.

...

. ...

2006.


I
1.1 .................................................................................................. 2
1.2 .................................................................. 3
1.2.1 .......................................................... 4
1.3 LAN, WAN ..................................................................................... 7
1.3.1 ........................................................... 7
1.3.2 Peer to peer .................................................................. 9
1.3.3 Client Server ................................................................ 9
1.3.4 ......................................................................... 9
1.3.5 ............................................................. 14
1.3.6 Client Server ....................................... 15
1.4 ........................................................................ 20
1.4.1 ............................................................................ 20
1.4.2 .................................................................................... 20
1.4.3 .................................................................................... 21
1.4.4 ()................................................................... 21
1.4.5 .............................................................. 21
1.4.6 ............................................. 22
1.5 Ethernet ............................................................................... 23
1.5.1 CSMA/CD ............................................................................... 23
1.6 IEEE 802.3 Ethernet ....................................................... 25
1.6.1 10Base5 Thicknet................................................................... 25
1.6.2 10Base2 ................................................................................. 26
1.6.3 10BaseT ................................................................................. 28
1.6.4 EIA/TIA .................................................. 29
1.6.5 IEEE 802.3u 100BaseTX ....................................................... 29
1.6.6 100BaseT4 ............................................................................. 29
1.6.7 100BaseFX............................................................................. 30
1.6.8 IEEE 802.12 100BaseVG-AnyLAN ........................................ 30
1.6.9 IEEE 802.3z 1000BaseX........................................................ 30
1.7 Token Ring .......................................................................... 31
1.8 Fiber Distributed Data Interface ...................................................... 33
1.9 .............................................................................. 35
1.9.1 LAN- ................................................ 35
1.9.2 ................................................... 36
1.9.3 802.11 Protocol ...................................................................... 37
1.10 OSI ................................................................. 39
1.10.1 OSI ................................................................ 44
1.10.1.1 NIC , MAC ............................................................. 44
1.10.1.2 Hub MAU............................................................ 46

1.10.2 OSI ....................................................... 46

1.10.2.1 Bridge Switch...................................................... 47
1.10.2.2 ,
......................................... 49
1.10.2.3 ......................................... 50
1.10.3 OSI .................................................................. 51
1.10.3.1 Router-................................................................. 52
1.10.4 OSI .......................................................... 53
1.10.4.1 ............................. 53
1.10.5 OSI .................................................................... 54
1.10.6 OSI ......................................................... 54
1.10.7 OSI ............................................................ 55
1.11 Network Gateways........................................................................... 56
1.12 ......................................................................... 57
1.12.1 ........................................................ 57
1.12.2 ..................................... 61
1.12.3 NetBEUI................................................................................ 62
1.12.4 IPX/SPX................................................................................ 62
1.12.5 TCP/IP .................................................................................. 64
1.13 ........................................................ 68
1.13.1 Novel NetWare ..................................................................... 68
1.13.2 Unix....................................................................................... 69
1.13.3 Windows NT ......................................................................... 69
1.14 ............................................... 70
1.14.1 ................................................................. 70
1.14.2 UTP .............................................................................. 72
1.14.3 Repeater ............................................................................... 74
1.14.4 ................................................................ 75
1.14.5 ............................................................ 76
1.15 TCP/IP ......................................................... 77
1.16 TCP/IP ................................................................... 81
1.16.1 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)................................... 81
1.16.2 Internet protocol (IP) ............................................................. 82
1.16.3 User Datagram Protocol (UDP) ............................................ 82
1.16.4 Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) ..................................... 82
1.16.5 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)..................................... 83
1.16.6 File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ................................................. 83
1.16.7 Post Office Protocol (POP)................................................... 84
1.16.8 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)................................. 84
1.16.9 SimpleNetworkManagementProtocol (SNMP) ..................... 84
1.17 IP ................................................................................ 85
1.17.1 ....................................................................... 85
1.17.2 Subnet Mask......................................................................... 85

1.17.3 ................................................................ 85
1.17.4 ................................................................ 86
1.17.4.1 Routing .................................................................. 86
1.17.4.2 IP ................................................... 87
1.17.4.3 Subneting .............................................................. 88
1.17.4.4 DHCP .................................................................... 90
1.17.4.5 APIPA.................................................................... 92
1.18 Ports and Sockets ........................................................................... 94
1.19 TCP/IP Utilities ................................................................................ 96
1.20 Peer-to-peer .................................................... 103
1.21 DNS ............................................................................................... 108
II -
2.1 ......................................................................110
2.1.1 ........................................................110
2.1.2 .......................................................111
2.1.3 ............................................................112
2.2 ......................................................................116
2.3 ..................................120
2.4 ..................................................123
2.5 ................................................................127
III -
3.1 .......................................................................130
3.1.1 .................................135
3.2 .................................................................139
3.3 ........................................................141
IV -
4.1 PC- ........................................................143
4.2 Wi-Fi ......................................................150
4.3 ............................................159
4.4 ..............................................................163
4.5 AppleTalk.......................................................................................169
4.5.1 ....................................................................................169
4.5.2 AppleTalk ..........................................169
4.5.3 AppleTalk .........................174
4.5.4 ..................................................................174
4.6 Linux i LAN ....................................................................................177
..........................................................................................202

, je
.

,
. ,
.
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peer-to-peer LAN -.

.
,

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PC .
5

1.3 LAN, WAN ...

local area network (LAN).

wide area network (WAN).

,
.
Internet ,

Internet
. ,
TV .
, MAN
. TV Internet
(head end),
. .
Internetu
,
IEEE 802.16 .

1.3.1
Metropolitan Area Network, MAN, ,
. .


.
ad hoc ,

. TV

1.3.2 Peer-to-Peer
4

.
, :


, peerto-peer
m

server
.
workgroup.

.

(sharing)
(password).
.
.
.

1.3.3 Client/Server
5

(dedicated)


. File print

.
.

.

1.3.4
( ,
),
.
.
,

. , ( Microsoft
Word) , .
,
,
. ,
.
,
.

,
(Database Management System, DBMS),
SQL. ( SQL-)
. ,
,
. ,

( Microsoft SQL Server).

,
.

. ,
.
, ,
. , ,
( Lotus Domino)

.


10

- . ( )
.
, ,
- .
, .
(
).
(maping list server , list server),
, .
( Majordomo)
.

, , ,
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,
.

(dial-up). ( FaksMaker)
,
/ .
( ),
.
-
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.
,
.


).

.


, (Chat).
( )
.
,
,
. :
(), .

, .
-
( ).

(File
transfer),
.
(File Transfer Protocol, FTP)
, (
) (
ZBServer Pro). / .

. ( Web-a,
, FTP Vojager-a)
.


.
,
.
. , .
, . . .
,
,
/ (

20.000
Usenet (
).
( INN News Server)
NNTP (Network News Transport Protocol ,
).

11

12

NNTP (Agent Outlook
Express). (news servers)
,
,
, .

(proxy server) . ,
( Web
) (Web ).
,

. , ,
.


 Web
(Gateway) .
.
.
, - GroupVise
SMTP. ,
. ,
, ,
. ,

.

HTML. ( Microsoft IIS
Apache) Web , Netscape-a Internet
Explorer-a, HTML (
). HTML ,

. Web CGI , SSL
ASP (Active Server Pages).
 / VAIS


, (Firewall)
, ( ,
)
, .
.
(
). ,

( ) .
,
.
,
,
.
, ,
,
.


13

,
. ,
,
. Web-a, VAIS (Wide Area
Information Server)
. VAIS ,
,
VAIS.

1.3.5

. ,
(Windows NT/200x Server, Novell NetWare Unix /
Linux) .

14

. , Web Windows 2000

Microsoft IIS.

(fault tolerance) ,
,

( RAID). .

1.3.6 /


,
:


.

.

.

.
,
.
.


.


,
.
.


(backup)
( , ,
/ ).
,
.


15

.
.
( Mean
Time Between Failure , MTBF).

.
. ()
,
(Self-Monitoring Analysis and Reporting Technology , SMART) RAID
(Redundant Array of Independent Disks ).
. ,
,
, (
), ECC
(Error Checking and Correcting ,
).


.
(high availability ).

16

( , hot spare RAID

,
). , ,
( ,
),
( , , hot swapping).

,
.
.
, SCSI
( )
,
. ,
. ,
99% 24 , 7 , 88
, .
99,999% 5,25 .
.


,
. ,
,
. ,
(scalability). PC
.
,
.
(RAM)
(DIMM RIMM) .

,
.


SMP

,
17

(multiprocessing). (Symmetric MultiProcessing , SMP)

.
() . SMP
( ), ,
, .
,
, . , SMP
2 32 .
SMP .
32 , .
, ,
. ,

, ,
. SMP

(
). Unix-om 16
, Windows NT
4 . ,

2 GB . ,
.
SMP , ( parallel
processing) SMP .

.

,
.
,
SMP.


,
. ,
, ,
,
. ,
( ,
18

, .). ,
(server cluster), ( ) PC


.
, ,
.

.
(, - , ,
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.
() .
,
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( ) .
.
( )
,
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,
, .
,
.
,
,
, RAID, SMP , -
.
,
,
.

1.4

,
. :
(bus), (star), (ring), (mesh) (wireless).

1.4.1
6

.


/ ,
,
. ,
.

. , -
- , ().

.

1.4.2

.

,
.
- ,

.
,
.
7

19

20

1.4.3



(hub).




.

.
.
8

1.4.4 ()

.
,
.

1.4.5

.
.
()
(access points).

.
.

21

10

1.4.6

, ,
.
. , Ethernet bus ,
star .

(troubleshooting). Ethernet ,
,

subnet -.

