..

1999

 ..

HAGARISM
THE MAKING OF THE
ISLAMIC WORLD

PATRICIA CRONE
SENIOR RESEARCH FELLOW, THE WARBURG
INSTIUTE
UNIVERSITY OF LONDON

MICHAEL COOK
LECTURER IN ECONOMIC HISTORY WITH
REFERENCE
TO THE MIDDLE EAST
SCHOOL OF ORIENTAL AND AFRICAN
STUDIES

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

CAMBRIDGE

LONDON

NEW YORK

NEW

ROCHELLE
MELBOURNE

SYDNEY

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-

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- 1 : - 2 - 3
- 4
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:
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: .
Gentiles


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9

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.
. . .
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10

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.

.


.


.


.
. .
. .
.


.

1974

.
. :
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11

 . .

12

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1
-

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.


.
:

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634

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Doctrina, pp. 86 f

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 ...


advent
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]Khristou


.
:

: .

...
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.
.
.

16

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.


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(.)8

( )5. A. J. Wensinck et al, Concordance et indices de la tradition musulmane, Lyden 1933 - 69, s.v. miftah:
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( )6 amed M ) (kleidon khos...

(E. Montet, Un

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Die von Guidi herausgegebene syrische Chronik, Sitzungsberichte der philologischhistorischen Classe der

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( .)11
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( Lewis, Apocalyptic Vision p. 321ff )12 .322 - 4 .

( )13 :7:21 . .

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( )18

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( )17 ttingen 1929, pp. 449 H. Gressmann, Der Messias, G : .

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( )18 :
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)Lewis, Apocalyptic Vision, pp. 324f

. .
21

 .


.
:

( .)22

( )23
( .)24

.

.
.
( )22 2728 I E. Sachau et al - 1904
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( )23 : .2403 I

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(M.J. Kister,

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M.K. Har s 1968 .)430 (

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22

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.



.
()25


( .)26

( )25 ( .)86 .
( )26

Pirk de Rabbi Eliezer

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.
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(Lewis, Apocalyptic Vision, pp. 321-3 :
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23

 ( )27 ( .)28


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( )27 ( )638 - 634 ( : 634

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( )28

(H.de Vis (ed.and tr.) Homlies

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(Scholia on Passages of the Old

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( 7 )
.
24

 ..

( )29
(.)30
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( .)31

( .)32

(.)33

( )29 (.88
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J. Mann, The Jews in Egypt and in Palestine under the F timid Caliphs, vol. i. Oxford

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(W. M and R. Goodchild, The West Church at Apollonia in Cyrenaica, in Papers of the British School at Rome

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 ( .)34



( .)35

.

.



( .)36
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( )35 139 653 .651

.
.
( )36 .6 - 94 661
.
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26

 ..

.
[]
[]
.
()37


.


.

( )38 .

:
[]
.
.

( )37 mwhmd

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).60
( )38 [ ] .

)(xix: 94

( :
)
( .)b 60
27


.
[
]18:25
.

.
:
[

-15 :25

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.
:


.

.

.
:

643

628
28

 ..

.)39(622


( .)40

( 558 )39 643 .

A. Grohmann, Aperu de papyrologie arabe; Etudes de papyrologie 1932; pp. 41f, 43 (
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(H. Lavoix, Catalogue des monnaies musulmanes de la Bibliothque nationale:

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(E.



.




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.
30

 ..

( )43

.

( .)44

( )45

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31

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.

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.
:

( )47 .
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 ..

691

()49
( .)50

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(Lavoix, Catalogue des monnais

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( )53
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 ..

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.

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38

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()5
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( .)7
.

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( )5 641 . ( )98 .
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( )6 622

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(.)16

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.

.. .. [ ]

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.

.

.

.
.
.

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.


42

 ..

.

.
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J. Wellhausen, Reste arabischen Heidentums, Berlin 1897, p. 120

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( )43

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( .)45

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(
.)185.
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(Vilmar (ed.), Abulfathi Annales, p. 180) .

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49

 .
(:)46
[]
[ ]
.

.

Levond

( .)47 (:)48

..
.)49(

( )46 260 = 250f

( )47 33.2
()48

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( )49 ( .:

(G. Hoffmann, Auszge aus syrischen. Akten persicher

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 ..

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( .)52

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 - -
(.)53

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( )54
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(.)55

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( )55

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52

 ..

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.

53

.



.

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( .)101
( )102



()103


( .)104

:

( )100 .)(Bedjan, Acta Martyrum, vol. ii, p. 603 = Hoffmann, Auszge, p. 68

(Ishodenah, Livre de chastet, ed. and tr. J. B. Chabot, Paris 1896, pp. 4 .

)= 230 ) (Hoffmann, Auszge, p. 78

(P. Pectres, Sainte Golindouch, martyre prese, Analecta Bollandiana 1944, pp. 82,

105; P. Devos, Saintes rn, martyre sous Khosrau I An.)rvan, ibid, 1946, pp. 94f
( )101

).(Budge, Histories, pp. 9 = 13f
( )102 / ( 71 )
(Scher,Histoire du couvent de Sabri )o, pp. 189f
( )Bedjan, Acta Martyrum, vol. iv, pp. 181ff

(Hoffmann,

) Auszge, pp.78f.
( )103 )(Isho -yahab, Histoire de Jsus - Sabran, p. 495
- ) (ibid., p. 496
:

J. M. Fiey. Les lacs dans lhistoire de LEglise syreinne orientale,

. Proche - Orient Chrtien 1964

(Fiey, Assyrie chrtienne, vol. iii, p23 )104 : .
157



(.)105

:

.



.


