Vn ph m Anh vn

VN PH M ANH VN

Cc th trong ti ng Anh
Kevin Khoi Trng va Nam Phng 1- HI N T I N/HI N T I N TI P DI N 1- TH HI N T I N

The English alphabet consists of 26 letters. The sun rises in the east. She goes to school every day. Th hi n t i n gi n di n t hnh ng c The boy always wakes up at 8 every morning. th t trong qu kh , hi n t i, v tng lai. Th hi n t i n gi n cng di n t thi quen v ho t ng hng ngy. SAI: CH T + NG T ( ng t th hi n They are always trying to help him. t i, ng t thm "S" hay "ES" n u ch t l ngi 3 s t: She, he, it, Mary, John) We are studying every day. Th hi n t i n gi n c th di n t th i gian trong tng lai khi ngh thu c v th i kha bi u. NG: They always try to help him. We study every day. The game starts in ten minutes. My class finishes next month.

C m t v t ng ch th i gian: Always, usually, often, sometimes etc., (a fact, habit, or repeated action), every time, as a rule, every day (every other day), once (a month), once in a while

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TH HI N T I TI P DI N

I'm typing right now. Th hi n t i ti p di n di n t hnh ng ang x y ra. CH T + IS/ARE/AM + NG T THM -ING It is raining at the moment. Shhh! The baby is sleeping. She is taking ESL 107 this semester.

M t hnh ng g ang x y ra tu n ny, Tammy is writing a letter to her mom thng ny, ho c nm ny. tomorrow. Th hi n t i ti p di n c th di n t th i gian trong tng lai khi ngh l 1 s nh s n. Jack is visiting his relatives tomorrow. SAI: It is raining tomorrow. (Rain khng th l 1 s d nh tr c

C m v t ng ch th i gian: Right now, at the moment, at present, now, shhh!, listen!, look!, this semester. Kevin Khi Trng

SIMPLE PRESENT Tm t t: Present simple ch : 1) S vi c x y ra trong hi n t i 2) Nh ng s th t hi n nhin, s vi c l p i l p l i h ng ngy: Th d : Tri t quay xung quanh m t tr i. H ng ngy ti th c d y lc 7 gi sng 3) Nh ng ng t khng nh h ng n th i gian: ng t tnh (static verbs) To belong to, to cost, to know, to believe, to like, to love, to mean, to see, to understand ... I (dis)like / love / hate / want that girl

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I believe / suppose / think youre right I hear / see / feel the world around us It tastes / smells good 4) Sau nh ng lin t WHEN, AS SOON AS 5) TH NGHI V N: Thm ng tr c DO hay DOES (ngi th 3 s t) 6) TH PH NH: thm DON'T , DOESN'T __________________ The simple present is used to express actions which take place in the present or which occur regularly (Things that happen repetedly) . It also serves to express general or absolute statements not anchored in a particular time frame (Things in general) I work at home. The earth revolves around the sun Politics are a dirty business. Jill speaks four languages fluently. I get up at seven oclock every morning Mrs. Smith teaches English at my school On Sundays, we like to fish.

INTERROGATIVE FORM In the interrogative, the present is generally introduced by a form of the verb "to do" ("do / does"): Does your father like to cook? Do you have time to stop by my place? NEGATIVE FORM The appropriate form of the verb "to do" will also be used for the negative: I do not (don't) work at home. No, he does not (doesn't) like to cook. AFTER WHEN AS SOON AS ...

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After the conjunctions "when," "as soon as," etc., the present is used, even though actions expressed may refer to the future: She'll come when she can. He'll pay us as soon as we finish. Forming the simple present The present is extremely regular in its conjugation. As a general rule, one uses the base form of the infinitive (minus the preposition "to"). For the third person singular ("he," "she," "it"), an "-s" is added if the verb ends in a consonant, or "-es" if the verb ends with a vowel: To work I work you work he / she / it works we work they work To go I go you go he / she / it goes we go they go However: verbs ending with "consonant + y" (for example, "to try," "to cry," "to bury," etc.) will end in "-ies" in the third person singular: To bury I bury you bury he / she buries we bury they bury

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"To have", "to be" The only irregular verbs in the present are "to have," "to be," and the modal verbs. To have I have you have he / she has we have they have To be I am you are he / she is we are they are

PRESENT CONTINUOUS TM T T 1) ni s v t x y ra trong lc ta ang ni chuy n 2) Ni m t vi c m ta chu n b lm. M t tng lai ch c ch n so n s n 3) Nh ng ng t tnh trong ngha hi n t i ____________________________ 1* To say that st is happening at or around the time of speaking 2* you are talking about what you have already arranged to do 3* Les verbes statistiques dans le sens du prsent simple *** 1) Dont interrupt while Im talking to somebody else

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Please be quiet, Im watching a good programme Hes trying to get the car to start /Not now, Im thinking 2) I cant meet you tomorrow because my parents are coming to see me What are you doing tomorrow evening ? - Im going to the theatre This is Toms diary for next week: hes playing tennis on Monday, hes going to the dentist on Tuesday, he having dinner on Friday... 3) What are you thinking about ? Were not seeing a lot of him these days Are you not feeling well today ? Were tasting the wine to see if its alright

Nam Phng

2- HI N T I HON THNH/HI N T I HON THNH TI P DI N TH HI N T I HON THNH CH T + HAVE/ HAS + QU KH PHN T (PAST PARTICIPLE) She has never seen snow. I have gone to Disneyland several times.

Th hi n t i hon thnh di n t hnh ng We have been here since 1995. x y ra ho c cha bao gi x y ra 1 th i

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gian khng xc nh trong qu kh . Th hi n t i hon thnh cng di n t s l p i l p l i c a 1 hnh ng trong qu kh . Th hi n t i hon thnh cng c dng v i i since v for. Since + th i gian b t u (1995, I was young, this morning etc.) Khi ng i ni dng since, ng i nghe ph i tnh th i gian l bao lu. For + kho ng th i gian (t lc u t i by gi ) Khi ng i ni dng for, ng i ni ph i tnh th i gian l bao lu.

They have known me for five years.

C m v t ng ch th i gian: Never, ever, in the last fifty years, this semester, since, for, so far, up to now, up until now, up to the present, yet, recently, lately, in recent years, many times, once, twice, and in his/her whole life TH HI N T I HON THNH TI P DI N Th hi n t i hon thnh ti p di n nh n m nh kho ng th i gian c a 1 hnh ng I have been waiting for you about 20 x y ra trong qu kh v ti p t c t i hi n t i minutes. (c th t i tng lai). CH T + HAVE/HAS + BEEN + NG T THM -ING The child has been sleeping all afternoon.

C m v t ng ch th i gian: All day, all week, since, for, for a long time, almost every day this week, recently, lately, in the past week, in recent years, up until now, and so far Kevin Khi Trng

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

I have been doing You have been doing He has been doing

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We have been doing You have been doing They have been doing TM T T: ni m t hnh ng ko di trong qu kh v V A M I ng ng. h i vi c x y ra bao nhiu lu trong qu kh v ta h ng th cu chuy n: hnh ng cha ch m d t. ************************** This tense is formed with the modal "HAVE" or "HAS" (for third-person singular subjects) plus "BEEN," plus the present participle of the verb (with an -ing ending): 1* To talk about a long action which began in the past and has just stopped. 2* To ask or say how long st has been happened. The action began in the past & is still happening or has just stopped how long ; for ( for 5 years ; for over an hour ); since ; today ; recently ; 3* For actions repeated over a period of time ( how long ; for ; since ) *** To say how long st has been happening . *** We are interested in the action : the action has not been finished . 1* I have been working in the garden all morning. George has been painting that house for as long as I can remember. You're out of breath . Have you been running ? She has been running and her heart is still beating fast. Why are your clothes so dirty? What have you been doing ? That man over there is bright red. I think he's been sunbathing. Janet is hot and tired . She has been playing tennis. Ann is very tired . She has been working hard It has just been raining. 2* It is raining now. It began to rain 2 hours ago and it is still raining . It has been raining for 2 hours Have you been working hard today ? How long have you been learning English ? I've been waiting here for over an hour

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I've been watching TV since two 2 o'clock . George hasn't been feeling well recently. 3* She has been playing tennis since she was eight How long have you been smoking ? It's raining : How long has it been raining ? My foot is hurting : How long has your foot been hurting ? Kevin is studying He has been studying for 3 hours Mary is working in London . She started working there on 20 May . She has been working since 20 May. Nam Phng

3- QU KH /QU KH TH QU KH

TI P DI N N

Th qu kh n di n t hnh ng x y I went to the library last night. ra v k t thc trong qu kh v i th i gian xc nh. She came to the U.S. five years ago. CH T + NG T QU KH He met me in 1999. When they saw the accident, they called the police.

When + th qu kh n (simple past) When + hnh ng th nh t

C m v t ng ch th i gian: last night, last year, last time, etc., ago, in 1999, today, yesterday, then = at that time, in the 1800's, in the 19th century, when, and for Today i khi c dng th hi n t i ti p di n v tng lai n. For i khi c dng th hi n t i hon thnh (present perfect). TH QU KH In (a), 2 hnh ng x y ra cng lc. Nhng hnh ng th nh t x y ra s m hn v ang ti p t c x y ra th hnh ng th hai x y ra. CH T + WERE/WAS + NG T THM -ING TI P DI N a. What were you doing when I called you last night? b. He was watching TV while his wife was cleaning the bedroom.

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While + th qu kh ti p di n (past progressive) In (b), 2 hnh ng x y ra cng m t lc.

C m v t ng ch th i gian: While, at that very moment, at 10:00 last night, and this morning (afternoon) Kevin Khi Trng

SIMPLE PAST CONTINUOUS

I was doing You were doing He was doing We were doing You were doing They were doing

TM T T: Hnh ng ko di, ti p t c, m t th i i m no trong qu kh gi a cng vi c, trong m t th i gian no . Khng

ni hnh ng ko di, ang cho bi t khi no ch m d t.

********************************* 1* The PAST PROGRESSIVE TENSE indicates continuing action, something that was happening, going on, at some point in the past. This tense is formed with the helping "to be" verb, in the past tense, plus the present participle of the verb (with an -ing ending): 2* To say that someone was in the middle of doing something at a certain time. 3* To say that st happend in the middle of st.

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4* It doesn't tell us wether an action was finished or not. 5* To tell how long something has been happening Examples: 1* I was riding my bike all day yesterday. Joel was being a terrible role model for his younger brother. Dad was working in his garden all morning. During the mid-50s, real estate speculators were buying all the swampland in Central Florida, and innocent people were investing all their money in bogus development projects. Was he being good to you? 2* This time last year I was living in Spain. What were you doing at 10 o'clock last night ? 3* Tom burnt his hand when he was cooking the lunch While I was working in the garden , I hurt my back. I saw Jim in the park. He was sitting on the grass. It was raining when I got up . Carlos lost his watch while he was running.I was sleeping on the couch when Bertie smashed through the door. 5* Tom was cooking the dinner . (He was in the middle of cooking, we don't know wether he finished or not). COMPARE: When Tom arrived, - we were having dinner. (We had already started dinner before Tom arrived ) - we had dinner ( Tom arrived and we had dinner ) You've been smoking too much recently. You should smoke less. Ann has been writing letters all day.

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Nam Phng

4- QU KH TH QU KH

HON THNH/QU KH

HON THNH TI P DI N

HON THNH

I had just finished watering the lawn when Th qu kh hon thnh di n t 1 hnh it began to rain. ng x y ra v k t thc trong qu kh tr c 1 hnh ng khc cng x y ra v k t She had studied English before she came to thc trong qu kh . the U.S. CH T + HAD + QU KH PHN T After he had eaten breakfast, he went to school.

TH QU KH

HON THNH TI P DI N

Th qu kh hon thnh ti p di n nh n m nh kho ng th i gian c a 1 hnh ng ang x y ra trong qu kh v k t thc tr c 1 hnh ng khc x y ra v cng k t thc We had been living in Santa Ana for 2 trong qu kh . years before we moved to Garden Grove. CH T + HAD + BEEN + NG T THM -ING

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C m v t ng ch th i gian: Until then, by the time, prior to that time, before, after Dng th qu kh hon thnh cho hnh ng th nh t. Dng th qu kh cho hnh ng th hai. M o: Qu v c th nh theo cch ny. Ch ci ti ng Anh A B C.......

"A" ng v tr th nh t v "A" l ch ci u tin c a ch "After". Cho nn After + hnh ng th nh t. Tr c tin: Alex had gone to bed. Sau ': He couldn't sleep. After Alex had gone to bed, he couldn't sleep. Tr c tin: Jessica had cooked dinner. Sau ': Her boyfriend came. Jessica's boyfriend came after she had cooked dinner. "B" ng v tr th hai, v "B" l ch ci u tin c a ch "Before". Cho nn Before + hnh ng th 2. Tr c tin: Kimberly had taken the test. Sau ': She went home yesterday. Kimberly had taken the test before she went home yesterday. Tr c tin: Brandon had brushed his teeth. Sau ': He went to bed. Before Brandon went to bed, he had brushed his teeth. Kevin Khi Trng

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

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TM T T: di n t m t hnh ng ko di, CH M D T m t th i di m trong qu kh .

Khng c Past perfect progressive cho "To be". "Had been Being" c di n t b ng "Had been" .

*** THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE indicates a continuous action that was completed at some point in the past. This tense is formed with the modal "HAD" plus "BEEN," plus the present participle of the verb (with an -ing ending): "I had been working in the garden all morning. George had been painting his house for weeks, but he finally gave up." I hadn't been going You hadn't been going He hadn't been going We hadn't been going You hadn't been going They hadn't been going To say how long st had been happening before something else happened It had been raining (the sun was shining and the ground was wet it had stopped raining. ) I was very tired when I arrived home , I had been working hard all day He was out of breath . He had been running The house was quiet when I got home. Everybody had gone to bed. Tom wasn't there when I arrived : he had just gone out The man was a complete st ranger to me . I had never seen before.

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Bill no longer had his car: he had sold it NOTE: There is no past perfect progressive for the "to be" verb. "Had been being" is expressed simply as "had been": "We had been successful before, but we somehow lost our knack." Nam Phng

5- TNG LAI/TNG LAI TI P DI N TH TNG LAI N Khi qu v on (predict, guess), dng will ON: Dng c WILL l n BE GOING ho c be going to. TO Khi qu v ch d nh tr c, dng be going to khng c dng will. CH T + AM (IS/ARE) GOING TO + NG T ( hi n t i: simple form) Khi qu v di n t s tnh nguy n ho c s s n sng, dng will khng c dng be going to. CH T + WILL + NG T simple form) ( hi n t i: According to the reporter, it will be sunny tomorrow. HO C According to the reporter, it is going to be sunny tomorrow. I'm going to study tomorrow. (khng c dng WILL) I will help you do your homework. (khng c dng BE GOING TO)

TH TNG LAI TI P DI N Th tng lai ti p di n di n t hnh ng s I will be watching the "Wheel of Fortune" x y ra 1 th i i m no trong tng lai. show when you call tonight. CH T + WILL + BE + NG T THM -ING ho c Don't come to my house at five. I am going to be eating.

