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Grob Basic Electronics Book Review
Grob Basic Electronics Book Review
Grob Basic Electronics Book Review
CONTENTS CHAPTER I: ELECTRICITY An invisible force that can produce heat, light, and motion. The force for _________ is an attraction or repulsion between electric charges. The basic form for a quantity of electricity. The closed path for the movement of charges. NEGATIVE AND POS ITIVE POLARITIES Two basic particles of electric charge. _______ is the smallest amount of electric charge having the characteristic called negative polarity. The proton is a basic particle with ________. Is it true or false that the neutral condition means equal positive and negative charges? ELECTRONS AND PROTONS IN THE ATOM The smallest particle of the basic elements that form solid, liquids, gases we know as physical substances. Central mass of an atom Proton is _______ times heavier than an electron. Electrons that can move freely from one atom to the next. Electrons that can move easily from atom to atom in a material. The best conductor. A material with atoms in which the electrons tend to stay in their own orbits. An insulating material and also can store electric charges. A material that conducts less than the metal conductors but more than the insulators. Practically all transistors are made of _________. Defined as a substance that cannot be decomposed any further by chemical action. Greek word that means a particle too small to be subdivided. Semiconductors have _____ electrons in the outermost ring. ____ Electrons in the outside ring is a stable structure. A group of two or more atoms. A group of two or more elements. The smallest unit of a compound with the same chemical characteristics. Atomic number of oxygen. Atom Nucleus 1840 Free electrons Conductor Silver Insulator Dielectric Semiconductors Silicon Elements Atom 4 8 Molecule Compound Molecule 8 Electron and Proton Electron Positive Polarity True Electricity Motion Electric Charge Circuit
CHAPTER 2 : RESISTORS INTRODUCTION The most often used construction of a resistor. Carbon-composition type
Rheostat
Series Parallel
CHAPTER 3 : OHMs LAW INTRODUCTION He discovered the Ohms Law. It is used to determine the amount of electric power in the circuit. True or false: Ohms law applies to both DC and AC circuits. PRACTICAL UNITS It is the amount of current through a one-ohm resistance that has one volt of potential difference applied across it. It is the potential difference across a one-ohm resistance that has one ampere of current through it. It is the amount of opposition in a resistance that has a V/I ratio of 1, allowing one ampere of current with one volt applied. LINEAR P ROPORTION BETWEEN V AND I The formula which states that V and I are directly proportional for any value of R. In ohms law, increases of volts will __________ the current. Ohms Law Increase One ampere One volt One ohm Georg Simon Ohm Ohms Law True
CHAPTER 4 : SERIES CIRCUITS INTRODUCTION The purpose of this circuit is to connect different components that need the same current. Series Circuits
WHY I IS THE S AME IN ALL PARTS OF A SERIES CIRCUIT It is a movement of charges between two points, produced by the applied voltage. The order in which components are connected in series does not affect the ___________. It is the same amount at the same time in all series components. The free electrons moving away from one point are continuously replaced by free electrons flowing from a ____________ in the series circuit. POLARITY OF IR VOLTAGE DROPS When an IR voltage drop exists across a resistance, one end must be either ________________ than the other end. The polarity of IR voltage can be associated with the direction of ___________. The top end of R in the diagrams is _______. True or false: The resistor does not know which direction of current we are thinking of. TOTAL POWER IN A S ERIES CIRCUIT The power needed to produce current in each series resistor is used up in the Heat form of __________. It is the sum of the individual values of power dissipated in each part of the Total Power circuit. SERIES -AIDING AND S ERIES OPPOS ING VOLTAGES These are connected with polarities that allow current in the same direction. Voltages are connected ______ when the plus terminal of one is connected to the negative terminal of the text. Voltages are connected ______ when the negative terminal of one is connected to the negative terminal of the text. If the series-opposing voltages are equal, the net voltage is equal to __________. ANALYZING S ERIES CIRCUITS We must know the _________ to calculate current because the total applied voltage is given. A common application of series circuits is to use a resistance to ______ the voltage from the source to a lower value. EFFECT OF AN OPEN CIRCUIT IN A S ERIES PATH It is break in the current path. The resistance of the _________ is very high because an insulator like air takes place conducting path of the circuit. Open Circuit Open path Total Resistance Drop Series-aiding Voltages Series-aiding Series-opposing Zero More positive or more negative Current through a resistor Negative True Electric Current Current Current Adjacent Point