( .)106

:



( .)107

( )105
(:

P.Devos, Abgar , hgagiographe perse mconnu , Analecta

.)Bollandiana,p.323 :
(ibid.,
)(Chabot,Synodicon Orientale,pp.20=258

)pp. 37=276 () (.)Chronica Minora,pp.137=107

.
()106

W. F. Macomber, The Theological Synthesis of Cyrus of Edessa, Orientalia Christiana

. Periodica 1965
(. bus, History of the School of Nisibis (=CSCO, Subsidia, vol. xxvi), Louvain 1965, pp. 237f ;A. V )107
:

id., Theological Reflexions on Human Nature in Ancient Syriac Traditions, in P. J. Hefner

(ed.), The Scope of Grace, Essays on Nature and Grace in Honor of Joseph Sittler, Philadelphia 1964

.
158

 ..

( )108
( )109
(.)110

.

.


( )111

( .)112

(.)113

(. F. Heiler. Die Ostkirchen, Munich and Basel 1971, p. 317 )108

()109

A. Boumstark, Die nestorianische Schriften de causis festorum, Oriens Christianus 1901, p.

. 340
( )110:

;P. Krger, Zum theologischen Menschenbild des Babai d. Gr., Oriens Christianus 1960

id., Das Problem Pelagianisimus bei Babai dem. Grossen., ibid, 1962; id., Das Geheimnis der

Taufe in den Werken Babais d. Gr., ibid, 1963,

.)(van den Eynde, Commentaire, I, Gense, pp. 65f = 71 .
( A. V )111

. bus, History of the School of Nisibis

(. Encyclopaedia of Islam, c.v, Gondeshapour )112

(bus, History of the School of Nisibis, pp. 204-7, 290, 299, 311; Scher,Histoire du couvent A. V )113

de Sabri. o, p. 184; Macomber, Theological Synthesis, p. 7

159



.

:



( .)114

.
( )115

(.)116

(Baumstark, Geschichte der syrischen Literatur, pp. 11f )114

( )115

(Barhadbeshabba, La cause

)de la fondation des ecoles, ed. and tr. A. Sher, in Patrologia Orientalis, vol. iv, p. 392

(A. Mingana (ed. and tr.), Treatise on Solitude and Prayre by Dadisho Katraya, in

)his Woodbrooke Studies, vol. vii, Cambridg 1934, f 28b. = p. 111

)(Budge, Histories, pp. 159 = 240
)(van den Eynde, Commentaire, I, Gense, pp. 6 = 7
Izla .)(Book of Governers, pp. 23 = 42
( )116 ( Instituta regularia divinae lgis

J. P. Migne

Patrologia Latina 1891 - 1844 )Lxviii

160

 ..

.

()117

.


.
:
( )118 ()119
.)120(
.


.

quaestor sacri palati

bus, Abraham De-Bet Rabban and his Role in the (V

.)Hermeneutic Traditions of the School of Nisibis, The Harvard Theological Review, 1965, pp 211f
(Church History 1951 ,bus, The Origins of Monasticism in Mesopotamia V )117
.167
()118

A. Rcker, Eine Anweisung fr geistlichenche des 7. bungen nestorianischer M

. Jahrhunderts, Oriens Christianus 1974, p. 194

(. Chabot, Synodicon Orientale, pp. 56ff = 303 ff )119
(B. Spuler, Die morgenl )120 . ndischen Kirchen, Leyden 1964, p. 129
161


.)121( Evagrian
:

.
:



(.)122

(. A. J. Wensinck (tr.), Mystic Treatises by Issac of Ninive, Amsterdam 1923, pp. xxiiff )121
( )122 :

Martyrius (Sahdona), Qeuvres spirituelles, vol. i-iii, ed. and tr. A. de Halleux (=CSCO,

.Scriptores Syri, vols. Lxxxvif, xcf, cxf), Louvain 1960 - 5 Mingana

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Liber Messalian

)graduum(ed. and tr. M. Kmosko, in R. Graffin (ed.), Patrologia Syriaca, Paris 1894 - 1926, vol. iii,
Liber de unione .
162

 ..

( .)123



( ).

.


( .)124

.




.
.


.
Manetho : Berossus

()125
Emesa

()123

Theodoretus of Cyrrhus, Thrapeutique des maladies hellniques, ed. and tr., P. Canivet, Paris

.1958, x:35 460.

( )124 Euergetes
.
()125

J. Hastings (ed.), Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, Edinburg 1908 - 26, s.nn Philo Byblius,

."Sanchuniathon
163

 ( .)126

:

)127(boukoloi


.)128(

:

Eunus

Dea Syra

)129(


( .)130

216

( . E. Rohde, Der griechische Roman, Leipzig 1910,pp.453ff )126

.
( )127 .

(R. MacMullen, Enemies

.)of the Roman Order, Cambridge, Mass. 1967, pp. 18f

( )128 .Tyana
( )129 136
)Vogt, Struktur der antiken Sklavenkriege, Mainz 1957, pp. 18f
(Theodoretus of Cyrrhus, Thrapeutique des maladies hellniques, ii: 44 - 6 )130

164

(J.

 ..

()131
Osrhoene

( .)132

)133(

.
Kme

(.)134
.


.

:

(. J. B. Segal, Edessa, the Blessed City, Oxford 1970, pp. 9ff )131
/
( )132
.
( )133 (Pauly - Wissowa, Realencyclop)die, art. Edessa
Cureton, Ancient Syriac Document, pp. 41, :

.94 = 42, 93.Segal, Edessa, p. 131, 170 :

( )134 .

=( (P. J. Alexander, The Oracle of Baalbek

)Dumbarton Oaks Studies, vol. x), Washington D.C. 1967, Lines 205ff = p. 29
. ..
165


()135
-
( .)136
:




.


.



.

.

( )135 )(Overbeck, Opera selecta, p. 160

( )136 .Seeck ,Briefe des Libanius : :

396 (F. C. Burkitt (ed. and tr.), Euphemia and the Gothus, London 1913, pp. :

.)46 = 131 .

(F. Millar, P. Herennius Dexippus, the

.)Greek World and the Third Century Invasions, Journal of Roman Studies 1969, pp. 16, 18
166

 ..