22

1.5 Ethernet

1973 Xerox Ethernet

. Digital Equipment Intel
Xerox 1973 DIX . 1980 - Xerox
Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers (IEEE). IEEE
. IEEE 802
. IEEE 802.3 Ethernet.
Ethernet : The data, the MAC address of
the packets source, the MAC address of the packets destination and an
error checking code. (, MAC ,
MAC ).
(MAC medium access controler). ,
,
. cyclic redundancy
check (CRC -).
CRC -.
, .

( ).

, 2,500 ,

.
PC .
.

,

. ,
(bandwidth)
(maximum operating speed) . CSMA/CD
collision avoidance ( ). Carrier
Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA)
,
.
,
. ,
, CSMA/CD .

1.5.1 CSMA/CD
Ethernet Carrier Sense
Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD). Multiple access
, .
. Carrier
sense
,
. ,
.
.
,
. Collision detection
.

.
23

24

1.6 IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

IEEE .
, 10base5,
10
. Base
baseband . Baseband
. 5 (
) 500 .

1.6.1 10Base5 Thicknet

Speed: 10Mbps
()
Cable: thicknet coaxial
(, )
Maximum Length: 500 meters (1,640 feet)
( )

.

.

. Ethernet
RG-8 .
Thicknet. ,

.
,
(node),
drop cable.

transceiver- Thicknet
vampire tap

. ransceiver
network interface card (NIC)
( )

DB-15
, DIX (Digital
Intel Xerox) AUI (Attachment
Unit Interface).
13

Transceiver -
2,5 drop
50
.
100 .

, Thicknet
.
, .
Thicknet (backbone)
.
11

1.6.2 10Base2
Speed: 10Mbps
Cable: thinnet coaxial
(, , )
Maximum Length: cable 185 meters (607 feet)

12

25

Thicknet backbone (, ) ,
drop
. drop Thicknet
transceiver -.

: IEEE , "2"
10Base2 200 ,
185 meters.

26

Thinnet
LAN

drop ,

NIC
500

,
BNC "T" .

thicknet - . , - -
"thinnet" 185
.

BNC
British Navel Connector .
"bayonet"
. () (
) nut .
BNC Bayonet Nut Connector.
, Thinnet .
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) .

1.6.3 10BaseT
Speed: 10Mbps
Cable: shielded or unshielded twisted-pair
Maximum Length: cable 100 meters (328
feet)
Maximum number of nodes per segment:
1024 Connector: RJ-45

BNC T
. BNC


(
).
,

barrel .

185 ,

.
T
barrel . 10Base2
30 .

27

Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) .
Shielded
Twisted Pair (STP), UTP
()
.

, UTP
.
wisted pair
.
UTP
(8 ). 10BaseT
. ,
UTP , RJ45, 8 , RJ-11
4 .
14

28

1.6.4 EIA/TIA

1.6.7 100BaseFX

Electronics Industries Association / Telecomm-unication Industries

Association UTP (EIA/TIA 568A).

, 5 .

5.

Category
1
2
3
4
5

Max Speed Mbps

Analog voice only
4
16
20
100

100BaseFX Fast Ethernet fiber- .

.
.
fiber

, SC
,
ST. SC

.
2
.
100BaseFX

.
, .

1.6.8 IEEE 802.12 100BaseVG-AnyLAN

1.6.5 IEEE 802.3u 100BaseTX
Speed: 100Mbps
Cable: shielded or unshielded twisted-pair
Maximum Length: cable 100 meters (328 feet)
Maximum number of nodes per segment: 1024
100BaseTX "Fast Ethernet".
5.

100BaseVG-AnyLAN
Fast Ethernet 3.

1.6.9 IEEE 802.3z 1000BaseX

"gigabit Ethernet", 1000BaseX laser- fiber 1000 Mbps.

1.6.6 100BaseT4
100BaseT4 Fast Ethernet
3 4.
. 100BaseT4
.

29

30

token -,
. Token Ring : The data, the
MAC address of the packets source, the MAC address of the packets
destination and a Frame Check Sequence (FCS) error checking code.
(, ,
).
.
.
.
token
.

1.7 Token Ring

Token
Ring

IBM - 1984.
IEEE
802.5 Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
oken ring
,

.

15

token ring
Multistation Access Unit (MSAU or
MAU).
17
16

token ring ,

nline

token. Token
. Token
.
token -.
token -.
token , .
Ethernet CSMA/CD
.

31

32

1.8 Fiber Distributed Data Interface

Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) American
National Standards Institute (ANSI X3T9.5 standard ) 1980 -,
International Organization for Standardization
(ISO). OSI FDDI ,

OSI .
FDDI -
100 Mbps . token passing
Token Ring ,
.

.
Multimode LED ,
single-mode .
.
,

.
. FDDI
.

.
.
, ,
.
,
.
FDDI , single-mode
multimode. mode

. , mode
.
Single-mode fiber
mode
. Multimode
mode
.
18

mode
,
modal dispersion, the bandwidth ( )
multimode
.
Single-mode , . Singlemode
.
33

34

1.9

.
LAN .

LAN (WLAN WiFi)

.
wireless
access point (WAP) .

.
, hub-, switch-,
router-, .
()
.

IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)

802.11 . 802.11 , 1997,
2 Mbps (million bits per second).
1999 IEEE 802.11b , 11 Mbps.

.
,
,
point-to-point .

802.11b , IEEE
802.11 54 Mbps, 802.11a.
802.11b 802.11a, 802.11b
.

1.9.2

802.11a 802.11b ,
. 2002-
802.11g. 802.11g 54 Mbps,
802.11b. 802.11g
802.11b , 11 Mbps.
IEEE 802.11 WAP 30
100 . ,
, ,
.
802.11b 802.11g 2.40 (GHz). 802.11b
802.11g
, ,
2.4 GHz . 802.11a 5 GHz.

1.9.1 LAN-

default -, open
connections ( ).
.
, ,
( ).
hacker .
WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) 802.11
. WEP
( notebook ) access point
( ). PC
, (integrity check)
.
WEP PC (shared static
encryption key)
.
single-use key
( ). , IEEE
802.11i .

.
. ,
(). ,

802.11i EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol). 802.11i

.

35

36

proxy
. 802.11i authentication protocol (
)
.
AES (Advanced Encryption Standard).

bluetooth

IEEE 802.11i , Wi-Fi Alliance,

- -
, WPA (Wi-Fi Protected
Access). WPA RC4 PC,
2048 bits . IEEE 802.11i
, Wi-Fi Alliance WPA2
- 802.11i WPA.

1.9.3 802.11 Protocol

Ethernet LAN-,
LAN
. LAN-,
,
,
() .
802.11 CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple
Access with Collision Avoidance). CSMA/CA
,
. ,
- acknowledgment (ACK) ,
, .
ACK ,
ACK ,
,
, .

19
37

38

1.10 OSI

Application
()

Layer 7

Application

Layer 6

Presentation

Layer 5

Session

Layer 4

Transport

Layer 3

Network

Layer 2

Data Link

Layer 1

Physical

Presentation
()
Session
()

Transport
()

Network
()
1984 International Standards Organization (ISO)
Open System Interconnect (OSI) .
(),
.
OSI ,

.
router-, switch- gateway- .
TCP/IP
IPX/SPX OSI .

Data Link
()

Physical
()

interface Network
Operating
System
(NOS).

HTTP, FTP, TELNET SMP.
, PC

PC,

ID-.
, ,
.

. ,
.
,
.

.
.


.
.

.

.
,
interface ,
.


.

.
,

39

40

( ): All People
Seem To Need Data Processing.
 Physical Layer
(OSI 1)
. 1
, , .
Network Interface Card (NIC)
( , ). NIC
IRQ I/O .
NIC Plug-and-Play (PnP),
.
Repeater ,

.
 Data Link Layer
(OSI 2) -; Logical Link
Control (LLC) Media Access Control (MAC). IEEE 802.2
LLC, IEEE 802.3 802.5 MAC
Ethernet Token Ring.
host- ,
router-,
Media Access Control address. MAC
.
MAC
, router-.
 Network Layer

LAN .

.
subnet- default gateway
subnet-.
Inter-network Packet Exchange (IPX) NetWare-
NetWare IPX/SPX . IPX
32- 48- . IPX/SPX
, TCP/IP
.
 Transport Layer
(OSI 4) -
end-to-end
. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
, ,
.

.
. ,
() .
,
.
 Session Layer
ID.
, , . Remote
Procedure Call (RPC) . RPC
.
 Presentation Layer

(OSI 3)
router-. ,
. Routing
.

41

.
. -, ,
.

42

 Application Layer

1.10.1 OSI

interface Network Operating System

(NOS) ( ).
- HTTP, FTP, TELNET SMP.

(OSI 1)
. 1
, , .

Network Interface Card (NIC) ( ,
). NIC

IRQ I/O .
NIC Plug-and-Play (PnP),
.

21
1.10.1.1 NIC MACs
network
interface card (NIC)
NIC
motherboard. NIC
media access control (MAC) . NIC-
MAC . MAC 48 ,
281 .
PROM .

.
,

.
,
22

,
.

20
43

44

1.10.1.2 Hub MAU

25

Ethernet hub ().

.
,
.
switch-.

.

23

MAC encapsulation of a packet of data

24

oken ring
Multi-station Access Unit (MAU)
. MAU
,
MAU
(bypass)

26
.

MAU-
ring-in port ring-out port
MAU- .