CHAPTER 5 : PARALLEL CIRCUITS INTRODUCTION There have one common voltage across all the branches but separate branch currents that can be different. It is formed when two or more components are connected across one voltage source. THE APPLIED VO LTAGE VA
IS THE S AME ACROSS
The typical application of parallel circuits. It is formed when two or more components are connected across one voltage source. ANALYZING P ARALLEL C IRC UITS
When you know the voltage across one branch, this voltage is __________. If you know IT and one of the branch currents I1 , you can find I2 by _______________. EFFECT OF AN OPEN B RANCH IN PARALLEL CIRCUITS
An open in any circuit is a ____________ that results in no current. In parallel circuits, open circuits in one branch results ___________, but in other branches can have their normal current. EFFECT OF A SHORT CIRCUIT ACROSS PARALLEL B RANCHES
In parallel circuits, a short circuit has _________, resulting in excessive current. In parallel circuits, when one branch is short-circuited, __________. PARALLEL CIRCUIT FOR THE OR LOGIC FUNCTION
OR Gate
CHAPTER 6 : SERIES PARALLEL CIRCUITS INTRODUCTION It is used when it is necessary to provide different amounts of voltage and current for the components using one source of applied voltage. RES IS TANCE STRINGS IN PARALLEL In series-parallel circuits, with too low a _________, there would be insufficient current for normal operation and the bulbs would not operate at normal brilliance. Each branch current equals the voltage applied across the branch divided by __________ For any one resistance in a string, the current in the string multiplied by the resistance equals the ___________ across that particular resistance. It is equal to the sum of the branch currents for all parallel strings. It is equal to the applied voltage divided by the total line current. The series parts have the same _________. The parallel parts have the same __________. ANALYZING S ERIES -PARALLEL C IRC UITS With parallel string across the main line, the branch currents and total current can be found without _______. When parallel strings have series resistance in the main line, ______ must be calculated to find I T, assuming no branch current is known. It is applied across the RT of the entire circuit, producing an IT that flows only in the main line. Any individual series resistance has its own IR drop that must be _____ the total VT. WHEATS TONE B RIDGE It has four terminals, two for input voltage and two for output. Inventor of the Wheatstone Bridge In this circuit, an unknown resistance is balanced against a standard accurate resistor for precise measurement of resistance. It can be analyzed as simply series resistance strings in parallel when the current is zero through the meter. CHASS IS GROUND CONNECTIONS It is usually made by driving copper rods into the ground and connecting the ground wire of the electrical system to these rods. A chassis ground in which connected to earth ground. A chassis ground in which not connected to earth ground. Ground Connection Cold side or low side Hot side or High side Bridge Circuit Sir Charles Wheatstone (1802 1875) Wheatstone Bridge Balanced Bridge Circuit Total Resistance Total Resistance Source Voltage Less than Series-Parallel Circuit
Voltage The total resistance in the branch. IR Voltage Drop Total line current Resistance of the total series-parallel circuit Current Voltage
VOLTAGES M EAS URED TO CHASS IS GROUND When a circuit has the chassis as a common return, we generally measure the voltages with respect to ___________. The negative side of total voltage is grounded. The voltage source is inverted. Any point in the circuit must be more negative than the positive terminal of the source, even when this terminal is grounded. Chassis Positive voltages to negative ground Negative Voltages to Positive Ground
CHAPTER 7 : VOLTAGE AND CURRENT DIVIDERS INTRODUCTION It gives the series voltages even when the current is not known. It gives the branch currents even when the branch voltage is not known. CURRENT DIVIS ION BY PARALLEL CONDUCTANCES If conductance is the reciprocal of resistance, therefore, conductance and current are ____________ proportional. The method of _______ is usually easier to use than the method of resistances from three or more branches. SERIES VOLTAGE DIVIDER WITH P ARALLEL LOAD CURRENT It is often used to tap off part of the applied voltage V T for a load that needs less voltage than VT. All the current in the circuit must come from the _______. It is a steady drain of the source. DES IGN OF A LOADED VOLTAGE D IVID ER This type of circuit is used for the output of a power supply in electronic equipment to supply different voltages at the taps, with different load currents. Voltage divider Source Voltage Bleeder Current Directly Conductance Voltage Division Formula Current Division Formula