. ( )137


( .)138
()139

-

( .)140
:

(.)141

(. E. R. Dodds, Pagnan and Christian in an Age of Anxiety, Cambridge 1965 )137

( )138 .
( )139 Derchain Grimal, Hellinism and the Rise of Rome :
).(ibid., p. 234
(. ibid., pp. 238 - 41 )140
( )141 D. Chwolson, Die Ssabier und der Ssabismus, St. Petersburg 1856 :
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. Uppsala 1972
167

 .



.

. :

.

( .)142





( .)143

-


.

( )142 .

(Abb Martin,

Discourse de Joques de Saroug sur la chut des idole, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenl ndischen

)Gesellschaft 1875

(Oratio adversus Graecos, in PG, vol.

) vol.vi,col.865 .

Liber legum

.)regionum, ed. and tr. F. Nau, in Patrologia Syriaca, vol. i, part one, col. 543).
( )143 :

P. L. Berger and T. Luckmann, The Social Construction of Reality,

Harmondsworth 1971, pp. 110 - 122; P. L. Berger, The Sacred Canopy, New York 1967, pp. 19 - 28,

. 48-52, 126ff
168

 ..

( .)144

.



.

()145

(.)146
:

.

( )144:

P. Brown,Sorcery,Demons and the Rise of Christianity: from Late Antiquity into the

. Middle Ages, in his Religion and Society in the Age of St. Augustine, London 1972, pp. 132ff
( )145 ( :

A. Adns

and P. Canivet, Gurisons miraculeuses et exorcismes dans lHistoire Philothe de Thodoret de

))Cyr:, Revue de lhistoire des religions 1967

(A. Guillaumont, .
)Un philosophe au dsert: Evagre le pontique, ibid 1972, pp. 36 - 42 .
.)(Scheil, La vie de Mar Benjamin, pp. 250f
( )146 :
.135ff
).(ibid., vol. I, pp. 32f; Overbeck, Opera Selecta, p. 163

(E. Nau (ed. and tr.), Les Legendes syriaques dAaron de Saroug, in Patrologia
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.
bus, History of Asceticism, vol ii, p. V

169


:
nazirs

( .)147
:
( )148
.

.
:
.
:
()149

.
.

.)150(

:

()147

bus, History of Asceticism, vol.i,pp.97ff;id., The Institution of the Benai Qeiama and A. V

.Benai Qeiama in the Ancient Syrian Church, Church History 1961, p. 21

(. ibid., p. 19 )148
( )149 .
( )150 :
.

(Joshua the Stylite, Chronicle,

.)ed. and tr., W. Wright, Cambridge 1882, pp. 25f = 20f

170

 ..

()151

( )152


.

.


.)153(
.

.

.
-
.

-

( )151ldeke, Die Namen der aram T. N : ischen Nation und Sprach, Zeitschrift der Deutschen

Morgenl. dishen Gesellschaft 1871, p. 116

(B. Dodge (tr.), The Fihrist if al-Nadm, New York 1970, vol. ii, p. 763 )152

(Chwolson,. , p. 49)berreste

(. ldeke, Assyrios, Syrios, Syros, Hermes 1971 T. N )153

171


Carians

.

( )154
-

.

.

( .)155
:

-
.


:
( )156

( )157 .

:

( )154 ). (Chronica Minora, pp. 281 = 211

( )155 .
.believing King, in E. A. W. Budge, The History of Alexander the Great, Cambridge 1889, pp. 192ff

(Jacob of Sarug, Discourse on Alexander, the

( Theodoretus, Thrapeutique, ii: 114 )156 .

( )157:

F. E. Cranz, Kingdom and Polity in Eusebius of Caesarea, The Harvard Theological Review

. 1952, p. 52
172

 ..

(.)158

:


( .)159
-
( )160
()161
Cato
Scipio



(.)162

( )158 :

T. Fahd, LAgriculture Nabatene: son apport a lhistorie

conomique de la Msopotamie avant lIslam, unpuplished paper presented to the Conference on

. the Social and Economic History of the Middle East held at Princeton, June 1974, p. 18
( )159
.
(. J. Perret, Les origines de la lgende troyenne de Rome, Paris 1942 )160
( )161 .)(Baumstark, Geschichte der syrischen Literatur, p. 341
( )162 ...
)(F. Nau, La Cosmographie au VII sicle chez les syriens, Revue de lOrient chrtien 1910, pp. 249f
.
173

adversus Graecos

( )163 ( .)164
:
-
( .)165
:

.
()166
.

( )163 ) (Oratio, col. 888

).(col. 888 .
- ( 462 . Assyrios, Syrios, Syros :
) (bus, History of Asceticism, V :
)vol. i, p. 32n
.

.
( )164 .
( )165
.)(Theodoroetus, Thrapeutique, vii: 67
( )166 :

) .(Thrapeutique, I: 43ff

) (Marquart, Streifzng, p. 288
( :
Treatise againt the Melchites, ed. and tr. Mingana in his Woodbrooke Studies, vol. I, Cambridge

.)1927, pp. 88 = 57
174

 ..

:

.

:

.

.
(
)167

()168

( .)169

( )170

(. Theodoretus, Therapeutique, v:55 )167

(. Ibid., v: 70f )168
(. Ibid., i: 19 - 22 )169
( )170 .

.
175

( .)171 :

-

.


:
.







(.)172

( )171 Meleager of Garada :

.

(M. Hadas, Hellenistic Culture:

.)Fusion and Diffusion, New York 1959, pp. 83, iii

(.bus, History of Asceticism, vol. ii, pp. 19 - 31 (Syria), 32f (North Africa) V )172
176

 ..

( )

Salavito

( . )173

Sotria

.


.
.

.

.
.



.

(. Brown, Christianity and Local Culture in Late Roman Africa, pp. 88f )173
177

 .


.

.

-
.
( )174 .
:
)175(



()176

( )174
bus, History of Asceticism, vol. i, pp. 35ff) (V
(John of Ephesus, Lives of the
.
Eastern Saints, ed. and tr. E. W. Brooks, in Patrologia Orientalis, vols. xvii - xix, Part one, pp. 36 -

.)40 .
(.bus, "The Institution of Bani Qeiama,p19 V )175

(G.
(Ibid., pp. 23f )176
G. Blum, Rubbula von Edessa: der Christ, der Bischof, der Theologe (=CSCO, Subsidia, vol. xxiv), Louvain

485
)1969, pp. 65f
(Rcker,Fine Anweisung fr geistliche bungen nestorianischer
178

 ..