1.10.2 OSI
Data Link (OSI 2) -; Logical Link Control
(LLC) Media Access Control (MAC). IEEE 802.2
LLC, IEEE 802.3 802.5 MAC
Ethernet Token Ring.
25

host- ,

router,
Media
Access Control address.
MAC

27
Receiver Processing Algorithm

45

46

. MAC
,
router-.
1.10.2.1 Bridge Switch
Data Link
(bridge) switch. Bridge MAC
. MAC
. bridge
, transparent bridging.

28

Switch ()
, switch
(). Switch
switch-. switch-
, switch hub.
().
(switch) (bridge)
.
Hub ( repeater) ,
,
C,
.
switch, . Switch
bridge.
, switch-
, . Switch
,
(
A).

bridge .
, bridge
.
MAC ,
, .
, bridge (update) MAC
.

Switch- multicast ili broadcast

.

30

Switch F
multicast / broadcast
31
29
47

48

1.10.2.2 (switch), (bridge) hub-

()
, bridge / switch / hub
(tree), (ring).
.
, ,
.
. IEEE ( IEEE 802.1d)
Spanning Tree Algorithm (STA)
. Spanning Tree
Algorithm fault-tolerent
( ), (
cable / bridge / switch ), ,
(enabled automatically).

1.10.2.3
(Data Link layer) OSI ;
MAC .
RAM . ,
repeater. ,
MAC .

33

32
49

, MAC
RAM-
50

.
,
.
.

. .
"collision domains" (
),
.
.
"unicast" "broadcast". Unicast
.
.
(trouble shoot).
broadcast .
, ,
.
"transparent" () "invisible" ().
,

.

34
LAN .
1.10.3.1 Router-
Routing
. subnet-
default gateway (
)
subnet- (). Router routing
table ( )

OSPF (Open
Shortest Path First) ,

. 35

, Ethernet Token Ring,
10Base2 10BaseT.
,
,
gateway ( ).
.

1.10.3 OSI
,
. Network layer,
OSI ,
. .
Routable protocols ( )
router-.

Network layer OSI

.

51

52

36

1.10.4 OSI

1.10.5 OSI

(OSI 4) -
end-to-end
. Transmission Control
Layer 7 Application Protocol (TCP)

,
Layer 6 Presentation ,
Layer 5 Session
.

, OSI , ,
(, ) .
ID
.

Layer 4
Layer 3
Layer 2
Layer 1

Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical

(sequence number).
.
,
.
, .

,
OSI
.
, TCP/IP
, ,
.

37

1.10.6 OSI
1.10.4.1
Sequenced packet Exchange (SPX) NetWare
NetWare IPX/SPX . IPX/SPX
, TCP/IP
.
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

real-time .
. realtime, -
.
.
(OSI 5) ,
.
. (OSI 3)
.
,
.
53

38

, OSI
,

(exchanging)
-.

(ASCII)
.

ASCII

.

:

o
o
o
o

54

OSI .

.

1.10.7 OSI
, OSI ,
(Network Operating System NOS). HTTP
(Hypertext Transfer Protocol), FTP (File Transfer Protocol), TELNET, SNMP
(Simple Netwrok Management Protocol) SMTP (Simple Mail Transport
Protocol).

1.11 (gateways)

, Ethernet Token
Ring , .
,
. Gateway
OSI . LAN WAN,
LAN
mainframe, , .

. FTP
FTP .

39
Router (local subnet)
("default gateway"). Gateway
LAN Internet "proxy server".
Internet- LAN- Internet-.
Gateway LAN Internet "firewall"
.

55

56

1.12

.
, .

1.12.1
,
(layers) (levels). , ,
.
() ,
.
.
,
: , ,
.

(
)

,

n .

n.
,

(protocol)

40

.

, . ,
,
57

5 .
(peers).
, ,
. ,
.
, n
n ,
,
. 1 (physical
medium) .
,
. (interface).

.
, .
,
.
,
(
,
),
.

(network architecture).


.

.
,
.
( ),
(protocol stack, suit).

58

. (
3) ( )
, .
,
( 2),
( 1).

I like rabbits, 2/3,

.
, Ja volim zeeve.

2.
,
( 1). ,
2/3
.
.
, ,
1 3. ,
,
, ;
.
(
). .

:

42
41

oryctolagus cuniculus (). , ( ),

59

3 ,
.
(message)
H (header)
T (terminator)
60

1.12.2
()
. . (service)
.
,
.
, ,
.
.
.
,
.
. ,
, .

.




.
,
.

()
.


43
. ,

SEND PACKET,


. ,
.

.
NetBEUI, IPX/SPX TCP/IP.
61

1.12.3 NetBEUI
IBM je NetBIOS (Network Basic Input/Output System)
(workgroups) . NetBIOS
. NetBEUI (NetBIOS
Extended User Interface) NetBIOS-
. NetBEUI IBM- LAN
Manager .

44

, Microsoft -
NetBEUI Windows For
Workgroups (Windows 3.11)

peer-to-peer
. NetBEUI

Windows
9x

Windows
NT
. NetBEUI
-, .

,
.
OSI
.

Microsoft Windows ,
, NetBEUI . Network
Neighborhood . NetBEUI
: 15
. NetBEUI

.

1.12.4 IPX/SPX
Internetwork Packet Exchange / Sequenced Packet Exchange (IPX/SPX)
Novel- Netware . IPX/SPX
XNS/SPP (Xerox Network Systems/Sequenced Packet Protocol)
Xerox-. IPX/SPX

62

. (connectionless),
(connection based).
SPX .
and
. ,
.
IPX . .

(broadcasting)


-.
.
IPX/SPX

OSI
45
OSI .
IPX
. SPX

. Server
Announcement Protocol (SAP) :
. NetWare Core Protocol (NCP)
.
.
MAC NIC, .

.
MAC .
IPX/SPX
. NetBEUI
, NetWare
. NetWare
. NetWare-,
.
IPX
. IPX
63

Novel-. 00000000, FFFFFFFF

FFFFFFFE . Socket identifier ( )

.

IPX 12
, station address ( ).
MAC .
IPX IPX
: .
Microsoft IPX/SPX ,
NWLink.
Windows NWLink NetWare
. Windows NWLink
SPX IPX . Windows
NetBIOS SMB (Server Message Blocks).
IPX
(frame types) (IEEE 802.2, IEEE 802.3, Ethernet II, or
SNAP). IPX/SPX .
, .
Server Announcement Protocol (SAP)
: .
IPX/SPX SAP broadcast. IPX/SPX ,
Internet-, TCP/IP-.

1.12.5 TCP/IP
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
Internet. TCP/IP
ARPANET- Advanced Research Projects Agency
1970-. TCP
.
,

.
TCP/IP

.
TCP/IP, 1.16
46
64

.
IPX/SPX-, . TCP
. IP . OSI
TCP end-to-end
. TCP IP
.
TCP/IP- , IP ,
. IP 32- .
Internet, ,
, Internet.
Internet Network
Information Center (InterNIC). , InterNIC
.
8-
0 255. IP 8-
. 0 255
. host ()
.
host-, host-
.
InterNIC () . Class
A host .

-
16.777.214

host
. -


.
-

.

,

126

.
47

65

Class B -

host . Class
C

.
host
. .
Router- IP
host . , IP
0, router subnet mask ( )
255.0.0.0. and IP subnet
, ,
.

Class
A
B
C

First Bits
0
10
110

Networks
126
16,384
2,097,152

Hosts
16,777,214
65,534
254

: IP
, .
.
subnet
, proxy server-. proxy ,
host Internet IP .
proxy Internet IP .
Internet- proxy
. proxy IP Internet-,
host .
, TCP/IP
. host (port number)(
, ). Hypertext transfer Protocol
(HTTP). port 80 Web
browser .
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP). port
25 -mail -.
TCP/IP
.
(monitors) port-.
(port number).
66

socket ()
router- .
Web browser -,

IP .

IP .

host -, router -
IP
. Domain Name Service
(DNS)
IP
. DNS
IP
. DNS
,
DNS
.
48

1.13

.
(network operating system NOS)

.
:
1.
, .
2.
.
3.
, troubleshoot
.
:

Unix -.
Windows -
Novel Netware.

1.13.1 Novel NetWare

NetWare 3.x IPX/SPX
. NetWare 3.x
"bindery".
,

. ,
.
NetWare 4.x
Novel Directory Service
(NDS). NDS
. TCP/IP
("encapsulating") IPX/SPX TCP/IP .

.

67

68

NetWare 5.x encapsulating - IPX/SPX

TCP/IP .

1.14

1.13.2 Unix
Bell Laboratories Unix . Bell Labs

.

Unix-, Sun Microsystems Solaris IBM's AIX.
Unix Microsoft-
Windows
. Unix Network File System (NFS)
Unix
Unix .
("mounted") ,
.
Linux Unix Linux Torvalds -. ,
Linux- source code.
. Torvald

. Linux
Linux
download Internet -. Red Hat Caldera
()
Linux-. , Linux
Web .

1.13.3 Windows NT
Windows NT Microsoft-
. TCP/IP .
"domain". Primary Domain Controller
(PDC) Security Access Manager (SAM)
. , SAM ("access
token") .
.
Backup Domain Controllers (BDC)
SAM . Windows NT
"trust" (relationships) .

69

,
.
. .
,
.

1.14.1

.
.
. ()
. Ethernet ()
RG-8 . Thicknet.
IEEE
-
49
. Thicknet

-
-
10base5.
10

(megabits per second) .

Base .
. 5
500 .
Thicknet ,
. ,
, ,
70

(drop cable). Thicknet (backbone)

,
. Thicknet -
(transceiver).

2.5
50 . 100
.
, Thicknet
.
.
.
Thicknet-, Thinnet ( ). IEEE
Thinnet 10Base2. "2"
185 .