CHAPTER 8: DIRECT CURRENT METERS INTRODUCTION Meters with values printed on a scale and moving a pointer that indicates values on the scale. Meters with numerical readouts that indicates values directly. To measure voltage, the test leads of the voltmeter are connected in __________ across two points of potential difference. To measure currents in units of amperes, milli-amperes, or micro-amperes, the meter is a __________ component in the circuit. A combinational meter, like the VOM and DMM will all three functions. MOVING COIL M ETER It can be used to measure voltage or resistance. It is generally used in a VOM in which the construction consists essentially of a coil of fine wire on a drum mounted between the poles of a permanent magnet. It is directly proportional to the amount of current in the coil. It is an extremely sensitive instrument for measuring very small values of current. It is used for reading the value of a small momentary current, to measure electric charge. The moving coil arrangement is often called a ___________, after its inventor, who patented this meter movement in 1881. The optical error caused by looking at the meter from the side. The meter movement can be constructed with moving coil and pointer suspended by a metal band, instead of the pivot and jewel design with a restoring spring. VOLTMETERS It is commonly used for measuring voltage by the addition of a high resistance series with the movement. The series resistance must be _________ than the coil resistance in order to limit the current through the coil. It is a series resistor usually connected inside the voltmeter case. Since a voltmeter has high resistance, it must be connected in ______________ to measure the potential difference across two points in a circuit. The ohms-per-volt rating is also called ___________ of the voltmeter. OHMMETERS It consists of an internal battery, meter movement, a current-linking resistance. Ohmmeter Voltmeter Higher Multiplier Parallel Sensitivity Volt-ohm-milliammeter Moving coil meter Pointer deflection Galvanometer Ballistic galvanometer DArsonval Movement Parallax error Taut-band meters Analog meters Digital meters Parallel Series Multimeter or multitester
Digital multimeter
Digital meters Analog to digital circuit Liquid-crystal display (LCD) 10 to 20M Internal diode rectifier 0.4V Internal resistors Current
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0V 3 digit resolution Auto-range function 2V 1000V 400Hz 60Hz 0 to 320mA Analog display
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CHAPTER 10 : NETWORK THEOEMS INTRODUCTION It is just a combination of components, such as resistances interconnected in Network a way to achieve a particular end result. It usually provides shorter methods of solving the circuit than the Kirchoffs Network Theorems law. SUPERPOS ITION This theorem is very useful because it extends the use of Ohms Law to circuits that have more than one source. In a network with two or more sources, the current or voltage for any components is the algebraic sum of the effects produced by each source acting separately. Each __________ can have any number of series resistances. It means that current is proportional to the applied voltage It means that the current is the same amount for opposite polarities of the source voltage. There are components that doesnt amplify or rectify. These are components such as transistors, semiconductors diodes, and electron tubes in which are never bilateral and often are not linear. THEVENINS THEOREM Named after M. L. Thevenin, a French engineer, this theorem is very useful in simplifying the voltages in a network. It states that the entire network connected to two terminals can be replaced by a single voltage source V TH in series with a single resistance R TH . It is the open-circuit voltage across terminal. It is the open-circuit resistance across terminals. NORTONS THEOREM Named after E. L. Norton, a scientist with Bell Telephone Laboratories, this theorem is used for simplifying a network in terms of currents instead of voltages. It states that the entire network connected to two terminals can be replaced by a single current source IN in parallel with a single resistance R N . It is the resistance looking back from open terminals. Any components directly across the two terminals are also short-circuited by the _________. M ILLMANS THEOREM This theorem provides a shortcut for finding the common voltage across any number of parallel branches with different voltage sources. This formula is derived from converting the voltage sources to current Millmans Theorem Net VXY Nortons Theorem Nortons Theorem RN Wire Jumper Thevenins Theorem Thevenins Theorem VTH RTH Superposition Superposition Theorems Voltage Divider Linear Bilateral Passive components Active Components
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PRINTED WIRING Most electronic circuits are mounted on a plastic insulating board with printed wiring. SWITCHES These are commonly used to open or close a circuit. It provides an ON or OFF position for one circuit. It provides switching for one side of the circuit. It provides switching for both lines of either of two circuits. It has eight miniature rocker switches. It is an automatic switch with contacts that can be closed or opened by current in the relay coil. FUS ES It is used as a protection against an overload resulting from a short circuit. The metal fuse element may be made of __________. This type of fuse has a coiled construction. They are designed to open only on a continued overload. These have a thermal element in the form of a spring. It is sometimes used as a fuse in television receivers. It can be mounted between two terminal strips on the chassis. Fuse Aluminum, tin coated copper or nickel Slow Blow Fuse Circuit Breaker Short length of bare wire Wire link Switches Single Pole Single Throw (SPST) Single Pole Double Throw (SPDT) Double Pole Double Throw (DPDT) DIP Switch Relay Switches Printed Circuit Board (PCB)