( .)177

ekklesia


( .)178


.



( )179

( .)180

(van den Eynde,

.)nche des 7. Jahrhanderts, p. 194 M :

.)Commentaire, II, Exode - Duteronomie, pp. 89 = 102

(.bus, History of Asceticism, vol. ii, pp.23ff V )177

( )178 .bus, History of Asceticism, vol. ii, pp. 61 - 123 V :
. Ibid., pp. 304 - 6: :
. (Ibid., p. 148) .
( )179 - -
.
( )180. bus, History of Asceticism, vol. ii, pp. 192 - 315 V :
179

( .)181

.


.)182(

.


:

(. Ibid., pp. 294 - 300 )181

( )182 Sketches from Eastern History
1892 . :
.
180

 ..

( .)183
.
.


()184

(.)185

.
( )186

(bus, Syriac and Arabic Documents Regarding Legislation Relative to Syrian Asceticism A. V )183
History of Asceticism, vol. i, p. 276; f. ibid., vol.

1960, no. 7, p. 28; no. 20, p. 31; nos. 2f, p. 95; id.,

.ii, p. 300, 323, 326 .

(. W. Hage, Die syrisch-jacobitische Kirche in fruhislamischer Zeit, Wiesbaden 1966, pp. 12, 24 )184
( )185
(Eli of Qartamin, Memra sur S. Mar Philoxne de Mabboy, ed. and tr. A. .

)de Hallex (=CSCO, Scriptores Syri, vols. cf), Louvain 1963, lines 137 - 46 = p. 6
.(Bedjan, Acta Martyrum, vol. iii, p. 648) .
(
)(C. Geertz. Islam Observed, Chicago 1971, pp. 34f
.
(R. Devresse, La Patriarchet dAntioche depuis la paix de lEglise jasqu la conqute arabe, )186

. Paris 1945, pp. 45ff

181

( )187

( )188 .
:

.

.
:

.
:


( .)189


.


( .)190

(. Hage, Die syrisch - jacobitische Kirche, p. 36 )187

( .Hardy, Christian Egypt, pp. 33, 140 )188
.(Frend, Monophysite Movement, p. 287) .
( )189 (:
284 .)326
(. Ibid., pp. 15ff )190
182

 ..

-


(.)191


.

- : .

()192
( .)193



( )194

(. Ibid. pp. 283ff )191

(. Alexander, The Oracle of Baalbek, lines 205ff = p. 29 )192
( )193 Kaegi .

(E. W.

)Kaegi, Byzantium and the Decline of Rome, Princeton 1968, pp. 146ff
.
( )194 359 .
). (Seeck, Briefe des Libanius, s.n
183

 ( .)195



()196
( )197

( .)198

( .)199

( )195
Thrapeutique
10 .

(. Tatian, Oratio, col. 829 )196

( )197 .
( )198 )(Overbeck, Opera Selecta, p. 166

(John of Ephesus, Live of the Eastern Asints,

)Part one, p. 191 -

)(ibid., pp. 158ff
)(ibid., part three, pp. 185ff .
( )199 (
Segal, Edessa, p. 62ff : ) .
bus, (V

) School of the Nisibis, p. 29 500
.)(Joshua the Stylite, Chronicle, pp. 38 = 32
Segal, Edessa, pp. 126, 146 :
(Joshua the Stylite, Chronicle, pp. 81, .
.)84f = 68, 71; Overbeck, Opera Selecta pp. 182, 187
184

 ..

()200
( )201

(
.)202

.
:
( .)203
:
( .)204

( )205
:

( )200

(Palladius, Paradise, vol.i,

).pp. 161f; Overbeck, Opera Selecta, pp. 165f

( )201 . Lives of the Eastern Saints, Part three, p. 197
( )202
.
( )203 .
(. bus, History of Asceticism, vol. ii, p. 388f V )204
()205

S. Brock (ed. and tr.), The Syriac Verssion of :

. the Pseude-Nommos Mythological Scholia, Cambridge 1971

185

 .




()206


( )207

( .)208


()209
(
.)210

- -

:

( )206:

F. Nau, Laramen Chrtien (Syriaque). Les traductions faites du grec eu syriaque du VII

. sicle, Revue de lhistoire des religions 1929, pp. 256ff

( . A. H. M. Jones, The Later Roman Empire, 284-602, Oxford 1964, vol. ii, p. 1007 )207
(E. de. Stoop (ed. and tr.), Vie dAlexandre LAcmte, .in

).Patrologia Orientalis, vol. vi, pp. 673f
( )208:

E. Beck (ed. and tr.), Des heiligen Ephraem des Syrers Hymmen de fide (CSCO, Scriptores

Syri, vols. Lxxiiif), Louvain 1925 24:2 .

( )209 .

(Bedjan, Acta

Martyrum, vol. iii, pp. 652; Ephraem Prose Refutations, ed. C. W. Mitchell, London, 1919 - 21, vol. ii,

)pp. 8, 225 .
()210
7, vol.i, cols. 291 = 292 .
(Fiey, Isoyaw le Grand, Orientalia
.)Christiana Periodica 1969, p. 323
Bar Hebraeus, Chronica Ecclesiasticum, ed. and tr. J. B. Abbeloos and T. J. Lamy, Louvain 1872 -

()
186

 ..

( .)211

()212

()212

(.)214

( )215

( )216

( .)217

()211

Blum, Rabbula von Edess; A. de Halleux, Philoxne de Mabboy: sa vie, :

. ses crits, sa theologie, Louvain 1963

(Philoxenus, Discourses, ed. and tr. E. A. W. Budge, London 1894, pp. 260 = 250 )212

(. Ibid., pp. 244ff = 234ff. )212

(. Ibid., pp. 256ff, 308f = 246ff, 295 )214
(. Ibid., pp. 52 = 49 )215
(. Ibid., pp. 36 = 33 )216
( Ibid., pp 288 = 275ff )217
.