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CH T + BE GOING TO + BE + NG T THM -ING

C m v t ng ch th i gian: In the future, next year, next week, next time, and soon Kevin Khi Trng

6- TNG LAI HON THNH/TNG LAI HON THNH TI P DI N TH TNG LAI HON THNH Th tng lai hon thnh di n t 1 hnh ng trong tng lai s k t thc tr c 1 I'm going to go to school at eight. My hnh ng khc trong tng lai. friend is going to come to my house at nine tomorrow. By the time my friend comes to my house, I will have gone to school. CH T + WILL + HAVE + QU KH PHN T (PAST PARTICIPLE) She will have put on some make-up prior C m v t ng ch th i gian: By the time to the time her boyfriend comes tonight. and prior to the time (c ngha l before) TH TNG LAI HON THNH TI P DI N Th tng lai hon thnh ti p di n nh n m nh kho ng th i gian c a 1 hnh ng s ang x y ra trong tng lai v s k t thc tr c 1 hnh ng khc trong tng lai. CH T + WILL + HAVE + BEEN + NG T THM -ING He will have been studying for four hours by the time he takes his examination tonight. Kevin Khi Trng

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M o t - Articles
Nam Phng

Tm t t:
Indefinite articles: a, an ** C 2 d ng "A" v "AN"** AN khi ng tr c mt nguyn m : vowel a cat an accident some dogs Ngo i tr tr c U nhng ph i c l "ju" (pht m nh ch "yu" ti ng Vi t. Th d a University a unit not a one a unicorn Definite articles: The Gi ng nh adjectives (possessive, demonstratives, numeral, ...) m o t " THE "dng b ngha cho danh t . N ng tr c danh t . (Ti ng Vi t: ci , con, tri... nh ci hoa, con nai, tri cam...) ** Dng ch ng i, v t, ni ch n... m ta xc nh r i. Th d nh "con gi hng hng xm", ta bi t l ai r i, nn ta dng definite article "the". N u nh m t ng i no , th dng indefinite article "a". ** D i d ng ghi v n v ph nh, m o t khng thay i. ** Tr c m t nguyn m, "the" c c l "i" ** Khng dng m o t khi: *Danh t tr u t ng,

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* S nhi u c a "a" * Ngy, thng, nm * Ch c v o0o KHI DNG CH C T C NGH NGHI P He interviewed the president yesterday We saw the Queen on TV The Doctor left an hour ago Exception: The Emperor et The Tsar

DANH T

RING S nhi u (proper names, noms propres)

The Wilsons, the Bakers

DANH T A D S nhi u : The West Indies, the USA, the British Isles Exception: The United Kingdom H (of) Lacs The lake of Geneva TN BI N, I DNG, GING N C The Thames, the Mississippi, The Pacific The Mediterranean [rein]

TN DY NI The Alpes, the Rocky Mountains

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TN NG V CNG TRNH K NI M (C ch "of" ng tr c) The House of Parliament

Khi no khng dng m o t ?

Khi ch c t c, ngh nghi p c ti p theo b ng TN c a ng i ( Titre, grade, profession.. ils sont suivis du nom de la personne ) He interviewed Pr. Kennedy We saw Queen Elizabeth on TV Doctor Qeen left an hour ago President Mitterrand completed two terms. We saw Professor Miller at the restaurant. She met with Doctor Schmidt. DANH T Christ DANH T RING S T

A L S T

France, England Wales (s t) H, NH NI, NG V CNG TRNH K NI M (Lacs, Sommets, Rues et monuments) Lake Ontario Mount Everest, Ben Nevis Fith Avenue, Oxford Street Wesminter Abbey NAM PHNG

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Khi qu v ni v nh ng danh t chung (nouns in general), t "a," "an," ho c "kho^ng ma.o tu?`" tr c nh ng danh t . "a" c dng tr c ph m (b, c, d, f.....). "an" c dng tr c nguyn m (a, e, i, o, and u). "kho^ng ma.o tu?`" c dng tr c danh t s nhi u v danh t khng m c. Qu v ch nn nh 5 nguyn m. Ngoi ra l phu m ch khng nn nh v a nguyn m v a ph m. Danh t s t Danh t s t Danh t s nhi u Danh t khng m c He met a girl. I threw an apple away. Books are made from paper. (khng c m ot tr c ch "books") Milk is good for everyone. (khng c m o t tr c ch "milk") NGO I L : a uniform, m "d".) a university, a union (u c pht m l "diu" v c coi l 1 nguyn

an honest girl,

an honorable man (h cm)

Khi qu v ni v nh ng danh t b t nh (indefinite nouns), t "a" ho c "some" tr c nh ng danh t . "some" c dng v i danh t b t nh s nhi u v danh t b t nh khng m c. Danh t s t Danh t s nhi u Danh t khng m c Lan bought a shirt. Nancy wants to order some chairs. Andy got some mail today.

Khi qu v ni v nh ng danh t xc nh (definite nouns), t "the" tr c nh ng danh t . Khi c ng i ni l n ng i nghe u bi t v 1 danh t r rng, t "the." tr c danh t . "the" c dng v i danh t s t, s nhi u v danh t khng m c. Danh t s t Danh t s nhi u Danh t khng m c Ch c 1 m t tr i Where is the car, Joseph? She already talked to the children. Thank you for the advice, Amy. The sun was bright yesterday. We have just bought a house. The house is beautiful. The house is big. The United States, the Philippines, the United Nations...

Khi qu v bi t danh t ch c duy nh t 1, dng "the". Khi qu v nh c n 1 danh t no t l n th 2 tr i, dng "the". Nh c nh c n l n th 2.

Khi qu v ni v 1 hi p h i hay lin on, dng "the". N c M c 50 ti u bang. Phi Lu t Tn d c bao quanh b i hn 7000 hn o.

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Shall
Nam Phng

Ngi th nh t s t v s nhi u (I SHALL va WE SHALL): Th Tng lai: 1) Cu h i:

h i ki n hay l i khuyn b o Shall I help you ?

2) Cu tr l i: B i v ti khng th lm khc hn c... hay ti s lm n u vi c khng lm phi n ti ...

Yes, I shall

3) Dng I SHALL, WE SHALL khi: a) B b bu c, khng c s ch n l a hay mu n.. b) Khng c t do c) Hnh ng khng th lay chuy n c d) Nh ng ho t ng khng c : to know, understand, remember, forget Now, Ernest, I will give you one more chance, and if you dont say come , I shall know that you are self-willed and naughty I shall always remember your calling me a liar e) Cho nh ng c m gic v tnh c m: to be cold, glad, disappointed, to like, to enjoy, to hate...

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We shall be glad to meet your friend We shall meet you when you have gone We shall all be very tired Th d : Shall I tell him about it ? - What shall I do ? (Ti s lm g y?) - What shall we have for lunch ? (Ta s n g tra nay?, h i ki n ) - How long shall we wait ? - I shall not (shant) do it by myself. (I can't...) - I shall be very grateful if you do - I shall (not will) call you tomorrow. (tng lai) - We shall (not will) be sure to keep in touch (tnh c m)

Shall - Will
V Th Di u H ng

A - Shall

I) Ngi th

nh t (I, We)

1) Th tng lai

Khi dng ngi th nh t (I v We), chia v i tr ng t (auxiliary verb) SHALL + ng t chnh nguyn m u , n u km theo nh ng tr ng t (adverb) ch th i gian tng lai (tomorrow, next year, tonight...) th shall dng ni v th Tng lai I shall be late home tonight. (Ti s v nh tr t i nay) If you do that one more time, I shall be very cross. (N u... s ..) I shall never forget you. I shall have to call you back - there's someone at the front door. Next month I shall have worked here for five years.(1) Shall we be able to get this finished today, do you think? I'm afraid I shall not/shan't be able to come to your party. I shall hope to hear from you again soon.(Formal = hnh th c) I shall look forward to meeting you next week.(Formal) So we'll see you at the weekend, shall we (= is that right)? (2) We shall (= intend to = c nh, c m c ch) let you know as soon as there's any

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Vn ph m Anh vn news. This is an important point in my argument, and I shall (= intend to) come back to it. *** (1) Future perfect = Hnh ng trong tng lai, bi t tr c s c hon t t trong nm nm t i, m t hnh ng trong tng lai nhng x y ra tr c (th i gian nm nm) Th d : She will have finished before eight o'clock. (Hnh ng "to finish" xong TR C "eight o'clock") Tomorrow morning they will all have left. (Hnh ng "to leave" xong tr c "Tomorrow morning") They will already have finished eating by the time we get there.

(2) "We shall...": V c nhi u ki n khc nhau. chng ti cng c th s t i cng c th khng ... c a cc b n c thch chng ti t i khng? N u dng "We will..." th ta ch c m t con ng duy nh t l "chng ti s n g p cc b n cu i tu n ny ny"

2) Yu c u (Suggestion) a) Cu h i:
D i d ng cu h i: Ty n i dung trong cu (v ng ) m ta hi u l s yu c u (suggestion ), s phn xt (judg(e)ment), h i ki n hay l i khuyn b o, ni ln s yu c u lm m t vi c g . Shall I help you ? I'm cold. Shall I close this window? (Ti l nh. Ti c th ng c a c khng?) Shall we go out for dinner tonight? (Mnh i n t i nhen?) Shall I (= Do you want me to) pick the children up from school today? What shall (=What do you suggest that) we do about this broken window? Which restaurant shall we (=would you like us to) go to?

b) Cu tr

l i:

B i v ti khng th lm khc hn c... hay ti s lm n u vi c khng lm phi n ti ...

Yes, I shall

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3) nguy n
Shall dng ni ln m t nguy n, m t l i h a, m t m nh l nh, m t cng vi c m ta xc nh, qu quy t M T CCH M NH M Dng ni ln m t nguy n ch c ch n hay m t vi c ch n ch n s chnh b n kh ng nh l vi c s x y ra x y ra hay

Don't worry, I shall be there to meet the train. I'm determined that she shall not be allowed to suffer. The school rules state that no child shall be allowed out of the school during the day, unless accompanied by an adult.(Hnh th c) You shall (=I promise that you will) go to the ball, Hng.

4) Tm l i:
dng I SHALL, WE SHALL khi:

a) B b bu c, khng c s b) Khng c t do

ch n l a hay mu n..

c) Hnh ng khng th lay chuy n c d) Nh ng ho t ng khng c : to know, understand, remember, forget Now, Ernest, I will give you one more chance, and if you dont say come , I shall know that you are self-willed and naughty I shall always remember your calling me a liar e) Cho nh ng c m gic v tnh c m: to be cold, glad, disappointed, to like, to enjoy, to hate...

We shall be glad to meet your friend We shall meet you when you have gone We shall all be very tired

Th d :

Shall I tell him about it ? - What shall I do ? (Ti s lm g y?)

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Vn ph m Anh vn What shall we have for lunch ? (Ta s n g tra nay?, h i ki n ) How long shall we wait ? I shall not (shant) do it by myself. (I can't...) I shall be very grateful if you do I shall (not will) call you tomorrow. (tng lai) We shall (not will) be sure to keep in touch (tnh c m) x y ra hay chnh ta kh ng nh

f) nguy n ch c ch n hay m t vi c ch n ch n s I shall be there with you, don't worry.

B) Shall v Will
V Shall v Will u c rt g n gi ng nhau (I Will --> I'll , We shall --> We'll) nn ta khng n chng n a. Nhng th c s c s khc bi t:

1) N u ta dng I, We v i Shall v You, He, Them v i will = Bnh th ng. ngha s khch quan, ta khng c ki n g trong (objective, simple statement of fact)

I shall be in London tomorrow. You will see a large building on the left He will be wearing blue We shall not be there when you arrive You will find his office on the 7th floor They will arrive late

2) N u ta dng I v We v i Will v You, He Them v i Shall = qu quy t m nh m , m nh l nh, l i h a, nguy n... Ty theo ni dung trong m nh .

I will do everything possible to help (ti quy t..) You shall be sorry for this (anh ph i...) It shall be done.

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Vn ph m Anh vn We will not interfere. You shall do as you're told They shall give one month's notice (h h a...)

Cng gi ng nh lu t c a SHOULD V WOULD, nhng v i Should v Would th nh nhng hn, qu phi hn: I should be grateful if you would kindly send me your latest catalogue.

C) K t lu n
Will v Shall cho ta bi t cch di n t , c a ng i ni, ngha l hnh ng c lin quan n quan ni m c a ng i ni v ty theo v ng (nh ng ch sau "shall" hay"will") bi t tc gi cu ni nh th no. Nhng c m t i u r rng l : - Will ch s thnh. m t chi u, m t con ng, khng c ki n tri ng c, nh trong Kinh

- Shall ch nhi u chi u h ng c th x y ra., nh ng ki n tri ng c, nh trong Khoa h c.. Ti ni nh v y l v ti ngh th cho d ki n c a cc b n c i l p v i ti i chng n a th ti cng c ni Ireland shall be free: M c d nh ng ng i khc ngh khng gi ng ti, m c d khng ph i v y, nhng ti v n ni l Ireland s c t do! We shall overcome: Chng ta s th ng l i. C nhi u ng i khng ng v i ti, khng tin l i ti ni, m c d v y ti v n c b o m l i ti ni! (Ch c trong Chnh tr , cc ng c vin ph i dng th ng xuyn "Shall") . Ngoi ra cng c hm d a hay h a h n - You will pay for this: V i cu ni ny anh ch c m t con ng l ph i tr ti n chuy n qu r v ng i nghe khng ch ng i. - You shall pay for this Cho d anh khng ch u i n a , ti cng b t anh ph i tr ti n . - Will you come with us ? = anh i v i chng ti ch ? (L i m i) - Will you be coming with us ? = Anh s i v i chng ti khng? (cu h i)

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Vn ph m Anh vn - Will you lend your car please ? = l i th nh c u: Anh c mu n cho m n xe khng? - Will you be lending your car ? = Anh c s cho m n xe khng?

- Will you stay with us for the week-end ? = cu h i th ng - Shall you stay at home for the week-end ? = Cu h i tng lai -Will you be staying at home for the week-end ? = Tng lai -Yes, I will = Vng r t s n sng. nh!