CHAPTER 12: BATTERIES INTRODUCTION It is a group of cells that generate energy from the internal chemical reaction. It consists of two different conducting materials as the electrodes that are immersed in an electrolyte. A battery with an output of 1.5v. These are used for all types of portable electronic equipment, photographic equipment and toys. It is the type almost always used for automobile batteries. GEN ERAL F EATURES OF B ATTERIES It is combination of cells. It was used to supply enough current to heat the filament for thermoionic emission of electrons from a heated source. Battery A Battery Battery Cell Carbon zinc dry cell Dry Battery Lead Sulfuric Acid Cell
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Lead Acid Wet Cells Electrolyte Lead Acid Wet Cells Sulfuric Acid Lead Acid Batteries 100 300 AH Specific Gravity Float Charging
CHAPTER 13: MAGNETISM INTRODUCTION It is derived from the iron oxide mineral magnetite. Magnetism
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INDUCTION BY THE M AGN ETIC F IELD The electric or magnetic effect of one body on another without any physical contact between them. The ability to concentrate magnetic flux. The flux density in air. The relative permeability of the iron core. Typical values of relative permeability for iron and steel. AIR GAP OF A M AGNET The air space between poles of a magnet is its _______. When it is desired to concentrate magnetic lines within a magnet, however, the magnet can be formed as ___________. It is made in the form of a doughnut. It is often used for the core. This type of electromagnet has maximum strength in the iron ring, with little flux outside. The small part of the field in the air. The principle of the closed magnetic ring is used to ______. It maintains the strength of the permanent magnet as it becomes magnetized by induction to form a closed loop. TYPES OF M AGNET It needs current from an external source to maintain its magnetic field. With this magnet, not only is its magnetic field present without any external current, but the magnet can maintain its strength indefinitely. With the length much greater than its width, the coil is called ___. It is a switch with contacts that are opened or closed by an electromagnet. Common application of electromagnet. These are made of hard magnetic materials, such as cobalt steel, magnetized by induction in the manufacturing process. A common material of permanent magnet. A commercial alloy of aluminum. It is often used for permanent magnet loudspeakers. A typical size for a steady magnetic field. The point at which a magnetic material losses its ferromagnetic properties. The Curie temperature for iron. These include iron, steel, nickel, cobalt, and commercial alloys such as alnico and Permalloy. Permeability of the ferromagnetic materials. The relative permeability of Permalloy. These include aluminum, platinum, manganese, and chromium. Electromagnet Permanent Magnet Solenoid Relay Magnetic Tape Recording Permanent Magnet Alnico Alnico V About 5 lb, with a flux of 500 25,000 lines or maxwells Curie Temperature 800C Ferromagnetic Materials 50 50,000 100,000 Paramagnetic Materials Air Gap Closed Magnetic Loop Toroid or Ring Magnet Iron Ring Magnet Leakage Flux Protect permanent magnet in storage. Keeper Induction Permeability 1G 200 100 9000
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In terms of molecular structure, iron atoms are grouped in microscopically Domains small arrangements called ____. Each domain is an elementary ________, with two opposite poles. Dipole magnet In crystal form, the iron atoms have domains that are _______ to the axes of Parallel the crystal. FERRITES
This is the name for nonmetallic materials that have the ferromagnetic properties of iron. The ferrites have __________ permeability. The permeability of ferrites. The specific resistance is ________, which makes the ferrite an insulator. A common application of ferrite. It is used in small coils and transformers for signal frequencies up to 20MHz. It is used as a string for one or more beads of ferrite beads. The purpose of this is to reduce the current just for an undesired radio frequency. M AGNETIC SHIELDING
Ferrites Very high 50 3000 105 .cm Ferrite core in the coils of RF transformers Ferrite Core Bare wire choke
The idea of preventing one component from affecting another through their common electric or magnetic field. It is best for two shielding functions. The best shield for a steady magnetic field is a ______________. It is produced by a permanent magnet, a coil with steady direct current, or the earths magnetic field. The shield can be considered as a __________ for the lines of magnetic flux. THE HALL EFFECT
Shielding Good Conductor Good Magnetic Material of High Permeability Steady Field Short circuit
A small voltage is generated across a conductor carrying current in an external magnetic field. The semiconductor material __________ is generally used to produce larger values of Hall voltage. It is directly proportional to the value of flux density. Flux density of InAs.