50

T barrel
. 10Base2 30
.
Thinnet .
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) (
). Shielded Twisted Pair
(STP) (), UTP-

52
.
T conector for Thinnet:

-
Thicknet - ,

- (vampire
tap)

DB15 DIX (Digital

Intel Xerox) AUI (Attachment
Unit Interface).

51

71

1.14.2 Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP - )

(twisted pair)

.
UTP

(8
). IEEE
UTP 10BaseT.
UTP

53

72

. UTP RJ-45,
RJ-11 4 .

Telecommunication Industries Association UTP

(EIA/TIA 568A).

1.14.3 Repeater
Repeater () ,
,
.

54

55

repeater.
, ,
().
Starbus Topology /
Ethernet
. ,


(hub).

100
1024 . Electronics Industries Association /

73

57
56

74

- .
starbus.

.
.
.

(hub) .
(hub) . UTP
, ,
hub-.
,
.
, .
58
,
,

.


.
,

hub-, .

1.14.5 Fiber Optic ( )

.
. . IEEE
100BaseFX.
,
2 . 100BaseFX
.
, .

59
61

1.14.4

60

.
75

76

1.15 TCP/IP

?
?
, ,
,
. TCP/IP , 32
0 255 . :
169.254.0.0
IP .
IP .
, IP
.
IP
. IP Dynamic Host
Configuration Protocol (DHCP) .
, DHCP .
IP , DHCP
IP .
DHCP
.
"scope".
scope DHCP ,
, Start > Control panel > Administrative Tools
> DHCP "DHCP" .
, "+" "Scope" "Address
Pool" IP scope-.

62

IP
DHCP . DHCP
, ,
IP DHCP .
IP DHCP .
DHCP
:
1.


2. Start >
Control panel >
Network and Dial-up
Connections
3. "Local
Area Connection"

"Properties"
.


4. "Internet
Protocol (TCP/IP)"
63

77

78

. [Properties] . "Internet
Protocol (TCP/IP)
Properties"
:

,
.
.
IP , Start > Programs >
Accessories > Command Prompt. DOS ipconfig <Enter>.
IP subnet .

5.
"Obtain an IP
address
automatically"
"Obtain a DNS
server address
automatically".

- (gateway)
.
Internet-.
DHCP IP ,
("leases") IP .
DHCP ,
, Start > Control panel > Administrative Tools >
DHCP "DHCP" .
"+" "Scope" "Address Leases".

64


IP ,
DHCP
,
Automatic
Private
IP
Addressing
(APIPA)

IP . APIPA
169.254.255.255, subnet 255.255.0.0.

169.254.0.0

- IP , ID host ID .
APIPA DHCP
(subnet).
ID IP ("masked
out").

.
, DHCP
.
DHCP , .
,
DHCP IP .
DHCP , APIPA IP .
DHCP
.

APIPA IP ,
(broadcasts) . ,
IP .
APIPA
hub. APIPA ,

(troubleshooting).
DHCP
79

80

1.16 TCP/IP
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
ARPANET-, U. S. Department of Defense
Advanced Research Projects Agency 1969. -.

. TCP/IP
Internet.
TCP/IP .
TCP/IP .

. Request For
Comment (RFC)
:

Internet Managing Organizations

Internet Activities Board (IAB)
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
Internet Research Task Force (IRTF)
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
Knowledge Required to be a Network Technician

TCP/IP
:

TCP/IP and the OSI model

TCP/IP Addressing
TCP/IP Protocols
TCP/IP Utilities
TCP/IP Configuration

TCP/IP :

. .

( - checksum) .
. TCP
IP .
TCP checksum
.
.
, .
, .
,
.

1.16.2 Internet Protocol (IP)

IP - .

.
.
. IP
- ,
. TCP
.

1.16.3 User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

UDP - .
. TCP,
.
,
. UDP
.

1.16.1 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

1.16.4 Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

TCP
(connection-based) .
TCP

Domain Name System (DNS)

IP . , IP

81

82

MAC . ARP
IP MAC .
( 10
) ARP IP .
MAC . ARP IP
MAC
.

, (timer) .
(broadcast).

1.16.5 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

HTTP
Web (browser) Web .
: Hypertext Markup
Language (HTML).
Uniform Resource Locator
(URL) . HTTP Web
.
, . ,
.
URL (links) ,
.

"Downloading"
. "Uploading"
. FTP
21 .

1.16.7 Post Office Protocol (POP)

POP e-mail mail
. POP3. 110.

1.16.8 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

SMTP e-mail -.
e-mail - SMTP e-mail
(relay), e-mail SMTP Internet-.
"post office" (e-mail )
e-mail. 25.

1.16.9 Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)

SNMP
TCP/IP
.
.
,
management console -.

.

HTTP (S-HTTP) Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) HTTP-

(encryption).

1.16.6 File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

FTP
. FTP-
FTP
Internet-. GET, PUT, BINARY ASCII.
83

84

1.17 IP

1.17.4
1.17.4.1 Routing

Internet Protocol (IP)

. IP 32-
.
Internet,

1.17.1
InterNIC . (
1.12.5)

1.17.2 Subnet Mask ( )

(
1.12.5)

1.17.3
Routing router IP
routing table ( - ).
(entries) :

.
.

.
.
.

.
.

.

85

.

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Routing Information Protocol
(RIP).
Hops ()
. Ticks ()
,
1/18 .
hops -.

(gateway). smart routers

.
,
smart router default gateway -.
Brouter (bridge/router) MAC
LAN IP
. Brouter- switch
() 2.

(rack-mountable),
.
NIC-
.
, .
, ,
. Internet
protocol (IP) IP .
IP , ID- host ID-.
ID , host ID
86

.
ID, host ID.

2 097 152
host- 255

IP 32 . 4
. 8 ,
00000000 11111111, 0 255. :

"broadcast" "subnet". Host ID

broadcast . ,
198.122.19.255 host-
198.122.19.0. Host ID
(subnet). , 198.122.19.0
198.122.19.0, .
host ID .

192.122.19.215
IP
, host .
1.17.4.2 IP
I. class A
7 ( 0).
(24 ) host .

127
host- 16 777 216 *
* , 16 277
214 host-.

1.17.4.3 Subnetting
IP
, host-. "Subnetting"
host ID IP
ID "subnets" ().
host ID- ID
"subnet mask"-. , IP , 32
4 , 8 . ID IP
subnet . Host ID IP subnet .
, IP subnet
:
IP Address 192.122.19.215
subnet Mask 255.255.255.0

II. Class B
14 ( 10).
(16 ) host-.

:
IP Address 11000000.01111010.00010011.11010111
Subnet Mask 11111111.11111011.11111111.00000000

65 383
host- 65 534

subnet ID AND
.

III. Class C
21 ( 110).
(8 ) host .

87

IP Address 11000000.01111010.00010011.11010111
Subnet Mask 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
Subnet ID
11000000.01111010.00010011.00000000

88

IP subnet ,
host- IP .
IP 192.122.20.0 192.122.23.0,
4 255 host- . IP
:
11000000 . 01111010 . 00010100 . 00000000
11000000 . 01111010 . 00010101 . 00000000
11000000 . 01111010 . 00010110 . 00000000
11000000 . 01111010 . 00010111 . 00000000
12
40 50 host- .

50 host- . :
host ID
. 16
62 host- .
:
192.122.20.0
192.122.20.64
192.122.20.128
192.122.20.192
192.122.21.0
192.122.21.64
192.122.21.128
192.122.21.192
192.122.22.0
192.122.22.64
192.122.22.128
192.122.22.192
192.122.23.0
192.122.23.64
192.122.23.128
192.122.23.192
subnet :

255.255.255.192
89

11000000.01111010.00010100.00000000
11000000.01111010.00010100.01000000
11000000.01111010.00010100.10000000
11000000.01111010.00010100.11000000
11000000.01111010.00010101.00000000
11000000.01111010.00010101.01000000
11000000.01111010.00010101.10000000
11000000.01111010.00010101.11000000
11000000.01111010.00010110.00000000
11000000.01111010.00010110.01000000
11000000.01111010.00010110.10000000
11000000.01111010.00010110.11000000
11000000.01111010.00010111.00000000
11000000.01111010.00010111.01000000
11000000.01111010.00010111.10000000
11000000.01111010.00010111.11000000
4 16 ( 4
, 2 22=4 ). host ID-
192.122.20.1 192.122.20.63, 192.122.20.64
192.122.20.127. (
host ID). host ID- 6 ,
6
2 2 = 64 2 = 62 host ID-.

, host
.
,
.
.

1.17.4.4 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)

TCP/IP

IP . IP
90

MAC
, Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP)
IP .

1. , NIC
UDP DHCP IP
DHCP .

IP MAC
.
IP Dynamic Host
Configuration Protocol (DHCP). DHCP
OSI .

2. DHCP
IP ( ).
IP , subnet , , IP
DHCP . IP , DHCP
.

DHCP ,

( ). -
- - -.

3.
IP . DHCP
.

DHCP-

(borrows or leases) IP

.
DHCP
66

IP

.

,

.

.

. IP ,
, DHCP
IP .
:

91

4. DHCP
IP
.
IP TCP/IP
IP .
.
DHCP-
.
TCP/IP Windows -,
Command prompt - : ipconfig /release Enter.
IP
DHCP. Command prompt ipconfig /renew <Enter>.
: exit <Enter> .
1.17.4.5 Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA)
DHCP -,
DHCP ?
Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA) IP
. 169.254.0.0
169.254.255.255 subnet 255.255.0.0 (
B). IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority)
IP .