-Yes, Im afraid I shall = H i i! Vng, ti ngh r ng s ph i

-You will go to the pictures and we shall stay here = Anh i xem chi u bng cn chng ti l i y lm xong cng vi c (m t s nh n xt bnh th ng, v We th shall v You will) - We will go to the pictures and = Chng ti i xem chi u bng (thch l m!) -You shall stay here to finish our work = Anh ph i (ng i ni nghim kh c ra l nh) l i lm xong cng chuy n

- He says he wont do it = Anh ta ni khng lm chuy n (anh ta t

ch i)

- He shall do it! = Anh ta ph i lm! (ng i ni cu ny nghim kh c ra l nh) - She shant go to VN with you! = C ta khng c i VN v i anh! (Ng i ni cu ny ch ng i khng mu n c ta i nn dng SHE SHAN'T) - She wont go to VN with you!. = C ta s khng i v i anh. y ch l m t nh n xt thng th ng l chnh c ta t ch i i VN v i anh ch ng i ni khng c lin can g c . B i v SHE WON'T, cu ni thng th ng. - I shall be 18 next week = Tu n sau ti s c 18 tu i cho d ti c mu n hay khng

Tnh t
Kevin Khi Trng

TH
Determiner Observation

C A TNH T
Origin Material Qualifier Head Noun

Physical Description

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Size Shape Age two her delicious some inexpensive my this several small comfortable big small round old lovely short young

Color children white Vietnamese French Canadian white oak dining silk business suit food chair beads

rocking chair

Khng nn dng qu nhi u tnh t trong 1 cu. Gi i h n t 2 n 5 tnh t trong 1 cu. Dng d u ph y gi a 2 tnh t ch khi no nh ng tnh t ny cng lo i. The short, yellow bristles of brass (2 tnh t trong physical description) A delicious, expensive Italian meal (khng dng d u ph y gi a expensive and Italian)

TNH T

V I ED V ING
ED: Qu Kh Phn T (Past Participle) I'm a tired person. She is an amazed lady. I'm a frightened guy. They are disappointed people. We are shocked people.

ING: Hi n T i Phn T (Present Participle) The work tires me. The story amazes her. The dogs frightens me. It is a tiring work. It is an amazing story. It is a frightening dog.

The news disappoints them. It is a disappointing news. The news shocks us. It is a shocking news.

ING: Hi n T i Phn T (Present Participle) ch th ch ng: Cng vi c lm ti m t. ED: Qu Kh Phn T (Past Participle) ch th b ng: Ti b m t b i cng vi c. Qu v c th ngh theo cch ny:

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H i: Ai lm hnh ng trong cu? Ng i hay v t g i l giver. Ai nh n hnh ng trong cu? Ng i hay v t g i l receiver? Ni v giver, dng ING Ni v receiver, dng ED

Th s t v s nhi u
Kevin Khi Trng

V I DANH T Nhi u danh t s t tr thnh s nhi u b ng cch thm ch "S" ho c "ES" cu i.

S A cat A hat

T Two cats Two hats

NHI U

Khi danh t t n cng b ng ch, s, sh, x, ho c z, t "ES"

cu i.

CH There is a church in this town. S I gave her a kiss. SH He brought one dish full of food. X They received a fax yesterday. Z We heard a buzz outside.

There are two churches in this town. I gave her many kisses. He brought two dishes full of food. They received four faxes yesterday. We heard a number of buzzes outside.

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LU T "Y" Khi 1 danh t t n cng b ng 1 nguyn m (A, E, I, O, U) v ch "Y", thm ch "S" thnh s nhi u.

NHI U

The child has several toys. The child has only one toy. We saw some boys walking down the street. We saw a boy walking down the street. My boss gave me one day to finish this job. My boss gave me two days to finish this They rescued a monkey in the zoo. job. They rescued a few monkeys in the zoo.

Khi 1 danh t t n cng b ng 1 ph m v ch "Y", thay ch "Y" b ng ch "I" v thm "ES".

Her family is really poor. The lady is so beautiful. Her duty is to lock the bank vault. A new baby was born yesterday. Give me a tray, please. The study showed that what he said was wrong.

Some families in the U.S are rich. The ladies are so beautiful. She has many duties. Ten babies were born yesterday. Give me two trays, please. Many studies have been made recently.

LU T "F" - "FE" N u danh t t n cng b ng ch "F" ho c "FE", thay ch "F" ho c "FE" b ng ch "V" v thm "ES".

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NHI U

She is drawing a calf. A leaf is falling down from a tree. She bought a loaf of bread. I bought her a scarf. Don't play with a knife. You have one life to live. His wife is nice.

She is drawing a calves. Leaves are falling down from a tree. She bought several loaves of bread. I bought her two scarves (ho c scarfs). Don't play with knives. They risked their lives to rescue you. Their wives are selfish.

NGO I L : Vi danh t t n cng b ng ch "F" c ch "S" Belief --- Beliefs Chief --- Chiefs Cliff --- Cliffs Proof --- Proofs Roof --- Roofs Safe --- Safes

cu i.

LU T "OES" - "OS" i khi danh t t n cng b ng ch "O" c "ES" ho c "S" ho c c hai "ES" v "OS" cu i.

OES Echo --- Echoes

Hero --- Heroes

Potato --- Potatoes

Tomato --- Tomatoes

OS Auto --- Autos Memos Photo --- Photos Solos Soprano --- Sopranos Video --- Videos

Concerto --- Concertos Piano --- Pianos Studio --- Studios Zoo --- Zoos

Kilo --- Kilos Radio --- Radios Tattoo --- Tattoos

Memo --Solo ---

C hai "OES" v "OS" Mosquito --- Mosquitoes/Mosquitos Tornado --- Tornadoes/Tornados

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Volcano --- Volcanoes/Volcanos

Zero --- Zeroes/Zeros

TH S

NHI U C A DANH T

B T QUY T C

Child --- Children

M t vi danh t c th s nhi u b t quy t t. Foot --- Feet Goose --- Geese Louse --- Lice Man -- Men Mouse --- Mice Ox --- Oxen Tooth --- Teeth Woman --- Women

TH S

T V S

NHI U GI NG NHAU

Vi danh t gi ng nhau c th s t l n s nhi u. Deer --- Deer Fish --- Fish Means --- Means Sheep Species --- Species

Series --- Series

Sheep ---

TH S

NHI U C M N T

NH NG NGN NG

KHC

M t vi th s nhi u c a danh t c m n t nh ng ngn ng khc. Criterion --- Criteria Phenomenon --- Phenomena Cactus --- Cacti/Cactuses Stimulus --- Stimuli Alumnus --- Alumni Syllabus --- Syllabi/Syllabuses Analysis --- Analyses Basis --- Bases Crisis --- Crises Hypothesis --- Hypotheses Parenthesis --- Parentheses Oasis --- Oases Thesis --- Theses Appendix --- Appendices/Appendixes Index --- Indexes/Indices Formula --- Formulas/Formulae Vertebra --- Vertebrae

Bacterium --- Bacteria Curriculum --- Curricula Datum --- Data Medium --- Media Memorandum ---Memoranda Agendum --- Agenda

V I NG T

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Trong th hi n t i n, r t nhi u ng t c ch "S" ho c "ES" cu l ngi ba s t.

cu i khi ch t trong

Khi ng t t n cng b ng ch, s, sh, x, ho c z, t "ES"

cu i.

CH S SH X

Watch --- Watches He watches TV every night. Kiss --- Kisses She kisses her daughter before she goes to work in the morning. Brush --- Brushes The boy brushes his teeth each morning. Fax --- Faxes She faxes at least two receipts to the insurance company every day. Buzz --- Buzzes His left ear buzzes each time the plane takes off.

Tr ng t - Adverbs
Nam Phng v Kevin Khi Trng

Tm t t:
Indefinite articles: a, an ** C 2 d ng "A" v "AN"** AN khi ng tr c mt nguyn m : vowel a cat an accident

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some dogs Ngo i tr tr c U nhng ph i c l "ju" (pht m nh ch "yu" ti ng Vi t. Th d a University a unit not a one a unicorn Definite articles: The Gi ng nh adjectives (possessive, demonstratives, numeral, ...) m o t " THE "dng b ngha cho danh t . N ng tr c danh t . (Ti ng Vi t: ci , con, tri... nh ci hoa, con nai, tri cam...) ** Dng ch ng i, v t, ni ch n... m ta xc nh r i. Th d nh "con gi hng hng xm", ta bi t l ai r i, nn ta dng definite article "the". N u nh m t ng i no , th dng indefinite article "a". ** D i d ng ghi v n v ph nh, m o t khng thay i. ** Tr c m t nguyn m, "the" c c l "i" ** Khng dng m o t khi: *Danh t tr u t ng, * S nhi u c a "a" * Ngy, thng, nm * Ch c v o0o KHI DNG CH C T C NGH NGHI P He interviewed the president yesterday We saw the Queen on TV The Doctor left an hour ago

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Exception: The Emperor et The Tsar

DANH T

RING S nhi u (proper names, noms propres)

The Wilsons, the Bakers

DANH T A D S nhi u : The West Indies, the USA, the British Isles Exception: The United Kingdom H (of) Lacs The lake of Geneva TN BI N, I DNG, GING N C The Thames, the Mississippi, The Pacific The Mediterranean [rein]

TN DY NI The Alpes, the Rocky Mountains

TN NG V CNG TRNH K NI M (C ch "of" ng tr c) The House of Parliament

Khi no khng dng m o t ?

Khi ch c t c, ngh nghi p c ti p theo b ng TN c a ng i ( Titre, grade, profession.. ils sont suivis du nom de la personne ) He interviewed Pr. Kennedy

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We saw Queen Elizabeth on TV Doctor Qeen left an hour ago President Mitterrand completed two terms. We saw Professor Miller at the restaurant. She met with Doctor Schmidt. DANH T Christ DANH T RING S T

A L S T

France, England Wales (s t) H, NH NI, NG V CNG TRNH K NI M (Lacs, Sommets, Rues et monuments) Lake Ontario Mount Everest, Ben Nevis Fith Avenue, Oxford Street Wesminter Abbey NAM PHNG

Khi qu v ni v nh ng danh t chung (nouns in general), t "a," "an," ho c "kho^ng ma.o tu?`" tr c nh ng danh t . "a" c dng tr c ph m (b, c, d, f.....). "an" c dng tr c nguyn m (a, e, i, o, and u). "kho^ng ma.o tu?`" c dng tr c danh t s nhi u v danh t khng m c. Qu v ch nn nh 5 nguyn m. Ngoi ra l phu m ch khng nn nh v a nguyn m v a ph m. Danh t s t Danh t s t Danh t s nhi u Danh t khng m c He met a girl. I threw an apple away. Books are made from paper. (khng c m ot tr c ch "books") Milk is good for everyone. (khng c m o t tr c ch "milk") NGO I L :

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a uniform, m "d".)

a university,

a union (u c pht m l "diu" v c coi l 1 nguyn

an honest girl,

an honorable man (h cm)

Khi qu v ni v nh ng danh t b t nh (indefinite nouns), t "a" ho c "some" tr c nh ng danh t . "some" c dng v i danh t b t nh s nhi u v danh t b t nh khng m c. Danh t s t Danh t s nhi u Danh t khng m c Lan bought a shirt. Nancy wants to order some chairs. Andy got some mail today.

Khi qu v ni v nh ng danh t xc nh (definite nouns), t "the" tr c nh ng danh t . Khi c ng i ni l n ng i nghe u bi t v 1 danh t r rng, t "the." tr c danh t . "the" c dng v i danh t s t, s nhi u v danh t khng m c. Danh t s t Danh t s nhi u Danh t khng m c Ch c 1 m t tr i Where is the car, Joseph? She already talked to the children. Thank you for the advice, Amy. The sun was bright yesterday. We have just bought a house. The house is beautiful. The house is big. The United States, the Philippines, the United Nations... KEVIN KHI TRNG

Khi qu v bi t danh t ch c duy nh t 1, dng "the". Khi qu v nh c n 1 danh t no t l n th 2 tr i, dng "the". Nh c nh c n l n th 2.

Khi qu v ni v 1 hi p h i hay lin on, dng "the". N c M c 50 ti u bang. Phi Lu t Tn d c bao quanh b i hn 7000 hn o.

i t - Pronouns
Nam Phng C nhi u lo i i t : CH T TC T (SUBJECT) : I, You, He, She, It, We, You, They (OBJECT) Me, You, Him, Her, It, Us, You, Them

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PREPOSITIONAL OBJECTS POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS: Mine, Yours, His, Hers, Its, Ours, Yours, Theirs DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS : This one, That one, These ones, Those ones, She who, He who, They who. RELATIVE PRONOUNS : Who, Whom, Whose, That, Which, That which, What. REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS: Myself, Yourself, Himself, Herself, Itself, Ourselves, Yourselves, Themselves RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS : Each other, One another

Cch dng:
Tc t i sau d ng t :

Did you buy it? You didn't buy it. You bought it. Will you come to the store with me? He left without her. I have spoken to her. I gave this present to them. Nhng : I gave them this present.

Th ng tc t gin ti p (indirect object) i sau gi i t "to", tr khi tr c n c m t tc t tr c ti p, lc m t gi i t "to": I gave them this present

Th t cc i t :

Ch t He

ng t gave

tc t tr c ti p it

tc t gin ti p to me

tc t gi i t for Christmas

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Don't tell that to him. He couldn't sell the car to them.

Ngo i tr : Nh ta ni trn, ta c th b gi i t "to" khi tc t tr c ti p ng tr c tc t gin ti p

He gave me it for Christmas. Don't tell him that. He couldn't sell them the car.

Cc lo i i t :
1) POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS

I --> mine your --> yours he, she, it --> his (masculine), hers (feminine), its (impersonal) we --> ours they --> theirs Do :

I have my likes, and she has hers. If you give me one of yours, I'll give you one of mine. I like our house, but frankly, I am jealous of theirs! That's mine!

2) DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS TM T T: Chng gi ng nh demonstrative adjectives tr s t th thm ONE v

These tomatoes are fresher than those. These are better than those. Would you like a little of this? That strikes me as really weird! The book is more interesting than that one.

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Tr c m t relative pronoun (th d "who") th n bi n thnh "THE ONE" (the ones) ch v t. "HE/SHE WHO" , "THEY WHO" ch ng i.

This film is the one that you hated so much. He who eats well works well. This pen is the one with which the President signed the new law.

3) RELATIVE PRONOUNS Dng n i hai cu v i nhau:

I found an apartment. This apartment has three rooms.

may be joined using a relative pronoun:

I found an apartment which has three rooms

Cc d ng c a relative pronouns Relative pronouns c nhi u d ng khc nhau:who, whom, whose, that, which, that which, what. Specific person Specific thing That Subject Who Which Whet That Who Direct object Whom Object of a preposition Which Preposition + Prep + Whom Which Special cases Possession Time Space That + Prep + Which What Prep + What That Which Which Unspecific thing That

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Whose When Of which Ch t Who : ch ng i Which, that: ch v t, v t

Where

There's the man who stole my wallet! I read a novel that entertained me a great deal. He made a mistake which embarrassed him.