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CHAPTER 14: MAGNETIC UNITS INTRODUCTION It is always associated with charges in motion. The current supplies a _____________ that increases with the amount of current. It produces a flux density that increases with the permeability of the medium. AMPERE TURNS OF M AGNETO MOTIVE FORC E (MMF) With a coil magnet, the ________ depends on how many current flows in the turns of the coil. The more current, the ___________ the magnetic field It specifies the amount of magnetizing force or magnetic potential. With thinner wire, _______ turns can be used in a given space. The CGS unit of mmf is _________. An English scientist who investigated the magnetism of the Earth. One ampere-turn is equal to __________. FIELD INTENS ITY (H) It depends on how long the coil is. The field intensity for a solenoid is at the ___________. The field intensity for a iron core is at the ___________. The CGS unit for H is _________. A Danish physicist who discovered electromagnetism The unit for field intensity (H). Field Intensity (H) Center of an air core Through the entire core Oersted (Oe) H. C. Oersted (1777 1851) Ampere turns per meter Strength of the Magnetic Field Stronger Quantity IN More Gilbert (Gb) William Gilbert (1540 1603) 1.26 Gb Magnetic Field Magnetizing force or Magneto Motive Force (mmf) Field Intensity (H)
PERMEABILITY () Using SI units, it is the flux density in webers per square meter. B It is the absolute permeability, in unit of B/H. Permeability () The values of relative permeability (r) must be multiplied by ______ for o 1.26 x 10 -6 to calculate as B/H in SI units. B H M AGNETIZATION CURVE It is often used to show how much flux density (B) results from increasing the amount of field intensity (H). The current in the coil equals to ________. The __________ of magnetizing force increase with more current. The field intensity (H) increases with _________. B H Curve V/R Ampere turns IN Higher IN
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CHAPTER 15: ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION INTRODUCTION He found that current in a wire could move a magnetic compass needle. A magnetic field in motion forces electrons to move, producing ___________. The Henry unit of inductance is named after __________. The farad unit of capacitance is named after __________. It combines effect of an electric current and magnetism. M AGNETIC F IELD AROUND AN ELECTRIC CURRENT The magnetic lines are ________, as the field is symmetrical with respect to the wire in the center. The magnetic field with circular lines of force is in a _____________ to the current in the wire. If you look along the wire in the direction of electron flow, the magnetic field is ___________. The opposite direction of electron flow produces a ___________. When the magnetic lines of two fields are in the same direction, _______________. With the magnetic lines in opposite directions, ___________. M AGNETIC POLARITY OF A COIL A coil of a wire conductor with more than one turn is generally called _________. An ideal solenoid has a length much greater than its ___________. If the coil is grasped with the fingers of the left hand curled around the coil in the direction of electron flow, the thumb points to the ______________. Solenoid Diameter North Pole of the coil. Circular Plane Perpendicular Counterclockwise Reversed Field The lines of force aid each other. The fields cancel. Oersted Current Joseph Henry Michael Faraday Electromagnetism
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Without motion, there is ________ current It is necessary in order to have the flux lines of the magnetic field cut across Motion the conductor. The conductor must be ___________ to make its induced current have an Perpendicular associated magnetic field in the same plane as the external flux. The effect of electromagnetic induction is increased where a __________ is Coil used for the conductor. LENZ L AW
It is simply states that the direction of the induced current must be such that its own magnetic field will oppose the action that produced the induced current. The direction of the induced current is determined by the ________ for electron flow. GEN ERATING AN INDUCED VOLTAGE
It is an electromotive force (emf), generated by the work of cutting across the flux. With a coil, the induced emf is increased by the ___________. The polarity of the induced voltage follows from the direction of ____________. It represents a voltage source with a potential difference resulting from the separation of charges produced by electromagnetic induction In a motor, current is applied so that an associated magnetic field can react with the external flux to produce __________ FARADAYS LAW OF INDUCED VO LTAGE
Potential Differe nce Number of turns Induced Current Induced voltage as a generator Motion of the conductor
The more magnetic lines of force that cut across the conductor, the _________ the amount of induced voltage. The more turns in a coil, the ___________ the induced voltage It is the sum of all individual voltages generated in each turn in series.