92

IP APIPA
APIPA .
.
peer-to-peer
IP ,
DHCP. IP , APIPA
.
APIPA (enabled by default).
Command prompt ipconfig /all <Enter>.
Autoconfiguration Enabled Yes APIPA .
APIPA registry .

1.18 Port- Socket-

Internet
IP ,
Internet ,
?
"port" .
(, ).
Internet- 32- IP
16- port
. IP "socket"
(). socket-,
Internet-.
, Telnet 23. Telnet- host-
IP 63.134.203.222 socket
63.134.203.222:23. 0 65535. IANA
(Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) 3 :
I. Well Known
II. Registered
III. Dynamic ( "Private") Ports.

Port
20
21
22
23
25
53
69
80
110
443

93

Process
FTP
FTP
SSH
Telnet
SMTP
DNS
TFTP
HTTP
POP3
HTTPS

Description
File Transfer Protocol Data
File Transfer Protocol - Control
Secure Shell
Terminal Emulation Protocol
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Domain Name System
Trivial File Transfer Protocol
Hypertext Transfer Protocol
Post Office Protocol
Hypertext Transfer Protocol - Secure

94

0 1023 Well Known

IANA TCP/IP
HTTP, FTP Telnet.
.

1.19 TCP/IP Utilities

Registered 1024 49151. Registered

IANA
.

TCP/IP
.
PING (Packet Internet Groper)

Dynamic (or Private) 49152 65535.

,
, .

internet FTP Telnet,
.
.

PING

host- .
-
PING
IP
host-.

,
PING

- host-.
, PING

67

.
Windows PING .
,
PING Control-C .

TRACERT (Trace Route)

TRACERT - (route) - host-
. TRACERT IP
host-.

95

96

TRACERT

host-.

-

hops-
host-.

68

-a

(Adapter status)

-A

(Adapter status)

-c

(cache)

-n
-r

(Names)
(Resolved)

-R

(Reload)

-S

(Sessions)

-s

(Sessions)

( )

( IP )
IP

NetBIOS

broadcast- WINS-


IP

IP

NETSTAT (Network Statistics)

NBTSTAT (NetBIOS Test Status)
NETSTAT [-a] [-e] [-s] [-p proto] [-r] [interval]
NBTSTAT NetBIOS
NetBIOS TCP/IP -. NetBIOS NetBIOS
IP . LMHOSTS
#PRE (tag-),
(preloaded) NetBIOS ; NetBIOS IP
WINS . NBTSTAT
NetBIOS .

-a
-e
-p
-p proto

:
NBTSTAT [-a RemoteName] [-A IP address] [-c] [-n] [-r] [-R] [S] [interval]

RemoteName host-.
IP address - IP .
interval - , <interval>
. Ctrl-C .

97

-r
-s

interval

Ethernet .
-s

proto:
proto TCP UDP. -s
per-protocol ( )
proto TCP, UDP IP

per-protocol .
TCP, UDP IP; -p


. Ctrl-C
. ,
.

98

NETSTAT
. NETSTAT
.

.

/all
/batch [file]
/renew_all
/release_all
/renew N
/release N

./WINIPCFG.OUT


N
N

IPCONFIG (Internet Protocol Configuration)

IPCONFIG TCP/IP .

.
0 Dial-up Adapter
(modem)
Internet.

1,

IP

(default gateway).



.
IPCONFIG

command-line
switches
() . /?
switch . (renew) TCP/IP
; host
. - release -
. /renew N /Release N
- host-
. /ALL IP , ,
, MAC , DHCP , WINS
DNS . DOS .
|more .
IPCONFIG Switches
99

/batch
switch

WINIPCFG , Windows
IPCONFIG.

70

ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)

TCP/IP host- ARP IP MAC
. ARP , ,
ARP ARP .

ARP -s inet_addr eth_addr [if_addr]

ARP -d inet_addr [if_addr]
ARP -a [inet_addr] [-N if_addr]
100

-a

-g
inet_addr
-N if_addr
-d
-s

eth_addr
if_addr

ARP
. inet_addr , IP
.

ARP, ARP
a
Internet
ARP
if_addr
host inet_addr
host Internet inet_addr
eth_addr.
6 .
.

Internet
.

Command
Change directory
Copy file
Delete a file
List directory contents
Make a directory
Rename a file
Delete a directory

UNIX
Cd
Cp
Rm
Ls
mkdir
Mv
rmdir

, .
,
host. Telnet
, .
Telnet
VT100 . Telnet
VT100 ENTER key, ^M
ENTER. Telnet
ENTER . , Telnet
menu prompts ( ) .

Telnet (Telephone Network)

Telnet
Unix TCP/IP .
host.
. Telnet
port 23. Telnet Internet-, dial
up Internet Service Provider a (ISP) online service -.
telnet URL DOS prompt-. client-server
Telnet , User ID password.
UNIX. UNIX case sensitive (
). UNIX
. .

DOS UNIX .

101

DOS
cd
copy
del
dir
mkdir
rename
rmdir

102

1.20 Peer-to-peer
, Windows

. ,
, ?
peer-to-peer "workgroup",
,
. ,
.
Microsoft workgroup
10 .
100 .
, 10
. ,
,
. !
peer-to-peer
.

CD-ROM. Microsoft Internet Information Server (IIS)
Active Server Pages (ASP).
, IIS Personal Web Server
(PWS), 20 .
, Apache Server IIS.

. , hub-
.
,
. Windows 2000
, local area network
(LAN) Network and Dial-up Connections folder -. Internet
Protocol (TCP/IP) .

Peer-to-peer

.
1. .
2. Start > Settings > Network and Dial-up Connections.
3. "Local Area Connection".
4. "Properties" .
5. "Local Area Connection Properties" ,
:
- Client for Microsoft Networks
- File and Printer Sharing for
Microsoft Networks
- Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)

peer-to-peer ,
.


(
).
,
(chair-less workstation).
peer-to-peer
.
hub. Hub

103

,
IP .

IP -,
Automatic Private IP
Addressing
(APIPA)

IP
.

71

104

IP .

. : ; : " < > * + = \ | ?.

WORKGROUP.

APIPA

troubleshooting IP
.
IP .
IP :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

.
Start > Settings > "Local Area Connection".
"Properties" .
"Components" , "Internet Protocol (TCI/IP)".
"Properties" .
Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties ,
"Use the following IP address." IP . ,
10.0.0.1 , 10.0.0.2
.
7. "OK" .
8. .

,
. ,
. Windows 2000
. ,
.
workgroup :
1. .
2. Start > Control Panel. "System".
3. "Network Identification" , "Properties"
.
4. "Member of" , "Workgroup"
workgroup . "OK"
.
: workgroup- .
workgroup- 15*

105

* TCP/IP 63 ,
15
TCP/IP -.
:
workgroup -,
(disabled).
.
Local_user
.
Local_user (account)
.
Local_user :
1.
2.
3.
4.

.
"MyComputer"
"Management" .
"Computer Management" ,
"Local Users and Groups".
5. "Users" "New User..." .
6. "New User" User name Password .

,

, (shared).

. .
:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

.
.
"Sharing..." .
Properties , "Sharing" .
"Share this folder" .
"Security" .
106

7. "Everyone" .
8. "OK" .
.
, drive ()
.
.
(browsing the network).
:
1. My Network Places.
2. .
3. .
.
.
Local_user resource sharing -,
peer-to-peer
.
,
Windows .

1.21 DNS

web
? Web ?
Internets Domain Name Service (DNS).
, Web
domain Internet- Internet Protocol (IP) .
12 , web
www.sitename.com
IP . DNS
IP .
, Internet-
IP . .
- IP
DNS . DNS
.
DNS-, DNS
. root name (root-, name-)
DNS top-level , .com, .org, .edu
. , top-level DNS .com DNS
.com.
DNS ,
root-name . DNS
. Internet-
2 DNS .
DNS . DNS IP
.

. Internet-
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). TCP
IP
. TCP IP
,
. web Domain Name Service
IP . .
.

107

108

2.1

II

.
.
: ,
(troubleshooting).

(design phase).
(good) (poor)
.

2.1.1

72

109

,
.

.

,

,
.

(return on investment ROI). , ROI

.
.

110

I.





II.

.

.
.
() .

.
.

, .



III.

, (firmware)
(updates) ?

,



, upgrading.
100 MHz 10 MHz
.
update? IPX/SPX TCP/IP?
.
brand name (
).
,
, ?

troubleshooting.

.

2.1.3

.




.
.
WAN- ?
dial-in ?
.

2.1.2
(leading edge technology).

(bugs)
.
,
.
, .
,
?
(failures).
.

111

(Network)


?
,

(Facilities)


.
.

112

.
?

, ,
. (industrial grade)
.
.

,
EMI ( ).

.

EMI.
(
) Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)
(spikes) .
EMI -, Shielded Twisted Pair (STP), COAX fiber
optic , Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP).

.

(Operations)

.
.


(Naming Conventions).
.
,

.

(Implementation)
,
NIC -ova .

(system downtime). ,
?
?

Web last minute

( ).
:


IP IP .

. backup-.
backup .

.
?
? RAID-
?

.
.

print spooling ( )
.

. user_level
password_level ?
(password policies).

113

114

.
.
.


.
.

2.2
Backup ( )
backup .
backup-
. backup
.
.
backup-.
.
.
backup
backup. archive .
backup- backup-:
1. Full backup (). backup-
. archive
.
2. Incremental backup (). backup-

backup-. archive
backup-.
3. Differential backup ().
archive.
Backup
backup- floppy diskettes. CDW backup
. CD-W 700MB .
backup .
:

115

Digital Audio Tape (DAT) 1 12GB.