(Lettre aux miones de Senoun, ed. and tr.

).A. de Halleux (=CSCO, Scriptores Syri, vols. xcviiif), Louvain 1963, pp. 71 = 58
187


()218
-
-
-
( .)219

( )220

( .)221

( .)222
(.)223

(. Blum, Rabbula von Edessa, pp. 133ff )218

(. Overbeck, Opera Selecta, p. 239 )219
(. Ibid., p. 241 )220

(. Loc. cit )221

( )222 )(Overbeck, Opera Selecta, pp. 162 - 164
) (Therapeutique, i:83f

Awida

Credo ut intelligam

)(Bardesanes, Liber legum regionum, vol. 541 . Credo ut liberer

(. Philoxenus, Discourses, pp. 309 = 296 )223
188

 ..

.

:

( )224


.
:

.
200
600 .
:

()224

C. Moss, Isaac of Antioch, Homily on the Royal City, Zeitschrift fr Semitistik 1929 and 1932,

. pp. 305f I. Harsherr, Les grands courants de spiritualit orientale, Orientalia Christiana :

.Periodica 1935, pp. 119 - 21

.

(T. Jansma, Narsai and Ephraem. Some

Observation on Narsais Homilies on Creation and Ephraems Hymns on Faith, Parole de lOrient

.)1970 .
189


.

: 600


.

.




( .)225

.



-
.

(. Overbeck, Opera Selecta, p. 239 )225

190

 ..

191

 :
8

. .


.


.
.

.

.


.

192

 ..

.

.
.

.
:

( .)1

-
. :


.
.

.
:

( )1 Vandalism .
193


.

.

. :

.
.

.


.

:
(
.)26:24
.


.


.


cult

.
:
194

 ..

.

.
(.)2

.
:
( .)3






.

.
.

:


.

( )2
...
.

(Augustine, City of God, xix: 17, as

.)cited in Avis, Moses and the agistrate: a Study in the Rise of Protestant Legalism, p. 150
(Stern, Abd Al Jabbars Account :

.)of how Christs Religion was Falsified by the Adoption of Roman Customs
( )3:

J. M. Wallce - Hardill, Gothia and Romania, in his The Long - Haired Kings and others studies

. in Frankish history, London 1962, p. 25

195


.

.

.

.
.)4(

.

( .)5

.


.

.
.
:

(E. A. Thompson, The Visiogoths in the Times of Ulfila, Oxford 1966. )4

(Ibid., p. xviii )5

196

 ..

-
.
:

.

.

.

( )6
( .)7
:

.

.
:

(E. A. Thompson, The Goths in Spain, Oxford 1969, pp. 40n, 84. )6

( )7
.Ibib., pp.106f : (.)267 :
197

( .)8
.

.

-


( .)9


:
( )10
( .)11
:


( .)12

(. Ibid. pp. 175 )8

( )9 ( ) .
( )10
.)(C. Greetz, The Religion of Java, Glencoe, Ill. 1960, p. 123 .
(N. Levtzion, .
.)Muslims and Shiefs in West Africa, Oxford 1968, pp. 58, 132

(. Wensinck, Concordance, s.v. hadama )11

()12

M. Mole, Les Kubrawiya entre sunnisme et shiisme aux huitieme et neuvime sicles

delHgire, Revue des tudes islamiques 1961, pp. 78 - 91 D. Hyalon, The Great Yasa of Chingiz

( . Khan. A reexamination (B), Studia Islamica 1971, pp. 177 - 80

).
198

 ..

(.)13

.


( .)14




.


(.)15

( )13 .

(N. Berkes (tr.), Turkish Nationalism and Western Civilisation: Selected

.)Enays of Ziya Gokalp, London 1959, p. 227

( )14 Diodoras Siculus 38
.

(Schrer, The History of the Jewish

). People, p. 578
( )15
.

199



.
.

.

.

.



: .
:


.
.

.

Hesychasm

.
.
200

 ..

.

.

.

.

( :)16 Verus
Israel
()17

.

()18
.

.


.
myth

Doctrina

( )16 :
( 12 .)1 Treatise on the Shortest Path that :
Studies, vol. iii,

brings us near to God of Joseph Hazzaya, ed. and tr. Mingana in his Woodbrooke

. f. 87b = p181
( )17
( )121:24
(N. Safran, Egypt in Search of Political Community, Cambridge, .
.)Mass. 1961, n. 155
( )18 .:

E. R.

. Goodenough, Jewish Symbols in the Greco-Roman Period, vol. i, New York 1953, p. 37
201

 (.)19

:

.
.

:
-
.


.
.
:

.
.

.

( )19 46 .1 :

(Y.

Yadin (ed. and tr.), The Scroll of the War of the Sons of Light against the Sons of Darkness, Oxford

.)1962, p. 38
202

 ..

in sedibus suis peregrinos esse se
noverunt in sedibus suis
.

( .)20

.

.



.

.

( .P. Brown, Augustine of Hippo: a biography, London 1967, pp. 425f )20

( ) .


.
203

( .)21

.

.



.

.

:


.

:

(. G. Makdisi, Ashari and Asharites in Islamic History, Studia Islamica 1963, p. 31 )21
204

 ..

(
.)22

.
- -


.

.

.

- -



.
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( )22 Tanguts .
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(D. M. Fraquhar, The Origins of the Manchus Mongolian
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(.)23

.


.
(.)24

.


.

.

( )23
.
( )24
.
206

 ..

.

.

.
.

:


.

-

-

-
.

. -
- -
-
.
207

des

.trabison clercs

.

.



.

:




.
:


208

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exodus ( .)25

( .)26

()27


.

( )25 Blemmyes :

W. B. Emery,

. Egypt in Nubia, London 1965, p. 236

( )26
.
.
( )27 :
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(H.

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209

 .
(.)28

: .

