ;'gsf] xnf] g]tfn] cfkm" ;'Tg] sf]7fsf] 6]a'ndfly
;hfP/ /fVof] . t/ s;}n] klg Tof] sf7sf] xnf]nfO{
;Dem]gg\ .

kfFr jif{ glaTb} p;nfO{ km]l/ cfˆgf] ufpFdf kms{g' kg]{ eof] . p;n] ufpFsf ;fyLefOx?nfO{
;D‰of] . cfˆgf] em'k8L / uf]7 ;D‰of] . clg Tof] sf7sf] xnf] ;D‰of] .

xnf]sf] ;Demgf cfpg]lalQs} p;n] cfˆgf] uf8Lsf] 8«fOe/nfO{ af]nfP/ uf8L rnfpg nufof] . pm
l;w} k'/fgf] 8]/fdf k'Uof] . t/ ToxfF xnf] lyPg . p;n] 3/wgL;Fu ;f]Wof] . 3/wgLn] eGof],
ætkfO{++n] lng k7fpg' xf]nf eg]/ w]/} lbg;Dd kv{]+, sf]xL klg lng cfPg . hf8f]df s]6fs]6Ln]
cfuf] afn]5g\ . To;sf] kmfnLn] udnfsf] df6f] vGg] sfd lnPsf]5 ToxL xf] .Æ

cfugdf kmflnPsf] kmfnL b]v]/ g]tfn] cfˆgf] zlxb ePsf] ;fyLsf] nf;
;D‰of] . pm s]xL gaf]nL b'vL dgn] 3/ kmSof]{ . ca ufpFdf uP/ s] eGg] < of] k|Zgn] p;nfO{
k5\ofpg yfNof], k5\ofO/x]5 .

pm tkfO{++sxfF klg cfpg] 5 . ;f]Wg gla;{g' xf]nf, æxfd|f] xnf] v} <Æ

;"o{ / afn'jf

b'O{ hgf a6'jf au/dfly lxF8\b} lyP . 3fd rs{+b} lyof] . Pshgfn] 5ftf
cf]9\of] . csf{];Fu 5ftf lyPg, t/ p;n] h'Qf nfPsf] lyof] . 5ftf x'g];Fu h'Qf lyPg . s]xL a]/kl5
3fdsf] /fkn] afn'jf a]:;/L tfTof] . 5ftf x'g]sf] kfOtnf et\ et\ kf]Ng yfNof] p;n] cfˆgf] ;xofqLnfO{
eGof], æafn'jfn] ;fx|} kf]Ng yfNof] . dnfO{ Psl5g ltd|f] h'Qf b]pm . d ltdLnfO{ d]/f] 5ftf
lbG5' .Æ

h'Qfjfnfn] cfˆgf] h'Qf km'sfn]/ ;fyLnfO{ lbof] / 5ftf cf]9]/ vfnL v'§f afn'jfdfly lxF8\g yfNof] .
kfFr bz kfOnf lxF8\bf glxF8\b} pm lrRofof], æef], ltd|f] 5ftf ltdLn] g} cf]9 . dnfO{ d]/f] h'Qf
b]pm . h'Qf ge} d Ps kfOnf klg lxF8\g ;lSbg . lar/f 5ftfjfnf ;+s6df k¥of] / eGof], æs:tf] crDd
3fd a? ;xg ;lsG5 t/ ToxL 3fdn] tft]sf] afn'jfnfO{ ;xg ;lsGg .Æ

46
tL b'O{ a6'jfsf] s'/f ;'lg/x]sf] afn'jfn] 3d08n] km'Nb} ;"o{lt/ x]b{} lrRofof], æb]Vof} d]/f]
zlQm < ltdL hlt s8f eP klg dflg;nfO{ kf]Ng ;St}gf}, t/ d}n] dfG5]sf] ;ftf] lng ;S5' .Æ

of] ;'g]/ ;"o{ d';'Ss xfF:of] / afbn leq k:of] . a6'jfx?n] r}gsf] ;f; km]/] . s]xL a]/d} afn'jf
;]nfof] . a6'jfx? cf/fd;fy lxF8\g yfn] .

