Brayton Cycle

Reading 9-8 9-10 Problems 9-78, 9-84, 9-108

Open Cycle Gas Turbine Engines

after compression, air enters a combustion chamber into which fuel is injected the resulting products of combustion expand and drive the turbine combustion products are discharged to the atmosphere compressor power requirements vary from 40-80% of the power output of the turbine (remainder is net power output), i.e. back work ratio = 0.4 0.8 high power requirement is typical when gas is compressed because of the large specic volume of gases in comparison to that of liquids

Idealized Air Standard Brayton Cycle

closed loop constant pressure heat addition and rejection ideal gas with constant specic heats

Brayton Cycle Efciency

The Brayton cycle efciency can be written as = 1 (rp )(1k)/k where we dene the pressure ratio as: P2 P1 P3 P4

rp =

Maximum Pressure Ratio

Given that the maximum and minimum temperature can be prescribed for the Brayton cycle, a change in the pressure ratio can result in a change in the work output from the cycle.

The maximum temperature in the cycle (T3 ) is limited by metallurgical conditions because the turbine blades cannot sustain temperatures above 1300 K. Higher temperatures (up to 1600 K can be obtained with ceramic turbine blades). The minimum temperature is set by the air temperature at the inlet to the engine.

Brayton Cycle with Reheat

T3 is limited due to metallurgical constraints excess air is extracted and fed into a second stage combustor and turbine turbine outlet temperature is increased with reheat (T6 > T4 ), therefore potential for regeneration is enhanced when reheat and regeneration are used together the thermal efciency can increase signicantly

Compression with Intercooling

the work required to compress in a steady ow device can be reduced by compressing in stages cooling the gas reduces the specic volume and in turn the work required for compression by itself compression with intercooling does not provide a signicant increase in the efciency of a gas turbine because the temperature at the combustor inlet would require additional heat transfer to achieve the desired turbine inlet temperature but the lower temperature at the compressor exit enhances the potential for regeneration i.e. a larger T across the heat exchanger 5

Brayton Cycle with Regeneration

a regenerator (heat exchanger) is used to reduce the fuel consumption to provide the required QH the efciency with a regenerator can be determined as: QL Wnet = 1 QH QH 6

= 1 = 1 = 1 and

cp (T6 T1 ) cp (T3 T5 ) cp (T6 T1 ) cp (T3 T5 ) cp (T2 T1 ) cp (T3 T4 )

(f or a real regenerator) (f or an ideal regenerator)

=1

Tmin Tmax

(rp )(k1)/k

for a given Tmin/Tmax , the use of a regenerator above a certain rp will result in a reduction of
with an ideal regenerator

without a regenerator

better with a regenerator

better without a regenerator

T1 / T3 = 0.2 T1 / T3 = 0.25 T1 / T3 = 0.3

r p, cr

rp

Regenerator Effectiveness
h5 h2 h5 h2 T5 T2 Qreg,actual = = = reg,ideal h5 h2 h4 h2 T4 T2 Q

Typical values of effectiveness are 0.7

Repeated intercooling, reheating and regeneration will provide a system that approximates the TL . Ericsson Cycle which has Carnot efciency = 1 TH

Brayton Cycle With Intercooling, Reheating and Regeneration

T
Tmax QH
7s

Q H, R
9s

Q reg Q reg
4s 2s

Tmin

QL Q L, I

s
Compressor and Turbine Efciencies
Isentropic Efciencies (1) comp = h2,s h1 h2 h1 h3 h4 h3 h4,s Wnet QH = cp (T2,s T1 ) cp (T2 T1 ) cp (T3 T4 ) cp (T3 T4,s ) QL QH cp (T4 T1 ) cp (T3 T2 )

(2)

turb =

(3)

cycle =

QH QL QH

=1

=1

Given the turbine and compressor efciencies and the maximum (T3 ) and the minimum (T1 ) temperatures in the process, nd the cycle efciency (cycle ). (4) Calculate T2s from the isentropic relationship, T2,s T1 = P2 P1
(k1)/k

Get T2 from (1). (5) (6) Do the same for T4 using (2) and the isentropic relationship. substitute T2 and T4 in (3) to nd the cycle efciency.