Digital Linear tape (DLT) 10 35GB.
Quarter-Inch Cartridge (QIC) 40MB 25GB.
116

, backup .
.
(Virus Protection)

.
, "ambulance" ,
. ,
. ,
, .
. "Boot sector" master
boot record (MBR) , . "Trojan
horse" ,
. .
word
? word
email,
. 8.000 .

.
anti-virus .
boot
, ,
(virus scan)
:

Anti-virus Software
,
.
"inoculation" (). ,
.
update , Windows 95 Windows
98,
. ,
inoculate.
73
nti-virus
Norton Antivirus by
Symantec VirusScan by McAfee. ntivirus


. ,
200
, update .
update-
Internet. Norton Antivirus LiveUpdate
. download-
virus signature update-,
.

() (Patches and Updates)

1.

2.
3.
4.

,
.
.
download- Internet.
e-mail attachment- .

.

117

, -
(,
patch) . patch
download- Web .
.
patch-
. Patch
.

patch , patch
118

. patch ,
patch .
patch- .
backup
patch-. patch okay,
.
(Upgrades)
(release)
.
, upgrade.

.
patch-, upgrade .
backup. .
Flash Upgrades
Flash upgrade BIOS- .
.

, .
.
(System Monitor)

. Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
agent
hub-, bridg- router-.
.
, agent SNMP
network management console ( ).

119

2.3

.
.

. troubleshoot ,

.
:

.
: (hard copy form).
,
.
.
, .

. (labeled)
.
Configuration Management ( )
Configuration Management
.
.
.
.

120

,
IRQ I/O DMA, MAC IP ,
,
, , .
,
, .

Change control ( )

backup
.
.

Change control
.
,
update- service pac .
.

(Change Request Form) .
,
.

, ,
BIOS firmware
IP

.
audit () .

,
.
, .
IT .
/

BIOS
IRQ, I/O , DMA
RAM
Hard ,

, patch
,
IP

, ,

121

122

2.4
,
. ,
.


. .

.

.

.
.
.
.
.
, .
,
. .

.

.
?
.


.

.
.
.
, ,

.
. ,
.
.
. ,
.
.
setup- , : " "?
, .

. ,

. .

.
Windows ,
.
. Windows
. .DLL Windows
. (overwritten)
.

.
e-mail attachment (), download- Internet ,
.

123

, e-mail
Internet- .
124

.
. .

. , ,
NIC-.
hub-, bridg- NIC-
.
,
.
.
IP .
,
(trouble shoot the network).
:

Network Performance Monitors

Windows NT - Performance Monitor
real-time -
CPU-,
I/O .
System Logs
,
. .

. Windows NT Event
Viewer . Event
Viewer .
,
.
Crossover cable.
.
peer-to-peer
( hub-).
Hardware Loop-Back.

. utility-
.
TCP/IP Utilities
TCP/IP utilitie
troubleshooting :
125

SNMP
PING
NETSTAT
NBTSTAT
TRACERT
IPCONFIG
WINIPCCFG

. Microsoft TechNet
Microsoft
.
online, CD
.
Compaq Intel
Technical Support
Alliance Network (TSANet). Web : www.tsanet.org.

:
1.
2.
3. , , .

126

2.4
LAN-,
.
, LAN-.
LAN- Public Switched
Telephone Network (PSTN). PSTN ,
Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS).
dial-up
. LAN-
,
.
,
, (hard-wired)
.
. .
. Modem (MODulate
DEModulate)
.
.
, IRQ
I/O .
COM .
on-board COM .
Plug and Play -, . Plug and
Play,
. Plug and Play
.
SLIP PPP
World Wide Web -, Internet- dialing- Unix
(shell account).

() .
(screen updates)
. Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP)
TCP/IP
. SLIP (encapsulates) TCP/IP
. IP
127

Internet host
Internet-.
. SLIP
Ethernet .

SLIP- . Point
to Point Protocol (PPP)
. SLIP
TCP/IP, PPP multi-protocol
TCP/IP IPX, NetBEUI AppleTalk .
PPP DTE/DCE
: . PPP
. High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC)
(frame structure), Link Control Protocol (LCP)
, , Network
Control Protocol (NCP)
.
SLIP PPP OSI (Data Link
layer protocols).
Virtual Private Network (VPN) ( )
Internet- ,
Virtual Private Network (VPN) Internet
. Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol
(PPTP) multi-protocol VPN-. PPTP
Password Authentication Protocol (PAP) Challenge
Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP)
, .

Internet-.
Windows NT Windows 98 PPTP -.

128

III

3.1

.
, hub- router-
.

.
.
.

.

: share-level security (
) user-level security ( ).
. .
read/write read-only .

.
. read-only
. .
,

.
(Passwords)

129

.

.
. .
.

130

.
.
.
.
.
.

. firewall
Intranet-
, firewall-
Internet.
Internet firewall-.


. .
, Unix-, root account.
(Encryption)

.

.

. Public-key , (private)
(public).
.
.
Firewalls
Firewall /
( Internet-).
firewall
.
proxy firewall.
Internet-
proxy . Internet-
proxy .
Firewall ?
Firewall
(untrasted).
. ,
131

firewall-
(single point of administration)

firewall ,
download-
, firewall ()
.

firewall -.
I.
II.
III.
IV.

Packet-filter
Circuit-layer
Application-layer
Stateful Inspection

Proxy Server
Proxy host
LAN
Internet. Proxy
IP , proxy
() LAN-.
IP LAN- IP
Network Address Translation (NAT).
Proxy IP
LAN-, firewall,
proxy ; firewall
proxy
NAT. router-,
firewall packet-filtering
.

132

I. Packet-Filter Firewall ( )
firewall packet-filter.
OSI . IP

.
.
, ,
firewall.

.

IP
IP
(TCP UDP)

Packet-filter firewall - -
host-, .
"network address translation" (NAT). NAT
.
II. Circuit-Level Firewall ( )
Circuit-Level firewall TCP UDP
() firewall.
host
.
, . Firewall
,
. ,
:

ID
,

IP
133

IP

,
.
firewall
"spoofed" (, )(
). NAT
.
III. Application-Layer Firewall ( )
firewall .

, .
IV. Stateful Inspection Firewall (
)
Firewall ,
() LAN-,

.
,
.
DMZ
LAN Web .
host Internet- Web
Internet-
LAN-.
Firewall
.
DMZ, Demilitarized Zone (
).
134

Firewall-

firewall-,
. Packet-Filter firewall
,
. Application Layer firewall ,

, .

password
cracking .
.
logon username password
. -
, -
.
.
, .
password cracking .
, , TV
password cracking .
,
()
( ).

3.1.1
,
,
,
.

.
,
(

). .
,
.
,
.

. firewall- ant-virus
?
:
A.
B.
C.
D.

(Written password
security policy)
E.

135

.

, password cracking
. ,
password cracking .
,
"scooter" cracker
. ,
.

:







, ,
, ,

,

,

( case sensitive
).

136

.
password cracking
:


logon . ,
,
.
logon

.
x , 30
, .
, .
.
.
password cracking

. .
60 .

C.
,
.
Windows- "Administrator".
SQL "sa"
. (router-,
switch-, )
.

( )
( ).
,
.
log-,
.
(logged on).
Log off > > log on.

.
.
.
"Dumpster diving" ( )
.
E.
.
, .

, .


().

.
.
.

D.
.
, :

137

138

3.2

,
. Key encryption ( )
( )
.

.
.

. ,
.

. AES (Advanced
Encryption Standard) 128, 160, 192 256
. RSA
( Ronald Rivest, Adi Shamir Leonard
Adleman)
. RC4 2048
.
Private Key Encryption ( )
: (private key
and public key).
.
(symmetric)
.
Public Key Encryption ( )

, :

, .
brute force attack.
. , 16
2^16 . 128 2^128 =
3,4*10^38 .
crack 128 .

DES (Data Encryption Standard)
IBM 1970-. DES 56 .
crack- DES . 3DES (Triple DES)
56
.

139

.
( ) .
.
.
. Internet-.
, .
.
, public key server-,
host- .
key pair ( ).
.
.
,
asymmetric encryption ( ).
Digital Certificate ( )

(digital Certificates).

,
,
certification authority (CA). CA
140

.
.

2048 .
IEEE 802.11i , Wi-Fi Alliance WPA2
802.11i WPA .

3.3
,
(open connections).
. ,
,
( ).
,
. IEEE 802.11
. 802.11 , 1997.,
2 Mbps. 1999 IEEE
802.11b , 11 Mbps. IEEE
802.11 54 Mbps, 802.11a.
802.11b 802.11a, 802.11b
. 802.11a 802.11b ,
. 2002. 802.11g . 802.11g 54
Mbps, 802.11b. 802.11g
802.11b , 11 Mbps
. WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy)
802.11 . WEP
( notebook )
(access point).
,
. WEP



. WEP- , IEEE
802.11i . 802.11i EAP
(Extensible Authentication Protocol). 802.11i
. proxy
. 802.11i

()
(authenticate). AES (Advanced
Encryption Standard). IEEE 802.11i ,
Wi-Fi Alliance,

, WPA
(Wi-Fi Protected Access). WPA RC4 ,
141

142

IV

4.1 PC-
. !
, 802.11g ,
802.11 125
Mbps 2.4 GHz . ,
802.11b
802.11g 11Mbps ,
..
802.11
1997 WLAN 802.11 (IEEE).
2Mbps
802.11 .
802.11b, 11Mbps,
802.11g, 125 Mbps 5 GHz .
802.11g ?
802.11 :
1. 802.11b - 11MBps,
Ethernet-. 802.11b 2.4GHz
802.11 .
, 802.11b

,
. ()
. 802.11b

.