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CHAPTER 16: LATERNARING VOLTAGE and CURRENT INTRODUCTION The number of cycles per second is the frequency whose unit is ________. It is equal to one cycle per second. In alternating current, it reverses polarity at a specific rate. For either polarity, it varies in amplitude. ALTERN ATING C URRENT APPLICATIONS It is the reason why AC circuits have so many applications. The changing magnetic flux of a varying current can produce ____________. It is important with the changing electric field of a varying voltage. Characteristics of Varying Values Induced Voltage Capacitance (C) Hertz (Hz) One Hertz Voltage AC Voltage
VOLTAGE AND CURRENT VALUES FOR A S INE WAVE It is the maximum value VM or IM. It applies to either the positive or the negative peak. These values can be used for either current or voltage to define specific magnitudes for comparing one wave with another. In order to include both peak amplitudes, the _________may be specified. This is an arithmetic average of all the values in a sine wave for one alternation, or half-cycle. The most common method of specifying the amount of a sine wave of voltage or current is by relating it to DC voltage and current that will produce the same heating effect. The advantage of _______ is that is provides a measure based on the ability of the sine wave to produce power. The ratio of the RMS to average values. NON-S INUS IODAL AC WAVEFORMS It is the basic waveform for AC variations for several reasons. Any waveform that is not sine or cosine wave. Sine Wave Non-Sinusoidal Waveform Peak Value Peak, Average, or RMS Peak-to-peak Value Average Value Root Mean Square or Effective Value RMS Form Factor
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CHAPTER 17: INDUCTANCE INTRODUCTION It is the ability of a conductor to produce induced voltage when the current varies. Components manufactured to have definite value of inductance are just coils of wires called _________. The unit of inductance. These are used in RF circuits because higher frequencies need less inductance for the required inductive effect. These are used in the audio frequency range and for lower frequencies in general. M UTUAL INDUCTANCE L M When the current in an inductor changes, the varying flux can cut across any other inductor nearby, producing _____ in both inductors. Two coils have ______ of 1H when a current change of 1A/s in one coil induces 1V in the other coil. Any magnetic lines that do not link the two coils result in ________. The fraction of total flux. Induced Voltage Mutual Inductance Leakage Flux Coefficient of Coupling Inductance Inductors Henry Air Core Coils Iron Core Inductors
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CHAPTER 18: INDUCTIVE REACTANCE INTRODUCTION It indicates reactances. It is an opposition to current, measured in ohms. The amount of XL is equal to _________. HOW XL RED UCES THE AMOUNT OF I The higher the frequency of the alternating current, the _____ is the XL opposition. There is no XL for _________. An inductance can have _______ to reduce the amount of alternating current. The ________ value depends on the amount of inductance and the frequency of the alternating current. X Reactance 2fL
CHAPTER 19: INDUCTIVE CIRCUITS INTRODUCTION It is use as a choke to reduce the current. SIN E WAVE IL LAGS VL BY 90 It can be measured between any two points having the same value on the iL and vL values. Why the phase angle is 90? 90 Difference Because the v L depends on the rate of the change of iL. Coil
XL AND R IN S ERIES When a coil has series resistance, the current is limited by _______. Voltage VL is _______ with I. It just shows the 90 angle without any addition. Both XL and R 90 out of phase Phasor
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IMPED ANCE Z TRIANGLE A triangle of R and XL in series corresponds to the voltage triangle. The angle between the generator voltage and its current. It is a trigonometric function of any angle, equal to the ratio of the opposite side to the adjacent side of a triangle. The angle that has the tangent equal to ________. It specifies the angles tangent function as a numerical value. In a _______ circuit, the higher value of XL compared of R, the more inductive the circuit is. Impedance Triangle Phase angle of the circuit Tangent 1 - 45 Ratio of XL/R Series
CHAPTER 26: RESONANCE INTRODUCTION The main application of this is in RF circuits for tuning to an AC signal of the desired frequency. It can select a particular frequency for the output, with many different frequencies at the input. THE R ES ONANCE EFFECT It increases as the frequency is increased. It decreases with higher frequencies. This case of equal and opposite reactances. The AC circuit can be called _________. It can be resonant. It all depends on the frequency. The frequency at which the opposite reactances are equal. In this use, the LC circuit provides maximum voltage output at the resonant frequency, compared with amount at any other frequency either below or above resonance. One of the applications of resonance. SERIES RES ONANCE In a series AC circuit, the inductive reactance _______ by 90, compared with the zero reference angle of resistance. In a series AC circuit, the capacitive reactance _______ by 90, compared with the zero reference angle of resistance. The series resonance should be ______________ for a sharp increase in current at resonance. The main characteristic of series resonance. Below the resonant frequency, the _________ is small. Leads Lags As small as possible The amount rise of current to its maximum at the resonant frequency XL Inductive Reactance Capacitive Reactance Resonance Resonant Circuit LC Circuits Resonant Frequency Tuning Tuning in Radio and Television Resonance Resonant Circuit
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CHAPTER 27: FILTERS INTRODUCTION It separates different components that are mixed together. It can separate particles from liquid or small particles from large particles. It can separate different frequency components. These are used for filtering. Most common filtering applications. DIRECT CURRENT COMBIN ED WITH A LTERNATING CURRENT Current that varies in amplitude but does not reverse in polarity. The effect in which the DC component has been inserted into the AC variations. The AC component that consists of the variations above and below the DC axis. As a common application, __________ always have fluctuating DC voltage or Current when used from amplifying an AC signal. Pulsating or Fluctuating DC DC Insertion AC Ripple Transistor Filters Mechanical Filter Electrical Filter Inductors and Capacitors Separating audio from radio frequencies.