Khi khng r l ai, dng "what" (v "that which", nhng khng thng d ng b ng)

What interests me in this film is the music. That which eludes us intrigues us the most. I don't know what happened.

Tc t Whom : cho ng i That, Which: cho v t

She is a person whom I respect a great deal. He ordered a beverage which he didn't drink. She is talking about the trip that we're going to take

Ch : Ta c th b "Whom" hay "That", (nhng khng c b "What" hay "That which") khi ni n specific antecedent.

She is a person I respect a great deal. He ordered a beverage he didn't drink. She is talking about the trip we're going to take.

Khi antecedent (ch ng tr c relative pronoun) khng r rng, ta dng "What" (c th dng "That which" nhng t thng d ng)

You can do what you want.

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What they are doing seems useful.

4) POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS S h u (Possession): "whose" / "of which" Whose : cho ng i Of which : cho v t

The tourist whose ticket had expired filed a complaint. There is the man whose mother is our mayor. That was a good article, the point of which was to make us think.

5) PREPOSITIONAL OBJECTS Gi i t th ng ng tr c tc t c a n

Here's the pattern with which I made this shirt. The woman for whom I work is quite strict. Here's the tree next to which Newton was sitting. They went out for dinner, after which they went home.

Trong vn ni, gi i t c th cu i cu. Tuy nhin v i pronoun What, c u trc ny c dng , ngay trong vn vi t

Here's the pattern which I made this shirt with. The woman whom I work for is quite strict. Here's the tree which Newton was sitting next to. Tell me what you're thinking about.

6) I T

TH I GIAN

Pronoun "When" dng v i danh t ch th i gian. Tuy nhin nhi u khi cng khng c n pronoun ny nn b lun

I remember the day when we met. I remember the day we met. He arrived at the moment when we were speaking of him. He arrived at the moment we were speaking of him.

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7) I T

KHNG GIAN

Khi nh ng gi i t c bi t ch ni ch n (th d "on", "under"...) khng c n thi t, ta th b ng pronoun "Where"

Here's the house where my parents were born. She doesn't know where she's going.

8) REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS : ch hnh ng t mnh lm cho mnh (th d ti t h i, n t mua cho n...)

I --> myself you (singular) --> yourself you (plural) --> yourselves he --> himself she --> herself it --> itself we --> ourselves they --> themselves

I told myself it would never happen. She talks to herself all the time. Look at yourself in that mirror! I would like to give myself a raise

pha cu i cu, ta c th thm reflexive pronouns nh n m nh ch t trong cu. (cn ng t khng c nh n m nh)

I would rather do that myself. Can you talk to him yourself?

9) RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS ch hai ng i, hnh ng l n nhau, ta dng reciprocal pronouns "each other" hay "one another". th d : "chng thng nhau", "chng ti nh nhau"

They hate each other.

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They killed one another. We talk to each other often.

Gi i t - Prepositions
Nam Phng

Khng gian
Gi i t dng ch v tr khng gian v th i gian t m t v tr nh.

I put the book on the table. She arrived before the others. He came toward me.

C r t nhi u gi i t . y l m t ph n c a danh sch, th d :

to -- He gave the book to his friend. (ni n; ) at -- They arrived at his house at 5 o'clock. ( , lc; ) of -- It was the third day of the month. (c a; de) from -- That young women comes from Thailand. (t ; de) on -- She put the plate on the table. (trn; sur) under -- The cat crawled under the bed. (d i; d i) over -- The boy threw the rock over the tree. (trn cao; au-dessus) underneath -- The rabbit escaped underneath the fence. (bn d i; au-dessous) before -- (time) She arrived before the movie started. (tr c khi, ch th i gian; avant) after -- He called his mother after he finished shopping. (sau, aprs) in front of -- His mother parked her car in front of his apartment. (tr c m t, en face) behind -- The dog ran behind the house. (sau lng, derrire) for -- He went to the store for more milk. ( , pour) toward -- The criminal walked toward him with a gun.(British English: toward, c l [tw d]. American Engish vi t l "towards" v c l [tdz]: v pha; vers) against -- Everyone was against that idea. (ch ng; contre) around -- The athletes ran around the track six times.(xung quanh, kho ng; autour) close to -- He placed the food close to the squirrel. (st; prs de. "close" l adverb.) far from -- He placed the food far from the lion. (xa; loin de) next to -- He was hot, so he sat down next to the air conditioning. (bn c nh; tt de)
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facing -- She sat down on the other side of the table, facing him. (st tr c m t; en face de) in the midst of -- I don't know where to find any free time in the midst of these emergencies. ( gi a, trong s , gi ng ch "among"; en plein milieu, parmi)

Cch dng gi i t
R t ph c t p, kh c th c m t lu t l bao qut m i v n . Tuy nhin, ch ch d n mt cch i lo i, c th gip ch ph n no thi. Mu n i su vo vn chng Anh, ph i tham kh o nhi u. B i m t ng t c th c hng trm ngha khi ghp v i nh ng gi i t hay tr ng t . a l: S chuy n ng n m t ni no th dng TO ( n; ) Cn i ra kh i ni no th dng FROM (t ; de)

When are you going to Canada. He went to Asia last year. I spent three years in London. She was born in Normandy. He comes from Mexico.

Chuyn ch BY: di n t cch di chuy n nh th no. IN v ON: ta

TRONG xe

I came by bike. Traveling by plane is my favorite. I was already on (in) the train when he arrived. She is waiting for me in the car.

Th i gian GI * AT (lc; )

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Let's meet at six o'clock. They arrived at 4:45.

NGY * ON

His birthday is on Monday. It happened on March 3, 1997.

THNG * IN

My birthday is in September. We will begin work in August. DI TH I GIAN (duration)

* FOR, IN

I am going away for a few days. He worked with them for three years. I can read that book in a day.

Gi i t "TO"
Thng th ng, khi gi i t TO ng TR C danh t lm tc t gin ti p (indirect object; complment d'objet indirect, vi t t t l COI) n s bi n m t. Th d : Give me your knowledge Nhng: Give your knowledge TO me

ng t v i m t gi i t

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Gi i t r t quan tr ng, n lm thay i hon ton ng t . M t ng t c th c nm b y ch c ngha khc nhau v nh ng gi i t ng bn n v nh ng ch trong cu. Nn ti vi t m t bi ring v ng t km gi i t l y yn l "Nh ng gi i t thng d ng c n bi t" cc b n h c thu c ngha. Ti s b tc thm, s d ch ra ti ng vi t sau ny, v hi n gi cn ph i vi t nh ng bi quan tr ng. B i bi ny ti ch d ch ra ti ng Php d y h c sinh c a ti m thi.

to speak -- to say words to speak up -- to speak loudly to speak down (to someone) -- to be condescending toward someone to speak for (someone) -- to speak in someone's place

to put -- to set down to put up -- to place up high to put up -- to put in jars or cans to put away -- to put something back where it belongs to put down -- to release one's grasp of something to put out -- to place outside, or to take outside to put on -- to wear to turn -- to twist to turn on -- to make something function (a light, a motor) to turn off -- to remove the power to (a light, a motor) to turn around -- to turn to face the opposite direction to turn up -- to augment the sound, the light to turn down -- to diminish the sound, the light to turn out -- to become to turn red, white, etc. -- to change colors

C u trc cu: Khi cu c m t tc t (object), tc t s theo sau gi i t . N u tc t c thay b ng m t i danh t (personal object pronoun) th i danh t s ng tr c :

He turned on the television. He turned it on. She put away her books. She put them away.

ng t v i nhi u gi i t :

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C nhi u ng t dng hai gi i t :

to put up with (something, someone) -- to tolerate someone to go out with -- to accompany someone to go off on (a digression, an adventure) -- to begin, to start to run away from -- to flee

C u trc cu: Khi ng t c theo sau b i 2 gi i t , tc t theo sau 2 gi i t ny khi gi i t l i danh t (pronoun)

How can you put up with him? Bill should not go out with Monica.

ng t i i v i gi i t :
C nh ng ng t lun i i v i gi i t v gi i t ny lun ng tr c tc t . Tuy nhin ngha khng thay i

to wait for to look for to look at to listen to to pay for to ask for to be happy with something to be mad at (or: with) someone to depend on to be interested in to thank fort to be busy with

Th d cu:

She's the one who paid for our dinner! I'm not asking for anything! I'm busy with my own stuff. That depends on you.

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M nh

Tr ng T

Kevin Khi Trng M nh tr ng t l 1 nhm t m c subordinating conjunction (SC), ch t , v ng t . M nh tr ng t l 1 m nh ph v ph i c n i v i 1 m nh c l p (c ch t v ng t ).

Khi qu v t m nh tr ng t

u cu, ph y "," cu i m nh . Before I go to school in the morning, I take a shower.

SC + CH T + NG T + D U PH Y + CH T + NG T

While my niece was watching TV, I was reading a book. (while ngha l trong lc )

Khi m nh tr ng t theo sau m nh c l p, khng dng ph y "," CH T + NG T + NG T + SC + CH T I take a shower before I go to school. (khng ph y)

NGO I L : Ph y "," cu i m nh c l p m c d m nh tr ng t theo sau m nh c l p khi qu v dng ch "WHEREAS ho c WHILE". Ch WHILE trong tr ng h p ny c ngha l ng c l i ch khng c ngha l trong lc . Jerry is strong, whereas Jack is weak. She is rich, while I'm poor. (C ta th giu, ng c l i ti th ngho.)

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SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS TH NG DNG: After As As soon as As long as Although Because Before By the time Even if Even though Every time If In case that In the even that Now that Once Only if Provided that Providing that Since So long as So that The first time The last time The next time Though Unless Until When Whenever Whereas Whether or not While

M nh tnh t
Kevin Khi Trng

Qu v c n bi t s khc nhau gi a m nh v c m t . M t m nh l 1 nhm t m c 1 ch ng v ng t . Nhng 1 c m t l 1 nhm t m khng c ch ng v ng t .

Nh ng b c t o 1 m nh tnh t : a. Nhn vo cu th nh t v h i danh t no m qu v mu n b ngha (danh t no qu v mu n ni t i). b. Nhn vo cu th hai v tm t no m c p n (c ngha l) danh t trong cu th nh t.. c. Quy t nh n u t trong cu th hai l ch t hay tc t v thay n b ng i danh t lm ch t (WHO, WHICH, THAT) ho c i danh t lm tc t (WHOM, THAT, WHICH, NOTHING).

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DNG V I CH T WHO cho ng ii WHICH cho v t

(SUBJECT):

THAT cho c ng i v v t

Trong th d ny, chng ta ni v "my friend". Do t "She" ngha l "my friend", v "She" l ch t c a cu th hai. "She" c i b ng "who" (b i v "she" l ng i) ho c "that."

1. I talked to my friend. 2. She lent me some money.

I talked to my friend who lent me some money. I talked to my friend that lent me some money.

Trong th d ny, chng ta ni v "TV". Do t "It" ngha l "TV" v "It" l ch t c a cu th hai. "It" c i b ng "which" (b i v "It l v t) ho c "that."

1. They have a TV. 2. It is very big.

They have a TV which is very big. They have a TV that is very big.

DNG V I TC T

(OBJECT):

WHOM cho ng i (ho c WHO nhng khng nn dng) WHICH cho v t THAT cho c ng i v v t NOTHING ( khng WHOM, WHICH, THAT: ch c dng v i tc t (object) m

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thi.

Trong th d ny, chng ta ni v "the girl".

1. The girl is so cute. 2. I talked with her at the library yesterday night .

Do t "her" ngha l "the girl", v "her" The girl whom I talked with at the library l tc t c a cu th hai. yesterday night is so cute. "Her" c i b ng "whom" (b i v "her" The girl who I talked with at the library l ng i), "who," "that," ho c "nothing." yesterday night is so cute. (khng tr nh tr ng v khng nn dng) M t s ng i khng phn bi t c s khc nhau gi a "WHO" v "WHOM". The girl that I talked with at the library yesterday night is so cute. "WHO" c dng nh l i danh t lm tc t trong tr ng h p khng tr nh tr ng. The girl I talked with at the library Qu v khng nn dng cch ny. yesterday night is so cute. (khng c n whom ho c that gi a the girl v I)

1. The dress is expensive. 2. She bought it from Nordstrom. Trong th d ny, chng ta ni v "the dress". Do t "It" ngha l "the dress", v "It" l tc t c a cu th hai. "It" d c i b ng "which" (b i v "It" l v t), "that," ho c"nothing." The dress which she bought from Nordstrom is expensive. The dress that she bought from Nordstrom is expensive. The dress she bought from Nordstrom is expensive. (khng c n dng which ho c that gi a the dress v she)

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Vi ng i khng bi t t i sao i khi chng ta t cu th hai cu i cu th nh t v i khi chng ta t cu th hai gi a cu th nh t. Qu v c th c m c gi ng v y khng? y l l do t i sao. t m nh tnh t cng g n danh t m n b ngha nh n m nh . 1. I talked to my friend. 2. She lent me some money. I talked to my friend who lent me some money. 1. The girl is so cute. 2. I talked with her at the library yesterday night . The girl whom I talked with at the library yesterday night is so cute.

M NH QUAN TR NG V M NH KHNG QUAN TR NG: ESSENTIAL (Identifying, restrictive) AND NONESSENTIAL (Nondentifying, nonrestrictive) CLAUSES: Hy t h i mnh n u m nh tnh t c n thi t nh n d ng danh t . N u m nh c n thi t, khng nn dng d u ph y. N u m nh khng c n thi t, dng d y ph y b i v m nh ch l ph n ph v qu v khng c n dng n nh nh d ng danh t . Thm vo , c vi cch quy t nh n u m nh l khng quan tr ng. Nhn vo danh t m m nh b ngha cho n.

Khng nn dng d u ph y khi m nh tnh t quan tr ng: Do not use comma(s) when the adjective clause is essential:

a. The instructor who teaches ESL N49 is a. Chng ta khng bi t gio vin no an excellent lecturer. chng ta ang ni n. "Who teaches ESL N49" r t l quan tr ng nh n d ng ng ta hay b ta. b. Chng ta khng bi t thnh ph no chng ta ang bn n. "Which has one million people" r t l quan tr ng nh n d ng thnh ph no. Thnh ph m c 1 tri u dn khng ph i thnh ph c 2 tri u b. I lived in a city that has one million people.

c. The girl who is wearing the short skirt is

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dn. c. Chng ta c n m nh tnh t nh n d ng c gi no.

a cheerleader.