;]tf] e"t

ufpFsf] Pshgf d'lvof lbglbg} s'v'/fsf] 8fsdf kFw]/fdf g'xfpg hfGYof] . ;+of]un] Pslbg cln ;a]/}
uPsf] a]nfdf ;]tf] e"t;Fu p;sf] e]6 eP5 .

;]tf] e"tsf] /f}+ km]nf kfg{ ;s] e"taf6 dg nfu]sf] sfd u/fpg ;lsG5 eGg]
s'/fdf d'lvofnfO{ ljZjf; lyof] To;}n] p;n] e"tsf] Ps d'7L /f}+ d'7Ldf
kf/]5 / e"tnfO{ sfa"df NofP5 .

cfˆgf] /f}+ lkmtf{ kfpg] cfzfn] e"tn] d'lvofsf] rfs8L ug{ yfNof] . d'lvofn] klg e"tnfO{ cg]s
sfd ug{ nufof] . v]taf/L hf]tfof], kvf{n agfpg nufof], s'nf] vgfof], 3/sf] 5fgf km]g{ nufof],
cfˆgf] 3/ v]t ;a} ;kf¥of] . Pp6f sfd ;lsg]lalQs} e"tn] /f}+ dfUg yfNYof] clg p;nfO{ t'?Gt}
csf{] sfd lbg' kYof{] . t/ d'lvofsf] larf/df ca s'g} sfd afFsL /x]g . d'lvofnfO{ eg] /f}+ lkmtf{
lbg k6ss} dg lyPg . t/ e"tn] /f}+ lkmtf{ b]pm eg]/ ;fx|} s/fpg / lh2L ug{
nfUof] .

crfgs d'lvofsf] a'l4df Pp6f larf/ cfof] . p;n] e"tnfO{ eGof], æof] ufpFsf] ljsf; u/\ . To;kl5 dfq}
t}+n] /f}+ lkmtf{ kfpg]5;\ .Æ

d'lvofsf] s'/f ;'Gg] lalQs} e"t o:t/L t:of{] ls p;nfO{ cfˆgf] /f}+ lkmtf{ kfpg] s'g} cfzf /x]g .
pm ToxfFaf6 a]kQf eof] / km]l/ slxNo} kms]{/ cfPg . d'lvof klg ;'vk"j{s a:g yfNof] .

:ofn / s's'/

Pp6f :ofn ufpFdf uP/ s'v/f vfg kNs]sf] lyof] . ufpFn]x?n] ldn]/ Pp6f ef]6] s's'/ kfn] . ef]6] s's'/
b]v]/ :ofn 8/fof] / s]xL lbg s'v'/f rf]g{ hfg 5f8\of] . t/ s'v'/fsf] df;' vfg] afgL kl/;s]sf] :ofn w]/}
lbg r'k nfu]/ a:g ;s]g .

Ps lbg p;n] s's'/nfO{ lh:SofpFb} h+undf k'¥ofof] / ToxfF p;n] s's'/nfO{ r/fsf] df;' vfg lbof] .
r/fsf] df;' vfg kfP/ s's'/ ;fx|} v'zL eof] . klxnf] k6s r/fsf] df;'sf] :jfb kfpFbf p;nfO{ Tof] lgSs}
dL7f] nfUof] .

s's'/nfO{ v'zL kf/]kl5 :ofnn] eGof], æx]/ bfO, xfdL Pp6} hftsf xf}+ . lsg a}u'gL dfG5]sf] kl5
nfu]/ dnfO{ b'Mv lbG5f} < dfG5]sf] rfs8L u/]/ ltdLn] s] kfpF5f} / Û pxL Ps d'7L h'7f]k'/f] t
xf] . slxNo} Ps 6'qmf df;' lbG5 < d]/f]
s'/f dfGof} eg] d}n] df/]sf] lzsf/sf] cfwf efu ltdLnfO{ lbG5' . cab]lv d ufpFdf k:bf dnfO{ s]xL
gu/ x} .Æ

s's'/nfO{ :ofnsf] s'/f lrQ a'‰of] . Tof] lbgb]lv :ofn s'v'/f rf]g{ ufpFdf hfFbf s's'/ csf{]lt/ uP/
e'Sg yfNof] / :ofnn] klg OdfGbf/L;fy cfwf efu df;' s's'/nfO{ lbg] sfd ug{ yfNof] . lbgx'Fh;f]
df;' vfg kfP/ s's'/ df]6fpFb} / cN5L x'Fb} hfg yfNof] .