:

.


.
.
.

:
- -

-
-

.

( )28 1:2 .
210

 ..

.

:
.

:
.

.


.

.

211

9

I

.

.


.
.
:



.

.

212

 ..

.
after - image



:
.
.




.
.

( )1 ( )2

( )1 .
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( )3


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( )4

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(S. Khalil -

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-
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( )5

( )6
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:

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( )5 ( )265
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215




.

:
)9(

)8(
)10(



:
)13( )12( )11(
)15( )14(
.)16(

. Walzer, LEveil de la philosophie islamique, p. 20 )8(

Y. Marquet, Immat, Rsurrection et Hirarchie selon les Ikhwm as - Saf, Revue des tudes

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. Encyclopaedia of Islam, s.n )14(

. Encyclopaedia Judaica,s.n. )15(
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216

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(.)17

.

( .)18



()19


.

( )17 : !
[ (R. H. Popkin, The History of Scepticism from Erasmus to Descartes, ]

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( )18 Nathan der Weise
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()19

(D. M. Dunlop, The Translations of al-Bitriq and

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(S. Pines, La

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( .)20

(.)21

()22

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(D. Sourdel, Le Vizirat abbaside de 749 )20 . 936, Damascus 1959f, pp. 520 - 6
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( )21

836 - 833

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218

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.
.

.


.

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( )23
( .)24
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.

( )23 .
( )24
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( )25

cult

(.)26


.

copyright

.



.
:

( )25 ( )

/ / ) .(ibid, pp 233f

) (ibid., p. 412 (

(ibid., p.

300 ) :(ibid., p. 54 . Mars

Scheol ) (ibid., pp. 233f

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(. Ibid., pp. 30, 233 )26
220

 ..

.
( )27
( )28

(.)29
:



( .)30

()31
.

(.)32

(. Chwolson, Die Ssabier, vol. I, pp. 546ff )27

()28

(Encyclopaedia of Islam, s.n) 1012

( )29 ( )

(Chwolson,

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( )31 )(Dodge, The Fihrist of AL-Nadim, P. 652
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(.)33

.
( :)34

( )35

( )36
()37

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.

( )32 : .
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( .)43


( )44 .
()45
( )46

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( .)50

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( .)55

( )56

( .)57

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( )59 ( )60

(.)61

( .)62




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(Chwolson,

( )60 ( ) ( )104
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227



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.

. .

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.

.


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( :)63

( )63

(Mingana, Sources

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228

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( )64
( .)65


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( .)66

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ii

.



.

.

.
.



.


236

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.


.


.



:
.

: .

tour de force
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237

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( )1

(.)2


.

.





.


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( . Kayser, Die Canones Jacobs von Edessa, p. 29, question 58 )1

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( .)3

.

( )4

()5

.

:
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()6

( )3 22 .13
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(.)7

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( .)9

( )10

( )7
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(Treatise

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( )12

( )13
.

( )14

( )15

.

.

.
.

Manchus

( )11 .

(Encyclopaedia of

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edition
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.
.



.





( .)17
:
Procopius


.

( )16 ).(Encyclopaedia of Islam, s.n

( Encyclopaedia of Islam, s.n )17
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( .)18

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( )19
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()21

( )20

(.)22

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()18
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( )23
( .)24

( )25

( .)26
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( .)28
( )29
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:


( .)31

(. Encyclopaedia of Islam, art. Kadariyya )28

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245

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( )32
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( )32 .)(Goldziher, Muslim Studies, vol. I, p. 182.

( )33 ( .(Encyclopaedia of Islam, s.n

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( )39 .
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( )61
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( )72 .
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(.)73



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.
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( .)9
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( )10 .
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( .)16
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( )19

(Goldziher, Muslim Studies, vol. i, p. 130. )17

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( )21

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(. Madelung, The Assumption of Title Shahanshah, p. 175n )22

( )23
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( )25 .Goldziher, Muslim Studies, vol.i, pp. 135f :
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: .
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:
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( .)28

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Bialey, Zoroastrian Problems, p. 78.:

( )28 .
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( .)30


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( )32 ). (Goldziher, Muslim Studies, vol.i, p. 160n
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281

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:

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( .)34


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((.Sebeos, Histoire, p. 149 )34 ).

282

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( .)35

( )36
( )37

(. D. Dennett, Conversion and Poll-tax in Early Islam, Cambridge, Mass. 1950, chapter 5 )35
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I. M. Lapidus, The Converion of Egypt to Islam, Israel Oriental Studies 1972; C. H. Becker, Die

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()38

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( .)40

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()38

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(. Encyclopaedia of Islam, s.n )40

284

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)42(
( )43
.
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.
.




.
:

( )41
(J. Schacht, . ber den Hellenismus in
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( )43
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:
.

( )46

( )47


.
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( )44
( . . :

E. Galtier, Coptica-Arabica, Bulettin de lInstitut francais

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(. W. B. Bishai, The Transition from Coptic to Arabic, The Muslim World 1963, p. 149 )45
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: .
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286

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( )49

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(.)50
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287


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(.)51

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.

.
.

:
.

:
.

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( .)52

( )51 .
( )52 : .
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(E. Lvi-Provenal,

288

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( )54

( )55 .

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( .)56
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( )58 .

()53

G. Leve della Vida, I Mozarabi tra Occidente e Islam, in LOccidente e lIslam nellalto

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( )54 .)(Lvi-Provenal, Histoire, vol. i, p. 76 .

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(. S. M. Stern, Hispano-Arabic Strophic Poetry, Oxford 1974 )56
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 ( .)59
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( )60

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( )61

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( .)62

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( )62:

Lvi-Provenal, Histoire, vol. ii, pp. 127, 224f; M. Talbi, Lmirat Aghlabide 184 - 296/800 -

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290

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(.)63


.


(.)64


(.)65


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(. Lvi-Provenal, Histoire, vol. i, pp. 269f )63

( )64 . Ibid., pp, 342ff :
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291

 .
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( )66
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.
.
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.