Dng d u ph y cho m nh tnh t khng quan tr ng: Use comma(s) for nonessential adjective clauses:

1. Danh t ring (tn ng i ho c ni ch n) a. Tn ng i b. Tn ni ch n a. Mr. Lewis, who is an English instructor, has helped me a lot with my English. b. Vietnam, which is a beautiful country, used to possess Nam Quan frontier.

2. c nh c n tr c ho c c bi t b i c hai ng i ni v ng i nghe.

a. Trong cu u, "cousin" l danh t chung. Nhng m trong cu th hai "cousin" c nh c n tr c y. Do , b. The dress, which was beautiful, m nh tnh t khng quan tr ng. belonged to Helen.

a. Linh has a cousin who is living in Canada. The cousin, who often contacts Linh by email, is Eric.

b. C ng i ni v ng i nghe u bi t ci c. After a work-out, one should drink o no h ang ni t i. H v Helen i plenty of water, which is essential for his or mua s m cu i tu n r i. her health. c. T t c chng ta u bi t n c l g.

3. Duy nh t (ch 1 ci duy nh t trn th gi i) Ch c 1 m t tr i

The sun, which contains more than 99.8% of the total mass of the Solar System, has a diameter of 1,390,000 kilometers.

a. Chickens, which have two wings, are delicious food. 4. Dng t ng qut a. c p n t t c g con b. Rice, which is grown in Thailand, is good.

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b. M i ng i u bi t g o l g c. M i ng i u bi t ci gh u l g

c. A stool, which I bought yesterday, is too high.

5. M nh tnh t th a (khng quan tr ng) Her boyfriend, who was drunk, asked her "who was drunk" khng quan tr ng. Qu v to stay home. c th b n i. "Her boyfriend asked her to stay home." l chnh v "who was drunk" ch l ph n th a.

Irregular verbs
Nam Phng

to awake to bear to beat to become to begin to bend to bet to bid

awoke bore beat became began bent bet bid

awoken borne beaten become begun bent bet bid

(se) rveiller Th c d y supporter. ch u ng battre. nh devenir. Tr thnh commencer. B t u (se) courber., Ci , cong parier. C cu c offrir (un prix). Cho gi

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to bind to bite to bleed to blow to break to breed to bring to build to burn to burst to buy to cast to catch to choose to cling to come to cost to creep to cut to deal to dig to do to draw to dream to drink to drive to dwell

bound bit bled blew broke bred brought built burnt burst bought cast caught chose clung came cost crept cut dealt dug did drew dreamt drank drove dwelt

bound bitten bled blown broken bred brought built burnt burst bought cast caught chosen clung come cost crept cut dealt dug done drawn dreamt drunk driven dwelt

lier, relier. Tri, bu c mordre.C n saigner. Ch y mu souffler. Th i casser. B lever (du btail). Chn nui apporter. Mang. construire. Xy brler. t, chy clater. N acheter. Mua jeter. Nm attraper. Ch p b t choisir. Ch n l a s'accrocher. Treo venir. n coter. Gi ramper. B couper. C t distribuer. Phn pht creuser. o faire. Lm dessiner. V rver. M boire. U ng conduire. Li habiter.

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to eat to fall to feed to feel to fight to find to flee to fling to fly to forbid to forget to forgive to freeze to get to give to go to grind to grow to hang to have to hear to hide to hit to hold to hurt to keep to kneel

ate fell fed felt fought found fled flung flew forbade forgot forgave froze got gave went ground grew hung had heard hid hit held hurt kept knelt

eaten fallen fed felt fought found fled flung flown forbidden forgotten forgiven frozen got given gone ground grown hung had heard hidden hit held hurt kept knelt

manger. n tomber. T nourrir. Nui sentir, prouver. C m nh n combattre. Chi n u trouver. Tm ra s'enfuir. Tr n jeter violemment. Nm m nh b o voler. Bay interdire. C m oublier. Qun pardonner. Tha th geler. ng l nh obtenir. C c donner Cho aller. i moudre. Nghi n grandir. L n ln pendre, accrocher. Treo avoir. C entendre. Nghe. (se) cacherTr n, gi u frapper, atteindre. nh, t n tenir. C m blesser. Lm t n thng garder. Gi s'agenouiller. Qu

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to know to lay to lead to lean to leap to learn to leave to lend to let to lie to light to lose to make to mean to meet to pay to put to quit to read to rid to ride to ring to rise to run to saw to say to see

knew laid led leant leapt learnt left lent let lay lit lost made meant met paid put quit read rid rode rang rose ran sawed said saw

known laid led leant leapt learnt left lent let lain lit lost made meant met paid put quit read rid ridden rung risen run sawn said seen

savoir, connatre. Bi t poser plat. N m mener. D n n s'appuyer. D a sauter. Nh y apprendre. laisser, quitter. R i xa prter. Cho m n permettre, louer. Cho php. M n tre tendu. N m allumer. B t n perdre. M t faire, fabriquer. Lm signifier. Ngha l (se) rencontrer. G p payer. Tr ti n mettre. cesser (de). T b lire. c dbarrasser. B chevaucher. C i sonner. Reo s'lever, se lever. Ln courir. Ch y scier. Ca dire. Ni voir. Th y

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to seek to sell to send to set to sew to shake to shear to shed to shine to shoe to shoot to show to shrink to shut to sing to sink to sit to sleep to slide to sling to slink to slit to smell to sow to speak to speed to spell

sought sold sent set sewed shook sheared shed shone shod shot showed shrank shut sang sank sat slept slid slung slunk slit smelt sowed spoke sped spelt

sought sold sent set sewn shaken shorn shed shone shod shot shown shrunk shut sung sunk sat slept slid slung slunk slit smelt sown spoken sped spelt

chercher. Tm vendre. Bn. envoyer. G i fixer. , t coudre. May secouer. L c tondre (des moutons). H t (lng c u) verser (des larmes) Ch y n c m t briller. Sng ferrer, chausser. ng mng ng a, i giy tirer. B n montrer. Ch rtrcir. Co rt fermer. ng chanter. Ht couler. Chm tre assis. Ng i dormir. Ng glisser. Tr t lancer (avec force). Nm m nh aller furtivement. V i vng i fendre, inciser. Ch sentir (odorat). Ng i semer. Gieo parler. Ni aller toute vitesse. i nhanh peler. nh v n

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to spend to spill to spit to split to spoil to spread to spring to stand to steal to stick to sting to stink to stride to strike to string to strive to swear to sweep to swell to swim to swing to take to teach to tear to tell to think to throw

spent spilt spat split spoilt spread sprang stood stole stuck stung stank strode struck strung strove swore swept swelled swam swung took taught tore told thought threw

spent spilt spat split spoilt spread sprung stood stolen stuck stung stunk stridden struck strung striven sworn swept swollen swum swung taken taught torn told thought thrown

dpenser. Tiu xi renverser (un liquide). n c cracher. Kh c fendre. R ch gcher, gter. Lm h rpandre. R i ra jaillir, bondir. phun n c tre debout. ng voler, drober. n c p coller. Dn piquer. Chc puer. Th i marcher grands pas. i r o b c frapper. nh enfiler, tendre (une corde). Cng s'efforcer. p bu c jurer. Th balayer. Qut enfler nager. Bi se balancer. u a prendre. L y enseigner. D y dchirer. X dire, raconter. Ni, k penser. Ngh jeter. Nm

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to thrust to tread

thrust trod

thrust trodden understood woken worn woven wept won wound wrung written

enfoncer. n xu ng fouler aux pieds comprendre. Hi u (se) rveiller porter (des vtements). M c o tisser. D t pleurer. Khc gagner. Th ng enrouler. Bao tordre. V t crire. Vi t

to understand understood to wake to wear to weave to weep to win to wind to wring to write woke wore wove wept won wound wrung wrote

Cch dng OTHER(S)

Kevin Khi Trng

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S Dng ANOTHER

S Dng OTHER(S)

NHI U

OTHER(S) ngha l 2 hay nhi u ci n a (2 ANOTHER ngha l 1 ci n a (1 ci khc) hay nhi u ci khc) trong cng 1 nhm. trong cng 1 lo i (nhm). Th d : C 5 tri cam trn bn. Qu v Th d : C 5 tri cam trn bn. Qu v n 1 tri, v qu v mu n n thm 2 tri n 1 tri, v qu v mu n n thm 1 tri n a. Qu v nn ni nh sau: n a. Qu v nn ni nh sau: I want other oranges. (other + oranges: I want another orange. (another + orange: other l tnh t .) another l tnh t , adjective.) I want other ones. (other + ones: other l I want another one. (another + one: tnh t .) another l tnh t , adjective.) I want others. (khng c ch no i theo I want another. (khng c ch no i theo sau others: others ng 1 mnh l i danh t , pronoun.) sau another: another ng 1 mnh l i danh t , pronoun.) LU : oranges v ones l danh t s nhi u. LU : orange v one l danh t s t. Dng THE OTHER(S) Dng THE OTHER THE OTHER ngha l ci cu i cng (ci cn l i) trong cng 1 nhm. THE OTHER(S) ngha l nh ng ci cu i cng (nh ng ci cn l i) trong cng 1 nhm.

Th d : C 4 (ho c 5 v nhi u hn) tri Th d : C 2 tri cam trn bn. Qu v cam trn bn. Qu v n 2 tri. Ch cn n 1 tri. Ch cn st l i 1 tri. Qu v nn st l i 2 (ho c 3 v nhi u hn) tri. Qu v ni nh sau: nn ni nh sau: I want the other orange. (the other + orange: the other l tnh t .) I want the other one. (the other + one: the other l tnh t .) I want the other. (nothing after the other: the other ng 1 mnh l i danh t .) LU : orange v one l danh t s t. I want the other oranges. (the other + oranges: the other l tnh t .) I want the other ones. (the other + ones: the other l tnh t .) I want the others. (nothing after the others: the others ng 1 mnh l i danh t .) LU : oranges v ones l danh t s nhi u.

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Khi qu v c s xc nh 2, 3, 4, v.v, h u nh qu v dng c THE OTHER(S). S t hay s nhi u l tu theo cu cu i cng. Th d : There are two books on the table. One belongs to Mr. Lewis. The other belongs to Nga. I have three brothers. One is Vu. The others are Phong and Hai

Kevin's dictionary
Kevin Khi Trng

A
Em m ch g ? a b tm s an i ni m n. ng c an i ti. Khng x y ra n m ng. (khng c ng i no ch t c ) Nhi u th c n c n b ng cch bc; hy b t ch c nh ng ng i xung quanh. Anh cho con n cha? C ta mu n ti n n cm t i nh c y. Em mu n n g? (Anh c th n u cho em ci g n?) Anh khng nn n no r i i ng li n. Khng c n v ng mn trng mi ng. Tr i tr nn m u khi cn bo p t i. N u h n n c n (chu o) v t ni, cha m c ta cho php i tr i chi qu gi gi i nghim. N u ch b qua ci ny, ch s n h n . N (khng) t o c n t ng u tin t t v i ti. Chng ta khng nn i u (b t tun What's that supposed to mean? The frightened child sought Comfort from her mother. Dont try to Console me. There was no loss of life. Some food are eaten with Hands; take your lead from others. Did you feed the baby? She wants me to come to Dinner at her house. Could I Cook something for you? You shouldnt eat a Heavy Meal and then go to bed immediately. Get your Fingers out of the Dessert. The Sky Grew Dark as the Storm Approached. If he was Considerate and made small talks, her parents would allow the couple to stay out past curfew. If you ignore this, you will repent later. He makes a good (poor) first Impression with me. We shouldnt Jaywalk. Trang 63

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lu t giao thng). m nhc ph i bo ang p n.

nh v c 1 cn

The children stayed home because a Storm was Approaching.

B
B ta l ng i b con (thn thu c) cn s ng duy nh t c a ti. Bao lu n a th ch t i? H th ng bo chy Ch khng bao gi i h i s bo p. Chng ti yu c u t nh t l 2 tu n bo tr c n u anh quy t nh b vi c. B o m c vi c lm khi t t nghi p. C c b o hi m (xe) khng? H l nh ng ng i b o th . Ti c nn by t tnh c m c a ti (v i c/anh y) khng? Ti bng (bng keo c nhn) v t thng l i r i. Hai ng i b b n ch t. Chng ti cho t m bi t c ta m t cch b t c d. ng ta b chng m t v b t t nh sau . V t b n c ph Hnh ng b n th u L n ny ti b y (lm h ng) r i. Ti ng b kh p tay Ti hy v ng ti khng lm b ci tr ng no. Ti c m th y kh ch u r ng thay v bnh v c cho ba anh y, ti ng i v l ng nghe. B ta ch t sau 1 cn b nh dai d ng. H nn bo ch thu c She is my only living Relative. How Soon can you get here? Smoke detector You never ask for anything in return. We Request at least 2 Weeks' Notice if you decide to quit. The admission is virtually a Guarantee of a good Job upon Graduation. Are you insured? They are Conservative people. Should I reveal my feelings?

I put a bandage on it. Two people were Gunned Down. We reluctantly bid her farewell. He got dizzy and then passed out. Coffee Stains Dirty deed = dirty action I Screwed up this time. Knuckles cracking I hope I didn't crack any egg. I am also feeling very bad that instead of Defending his father, I sat there and Listened. She Died from a Long Illness. They should make pills for

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Vn ph m Anh vn cho lo i b nh ny. Ch khn ngoan nh n th c r ng ng i ta ph i c d y lm sao by t l i chia bu n. Em c mu n chi bi da khng? C ta bi t c b m t c a anh r i. Anh b b mnh r i. ng ni cho c ta bi t. C ta s ph ho i b m t c a ti. Anh h t bia r i. Ti cho anh bi t, ... C ta c bi t n b i s thnh th t c a c y. Bnh tnh i! Em b nh bao lu r i? Chn anh b gy. Ti ang b (b ng n p) n l i y. N b nh ra i. C ta c th b ri anh ngay khi c ng i no t t hn anh. Ti khng ph i l ng i b ri b n b i v i b n trai u. Ci g lm cho c quy t nh b vi c v y? Ch c mu n chi bng g khng? Ti nhn vo bp c a ti. B gio d c B tr ng t php N i b n ch n tr c bu i trnh di n Ti lun lun b n ch n (cng th ng) khi g p n b. B i v... N s lm cho chng ta b t i s nghi ng l n nhau. Bng ngn tay N t c gi n v b c b i. Ti b c mnh khi 1 this. It is Astute of you to realize that one has to be taught how to express Condolences. Do you want to Shoot Pool? She Cracked your Code. Don't tell her. She'll blow my cover. You're running low in Beers. For your information, ... She is Known For her Honesty. Lighten up! = Calm down! How long have you been Sick? Your leg broke. I'm splinting it. He Ran away from Home. She might chuck you as soon as someone better comes along. I'm not the girl who ditches her friends for her boyfriend. What brought about your Decision to Quit your Job? Do you want to Go Bowling? I look in my wallet. Department of Education Attorney General Preshow Jitters I am always Nervous around women. On Account of = Because of It'll help alleviate all the superficial suspicions we have of one another. Snapping Fingers He's angry and resentful. It bothers me that one of them

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Vn ph m Anh vn ng i trong s h ni x u ba anh y. M c d ti by t s b c t c c a ti v i c ta, c y v n x b a bi. Th c a qu v s khng c g i i n u khng bu ph. Ti khng ti n i xe but. Bad- Mouthed his father. Even though I expressed my exasperation, she didn't pick up after her. Your letter wont be delivered unless it has the correct Postage. I dont have Enough Money to take the Bus.