47
lar/f ufpFn]x?n] eg] :ofn / s's'/sf] of] uf]Ko ;fF7ufF7 kQ} kfpg
;s]gg\ . a?, pgLx?n] c? s's'/x? klg kfNg k¥of] eGg] kf] ;f]Rg yfn] .

:ofnnfO{ l:nlkª Aofu

>Ldfg\ cfOPglhcf] ufpFdf 3'Dg uPsf lyP . >L Pglhcf] klg ;Fu} lyP .

dWo /ftdf >Ldfg\ cfOPglhcf]nfO{ lk;fk nfu]5 . ufpFdf P6]r afy?d x'g] s'/} cfPg . 6r{nfO6
afn]/ pgL 3/ glhs}sf] vf]N;f5]p k'u]5g\ . vf]N;fdf
w]/} :ofnx? e]nf eP/ Ps} :j/n] s/fpg yfn]sf] pgn] b]v] .

ef]ln kN6 ljxfg lrof vfFb} pgn] >L Pglhcf];Fu ;f]w], æx}g oxfFsf :ofnx? /ftL /ftL lsg s/fpF5g\
<Æ

>L Pglhcf]n] t'?Gt} hjfkm lbP, æ;/ oL :ofnx? ;fFem k/]kl5 / /ftL o;}
u/L s/fpF5g\ .Æ

æTo;f] eP logLx?nfO{ gs/fpg] agfpgsf nflu s] ug'{ knf{ <Æ >Ldfg\ cfOPglhcf]n] ;f]w] .

æ:ofnsf] afgL g} /ftL s/fpg] xf] . lsg To;nfO{ gs/fpg] agfpg] ;/ <Æ >L Pglhcf]n] pN6} k|Zg
u/] .

>Ldfg\ cfO{Pglhcf]n] eg], æx]g'{;\ /ftL :ofn s/fpFbf ufpFn]x? ;'Tg

kfpFb}gg\ . l8:6a{ x'G5 . /fd|/L ;'Tg gkfPkl5 lbgdf sfd ug]{ hfFu/ x'Fb}g . sfd ug]{ hfFu/
gePkl5 cfDbfgL x'Fb}g . cfDbfgL ge} ljsf; x'Fb}g .
a'‰g'eof] < To;}n] ljsf;sf lglDt :ofnnfO{ gs/fpg] agfpg' cfjZos 5 .Æ

>Ldfg\ cfOPglhcf]sf] o:tf] uxlsnf] s'/f ;'g]kl5 >L Pglhcf]sf] dgdf 1fgsf] Hof]lt alnxfNof] .
pgn] eg], æTo;f] eP :ofnx?nfO{ Gofgf] u/L ;'Tgsf nflu l:nlkª Aofu afFl8lbP s;f] xf]nf ;/ <Æ

æd]/f] ljrf/df tkfO{++sf] s'/f 7Ls 5 . x'G5, o;af/] Pp6f /fd|f] k|kf]hn tof/ kf/]/ Nofpg';\ .æ

csf]{ jif{ km]l/ >Ldfg\ cfOPglhcf] ToxL ufpFdf k'u] . /ftL km]l/ To:t} eof] . o; k6s t :ofnx?
vf]N;fdf dfq} x}g kNnf] 8fF8fdf klg s/fPsf] ;'lgof] . >Ldfg\ cfOPglhcf]sf] dgdf :ofnx?n] l:nlkª
Aofu kfPgg\ ls eGg] z+sf nfUof] . >L Pglhcf];Fu l/; klg p7\of] . pgL /ftel/ ;'Tg ;s]gg\ .