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Fars
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(. S. Piggot, The Druids, London 1968, pp. 114, 127 )66

292

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( )67
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(. Lvi-Provenal, Histoire, vol. ii, p. 51 )67

293


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(.)68


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294

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.




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( .)70


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( .)71

()72

()73

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(T. Lewicki, Prophtes, devins et magiciens chez les Berbres mdivaux, Folia Orientalia 1965, )70
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296

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( .)74

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W. H. C. Frend, The Donatist Church: A Movement of Protest in Roman North Africa, Oxford

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297



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298

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(
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( .)2

( .)3 ( )4

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299

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.
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( )5
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( )6 .
( )7 (

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300

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( . )9
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( .)10


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(. Michael the Syrian, Chronique, vol. iv, pp. 451 = vol. ii, pp. 480n )10
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( .)11


( .)12 .


( .)13


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( )11 ( 24 )
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.

( )14 : 66:22 Kister, Hadduthu, p. 234 2 . 3

303


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( .)15
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( )17

( )15 (
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( )16. Goldziher, Muslims Studies, vol. i, p. 112 :
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304

 ..

( .)18

( .)19


.
( )13:49
()20

()21

.

( )22


( .)23
( .)24

( )18 .

(Goldziher, Muslims Studies, vol. i, pp. 134f.; Y. F. Hasan,

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Goldziher, Muslims Studies,

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Goldziher, Muslims

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( )24 ( :1:3
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305

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(- )26


.
( .)27




.
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.

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.

.

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(. Crone, The Mawali in Umayyad Period, chapter 4 )25
(. Ibid., chapter 4 and pp. 280, 282 )26
( )27 .174 .
306

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( )28
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( .)29

(.)30

.
.
:
( )31
.

( .)32

( )28
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( )29 .Wallace-Hadrill, The Long-Haired Kings, p. 44 :
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D. Sourdel, La politique religieuse du calife Abbside Al-Mamn, Revue des tudes islamiques

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( .)33

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( )34

( )35

( )36

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( )37

( .)38

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( )39 ( )40
( .)41

( )42

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A. K. S. Lambton, Justice in the Medieval Perssian

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( )46
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J. R. Levenson, Confucian China and its Modern Fate, Berkeley and Los Angeles 1968, vol. ii, part

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( .)50

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( .Crone, The Mawali in Umayyad Period, chapter 4 )49

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( .)51
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( )51:

J. Dunn, Modern Revolutions: An Introduction to the Analysis of a Political Phenomenon,

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314

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( .)53


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( )55

( )53

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( .)56

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316

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[ ]
( .)57

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[ ] :


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( .)58

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G. Makdisi, Ibn Taymiya: a Sufi of the Qadiriya Order, The American Journal of Arabic Studies

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319


(.)60


.

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( )60
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323



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( .)3

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( )4 .
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( ) .
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(.)5
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( .)6
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326

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()13
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Jason

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( )14


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( )16

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( )12 71
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( .)18

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( .)19
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( .)24
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( )23 (). .99 94 :63 60 .

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333


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.


.



.


:

.

-
. )26(

( )26 .
334

 ..

.

.
.



.

.

( )27
( .)28

( )29

( )27 ) (Kohlberg, The Attitude of the Imami, pp. 111 - 22

) (ibid., pp. 104 - 8
(id., Some Notes on the Imamite Attitude to the Quran in S. M. Stern et al.(ed.), Islamic

.)Philosophy and the Classical Tradition., Oxford 1972

()28

I. Goldziher, Das Prinzip der Takijja in Islam, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenl ndischen

.Gesellschaft 1906
).(ibid., pp. 219 - 21
( )29 :
) .(Encyclopaedia of Islam, s.n :
.
335

 ( .)30
(.)31

.

( .)32

()30

J. Eliash, The Ithnaashari-shii juristic theory of political and :

.legal authority, Studia Islamica 1960

.

(S. M. Sern, The Succession to the

Fatimid Imam alAmir, the Claims of the Later Fatimids to the Imamate, and the Rise of Tayyibi
Ismailism, Oriens 1951, pp. 204f ; W. Ivanow, The Sect of Imam Shah in Gujarat, Journal of the

.)Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 1936, pp. 43 - 5

.
( )31
( .)92
( )32
(
R. Strothmann . )Das Staatsrecht der Zaiditen, Strassburg 1912, pp. 104 - 6

( (Mandelung, al-Qasim, :
(Goldziher, Das
.pp. 198 ( 210
) Prinzip, p. 221n (C. van Arendonk, Les dbuts de limamat zaidite .
.)au Yamen, Leyden 1960, p. 225
( ( )108 :16 Kohlberg, The Attitude of the Imami- :
)Shiis, p. 32 f
(( )39:22 S. M. Stern, The Coins of Amul, The Numismatic Chronicle 1967, pp. :
.)211 f, 217
336

 ..

( .)33

(.)34

.
.

()35


.)36(

( )33 :
( 38
. . )103 1963
( (van
)Arendonk, Dbuts, p. 164 (ibid.,
).pp. 260f
( )34
.)(van Arendonk, Dbuts, pp. 134f pp. 140f
(.)ibid., pp. 196-8 :
( )35 :

(Mandelung, al-Qasim, pp. 154 -

)6
(.)ibid., pp. 196-8 :
( )36
.
337


.
.




( )
( ) .
.


.

()37

.



.

( )37
( .)Mandelung, al-Qasim, pp 208 :
(R. Bidwell (ed.), The Affairs of Arabia 1905 - 6, London 1971, vol. ii,

.)section iii, p. 4
338

 ..

()38
.

( )39 ( .)40

-
:

.


(.)41

( )38
.
( )39 :

S. M. Stern, Ismailis and Qarmatians, in

.Cahen et al., LElaboration de LIslam, p. 101

()40

W. :

Madelung, Das Imamat in der frhen ismailitischen Lehre, Der Islam 1961; B, Lewis, The
Assassins: A Radical Sect in Islam, London 1967, pp. 71 - 83.