143

2. 802.11a ( ) - IEEE
802.11a 802.11b. 802.11a 54 Mbps
5 GHz .
802.11a 802.11b,
.
802.11a
5 GHz .
802.11a 802.11b
.
144

3. 802.11g - 125 Mbps, 2.4 GHz

802.11b. 802.11g
.
.
1997
1999

802.11
802.11a

2MBps
54Mbps

1999
2002

802.11b
802.11g

11Mbps
125Mbps

5 GHz . Pro:
. Con:
2.4 GHz
2.4Ghz
802.11b, 802.11g 802.11b . Pro: . Con:
802.11b.

USB PCI . $30

$300.
, .

, LAN-
WLAN .
, :


Ethernet (
).

-
()


.

.

.

,
,

?
:







(11 - 125Mbps)

(1500 , 70 120
)
Ethernet
802.11g

Ethernet .

$50.00 $1500
( ).
Ethernet Ethernet router-, DSL .
(omni-directional antenna)
.
PC Apple
802.11g .
PCMCIA .
145

, , .
. Microsoft Windows,
Windows 3.11.
Windows 98, "Internet Connection Sharing" ( )
,
Internet-
. , Windows, ,
.

.

1. ,
. ,

146

. ;
.
upgrade -

Internet-.




PCI
.
,
,

(

driver
CD ROM

Wireless Access Point (

)

76

74

"" .


.

.

router- (:
DSL ).

driver).

USB
50
, .
()
Internet- .
Internet- ,
.
( ),
.
PCMCIA
75

. PCMCIA

.
.

147

77

.
USB (
).

"" ""

, .
, (Ethernet NIC
)
.
148

mixed-mode "Gateway" -.

Internet

( WAN ) ,
( Ethernet
) 253

.



roaming


.

3.
Media Access
Control (MAC), WEP VPN (Virtual Private
Network) . :

78

MAC - Media Access Control

.
WEP
,
.
VPN (Virtual Private Network)

. VPN
,
.

2.
, ,
.
.
LAN : notebook
,
WLAN - ,
.
:

;
.
LAN .
,
. , ,
.
(
).
. link

,
, .
.
149

150

4.2 Wi-Fi

Ethernet

1
Wi-Fi
.
:


81

Router

,
IP MAC

82

79





80

Internet ( DSL )

151

IP ISP-
IP
DSL, username password ISP-
MAC

Wi-Fi router gateway.

D-Link DI-624 AirPlus Xtreme G 802.11g router. Airplus
Xtreme G DI-624 108Mbps 2.4GHz
.
.
D-Link AirPlus Xtreme G 802.11g
: DWL-G650 PC Card adapter Windows 2000 notebook
DWL-G520 PCI adapter Windows XP
Home Edition.

.
152

PC router Ethernet Windows XP

Professional.
2

,

router
.
.


83


- Network
Connections
control panel-
-
84
Ethernet
( )
Properties > Internet

3 Router-
, PC , Ethernet
PC- router- WAN Ethernet
router-. Ethernet
PC Ethernet

router-
Ethernet
.
85

.
router
PC.

Web
Internet . 5.
4 Router-

Protocol (TCP/IP) > Properties.

"Use the following IP address" ,
IP . IP , subnet mask default gateway.
"Obtain
an IP address automatically."
OK
OK
. DSL,

username password
ISP-.
PPPoE
ISP-.

router .
MAC

. MAC
Wi-Fi PC
Card PCI adapter -.
84

153

PC router .
(URL), router-configuration IP
. D-Link KL624, IP 192.168.0.1.

configuration-utility ID (
admin)

.
DSL
PPOoE
.


1
router.
86
IP 1

router.
encryption () SSID
154

router-
Internet .
Web , router
troubleshooting
, .
5
D-Link PC Card PCI , CD (
router). ,
. Windows-
Found New Hardware wizard driver-.
"Install the software automatically" "Next."
driver

Windows
logo
, "Continue
Anyway."


.
87

Networking (
) system tray .
Wireless Network Connection

"Advanced" "Wireless
Networks" (tab).
"use Windows to configure my
wireless network settings"
"OK"
.

.

Internet,
disabling-
Windows
XP-
wireless connection utility-.
88

Windows XP,
Wi-Fi driver-. ,
, .
7
Wi-Fi ,
router-,

. DI624,
Tools . ,

().
Tools

DI-624's

router-.

notebook

Wi-FI
.

6 Wireless

, Internet
.
Windows XP disabling-
() Windows wireless-configuration
.
. , XP
155

89
156

8 Service Set Identifier (SSID)-

.
Service Set Identifier (SSID). DI-624, SSID
Wireless . SSID
.
. ,
. : router disable- DID
broadcasting-. .

Tip: 802.11g router- 802.11g

802.11b . 802.11g, 802.11g-only
mode .
9 ,

SSID

,
router-.


pass phrase.
.

(Enable Encryption)
router , Wi-Fi Protected
Access (WPA) pre-shared .
. WPA,
Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) .
router- WEP WPA
. .

.
Tip:
(
).
WPA
WEP-.

91

Wi-Fi
(Windows XP) Control Panel >
Network Connections "Set up a home or small office
network." , "This computer
connects to the Internet through another computer on my network or through
a residential gateway."

MAC
,

90
MAC .
, router . filtering
. MAC 2.
.

157

Windows XP -, "Create a network

setup disk" .
non-XP .
. non-XP
,

netsetup.exe.

, .
workgroup- .

158

Network Setup wizard

PC setup-,

driver.

4.3

Network Setup wizard

- SharedDocs.
Windows XP-, Start >| My Network Places.
.

, ,
.
.
,
.
, ,

.

TIA/EIA-568-A Commercial
Building Telecommunications Cabling Standard. TIA (Telecommunications
Industry Association) EIA (Electronic Industries Association)
ANSI (American Standards Institute).
TIA/EIA
.
TIA/EIA-568
.

hub- .
() (equipment room) switch backbone
() .

159

160

UTP
5.

100 MHz
100
Mbps

Ethernet
100Base-T .

100
(328 feet-).

93

(Backbone) , multimode fiber optic

2 GHz 100Base-FX .
2 .


AC , ,
UTP (EMI). EMI

.
.

92

. ,
STP , .
()

() backbone ,
, . router-, gateway-
,
.

161

,


(wall
jacks).

(patch panl)
(wiring closet)
162

94

(equipment room).
hub-
, () (patch cable)
( )
hub-.

4.4

troubleshooting .


.

.
, :
 ()

 .

95

( )
.
( )
.
163

164

.

.
( ,
, ).
PC ,
( ).
,
() - ().
,
(, )
.
,
.
,
. ,

.


.
, :
, .
( 50 )
.

.
, ,
PC
, ,
.

165

96

,

, .

. ,
.
.
,
PC
(
).
. ,
.
, .

166

,
,

.

, ( )

.
10 2 .

.
,
. ,
.

,
.
, .
.
,
.
.
(
).
,
,
. ,
,
( ).
. ,
,
. ,

.
, -,
. ,
.
, .
167

168

4.5 AppleTalk

(internetwork).
.

4.5.1
AppleTalk, Apple Computer a 80 ,
Macintosh .
, ,
. ,
( Mc )
. , AppleTalk
/ .
.

,
. ,
, .
- : 1 2.
1, , 80 (workgroups).
1 : ,
135 135 ,
. (nonextended networks).
.
2,
.
1 .
253
.

4.5.2 AppleTalk
.
: sockets, nodes, networks, and zones
(, , ).
-
169

170

Sockets ()

.
.

socket .

(Datagram Delivery Protocol, DDP), .
socket .
socket-a, .
Socket- .

. DDPa socket
. 254
socket .
socket-a DDP-a .

(nodes)
AT .
Macintosh , , IBM PC, router,
.
socket-.
171

.
bridge- () router-a
(). .
-
, 1 1024. 100
562 .
,

. ( )
,
extended .

.
(cable range).
. 33 3-6 .
( TCP/IP IPX)
(
).
172

,
.
.

4.5.3 AppleTalk
TCP/IP
IPX, ,
Ethernet, Token Ring
FDDI
: EtherTalk, LocalTalk, TokenTalk
FDDITalk.


- , IEEE 802.3
(EtherTalk), Token Ring/IEEE 802.5 (okenTalk) FDDI (FDDITalk).
,
LocalTalk. - OSI-ja.

,
.
.
- (internetwork)
.

4.5.4

.
:
1. (16- )
2. (8- )
3. socket-a (8- )
173

174

. 10.1.50 10, 1, socket 50.

175

176

4.6 Linux LAN

Linux
(Debian GNU/Linux) . .

4.6.1 Linux-
local-area network
(LAN) Linux Samba ,
Microsoft Windows UNIX
host- Linux .
LAN ,
Samba . Linux
LAN- LANa; .
Linux backup and recovery
backup- .
Linux-
. Linux
.
. .
Windows-
Linux-. ,
Linux . ,
dialup Internet Wide Area Network (WAN)
.

. , ,
.
. ,
interface-;
. ,

.
gateway; .
;
,
subnetwork- ( subnet-):
177

, (zip code), , a
.
.
email .
Send. .
ISP-
Ethernet LAN.
, gateway . Gateway (
) email

(subnets). , gateway
gateway- gateway
. gateway
( Ethernet )
(inbox).
,
Linux .
. 76300
, ,
hostname IP number,
().

Domain Name Server-. IP
hostname-. gateway
(routed). ,
,
() route () gateway-.
, ,
Linux
.