ef]lnkN6 ;a]/} pgn] /ftL :ofn s/fPsf] s'/f >L Pglhcf]nfO{ ;'gfP . >L Pglhcf]n] eg], æxf], d}n]
klg /ftL :ofnsf] :j/ ;'g]sf] lyPF . o; o6s t kNnf] 8fF8fsf :ofn klg s/fP . tkfO{++n] b'a} y/Lsf
:ofnsf] km/s km/s :j/ ;'Gg'eof] xf]nf . t/ s'/f a'‰g' ePg xf]nf .Æ

æs'/f s] xf] :ki6 eGg';\ gÆ, >Ldfg\ cfOPglhcf]n] cln ems{+b} eg] .

>L Pglhcf]n] :ki6 kfb}{ eg], æo; ufpFsf :ofnx? ;/ ufpFdf cfpg' ePsf] yfxf kfP/ v'zL JoSt ub}{
ho xf];\ ho xf];\ eg]/ s/fPsf lyP . kNnf] 8fF8fsf :ofnx?n] xfdLnfO{ klg l:nlkª Aofu rflxof],
xfdLsxfF klg of]hgf cfcf];\ eg]/ s/fPsf x'g\ .Æ >L Pglhcf]n] /ftL :ofn s/fPsf] cy{ nufP .

æTo;f] eP xfd|f] of]hgfsf] /fd|f] k|efj k/] h:tf] 5 .æ >Ldfg\ cfOPglhcf]n] k|;Gg x'+b} eg], clg
yk], æ7Ls 5, ca of] of]hgf lhNnfel/ nfu' ug'{ k5{ . tkfO{+ sf7df8f}+ cfpg';\ / csf]{ k|kf]hn
xfNg';\ .Æ

48
 :jfdLeQm Û

sf7df8f}+af6 sfs8leQflt/ a]tf]8n] u'l8/x]sf] /fqLa; k"j{ klZrd /fhdfu{sf] 5]pdf /x]sf] t/fO{sf]
Pp6f ;fgf] a:tLdf laxfgsf] lrofkfgsf] nflu
/f]lsof] . w]/}h;f] ofq'x? cfª tfGb} a;af6 cf]ln{P . d klg cf]ln{PF

k"/} pHofnf] eO;s]sf] lyPg . lb;f lk;fa ug{ sf]xL stf nfu] sf]xL stf . d k]6 RofKb} ;8ssf]
5]p5]p nfu]F . cln k/ cgf}7f} b[Zo b]lvof] . cf7b; hgf dflg;x? ;8ssf] 5]pdf n:s/} a;]sf lyP .
x/]s dflg;sf] cufl8 Pp6f Pp6f s's'/ ;ts{ cf;gdf al;/xsf] lyof] . ag}of hGt' jf ;k{ / cGo vt/faf6
ofqLx?sf] ;'/Iffsf] nflu s:tf] /fd|f] Joj:yf /x]5 eGg] nfUof] .
s's'/x?sf] ;ts{tf / :jldelQm cg's/0fLo b]lvGYof] .

d klg ;8s 5]psf] 9ndflysf] n:s/df 6'qm'Ss a;]F . a:g gEofpFb} stfstfaf6 Pp6f s's'/ d]/f] cufl8
cfP/ ;ts{ kf]lh;gdf al;xfNof] . s's'/sf] uf8{ kfP/ d klg 9'Ss ePF .

o;}aLr n:s/sf] kNnf] 5]psf] Pshgf dflg; lgTosd{ ;s]/ pleof] . pm cfˆgf] :yfgaf6 x6g gEofpFb}
p;sf] cufl8 kf]lh;g lnP/ a;]sf] s's'/ emD6]/ pm a;]sf] 7fpFdf k'Uof] / 9ndf y't'gf] hf]t]/ d'v
rnfpg yfNof] .