( )41 [ ] [
].)(Stern, The Succession to the Fatimid Imam alAmir, pp. 21719 .
339

 .
:


.
:

)42(
(.)43


.


.
.

:
.

( )42 .
.
( )43
.
340

 ..

:
(.)44

:
( )45
( )46

.




.

.

( .)47

( )44 .

(Mandelung, Das

).Imamat, p. 126
( )45 ).(ibid., p. 118
(. Ibid., pp. 130 - 2 )46
(Lewis. The Assassins, pp. 67, 112, 135 )47

341

 .
:

.

. ( )48


.

:
(.)49

( )48 .)(H. S. Morris, The Indians in Uganda, London 1968, p. 193

. .
( )49 19.
342

 ..

14

.

.


.

.

.


.





.
343



.

.

.

.

:

( )1

(.)2

.
:

( )1
.

(Calvin cited in M. Walzer, The

.)Revolution of the Saints: A Study in the Origins of Radical Politics, London 1966, pp. 24 f
.

( )2 .Walzer, The Revolution of the Saints, pp. 35 , 152:

344

 ..

.


:


(.)3
-
-
.
.

( .)4


.
:

( )3
.
( )4
( . 1641 M. Walzer, The Revolution of the Saints, :

.)p. 130
345

( .)5

.
:
( )6

( )7

( )5.Avis, Moses and the Magistrate: a Study in the Rise of Protestent Legalism :
( .M. Walzer, The Revolution of the Saints, p. 8 )6
).(ibid., p. 274
( )7 130 M. Walzer, The Revolution of the Saints
[ ] ) (ibid., p. 48

(P.

)Miller, Errand into the Wilderness, Cambridge, Mass. 1956, p. 12n

) .(ibid., p. 10
.
346

 ..

( .)8


(.)9


.

:
.
.


(.)10

(.M. Walzer, The Revolution of the Saints, pp. 98 - 100 )8

( )9 1659

) .(ibid., p. 232
:
.
(ibid., pp. 68 ff. )10
347



.

.


.
:

( )11

( )12

.


( .)13

(ibid., p. 101. )11

( )12 :
. Century, Boston, Mass. 1961, pp. 67ff

P. Miller, The New England Mind: The Seventeenth

( M. Walzer, The Revolution of the Saints, p. 32 )13

.(Miller, The New England Mind, p. 82) .
348

 ..

( .)14



.
.



( )15

( .)16

(. Ibid., p. 463 )14

(. M. Walzer, The Revolution of the Saints, p. 24 )15
(. Miller, The New England Mind, p. 114 )16
349

 :

( .)17
:
( )18

.

( )19

.

( )20

(.)21

( .R. Hooykaas, Humanisme, Science et Rforme, Leyden 1958, pp. 108 - 12 )17
:
.
(. Miller, The New England Mind, p. 128 )18
( )19 .305
).)p. 123
(. Goldziher, Stellung, pp. 40f )20
(. Miller, The New England Mind, p. 114 )21
350

ibid.,

 ..

( .)22
.

:


.
( )
.)23(Adverbs (
)purity



.

.



.

( )22

)(ibid., 128

.
( )23:

Joseph Hall cited in J. M. Dunn, The Political Thought of John Locke, Cambridge 1962, p.

.226n
351

 .
.



.


.

.


.

.
:
( )24
( .)25

(. M. Walzer, The Revolution of the Saints, p. 76. )24

( )25:

J. M. Dunn, Justice and the interpretation of Lockes political theroy, Political Studies

.1968, pp. 76n , 83f

352

 ..

.
.




( .)26


:)27(
( .)28

.

( )26 .

(Walzer, The

) Revolution of the Saints, p. 61

).(ibid., p. 287
( )27
(Dunn, The Political Thought of John Locke,
).p. 231
( )28
.
353



.

.


.

.

.


.




.



354

 ..

.


()29
:

( )30
(.)31



(.)32



.)33(



.

( )29 .
( )30Pines, Beitr :. ge zur islamischen Atomenlehre, p. 74
( )31 .
( .The Encyclopaedia of Islam, art, Huruf (ilm al-) and Djafr. )32
.

(A. Koyr, Metaphysics and Measurement, Essays in Scientific Revolution, London 1968,

.)p. 40n
( )33 .

(H. A. Wolfson, Religious Philosophy: A

.)Group of Essays, Cambridge, Mass 1961, p. 8

355

 ( )34

( )35

.





( .)36




.
:

.

(. Walzer, The Revolution of the Saints, p. 35 )34

( )35. West, Early Greek Philosophy :

()36

(R. Hooykaas, Religion and the Rise of Modern Science, Edinburgh and London.
(M. Caspar, Kepler, London
.

.)1972, p. 118
.)and New York 1959, p. 375f

356

 ..

:

.


()37
.


.
:


)38(

.

(.)39



.

:
.

( )37 :
.
(N. Lobkowicz, Theroy and Practice: History of a .
.)Concept from Aristotle to Marx, London 1967, pp. 89f
(. Goitein, Studies in Islamic History and Institutions, pp. 218f )38
( )39 35 .
357

 .



.

(.)40


( .)41

( :)42


.

( )40 :

.

(G. Strauss, Manifestations of Discontent in

.)Germany on the Eve of the Reformation, Bloomington, Ind 1971, p. 42

(.Ibid., Chapter 39. )41

F. Hotman, Francogallia, ed and tr. R. E. Giesey and J. H. M. Salman,

Cambridge 1972, editorial introduction

( )42
.
358

 ..

.

.

:


( .)43


.

:
(.)44

( )43

(L. V. Thomas, A Study of Naima, New Tork 1972, p.

.)109
.
( )44 .
359

 .

.
.
.

.

.
.



. .


.

.


.
.
360

 ..

.


.

.

:
.


.
.



.
.
:

361



.

.



.



.)45(



.

( )45 (
) (
)( .
. ).
362

 ..

.
.



.
.

:
.

.

363

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364

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- 10......................... ................................
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195...........................
- 11
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219....................................
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365