C
Ca lm vi c khuya (ca 3) Ca 2 (lm t chi u t i khuya) T i sao anh i c nh c v y? N cch m . Vi ng i trong chnh ph ang c g ng c i thi n i s ng dn ngho. ng cm d (quy n r) ti. C ta can m qu. Cm n ch m i ti i c m tr i. C m ch B c mang theo th cn c c khng? Ko cn n ra. C cu h i no v v n khng? Nng ng c nhin b i l i c u hn c a chng. Anh l m t ng i c u th . N c cam ny khng cht l m. Anh ang ch 2 tay v i nhau. Anh ang dng tay ch m t bn. H n khng ch i u. Ti ch y chn khng qua c . Xe c a ti b ch t my (trong lc ang li xe).

Graveyard: 12AM-8AM Swing shift: 3 (4) PM-12AM

Why are you limping?

Its Sounproof. Therere some people in the government who are trying to improve the lives of Poor people. Don't Tempt me.
Shes so Courageous. Thank you for Inviting me to Go On the picnic. Dimple Chin

Do you have any ID On you? Keep it Taut. Any questions On that? She was surprised by his Proposal of Marriage.
You're a slob.

This lemonade isn't too Tart. Youre Rubbing your Hands together. Youre Rubbing the top of your Desk with your Hand. He leaves his Hair Unkempt.
I ran Barefoot through the Grass. My car stalled

D
Anh d thng qu. D p g v y? N m vo b ng ti. Chng ta c i m x u r i. You're so sweet. What's the occasion? He punched me in the stomach. We're cursed. Trang 66

Vn ph m Anh vn N l 111-2222. Ti c l i c ng khng? Anh a c t v i tnh c m c a ti. Ng i no mu n ng n c ta th ph i b c qua (xc ch t c a) ti. That's 111-2222. Is my read back correct? You trifled with my feeling. The first man that touches her will have to come through me.

E
N c p nh a r i. H e th n v tr m l ng.

It's Laminated. They are shy and reticent.

G
N u c ta ch ngh n b n thn v khng quan tm (lo l ng, mng n) anh th anh nn g t c y ra kh i danh sch b n b. N u nh anh ph i gi, nn th n tr ng (kn o) m t cht. Ti ganh t v i ch . Chng ti th nh tho ng g p nhau. N ng ght l m. Ci b ng ghi (ch ) l gi m 50 ph n trm. Ti ang vi t nh ng l i ghi ch v nh ng cu h i m ti mu n h i th y. Ghi s (n ) cho ti i. If she acts as if it's all about her and never about you, you should slash her from your buddy list. If you have to scratch, be discreet. I Envy you. We see each other once in a while. He seems to be cursed. A big Sign indicates a "50 off". Im making Notes about Questions I want to Ask the teacher. Put it on my Tab.

H
Ti hi lng (vui m ng) v i nh ng g ti c. C c l s hi lng v i c mua. Coi ch ng ng i ham ti n (trong quan h tnh c m). Ti hnh di n qu. i cng v i ngh c a s ho hoa, ng i ta cho r ng n ng cung c p (nhi u th ) cho Im Thrilled with what I got. You will probably be Satisfied with your purchase. Beware of a Moneygrubber. Im Flattered. Along with the idea of Chivalry comes the assumption that men

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Vn ph m Anh vn Provide for women.

ph n .

I
Im i! Cm mi ng i! Im l ng l vng Hush up! Be quiet! Pipe down! Knock it off! Silence is Golden.

K
Dng tay ko cng da (m t). Xin l i ti n tr . Ti b k t xe trong gi cao i m. Ti m t 30 pht thay v 15 pht n y. Ti khng c k ho ch no tr c c . T t c nh ng g k trn... A: Anh s b m t ch c . B: Th k n i. H n kiu ng o qu. Use your hand to pull the skin taut and stretched. Im sorry Im late. I was Held Up by the Rush Hour traffic. It took 30 minutes for me to get here instead of 15. I dont have to do any advance Planning. All of Aforementioned things... A: You'll lose your command. B: So be it. He's conceited.

L
N la c (chi) v i m b n x u. L c ngoi bi n Ph i bao nhiu tu i th ng i ta m i c li xe? Bob v Don ang li xe trn ng. C ta li xe (t p) v l . A: Ku h b v kh xu ng. B: Lm theo l i anh ta i. Ti s lau nh. He Hangs out with a Wrong crowd. Lost at sea How Old does a person have to be to get a Drivers License? Bob and Don are riding on a car. She pulled over to the side of the road. A: Tell them to put their weapons down. B: Do as he said. I'll mop the floor.

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Vn ph m Anh vn

M
Em c tin l c ma khng? C chuy n g v y? Em trng gi ng nh l v a g p ma v y . Khng c ci mn che (t m ch n) c as . Con r n c n anh ta m t c. Em m c (eo) ci ny p qu. Do you Believe in Ghost? Whats the matter? You look as if you had seen a Ghost. There isnt a Screen on the window. The Snake Bit him on the Ankle. It looks good on you.

N
ng c n n lng. Ti s n m bi bi n t m n ng. San Francisco n m pha b c c a Los Angeles. Ti khng th n n n c lu v c nhi u ng i ang i. Ti nn n m. Don't get discourage. I'll Lie on the beach in the sun. San Francisco Lies to the north of LA. I couldn't Linger any longer because there were other people waiting. I insist.

O
m vo th n c a n. nh cho n i mu lun. Ti l ng (lch) trnh g l n trn ng. Punch him in the Kidney. Make him Puke Blood. I Swerved to Avoid a big Pothole in the street. You're Annoying. I was bored, so I didnt Stay for the End of the movie. I'm in a love triangle. Stay tuned! Dont go away. You should say "excuse me" when you burp
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My n o (ni nhi u, phi n ph c) qu i. Ti chn qu, do ti khng l i cho n h t phim. Ti (n m) trong m i tnh tay ba. yn t i ch . ng i u h t (khi chng trnh TV ngng ch y qu ng co). Con nn ni "xin l i" khi con .

Vn ph m Anh vn

P
Anh ph m c i c a ti. T i n ph phch (cu k nh) l m. Khn gi ph n i ng i nam di n vin. M khng ph n i (c n) con g p anh ta. Ti c b n ph n lm bi ki m hm qua, nhng ti khng c php vo phng thi v bi thi b t u. Hy cho c ta m t trng pho tay th t l n. You Sabotaged my wedding. They're cranky. The audience booed the actor. I don't Object you seeing him. I was supposed to take a test yesterday, but I wasn't admitted to the testing because the examination hed already begun Give her a big Round of Applause

Q
Con qu ng r i. Cm n ng cho ti qu giang. Ti khng thch nghe i n tho i qu ng co. N s qu u qu (cu k nh) n u ti khng . Ti quen (g p) c ta qun c ph qua m y ng i b n. You're overreacting. Thanks for the lift. I don't take sollicitation calls. He'll be Cranky if I'm not there. I Met her through friends at the local coffee shop.

R
Ng i h t (thu) rc Ci qu n c a ti b rch r i = Ti lm rch qu n r i. Rt qu (khi x c thu c). Ti ph i b h c v nh ng r c r i trong gia nh. Rng r ng Garbage collector My pants Split. = I ripped my pants. It Stings.

I had to quit school because of some Trouble at home. A tooth falls out

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S
C ta l 1 con m t sch. C ta sanh ( ) r i. C y sanh con trai. Sao x t Tu c n vit dng si t (v n) vt v g . Sue v Ron s p s a c con. Sue hy v ng c con trai. Cho b a ti c sinh nh t c a ti, ... She's a Bookworm. She went into Labor. She gave Birth to a boy. Shooting star Screwdrivers are used to Fasten screws into wood. Sue and Ron are Expecting a child. Sue is Hoping for a boy. For my Birthday dinner Celebration,...

T
Ng i xu ng tm s (b u b n) v i ti i. Khng t l m (kh l m) Tin, tham kh o ki n ring. Ti th ng th ng v i ch . C y khng thng anh ch v anh khng ti n c ta i mua s m. em ti n anh (ra c a). Em c tin vo ti ng st i tnh khng? C y tru ch c v cch n m c c a ti. Sit down and keep me Company. Not bad (very good) Tin, huddle. I'm completely blunt with you. She doesnt want you just because your bank account doesnt match her Shopping Budget. Let me show you to the door. Do you believe in Love at first sight? She makes fun of what I wear.

U
Hm nay tr i m u qu. ng c r (bu n, nhn nh) n a. c a chu ng trn th tr ng Its a Gray day today. Don't be Glum. Popular in the Market Place

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Anh ng h em 100 ph n trm.

Im Behind you 100 percent.

V
C s va ch m no gi a nh ng ng i trong gia nh c ta khng? C y c r i xa cn nh m n yu c a c ta khng? Cha m c a c y cn s ng v m nh kh e khng? Ti v a m i v ( p) xong ci l th ng trn mi nh . Vn hoa bay b m Cathy v n m thanh c a my cassette nh l i. Xin cho! Vo i. M i vo. Is there Friction between Her family members? Did she lose a Home that was Dear to her? Are her parents Alive and Well? I have just patched the hole. Flowery Langugage Cathy Turned Down the Volume on the tape player. Hi! Come on in.

X
Li xe t Chicago n Indiana c xa khng? ng coi ti nh ng i xa l (k c , b trn) m. Is it a long drive from Chicago to Indiana? Don't patronize me.

British English - American English

Nam Phng

BRITISH Aerial Anywhere Autumn

AMERICAN Antenna Anyplace Fall

FRENCH Antenne (tl) Quelque part Automne

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Banknote Bank holiday Bill Bonnet Boot Brace Caretaker, porter Car Centre Chemists Chips Christian name Cinema City centre Class Colour Condom Crisps Crossroads

Bill National holiday Check Hood Trunk Suspenders Janitor Automobile Center Drugstore French fries First name Movie house Movie theater Downtown Grade Color Rubber Chips Intersection

Billet de banque Jour fri Addition, facture Capot Coffre (voiture) Bretelles Concierge Voiture Centre Pharmacie Frites Prnom Salle de Cinma Centre ville Classe Couleur Prservatif Chips Carrefour

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Cupboard Dinner-jacket Dont mention it ! Ex-serviceman Film Flat Fortnight Full stop Grammar school Ill Ground floor (First floor) purse, pocket-book Holiday Hoover (to) Interval Letter-box, pillardbox Lorry Luggage

Closet Tuxedo Youre welcome Veteran Movie Apartment Two weeks Period High school Sick First floor (second floor) Handbag Vacation Vacuum (to) Intermission Mail box Truck Baggage

Placard Tenue de soire Il ny a pas de quoi Ancien combattant Film Appartement Deux semaines Point Collge Malade Rez-de-chausse Sac main Vacances Passer laspirateur Entracte Bote aux lettres Camion Bagages

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Mark Motorway Pavement Pedestrian (zebra ) Crossing Petrol Postal code Prison Programma Public school purse, pocket-book Queue Rubbish Second hand Single ticket Spirits Stand for (to) State school Student, school boy 1st year undergraduate

Grade Free way Side walk Crosswalk Gas, gasoline Zip code Jail Program Private school Handbag Line Garbage, trash Used One way ticket Liquor Run for (to) Public shool Student Freshman

Note Autoroute Trottoir Passage pitons Essence Code postal Prison Programme Ecole prive Sac main Queue Ordures Occasion, usag Billet aller simple Alcool tre candidat Ecole publique colier, tudiant Etudiant de1re anne

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2nd year underg 3rd year student 4th year student Surname Sweets Tap Taxi Telephone booth Theatre Timetable Tin Trousers Tyre

Sophomore Junior Senior Last name Candies Fauce Cab Payphone Theater Schedule Can Pants Tire

2 anne 3 anne 4 me anne Nom de famille Bonbons Robinet Taxi Cabine tlphonique Thtre Emploi du temps Bote de conserve Pantalon Pneu

Cu h i
Kevin Khi Trng

CU H I YES/NO V I NG T

"BE"
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BE (AM, IS, ARE, WERE, WAS) + CH T + TNH T / DANH T

Are you busy? Is she a scientist?

BE (AM, IS, ARE, WERE, WAS) + CH T + NG T THM -ING

Are they doing their homework? Is she writing a letter?

CU H I YES/ NO V I TR

NG T

(AUXILARY/HELPING VERB)

Do you speak Vietnamese? TR NG T (DO, DOES, DID, WILL, Does he do exercise every day? CAN...) + CH T + NG T (th hi n Did you go to school yesterday? t i khng c "S" hay "ES" cho d ch t l Will you give me the key tomorrow? ngi 3 s t) Can you help her?

Lm sao qu v bi t c khi no dng "BE" ho c "TR NG T " trong cu h i YES/NO? y l l do t i sao. Qu v nn nhn cu tr l i cho s n coi n u n c ng t "BE" ho c "ACTION VERB" ( ng t ch s ho t ng: eat, listen, run.....). N u cu tr l i c ng t "BE", cu h i c a qu v ph i c ng t "BE." A: ---------------------------------------? B: Yes, ------------------ (They are in my ESL 107 class.) Cch lm: A: Are they in your ESL 107 class? B: Yes, they are in my ESL 107 class. N u cu tr l i c "ACTION VERB," cu tr l i c a qu v ph i c "TR NG T " (HELPING VERB). A: ------------------------------------? B: Yes, ----------------- (I go to school every day.)

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Cch lm: A: Do you go to school every day? B: Yes, I go to school every day. Khi qu v c y' vi. co' "TR NG T " (HELPING VERB) trong cu h i, ng chia ng t chnh m c d cu h i c ch t ngi 3 s t (the third person singular). ng t chnh khng c "S", "ES" hay " NG T QU KH ". Does she jog every morning? (jog khng c "S" m c d cu h i c "she"). NHNG : She jogs every morning. (jog c "S"). Does he watch TV every day? (watch khng c "ES"). NHNG : He watches TV every day. (watch c "ES"). SAI: Did they went shopping this afternoon? NG: Did they go shopping this afternoon?

CU H I WH- V I NG T

"BE"

WH- WORD + BE + CH T

Who are you? Where is Vy?