:jfy{

;'Fu'/ kmfd{df ;'Fu'/x? cfˆgf] dflnsaf/] s'/f ub{} lyP–

;'Fu'/ s– xfd|f dflns slt a]; 5g\ Û xfd|f] bfgfkfgL / :jf:Yoaf/] slt Vofn /fV5g\ Û

;'Fu'/ v– xf], xfdL df]6fPgf}+ eg]/ s:tf] kL/ lng' ePsf] 5 . lxhf] dfq}
e]6]g/L 8fS6/nfO{ b]vfpg Nofpg' eof] / PsPs j6fnfO{ hFrfpg nufpg' eof] .

;'Fu'/ u– xf], ;fx|} a]; 5g\ xfd|f dflns . xfdL df]6f3f6f / lg/f]uL ePgf}+ eg] dflnssf] 9's'6L s;/L
el/G5 / <

xnLsf] kmf]^f]

g]tfx? a/flng yfn]sf] b]v]/ dxfg]tfn] x/]s g]tfsf] ;'Tg]sf]7f / kf6L{ tyf
;/sf/L sfof{nosf] leQfdf 6Ss b]lvg] u/L xnf] hf]lt/x]sf] ls;fgsf] kmf]6f] 6f:g] cfb]z lbP .

;DalGwt lgsfon] ls;fgsf] kmf]6f] k|sflzt ug]{ of]hgf agfof] . o;sf nflu ljb]zL bft[;+:yf;Fu
;xof]u dfluof] . Pp6f k|f]h]S6 aGof] .

/fhwfgLdf xnf] hf]Tg] k/Dk/f gePsf] x'gfn] xnf] hf]lt/x]sf] ls;fgsf] kmf]6f] lvRg pkTosf aflx/
hfg' kg]{ eof] . of]hgfcg'';f/ b]zsf ljleGg efux?, lxdfn, kxf8, t/fO{, k"j{, klZrddf a:g]
ls;fgx?sf] kmf]6f] lvr]/ Nofpgsf] nflu kmf]6f]u|fkm/, k|fljlws tyf ljz]if1x?sf] 6f]nL aGof] .

5 dlxgf;Dd Tof] 6f]nL lxdfn kxf8 dw]; k"j{, klZrd, b]zsf] s'gf sfKrfdf k'Uof] / y/Ly/Lsf ls;fgsf
xnf] hf]lt/x]sf] kmf]6f] lvr]/ Nofof] . kmf]6f] ;a} sf7df8f}F NofPkl5 ljz]if1x?sf] 6f]nL kmf]6f]
/f]Hg a:of] .

xhf/eGbf w]/} kmf]6f] x]/]/ Pp6f kmf]6f] /f]Hg' ;lhnf] sfd lyPg . t}klg dlxgf lbgsf] d]xgtkl5
bz j6f kmf]6f] /f]lhof] / ltg} bz j6f kmf]6f]dWo] Pp6f kmf]6f] /f]h]/ ;b/ ug{ ;DalGwt
dGqLsxfF k7fOof] .
49
dGqLn] tL kmf]6f]x? cfˆgf] 3/df lnP/ uof] . Ps lbg 6]lnlehg x]l//x]sf] a]nfdf dGqLgLn]
6]a'ndfly tL kmf]6f] b]lvg\ . xnf] hf]lt/x]sf] ls;fgsf] kmf]6f] b]v]/ pgnfO{ cfˆgf k'/fgf lbgx?sf]
;Demgf eof] . afx| jif{cl3 pgsf >Ldfg\n] To;} u/L xnf] hf]lt/x]sf] a]nfdf ufpFdf cfPsf] cd]l/sL
lk;sf]/sf] ef]n]lG6o/n] kmf]6f] lvr]sf] lyof] . k|hftGq gcfPsf] eP pgsf] >Ldfg\ clxn] klg xnf]
hf]lt/xGYof] xf]nf eGg] ;Dem]/ pgn] nfdf] ;f; km]l/g\ .

