0ptical fiber

Optical fiber is a flexible, transparent fiber of a pure a glass not much wider than a human hair. An It functions as a waveguide , or light pipe, to transmit light between the two ends of the fiber. Optical fiber typically includes of a transparent core surrounded by a transparent claddingmaterial with a lower index of refraction. Light is kept in the core by total internal reflection. This cause the fiber to act as a waveguide. Optical fibers are widely used in fiber optic communication which transmit transmission over longer distances. Multimode fibers(MMF)-these fibers that suppoert many propagation paths.they genarally have a larger core diameter, and are used for short distace communication links and for applications where high power must be transmitted. Single mode fibers(SMF)-these fibers that only support single mode and are used for most communication links longer than 1,050 m (3,340ft). Fibers are used instead of metal wires because signals travel along them with less loss and are also immune to electromagnetic interference. Fibers are also used for illumination, and are wrapped in bundles so they can be used to carry images, thus allowing viewing tight spaces. Fiber optic cables, they are electrical insulators. They are immune to electrical interference from lightning and other sources, and they dont allow unwanted currents between source and receiver.

LENS
The most familiar and widely used optical device with perfect or approximate axial symmetry which transmit and refracts light, converging or diverging the beam. A simple lens consists of a single optical element. A coumpound lens is an array of simple lens with a common axis. Lenses are typically made of glass or transparent plastic.