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TRANS FORMER COUPLING It produces induced secondary voltage just for variations in primary current. It corresponds to a steady value of primary current that has a constant magnetic field. The phase of the AC secondary voltage may be _________, depending on the connections and direction of the windings. CAPAC ITOR COUPLING This method is probably the most common type of coupling in amplifier circuits. It means connecting the output of one circuit to the input of the next. It is effectively a high pass filter for pulsating direct current. It blocks the steady DC voltage but passes the AC component. It is the steady DC component of the input voltage in the RC coupling circuit. In RC coupling circuit, when vin decreases below the average level, __________. B YPASS CAPACITORS It is path around a component. Bypass These are often used in parallel with resistance to bypass the AC component Capacitors of a pulsating DC voltage. FILTER C IRC UITS It allows the lower frequency components of the applied voltage to develop output voltage across the load resistance. It allows the higher frequency components of the applied voltage to develop voltage across the output load resistance. The case of RC coupling circuit is an example of _________. With higher frequencies in the AC components, ____________. Most common types of filters. The _____________uses coupling capacitance in series with the load or choke inductance in parallel in the load The __________ uses inductance in series or bypass capacitance in parallel with the load. LOW PASS FILTERS The ability to reduce the amplitude of undesired frequencies. The frequency at which the attenuation reduces the output to 70.7 percent response. Frequency lower than the cut off frequency. Attenuation Cut Off Frequency Passband Capacitor Coupling Coupling RC Coupling Circuit Capacitance Voltage across CC The capacitor loses charge Transformer DC Axis 180 opposite
Low Pass Filters High Pass Filters High Pass Filters More AC voltage is coupled. L, T, and High Pass Filters Low Pass Filters
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CHAPTER 28: ELECTRONIC DEVICES INTRODUCTION A group of chemical elements with special electrical characteristic and has a unique atomic structure that allows the addition of specific impurity Semiconductor
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1 1000
Doping Extrinsic Semiconductor Arsenic, Antimony, or Phosphorus Boron, Aluminum, Gallium, or Indium Hole Hole Charge Hole Current Forward Current or Easy Current Reverse Current or Leakage Current Ion
THE PN J UNCTION _________ provides an internal contact potential, which is 0.7v for silicon and 0.3v for germanium. Width of the PN junction. The combination of opposite charge in the PN junction that is neutral. External voltage of Silicon External voltage of Germanium PN junction 10 -4 cm Electron-hole pairs 0.7 V 0.3 V
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With the N-type base, the transistor is _________. Most small transistors are _________ type. Most small transistors are made of ___________. In schematic diagram of transistor, the arrow indicates the flow of current to Emitter the __________. In the transistor schematic diagram, if the arrow is pointed to the base, the PNP transistor is _________ type. Bipolar Junction The NPN and PNP types are called __________. Transistors Three terminals of BJT. Collector, base, emitter Bipolar junction transistor is a __________ device. Current-controlled
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Thyristors
Thyratron PNPN Forward current Silicon Controller Rectifier (SCR) Anode, cathode, and gate 1-3V 10-20mA Holding Current Latching Current Three Triac Half-cycles of the AC input Diac 30V
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The _____ is a fine metal wire wrapped around two supports placed in the space between the cathode and anode. It connected to a base pin so that its voltage determines how many electrons can travel from the cathode to the plate. For small triode amplifier tubes, typical values of positive plate voltage are ______. This tube has an additional grid, resulting in four electrodes. The ___________ purpose is to screen the plate from the control gird, in order to reduce the amount of capacitance between the two electrodes. The screen grid must have _________ applied. This tube has one more electrode which is placed between the plate and the screen grid. The _________ purpose is to suppress secondary emission form the plate. TES TING DIODES , TRANS IS TORS , AND THYRIS TORS
Control Grid
It can be used to check either for an open circuit or a short circuit. In an ohmmeter, short indicated practically in ________. In an ohmmeter, open circuit indicated practically in ________. When the ratio of reverse to forward resistance is _______, the diode is probably good. When both the forward and reverse resistances are very low, close to zero, the diode junction is ___________. When _____________ are very high, close to infinite, the diode probably has an open at the terminal. When the forward voltage for VBE is 0.6 to 0.7 V, the transistor is _________. When the forward voltage for VBE is 0.2 to 0.3 V, the transistor is _________.