;fFem dGqLgLn] dGqL;Fu xnf] hf]lt/x]sf] ls;fgsf] kmf]6f]sf] af/]df ;f]lwg\ . dGqLn] ;a} s'/f
atfpFb} eGof], ædnfO{ cln km';{t 5}g, a? ltdLn] tL kmf]6f]dWo] Pp6f kmf]6f] /f]Hg dnfO{
;3fpm x} .Æ

æd}n] t kmf]6f] /f]lh;s]sL 5',Æ dGqLgLn] d:sFb} elgg\ .

æv} s'g kmf]6f] /f]Hof} <Æ dGqLn] pT;'s x'Fb} ;f]Wof] .

dGqLgLn] ToxL afx| jif{cl3sf] kmf]6f] cNadaf6 lems]/ NofOg\ / dGqLsf] xftdf /fvL lbOg\ .

kmf]6f] b]v]/ dGqL em:Sof] . æs] eg]sL ltdLn] < To:tf] kmf]6f] klg 5fKg x'G5 . lrGg]n] s]
eGnfg\ <Æ

æof] kmf]6f] xh"/sf] xf] eg]/ ca s;}n] klg cg'dfg ug{ ;St}g . olb s;}n] yfxf kfP/ k|rf/} u/] klg
o;af6 xh"/nfO{ g} kmfObf x'G5 . csf]{ r'gfjsf] k|rf/ oxL kmf]6f]n] u5{ .Æ

dGqLgLsf] ;'ema'em b]v]/ dGqLsf] cg'xf/ pHofnf] eof] .

xfdLn] s] kfof}¤ <

of] ljsf;] 76\6f xf]Og, ;fFRr}sf] 36gf xf] .

s]xL jif{ cl3sf] s'/f xf], Pp6f cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfn] :jf:Yo sfo{s|d cGtu{t Pp6f ufpFdf x/]s 6f]ndf
cfw'lgs rkL{ agfOlbPsf] lyof] . t/ rkL{ ag]sf]
w]/} lbg;Dd sf]xL klg ToxfF lb;f ug{ uPgg\ . lsg rkL{ k|of]u gu/]sf] egL ;f]4f ufpFn]x?n] eg],
ærkL{leq a;]/ lb;f ug]{ xfd|f] afgL g} 5}g, lg;fl:;Pnf h:t} x'G5 s] ug]{ <æ

ufpFn]x?sf] s'/f ;'g]kl5 ;+:yfn] Pp6f h'lQm lgsfNof] . h;n] rkL{df lb;f u5{, p;n] Ps k6ssf] Ps ?
k}ofF kfpg] eof] . ufpFn]x? klg v'zL eP / rkL{df lb;f ug{ hfg yfn] . clkm; klg cfˆgf] of]hgf
;kmn ePsf]df v'zL eof] .

t/ dlxgf lbg laTg gkfpFb} ufpFn]x? km]l/ rkL{df hfg 5f8] . lsg o:tf] eof] egL a'‰g ;+:yfn]
hfFra'em 6f]nL ufpFdf k7fof] . ufpFn]x?n] 6f]nL;dIf cfˆgf] ;d:of o;/L /fv] – ærkL{df lb;f ug{
yfn]kl5 clncln cfDbfgL t eof] t/ csf]{lt/ 3f6f klg nfUof] . xfd|f ;'Fu'/x? b'AnfpFb} uP .
;'Fu'/nfO{ cGg lsg]/ Vjfpg xfdLnfO{ wf} wf} k¥of] .Æ

h] eP klg ;+:yfn] cfˆgf] rkL{sf] of]hgf c;kmn ePsf] x]g{ rfxFb}gYof] . o; sf/0f To;n] ufpFdf
;'Fu'/sf] bfgf afF8\g] of]hgf agfof] . rkL{df lb;f u/]afkt ufpFn]x?n] k};fsf] ;§f ;'Fu'/sf] nflu
bfgf kfpg yfn] .