WH- WORD + BE + CH T T THM -ING

+ NG

What is Virginia doing? Where is Thao going?

CU H I WH- V I "TR NG T

(HELPING VERB)

Why did we do that? WH-WORD + TR NG T + CH What should I wear to the prom? T + NG T (th hi n t i khng c Whom did you talk to? "S" hay "ES" mc d ch t l ngi 3 s t ) How do people eat this food? When does she go to school every day?

Khi WHO ho c WHAT l ch t c a cu h i, ng dng ng tr t t c a cu h i. Tnh hu ng ny nn l

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WHO/WHAT + NG T

CHNH

Who called me today? (Who l ch t c a cu h i) What happened last week? (What l ch t c a cu h i)

N i cu
Kevin Khi Trng

PARALLEL STRUCTURE: AND, BUT, OR, NOR (coordinating conjunctions) Qu v khng nn t danh t ( ng t , tnh t , ho c tr ng t ) bn tri c a lin t (conjunction) v ng t (danh t , tr ng t , ho c tnh t ) bn ph i c a lin t .

Laura has a car and bicycle. DANH T TNH T + AND + DANH T + AND + TNH T + AND + TR NG T + AND + NG T + BUT + TNH T + BUT + NG T + OR + NG T + NOR + NG T Truc is a beautiful and nice girl. Mrs. Keith speaks slowly and clearly. We visited Las Vegas and bought a lot of souvenirs. Your chair is new, but uncomfortable. Sang called Tuan but couldn't reach him. Would you like to go shopping or (to) stay home? I don't often drink coffee, nor do I drink tea.*

TR NG T NG T TNH T NG T NG T NG T

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SAI: She is nice and has a cat. *Khi qu v c 1 cu hon ch nh i sau "nor," qu v ph i o ng c tr t t c a cu (gi ng nh tr t t c a cu h i).

C P LIN T : PAIRED CONJUNCTIONS

EITHER + DANH T

+ OR + DANH T

Khi qu v c 2 ch t n i b i Either Uyen or Trang is here. EITHER...OR, ng t s t hay s nhi u s ph thu c vo ch t k ng t l s t Either Uyen or her friends are here. hay s nhi u.

NOT ONLY + DANH T DANH T

+ BUT ALSO + Not only Mr. Park but also Huong was surprised.

Khi qu v c 2 ch t n i b i NOT ONLY...BUT ALSO, ng t s t hay s nhi u s ph thu c vo ch t k ng t l Not only Mr. Park but also the students s t hay s nhi u. were surprised.

NEITHER + DANH T T

+ NOR + DANH Neither Jackie nor Pat is going to go to work tomorrow.

Khi qu v c 2 ch t n i b i NEITHER...NOR, ng t s t hay s nhi u s ph thu c vo ch t k ng t l Neither Jackie nor the tutors are going to s t hay s nhi u. go to work tomorrow.

BOTH + DANH T

+ AND + DANH T

Khi qu v c 2 chy' vi. co' 2 ch t n i b i Both my father and my mother are over 50 BOTH...AND, ng t lun lun l s years old. nhi u.

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LIN T

V I M NH C L P (CU GHP):

CONJUNCTIONS WITH INDEPENDENT CLAUSES (COMPOUND SENTENCES) Coordinating conjunctions: BOYFANS sounds like BOYFRIEND huh? B ut Or Y et F or A nd N or So

CH T + NG T + D U PH Y + LIN T + CH T + NG T

1. Tam has a full-time job. 2. She goes to school part-time.

Khi qu v n i 2 m nh c l p b i 1 lin t , t d u ph y tr c lin t . i khi Tam has a full-time job and she goes to qu v c th b d u ph y khi qu v c 2 school part-time. cu ng n.

Qu v c th th y 1 lin t b t u 1 cu trong bo, t p ch, ho c sch. B t u 1 cu b ng 1 lin t c dng trong l i khng tr nh tr ng. Thm vo , vi gia'o vin khng cho php h c sinh dng cch ny.

She has a full-time job and she goes to school part-time. She has a full-time job. And she goes to school part-time. (informal and not recommended)

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Nguyn nhn v k t qu
Kevin Khi Trng

NGUYN NHN V K T QU V I BECAUSE, INASMUCH AS, NOW THAT, AS, SINCE, AS/SO LONG AS TRONG M NH TR NG T (ADVERB CLAUSES) Khi m nh tr ng t ng tr c Because Brian didn't study well, m nh c l p, ph y "," sau he failed the test. m nh tr ng t . Khi m nh tr ng t theo sau m nh c l p, d u ph y c b i. Brian failed the test because he didn't study well. (khng c d u ph y) Inasmuch as I'll stay home all day tomorrow, you can stop by my house any time you want. You can stop by my house any time you want Inasmuch as I'll stay home all day tomorrow. (khng c d u ph y) Now that Maria has a black eye, she doesn't want to go anywhere. Now that ngha l b i v by gi . Maria doesn't want to go anywhere now that she has a black eye. (khng c d u ph y) As Vy got 3.5 GPA, her name was listed on the Dean's Honor List at Cal State Fullerton. As ngha l b i v. Vy's name was listed on the Dean's Honor List at Cal State Fullerton as she got 3.5 GPA. (khng c d u ph y)

Inasmuch as ngha l b i v inasmuch as c dng trong l i ni v vi t tr nh tr ng.

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Since Thuy doesn't have a driver license, she cannot drive a car. Since ngha l b i v. Thuy cannot drive a car since she doesn't have a driver license. (khng c d u ph y) As long as/so long as Mrs. Lauren was late, she didn't catch the bus. Mrs. Lauren didn't catch the bus as long as/so long as Mrs. Lauren was late. (khng c d u ph y)

As long as/ so long as ngha l b i v.

CAUSE AND EFFECT WITH BECAUSE OF AND DUE TO: NGUYN NHN V K T QU V I BECAUSE OF V DUE TO BECAUSE + CH T + NG T Because the weather was nice, we went on a picnic. Because of the nice weather, we went on a picnic. Due to the nice weather, we went on a picnic.

BECAUSE OF/DUE TO + TNH T /DANH T Because of v due to l gi i t (prepositions) v c theo sau b i 1 tnh t /danh t . DUE TO + THE FACT THAT + CH T + NG T Due to c dng trong l i vi t tr nh tr ng.

Due to the fact that the weather was nice, we went on a picnic.

Cu khng ng ng php Kevin Khi Trng

CU KHNG NG NG: RUN-ON SENTENCES

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Cu khng ng ng l 2 m nh c l p n i v i nhau m khng c d u ch m gi a. S A CU KHNG NG NG Dng d u ch m gi a hai cu (period: SAI:

Getting married is easy staying married is difficult. NG: Getting married is easy

Dng subordinating conjunction v d u ph y ( ) Dng d u ch m ph y ( ) Dng d u ph y v coordinating conjunction (BOYFANS sounds like BOYFRIEND huh?) BUT OR YET FOR AND NOR SO

. ; ,

Staying married

is difficult. Even though getting married is easy staying married is difficult. Getting married is easy is difficult. Getting married is easy but staying married is difficult. staying married

CH M PH Y (COMMA SPLICES) SAI: Eric works full time, he takes evening classes. A comma splice x y ra khi qu v n i 2 m nh c l p v i nhau b i 1 d u ph y m khng c coordinating conjunction. s a comma splice, qu v dng lu t gi ng nh lu t c a run-on sentences NG: Eric works full time classes. Though Eric works full time he takes evening classes.

He takes evening

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Eric works full time classes.

; ,

he takes evening

Eric works full time and he takes evening classes. CU KHNG Y : SENTENCE FRAGMENTS SAI: They went to see Dr. Chen's office. Because they had an appointment with her. Because they had an appointment with her l 1 m nh ph , do n khng th Sentence fragments khng ph i cu hon ng 1 mnh c. N ph i c n i v i ch nh ho c ch l 1 ph n c a cu. M t cu 1 m nh c l p. hon ch nh ph i c t i thi u 1 m nh c NG: They went to see Dr. Chen's l p: office because they had an appointment with her. CH T + NG T + TC T (i khi 1 tc t khng c n thi t). SAI: Qu v nn c n th n khi b t u 1 cu v i We visited several hotels in Las Vegas. m t trong nh ng t sau y (subordinating For example, New York New York Hotel, conjunctions). MGM Hotel, Rio Hotel, and Luxor Hotel. after, before, when, while, as soon For example, New York New York Hotel, as, although, though, as, because, MGM Hotel, Rio Hotel, and Luxor Hotel even though, if, even if, since, khng ph i l 1 cu hon ch nh. N khng who, which, c ch t v ng t . M i subordinate clauses b t u b ng nh ng ch trn v 1 m nh c l p ( m nh chi'nh). NG: We visited several hotels in Las Vegas. For example, we stopped by New York New York Hotel, MGM Hotel, Rio Hotel, and Luxor Hotel. SAI: Susan was lost. Having no money and being lonely in the big city. Having no money and being lonely in the

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big city khng c ch t v ng t . NG: Susan was lost. She had no money and was lonely in the big city. OR Having no money and being lonely in the big city Susan called a friend to entertain her around the city. SAI: Many teenagers who are single mothers. y l 1 m nh ph (m nh tnh t ) theo 1 danh t . NG: Many teenagers are single mothers.

Php ch m cu
Kevin Khi Trng

D U PH Y: COMMAS ( 1. th

Dng d u ph y tch r i 3 tr ln

She has pencils highlighters.

pens and

2. Dng d u ph y tch r i ph n khng c n thi t

Ly

my new friend

is from

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Vietnam. This is my favorite food 3. T ng lin quan t i t m chng ta b ngha khng dng d u ph y 4. Dng d u ph y v i lin t : Coordination and subordination Dng d u ph y v i coordinating conjunctions (BOYFANS sounds like BOYFRIEND huh?) B ut Or Y et F or A nd N or So Dng d u ph y v i subordinating conjunctions: ph y sau m nh ph n u m nh ph ng tr c m nh c l p. Khng dng d u ph y khi m nh ph i sau m nh c l p. She is rich

pho

(Vietnamese noodle soup). Jose the Fat was an excellent leader. My friend John has two houses.

but he is poor.

Because it rained yesterday

didn't go to school. I didn't go to school because it rained yesterday. (khng dng d u ph y b i v m nh ph because it rained yesterday theo sau m nh c l p.) When she called

I was

studying. I was studying when she called. (khng dng d u ph y)

By ten in the morning 5. Dng d u ph y v i c m t gi i thi u

we

wanted to see a movie. After the party on Friday went to the beach.

they

6. Dng d u ph y v i c m t chuy n ti p

Instructors

on the other hand

receive a lower salary than

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assistants professors. 7. Dng d u ph y tch r i parenthetical elements

By the way tonight?

are you free

8. Dng d u ph y v i m nh khng c n thi t: nonrestrictive clauses (adjective clauses, m nh Sam who is a student likes tnh t ) watching comedy shows.

9. Dng d u ph y v i a ch

We live at 14375 Bolsa Street

Westminster

California.

Ly arrived in California on 10. Dng d u ph y v i ngy y Wednesday 21 11. Khng dng d u ph y v i 1 t ch a ch (single-word address) ho c ngy ng tr c b i 1 gi i t (date preceded by a preposition) 12. Ph y sau ch Yes ho c No

March

2001.

Ly arrived from Vietnam in March.

No

I don't like it. Yes

I like it.

13. Ph y sau tn ng i c g i 14. Ph y sau thn t (interjections: ah, oh, gee, well) 15. Dng d u ph y ch s ph n tng

Kevin

, ,

what are you looking for?

Ah

this cake is delicious.

Nancy

not Mimi

is my

partner.

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D U CH M PH Y: SEMICOLONS (

D u ch m ph y gi ng nh d u ch m hn l d u ph y. D u ch m ph y c dng trong nh ng tr ng h p sau y:

Jim was so tired a. Gi a 2 ngh hon ch nh m c lin h m t thi t v i nhau

he went to h trong

bed right after work. (ch he c vi t th ng.)

Computer use is skyrocketing computer crime is, too. (ch trong computer c vi t th ng.) b. Tr c tr ng t chuy n ti p Tr ng t n i: famous movie star n i v vi t Arnold Schwarzenegger is a

Accordingly, Besides, Consequently, For example, Furthermore, Hence, However, In addition, In contrast, Indeed, Moreover, Nevertheless, Nonetheless, On the other hand, Otherwise, Therefore, Thus

moreover,

he is a muscleman. (ch m trong moreover c vi t th ng.) Andre Agassi played well

nevertheless, he lost the match. (n c vi t th ng.)

D U HAI CH M: COLONS (

Dng d u hai ch m trong nh ng tr ng h p sau y: Li t k 1 danh sch ch khi no c 1 cu hon ch nh I need the following items a chair, hammer, and nail. (I need the following items l 1 cu hon ch nh)

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Gi a s gi v pht Sau l i cho trong 1 l th tr nh tr ng

: Dear Ms. Nguyen: :

Henry arrived at 3 15.

To Whom It May Concern

The scientist Stephen Jay Gould wrote "I am, somehow, less interested in the weight and convolutions of Einstein's brain than in the near certainty that people of equal talent have lived and died in cotton fields and sweatshops." There are several ways to learn Gi i thi u 1 l i gi i thch English better participate in class, always do homework, and try to talk to your instructor as much as you can.

Gi i thi u 1 s 3 hng

trch d n di hn

D U NGO C KP: QUOTATION MARKS ( ... ) Khi dng d u ngo c kp, qu v nn nh ng d u ch m cu khc. Dng d u ngo c kp trong nh ng tr ng h p sau: Di n t chnh xc l i c a ng i ni (l i d n tr c ti p) M i s trch d n b t u b ng 1 ch vi t hoa. Mom said, "Dinner is ready." The child said, "Give me the cake."

" "

D u ch m than (!) v d u ch m Allen said, "Watch out " h i (?) n m trong d u ngo c kp n u chng l 1 ph n c a s trch "Where have you been?" he d n. N u khng, chng n m asked. ngoi. Did you say, "I love you"? D u h i v d u ch m cu i s trch d n lun lun n m trong d u ngo c kp.

"Go to your room

" Dad said, "

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and think about what you did

"

D u hai ch m v d u ch m ph y "Give me liberty or give death" n m ngoi d u ngo c kp. these are immortal (longremembered) words. D u ph y c dng tch r i ph n trch d n c a 1 cu v i ph n The father said cn l i c a cu .

"Shut up!"

Khi 1 cu trch d n b chia lm 2 ph n, ph n th 2 b t u b ng 1 ch vi t th ng n u ph n th hai "My cousin is a trilingual," they khng ph i l 1 cu m i. said. "He lives in Fullerton." (He lives in Fullerton l 1 cu m i.) The physics professor said, the problems at the end of Chapter Five, Energy,

"My cousin," they said, "is a trilingual." ( is a trilingual l ph n th hai c a cu.)