Ohmmeter Zero Ohms Infinite Ohms Very High Short Circuit Forward and reverse resistance Silicon Germanium
CHAPTER 29: ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS INTRODUCTION Two common types of semiconductor devices that make it possible to have so many applications of electronics. One of the main applications of transistors. Transistor and Diodes Amplifier Circuit
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Positive feedback Tuned RF feedback Oscillators Tank Circuit Set the frequency of the oscillator output. Hartley and Colpitts Oscillators Hartley Circuit Colpitts Circuit Crystal Oscillators Piezoelectric effect 0.5 to 30 MHz Very high Q which results in good frequency stability RC feedback Oscillators 20Hz to 200kHz
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The carrier input to the modulator comes from an RF oscillator. ____________ means that the output amplitudes are not exactly proportional to the input signal. In the AM output signal, the _________ have variations that correspond to the audio modulation. The outline of varying amplitudes. True or false: the RF amplitude variations are symmetrical around the zero axis. Frequency spacing of AM radio broadcasting. Frequency spacing is needed in AM radio broadcast for the bandwidth of __________ with an AF baseband signal. AF baseband signal of AM radio broadcast. In television service, _________ channels are used for broadcasting. Frequency bandwidth of channel 2. Frequency bandwidth in television service is needed for a video baseband signal of _______. A modulated signal needs more bandwidth than the carrier wave itself because ___________. The necessary bandwidth is at least ________ to the frequencies in the baseband signal. More than 100% modulation cannot be used in an AM signal because ______________________.
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The input filter capacitor can charge to the peak value The value of DC output voltage, compared to the AC input voltage, depends The amount of DC load on ___________. current The circuit which have an opposite polarity of DC output. Inverted power supply The frequencies of AC ripple. 60 to 120 Hz The inductor filter of a power supply is an iron-core choke used as a Series components
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CHAPTER 30: TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIERS INTRODUCTION Any _______ operates by having a small input able to control more power in the output circuit. Amplifier circuits for __________ operate with a combination of AC and DC values. CIRCUIT CONFIGURATIONS This description specifies which electrodes in the amplifier are used for input and output signals. The ___________ usually is the one that does not have any signal in the circuit configuration. True or false: all the circuit configurations of the transistor have reverse voltage for the collector and forward bias for the emitter-base junction. The _________________ circuit is the one generally used for amplifiers because it has the best combination of current gain and voltage gain. The only advantage of __________ is that it has the best stability with an increase in temperature. The common-base circuit has no current gain from the input to output because ______________. Circuit Configuration Common Electrode True Common-Emitter Common-Base Collector current must be less than emitter current. Amplifier AC signals
A transistor circuit which input voltage is applied to the base with respect to Common-Emitter the grounded emitter. Collector current is The common-emitter has current gain because _____________. much larger than base current. The disadvantage of common-emitter circuit is that _______________ is Reverse leakage current amplified in the circuit. The only amplifier that inverts the polarity of signal voltage. Common-emitter
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Common-source circuit
Common-gate circuit Common-drain circuit Source follower Common-source Transconductance (gm ) Siemens gm
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Overload distortion Shift of DC level Harmonic distortion Square Wave 1to 5% Intermodulation distortion Intermodulation Frequency distortion Flat response
CHAPTER 31: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS INTRODUCTION It involves circuits that operate using only two voltage levels for all input and output signals. The two voltage levels most commonly used in digital electronics. Modern calculators and computers that process binary numbers use decision-making elements called _______. Two broad categories of digital logic circuits. A circuit is considered a ___________ if its output goes either low or high with a specified combination input signals. This circuit must have a definite order or sequence for its inputs before the Digital Electronics 0 and 5 v Logic Gates Combinational logic circuits and sequential logic circuits Combinational logic circuits Sequential logic circuits
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NAND Gate
XOR Gate
XNOR Gate
A +B = X AB = X A = X B A = X B
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A +B = A . B AB = A + B
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CHAPTER 32: INTEGRATED CIRCUITS INTRODUCTION This is actually microelectronic circuits. It is used in computers, calculators, and digital clocks as well as many other digital devices. It is used in analog-type circuits such as audio amplifiers, voltage regulators, operational amplifiers, and radio frequency circuits. True or false: most linear ICs are high-power devices. OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS AND THEIR CHARACTERIS TICS It is a high-gain, direct-coupled, differential amplifier. Common op amp which different manufacturers produce. The output of op amp is taken at the emitters of transistors which are connected in a _____________ configuration. The push-pull configuration in the output of op amp allows the op amp to have a ____________. The ___________ affects the operation of the op amp at higher frequencies and it is used to prevent undesirable oscillations from occurring within the op amp. Typical value of compensating capacitor of the op amp. Figure of schematic symbol of an op amp. Pin 7 of 741 op amp connects to ________. Pin __ of 741 op amp connects to -VCC. Pin _____ of 741 op amp connects to the op amp input. Operational Amplifier (Op amp) 741 Push-pull Very low output impedance Compensating capacitor 30pF Triangle +VCC Pin 4 Pin 2 and 3 Integrated Circuits Digital IC Linear IC False, there are lowpower devices.
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