t/ s]xL lbgkl5 km]l/ ;d:of hxfFsf] txLF eof] . ufpFn]x?n] km]l/ klg rkL{ k|of]u ug{ 5f8] . sf/0f
a'‰g ;+:yfn] km]l/ 6f]nL k7fof] . 6f]nL;dIf ufpFn]x?n] skfn sGofpFb} u'gf;f] kf]v] – æxfdL t
ufpFn] ;f]emf l;wf dfG5] ulx/f] s'/f a'‰b}gf}+ xh"/ . t/ rkL{ ag]kl5 /]l8of]n] ;+:yfsf] gfd
km'Sof] . ufpFsf ;'Fu'/x?n] dL7f] vfg kfP / df]6fP . xh"/x?n] klg v} s] s] kfpg' eof] xf]nf,
50
xfdLnfO{ ;a}
s'/f yfxf x'g] ePg . t/ rkL{leq lb;f u/] afkt xfdLn] v} s] kfof}+ <Æ

lxt}ifL <

d';f, la/fnf] / ;k{sf] syf

d';f ;vfk kfg{ la/fnf] kflnG5 t/ la/fnf]n] d';f;Fu ldn]/ dL7fdL7f s'/f afF8Lr'F8L vfg yfNof] eg] s]
ug]{ <

Tof] 3/df To:t} eof] .

d';fn] crfSnL u¥of] eg]/ la/fnf] kfNof], t/ la/fnf]n] df5f, df;', b"w, £o" kf] ;vfk kfg{ yfNof] .
lsg la/fnf]n] d';f vfg 5f8]/ c? vfg] s'/fdf dg lbof] t egL a'‰bf s] km]nf k¥of] eg], la/fnf] /
d';fsf] aLr ;Demf}tf ePsf]
/x]5 .

lzsf/ / lzsf/Lsf] aLr klg ;Demf}tf x'G5 < 3/df dL7fdL7f

s'/fx? la/fnf]n] ge]6\6fpg] u/L hfnLbf/ b/fhleq / blngsf] l;v/df em'08fP/ /flvGYof] . ljr/f la/fnf]
6'n'6'n' x]/La:Yof] . Pslbg Pp6f d';f hfnLleq k;]/ ;'s]sf df5f vfg nfu]sf] la/fnf]n] b]Vof] . p;n]
d';fnfO{ eGof], ædnfO{ clnstf df5f lbof} eg] d}n] ltdLnfO{ s]xL ulb{g .Æ

klxn] t d';f 8/fof] t/ pm hfnLleq ;'/lIft x'gfn] p;n] la/fnf]nfO{ afrf afFWg nufof], h;cg';f/ capk|
fGt la/fnf]n] d';fx?nfO{ b'Mv glbg], abnfdf d';fx?n] la/fnf]nfO{ 3/sf] s'gf sfKrfdf / hfnLleq
/fv]sf dL7fdL7f vfg] s'/f vfg d2t ug]{ .

;Demf}tf cg';f/ ca d';fx?n] 3/df n'sfPsf] df5f, df;', b"w / £o"

la/fnf]nfO{ lbg yfn] . slxn]sfxL+ pgLx? blngdf e'm08ØfPsf] b"w bxL klg kf]vfOlbGy] . o;/L
d';fx? :jtGqtfk"j{s 3/df 3'Dg / pw'd dRrfpg
kfO/x]sf lyP, h;n] ubf{ pgLx?sf] ;Gtfg klg v'a} a9\of] .

ljr/f 3/ dflns 6fpsf] ;dft]/ a;]sf] lyof] .

Pslbg crfgs Tof] 3/df Pp6f 7"nf] sfnf] ;k{ k:of] . ;k{n] esfes df]6fdf]6f d';fx? /f]Hb} vfg
yfNof] . 3/wgL ;k{ b]v]/ 8/fof] . 3/df afnaRrf klg lyP . ;k{n] 6f]Sg ;SYof] . ;k{ a;]sf] 3/df
ga:g" eG5g\ . ;k{ wkfpg' jf ;dfTg' p;sf] st{Jo lyof] . t/ ;k{n] d';f ;vfk kfg{ nfu]sf] b]v]/ pm
v'zL eof] . p;nfO{ Tof] ;k{ cfˆgf] lxt}ifL ldq g} xf] ls h:tf] nfUg yfNof] .

The End

51