4.6.2
Debian GNU/Linux
reboot-.
178

,
Linux. ,
Linux .
, ,

Linux-.
4.6.2.1
,
modconf , driver
. ,
root :
modconf
4.6.2.2

nameserver
xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx
xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx (IP ) name server-; ,
192.168.1.1. ;
, name server
. ,
.
4.6.2.4 Routing Gateways
LAN-a Internet-,
Internet host-. ,
gateway
LAN-u. Gateway Internet- ()
. ,
Internet- .

Linux, hostname .
hostname ,
/etc/hostname .

, root.

: Internet PPP, PPP

. .

/etc/hostname . ,
hostname ; debian. domain name (
debian.ora.com).

#! /bin/sh
inconfig lo 127.0.0.1
route add -net 127.0.0.0
IPADDR=192.168.1.10
NETMASK=255.255.255.0
BROADCAST=192.168.1.255
GATEWAY=192.168.1.1
ifconfig eth0 ${IPADDR} netmask ${NETMASK} broadcast ${BROADCAST}
route add default qw ${GATEWAY} metric 1

4.6.2.3
Linux-,
nameserver-. nameserver-
hostname-.
,
nameserver server-. ISP (Internet
Service Provider) IP .
name server- /etc/resolv.conf,
. , name
server, :

179

LAN /etc/init.d/network,
. /etc/init.d/network :

4- 8-,
:

variable=ipnumber

180

, , ,
ipnumber-.
, .

IP .
/etc/init.d/network .
.
.

Network Configuration Variables

IPADDR

NETMASK

,
32-
. LAN
Class C , netmask
255.255.255.0.

BROADCAST
LAN-. broadcast
LAN- :
255.
GATEWAY

gateway- .

M, og LAN-a,
NIS . ,
DNS , ( ),
/etc/hosts . ,
/etc/hosts .
/etc/host.conf/ ,
.
:
order hosts,bind
multi on
rder /etc/hosts
DNS , bind Berkeley Internet
Name Daemon, DNS .
ulti
host /etc/hosts .
( ), .
4.6.2.6
/etc/hosts,
hostname-, DNS .
DNS , /etc/hosts
.
:

4.6.2.5 hostname-a
Linux IP
hostname-. :

DNS
/etc/hosts, hosts file
NIS (Network Information System)

IP
hostname, hostname-

, hosts hostname
localhost IP 127.0.0.1.
/etc/hosts . ,
, local hostname
. :
127.0.0.1

181

localhost
182

192.168.1.10 debian.mccarty.org debian

: hostname
hostname- domain name ( )
hostname.

http://www.samba.org/pub/samba/survey/ssstats.html, Bank of
America Samba 15000
, Hewlett-Packard 7000
.
4.6.3.1 samba

/etc/networks , networks ( ),
hosts ; hosts
hostnames , networks networks'
names ( ) . , networks
LAN-a
localnet:
localnet 192.168.1.0
, networks
. , ,
DNS .

4.6.3 Samba
3.11 Microsoft Windows-,
Windows-.

Samba smbd , daemon,

utility , man () ,
: /etc/smb.conf.
4.6.3.2 sambe
/etc/smb.conf
Samba . script Samba-
/etc/sbm.conf.
/etc/sbm.conf
. , Samba swat
Web browser-,
; swat
online help. swat-,
browser 901 . ,
URL http://localhost:901/. Web browser userid
password; root .
swat ,
IP hostname-.

, Microsoft Windows
SMB (Server Message Block).
NetBIOS LanManager. Andrew Tridgell - ,
Linux SMB
Samba. SMB, Samba :

Microsoft Windows, OS/2,

Netware Unix
nameserver-
LAN -
backup PC Linux restore

183

184

Samba

4.6.3.2.1
Global Variables
. Advanced View.
, . ,
Commit Changes, .
Samba

Samba ,
tool bar-:

Globals - Samba ()
Shares -
Printers -
Status - Samba
View - smb.conf
Password

, .
185

Samba

Base

workgroup

The workgroup name displayed when the server is

queried by a client.
186

Samba

Base
(cont.)

Security

netbios
name

The name by which the server is known to the

NetBIOS nameserver.

server
string

The text string displayed to describe the server.

interfaces

The IP address of the interface or the IP addresses

of the interfaces through which Samba should listen.
Each IP address is followed by a forward slash and
a number that specifies the number of bits that
pertain to the network portion of the IP address
(usually 24). If this option is not set, Samba attempts
to locate and automatically configure a primary
interface.

security

Samba

Specifies how Samba authenticates requests for

access to shared resources. The default value, user,
is helpful when the Samba server and its clients
have many common userids. The value share can
be useful when few common userids exist. The
value system lets another SMB server perform
authentication on behalf of the server. You should
generally use the default value; see the Samba
documentation for details.

encrypt
passwords

Specifies whether Samba will negotiate encrypted

passwords, which are expected by Windows NT 4.0
SP3 and Windows 98.

update
encrypted

Allows automatic updating of an encrypted

password when a user logs on using a nonencrypted password. This option is useful when
migrating to encrypted passwords and should
otherwise be set off.

map to
guest

Specifies Samba's action when a user attempts to

log on using an invalid password. The Bad User
option is generally appropriate.

guest

The Linux account used to provide services for

187

account

guest .

hosts allow host- .

.

Logging

Tuning

Printing

Logon

hosts deny

host- .

log level

integer log .
( 0)
log.

log file

Samba log .

max log
size

T log kilobytes (kb).

, Samba
log .
.

read
prediction

Samba pre-read
,
. Samba 2.0.

socket
options

TCP
.

printcap
name

printcap .

printing

Samba

.
,
SYSV

Linux .

logon script BAT download-

log Samba-.
domain
logons

Samba Windows 9x domain

logons workgroup-. : Samba
Windows NT domain
logons, Primary Domain Controller
(PDC).

188

Samba

Browse

os level

WINS

Locking

hosts allow Samba

.

4.6.3.2.2
Samba
browser-a. Samba
browser. 65
Samba-
Windows NT .

preferred
master

NetBIOS name server

browser- workgroup-.

local
master

NetBIOS name server local master

browser .

domain
master

browse WAN. workgroup

Windows NT Primary Domain Controller
(PDC).

Share .
Samba share

wins server IP WINS NetBIOS

nameserver , .
wins
support

NetBIOS nameserver WINS

.
.
.

strict
locking

. .

workgroup netbios name.
, .

share Create Share.

share-, Delete
Share. share-, , a
Choose Share. .
. .
Advanced View.
( ) .
comment, path, read only create mask .

:
,

.
189

190

Samba share

Samba Share

Security

guest
account

Linux guest
.

read only

read-only.

create mask mode

.
guest ok

guest .

hosts allow

host-
.

hosts deny

Browse

browseable

share share.

Locking

strict locking .

Miscellaneous available
volume

share .
volume label- share.

4.6.3.2.3
share.
printer share-, printer share-,
.

Samba Share

Base

comment

path

( )
.

191

share

192

Samba printer
Samba Print Share

Base

comment

path

print spooling .

guest
account

Linux guest-.

guest ok

guest.

hosts allow

host- ,
.

hosts deny

Printing

print ok

Printing
(cont.)

Printing

"BSD" .

Security

Choose Printer,
.
Advanced View. comment,
path, read only create mask .
Samba printer

printer name
.
Browse

Browseable

Miscellaneous Available

printer share .
printer share .

4.6.3.3 samba
:

193

status daemon- (smbd nmbd) Samba-

printer share-

194

"lp"

refresh- ,
refresh , daemon
kill- .

View. ,
; Full View .
Samba /etc/smb.conf

Samba status

4.6.3.4 samba
View button swat tool bar Samba server
, /etc/smb.conf.
195

4.6.3.5
Password .

196

SMB. logging host

password-.

password

4.6.3.6 troubleshooting samba

backup- /etc/smb.conf .
cp /etc/smb.conf /etc/smb.conf.SAVE
.
cp /etc/smb.conf.SAVE /etc/smb.conf
.

4.6.4 Samba
Samba ,
Microsoft Windows-, Linux- .

4.6.4.1 Microsoft Windows

Server Password Management, :

userid
userid-
password- userid
userid-

Client/Server Password Management, password-

userid- Samba

197

Microsoft Windows 3.11, 9x NT SMB

, Samba server-. Microsoft
Windows 9x NT Samba
Windows Explorer-. Log- userid
Samba . Network
Neighborhood
Samba . ,
printer share- . drag and drop

198

share- , userid
.
, Start Settings Printers
Add Printer; wizard setup .
Network Printer .
browse-,
- backslash-,
Samba , backslash
. \\SERVER\lp.
:
Tools Map Network Drive Windows Explorer-.
. \\SERVER\db.
4.6.4.2
SMB Linux IBM OS/2 Mac OS.
4.6.4.3 Linux
Samba SMB .
, log- userid Samba
:

smbclient -L
service -U
userid
service SMB host- userid userid
. SMB host-
backslash- .
SMB , prompt:
smb:
dir>
dir SMB .
download , :
get
file
file . upload :
put
file

smbclient -L localhost

file . :

browse-
. SMB , :

dir
:

smbclient -L
server
server SMB . :

cd
dir
dir . :

smbclient -L
server -U
userid

cd ..

To actually access resources via SMB, use the following command form:
199

200

SMB exit.
:

help
command:
command .

Ivan Volosuk X11 smbclient

http://www.rt.mipt.ru/frtk/ivan/.
1. Andrew S. Tanenbaum
Computer Networks, Fourth Edition (Prentice Hall)
2. Joe Habraken
Absolute Beginner's Guide to Networking, third edition (Que)
3. Stephen J. Bigelow
Bigelow's Troubleshooting, Maintaining & Repairing Networks (Osborne)

201

202