Dng 1 d u ngo c kp ( ... ) bao quanh 1 s trch d n n m trong 1 s trch d n khc.

' '

"Do

'Work and

' for class on Friday." " "

Some people don't know what Dng d u ng c kp tch r i t ng n c ho c t ng c bi t v i ph n cn l i c a cu. the word pho means. "Pho" means Vietnamese noodle soup. What's the difference between

"it's" and "its"?

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In the article

"Save the "My terrible

Planet, the author states that...... In the essay Dng d u ngo c kp tch r i t a c a t p ch, bo, sch, chng trong 1 quy n sch, truy n ng n, th, v bi ht. day

"

"......

"Database Administration".... In the story "My Sister".... In the poem "When I have Fears"..... In the song "Knife".....
In the chapter

D U L C: APOSTROPHES (

')

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have + not = haven t

'

' I + am = I'm I + have = I've I + had = I'd (I had + past

I + will = I ll participle) I + would = I d (I would + simple form of the verb) D u l c trong l i vi t rt g n (M t d u l c c dng khi 2 t ng c n i v i nhau thnh 1 t .

'

' do + not = Don't did + not = Didn't It + is = It's (It is +

Who + is = Who s adjective/noun) It + has = It s ( It has + past participle) Is + not = Isn t Could + not = Couldn t They + are = They re Will + not = Won t The car that belong to Jason = Jason s car The house owned by Mr. Newby = Mr. Newby s house The generosity of my parents = my parents

'

'

'

'

'

'

D u l c dng ch quy n s h u ( belongs to, possessed by, owned by, or of)

'

' generosity
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D U N I (qung ng t gi a 2 m): HYPHEN (

-) -

Dng d u n i v i 2 t ng (ho c Michelle has a full time job. nhi u hn) m ng vai tr nh 1 ch di n t 1 danh t . I have a fifteen year old

Determiners
Nam Phng

Definite articles
Danh t th ng c cc ch the, a hay an ng tr c. Nh ng ch ny tn l DETERMINERS (t h n nh). N ch cho ta bi t danh t thu c lo i g. T h n nh THE c g i l DEFINITE ARTICLE (m o t xc nh). Ta dng n cho danh t s t v s nhi u

Singular the taxi the paper the apple

Plural the taxis the papers the apples

Indefinite articles
T h n nh a (hay an, khi danh t theo sau n b t u b i m t nguyn m) l INDEFINITE ARTICLE (m o t khng xc nh). Ta dng a, an cho danh t s t. a taxi a paper an apple M o t THE, A/AN l determiners ph thng nh t, tuy nhin c nhi u m o t khc: any taxi that question those apples this paper

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some apple whatever taxi whichever taxi C l phng ti n thng d ng nh t di n t s l ng l dng s . Ta s quan st ch s dng lm determiner trong ph n sau y:

Cardinal numeral adjectives

Ch s l determiners khi chng xu t hi n tr c m t danh t . Trong v tr ny, cardinal numeral (s nguyn th hi n s l ng) di n t s l ng one book two books twenty books

Ordinal numeral adjectives

Cng cng v tr , ordinal numeral (s th t ) di n t th t : first impressions second chance third prize

General ordinals
L p d i c a ordinal bao g m nh ng ch khng tr c ti p lin h v i s l ng (nh FIRST lin h v i ONE, SECOND lin h v i TWO, vn vn..). Nh ng ch ny g i l GENERAL ORDINALS, v chng bao g m LAST, LATTER, NEXT, PREVIOUS v SUBSEQUENT next week last orders

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previous engagement subsequent developments Khi chng khng ng tr c danh t nh chng ta th y, numerals l m t l p d i c a danh t . Cng gi ng nh danh t , n c th dng determiner the two of us the first of many Th m ch chng c nh ng determiner ng tr c chng: five twos are ten Trong v d ny, TWOS l DANH T n S NHI U v determiner FIVE c a n tr c

Pronouns and Determiners

C s trng nhau quan tr ng gi a DETERMINER CLASS v DETERMINER SUBCLASS c a PRONOUN ( i t , l t dng thay th cho danh d ). Nhi u ch c th dng cho c hai

Pronoun

Determiner

This is a very boring book This book is very boring That's an excellent film That film is excellent

Nh b ng ny cho ta th y, determiners th ng ng tr c danh t , nhng pronouns c l p hn. Nhi m v c a chng gi ng nh danh t , v c th c thay th b i danh t nh nh ng cu d i y:

This is a very boring book ~Ivanhoe is a very boring book That's an excellent film ~Witness is an excellent film

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M t khc, khi nh ng ch ny l determiners, chng khng c thay th b i danh t (nh ng ch c g n * l khng ng)

This book is very boring ~*Ivanhoe book is very boring That film is excellent ~*Witness film is excellent

PERSONAL PRONOUNS ( i danh t ; I, you, he, vn vn) khng th l determiners. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS cng v y (mine, yours, his/hers, ours, and theirs). Tuy nhin, nh ng pronouns ph i c hnh dng tng ng v i determiners

Possessive Pronoun The white car is mine Yours is the blue coat The car in the garage is his/hers David's house is big, but ours is bigger Theirs is the house on the left

Determiner My car is white Your coat is blue His/her car is in the garage Our house is bigger than David's Their house is on the left

Definite articles v indefinite articles khng bao gi l pronouns. Chng lun lun l determiners. Th t c a determiners

Determiners c th y tr c nouns, chng ch cho bi t danh t l lo i g. Ty thu c vo th t tng i c a chng tr c m t danh t , ta phn bi t 3 lo i determiners:

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Predeterminer I met all

Central Determiner my

Postdeterminer many

Noun friends

M t cu nh th ny th ng t khi dng b i v hi m khi c ba determiners c l p v trong cng m t cu. Thng th ng, ch mt hay hai v tr c l p v.

Predeterminers (pre = tr c)
Predeterminers nh r s l ng cho danh t theo sau chng v c 3 lo i quan tr ng: 1. "Multiplying" expressions, including expressions ending in times: (Nhn) twice my salary double my salary ten times my salary

2. Phn s

half my salary one-third my salary 3. The words all and both: all my salary both my salaries Predeterminers th ng khng di n t chung c *all half my salary

Central Determiners (central = gi a, trung tm)

Definite article the v indefinite article a/an l nh ng central determiners thng d ng nh t all the book half a chapter

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Nh nhi u th d tr c y c a ta cho bi t, ch MY c th chi m v tr central determiner. Possessive (s h u t ) pronouns v possessive determiners cng v y all your money all his/her money all our money all their money Demonstratives (ch nh t ) cng v y , l central determiners. all these problems twice that size four times this amount

Postdeterminers (post = sau)

Cardinal v ordinal numerals chi m v tr postdeterminer the two children his fourth birthday General ordinals cng v y (t c l v tr cu i) my next project our last meeting your previous remark her subsequent letter Nh ng ch ch s l ng khc cng l postdeterminers: my many friends our several achievements the few friends that I have Khng nh predeterminers, postdeterminers c th dng chung: my next two projects several other people

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Nouns are often preceded by the words the, a, or an. These words are called DETERMINERS. They indicate the kind of reference which the noun has. The determiner the is known as the DEFINITE

Singular the taxi the paper the apple

Plural the taxis the papers the apples

ARTICLE. It is used before both singular and plural nouns: The determiner a (or an, when the following noun begins with a vowel) is the INDEFINITE ARTICLE. It is used when the noun is singular: any taxi that question those apples this paper some apple whatever taxi whichever taxi Perhaps the most common way to express quantity is to use a numeral. We look at numerals as determiners in the next section

Numerals and Determiners Numerals are determiners when they appear before a noun. In this position, cardinal numerals express quantity:

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one book two books twenty books In the same position, ordinal numerals express sequence: first impressions second chance third prize The subclass of ordinals includes a set of words which are not directly related to numbers (as first is related to one, second is related to two, etc). These are called general ordinals, and they include last, latter, next, previous, and subsequent. These words also function as determiners: next week last orders previous engagement subsequent developments When they do not come before a noun, as we've already seen, numerals are a subclass of nouns. And like nouns, they can take determiners: the two of us the first of many They can even have numerals as determiners before them: five twos are ten In this example, twos is a plural noun and it has the determiner five before it

Pronouns and Determiners

There is considerable overlap between the determiner class and the subclass of pronouns. Many words can be both:

Pronoun

Determiner

This is a very boring book This book is very boring That's an excellent film That film is excellent

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As this table shows, determiners always come before a noun, but pronouns are more independent than this. They function in much the same way as nouns, and they can be replaced by nouns in the sentences above: This is a very boring book ~Ivanhoe is a very boring book That's an excellent film ~Witness is an excellent film

On the other hand, when these words are determiners, they cannot be replaced by nouns:

This book is very boring ~*Ivanhoe book is very boring That film is excellent ~*Witness film is excellent

The personal pronouns (I, you, he, etc) cannot be determiners. This is also true of the possessive pronouns (mine, yours, his/hers, ours, and theirs). However, these pronouns do have corresponding forms which are determiners: Possessive Pronoun The white car is mine Yours is the blue coat The car in the garage is his/hers David's house is big, but ours is bigger Theirs is the house on the left Determiner My car is white Your coat is blue His/her car is in the garage Our house is bigger than David's Their house is on the left

The definite and the indefinite articles can never be pronouns. They are always determiners Definite articles v indefinite articles khng bao gi l pronouns. Chng lun lun l determiners. The Ordering of Determiners

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Determiners occur before nouns, and they indicate the kind of reference which the nouns have. Depending on their relative position before a noun, we distinguish three classes of determiners

Predeterminer I met all

Central Determiner my

Postdeterminer many

Noun friends

A sentence like this is somewhat unusual, because it is rare for all three determiner slots to be filled in the same sentence. Generally, only one or two slots are filled.

Predeterminers (pre = tr c) Predeterminers specify quantity in the noun which follows them, and they are of three major types: 1. "Multiplying" expressions, including expressions ending in times: twice my salary double my salary ten times my salary 2. Fractions 3. The words all and both: all my salary both my salaries Predeterminers do not normally co-occur: *all half my salary

Central Determiners (central = gi a, trung tm) The definite article the and the indefinite article a/an are the most common central determiners: all the book half a chapter

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As many of our previous examples show, the word my can also occupy the central determiner slot. This is equally true of the other possessives: all your money all his/her money all our money all their money The demonstratives, too, are central determiners: all these problems twice that size four times this amount

Postdeterminers (post = sau)

Cardinal and ordinal numerals occupy the postdeterminer slot: the two children his fourth birthday This applies also to general ordinals: my next project our last meeting your previous remark her subsequent letter Other quantifying expressions are also postdeterminers: my many friends our several achievements the few friends that I have Unlike predeterminers, postdeterminers can co-occur: my next two projects several other people

Vi t hoa
Kevin Khi Trng

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Ch hoa c dng trong nh ng cch sau y: 1. Ch ci u tin trong cu 2. Tn ring v tnh t i chung v i tn ring They sold their house last week. She is a nice girl. Tri Le Scott Brown Joey Adams United Nations American flag

3. Ch ci u tin c a 1 l i trch Mimi said, "You are a liar." d n tr c ti p BUT: "You are," Mimi said, "a liar." Dr. Robert Senator Dole Professor Smith BUT: There are 100 senators in the U.S. Congress. My 4. Danh hi u ho c c p b c tr c 1 professors are strict. tn ring NGO I L : Donna Chung, M.D. Ron is working on a B.A. in business. (Bachelor of Vi t hoa ch vi t t t c a b ng c p Arts) BUT: Ron is working on a bachelor's degree in business.

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We live in Santa Ana. BUT: We live in a city. He'll fly to Florida. My came from Vietnam. Thailand is in Asia. They passed the Pacific Ocean. BUT: They passed an ocean. 5. Tn ring v ni ch n v a l I saw Lake Superior. (thnh ph , ti u bang, qu c gia, l c BUT: I saw a lake. a, i dng, h , sng, sa m c, ni, ng x, ta nh, cng vin, tr ng h c, v s th) He crossed the Mississippi River. BUT: He crossed a river. Danh t chung nh l ng ph , i l , cng vin, h , i dng, sng, sa m c, ho c ni c vi t The Sahara Desert is in Africa. hoa khi no l 1 ph n c a tn BUT: They died on a desert. ring. Khi ng, ty, nam, b c l 1 ph n We saw the Everest Mountain. c a v tr, chng c vi t hoa. BUT: We saw a mountain. Khi ng, ty, nam, b c c p n phng h ng trn la bn, chng khng c vi t hoa. She lives on Brookhurst Avenue. They'll meet in Mc. Cathy Hall. I saw her in Mile Square Park yesterday. BUT: Let's go to a park. Have you ever gone to San Diego Zoo? California is in the West. BUT: China is north of Vietnam. Head south for two blocks and turn east on Bolsa Street.

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This year, her birthday falls on Tuesday. 6. Ngy trong tu n, tn c a thng You were born in May. trong nm v ngy l nhng khng People have parties on Christmas Day. Four seasons of the year are spring, summer, vi t hoa 4 ma v kha h c. fall/autumn, and winter. 7. Tn c a s n ph m qu ng co My nephew knows all the words of Diet Pepsi's advertisement. We read the book Gone with the Wind. While waiting for my friend, I watched Friends and read an article in Reader's Digest. Let's go see Rush Hour 2. I like listening to the song You Will See, which was sung by Madonna.

8. T a sch, t p ch, bo, truy n, th, phim, chng trnh tivi, bi ht v bi vn c a qu v

One of the leading software companies is 9. Tn c a hng, on th , cng Microsoft. on, cu l c b , ng chnh tr , v They have an account at OCTFCU (Orange nh ng t ch c khc County Teachers Federal Credit Union). They went to Westminster High School. BUT: They went to high school together. I am going to California State University, 10. Tn tr ng h c v tn l p h c Fullerton. BUT: I'm going to a university. She is taking Economic 315 this semester. BUT: She took an economic class last year. I can speak Vietnamese, English, and a little 11. Tn c a ngn ng v qu c t ch Spanish. He is an American. 12. i danh t "I" Vy and I have been friends for a number of years.

13. Quan h gia nh ch khi no I'll tell Dad about this. We are talking to Aunt n l 1 ph n c a tn ring ho c n u Van. n thay th cho tn ring BUT: I'll tell my dad. We are talking to our aunt. 14. Tn gio, mn v th n thnh Muslims, Buddhism, Christianity, Jehovah, Islam

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Many people remember the Civil War. 15. S ki n l ch s , giai o n, vn She was born in the Middle Ages. ki n (ti li u) v ho t ng Who wrote the Declaration of Independence? He told us about the Abolitionist movement.

Ngu n VietSciences

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