iu ch ANKAN

I. Khai thc t du m , kh t nhin qua cc con ng Krackinh v chng ct phn on II. Hiro ha Hirocacbon ko no ( Cng H2 vo anken , ankin , ankaien tng ng ) : CnH2n C2H4 CnH2n - 2 VD: Ch : i vi pt (1) c th s dng xc tc Pd ,T0 thay Ni , T0 c i vi pt ( 2) nu s dng xc tc Pd , T0 th sn phm thu c l anken , tip tc cng Hiro vo anken th mi thu c Ankan III. Phng php gi nguyn mch cacbon: R - OH + 2HI ( c ) 200 0C R - H + H2O + I2 C3H4 + H2 + H2 + Ni , T 0 Ni , T 0 CnH2n + 2 C2H6

(1) (2)

VD:

2H2

Ni , T 0 CnH2n + 2 C3H8

+ 2H2

Ni , T 0

VD: CH2CH2CH2CH2OH + 2H 200 CH3CH2CH2CH3 + H2O + I2 IV. Phng php tng mnh Cac bon ( Wuyzt) 2CnH2n +1 X VD: 2CH3Cl R1 X + + 2Na ete khan (CnH2n + 1 )2 + 2Na ete khan C2H6 + 2NaCl Na + X R2 ete khan , T 0 R1 - R2 + 2NaX + 2NaX

VD: CH3Cl + Na + Cl C2H5 ete khan , T 0 C3H8 + 2NaCl V. Phng php gim mch cacbon ( Vi ti - Xt ) R - COONa + NaOH CaO , T 0 R-H + Na2CO3

VD: C2H5COONa + NaOH CaO,T 0 C2H6 + Na2CO3 2CH3COONa + 2KOH CaO,T 0 2CH4 + Na2CO3 + K2CO3 2CH3COONa + Ca(OH)2 T 0 2CH4 + Na2CO3 + CaCO3 VI. Kracking AnKan ( Chuyn Ankan mch di thnh mch ngn )

AnKan KRC Ankan( mch ngn hn ) + AnKen VD: C5H12 KRC CH4 + C4H8 VII. Phng php tng hp CH4 ( Metan ) 1. T cacbon v Hiro: C + 2H2 Ni , T 0 CH4 2. Thu phn nhm cacbua : ( Al4 C3 ) Al4C3 + 12H2O 4Al(OH)3 + 3CH4 Al4C3 + 12HCL 4AlCl3 + 3CH4 3. Phng php Grignard : ete khan CH3I + Mg CH3 - Mg - I 2CH3 - Mg - I + 2H2O 2CH4 + MgI2 +Mg(OH)2

iu ch AnKen
I. ehiro ho Ankan tng ng : CnH2n+2 Xt,T 0,P CnH2n + H2 (1)

VD: C2H6 T 0 cao C2H4 + H2 II. ehirat ho Ancol tng ng ( Kh nc rc no ): CnH2n+1 OH VD: C3H7OH
H2SO4 c , 170 0C CnH2n + H2O (2) H2SO4 c , 170 0C

C3H6

+ H2O

III. Cng H2 vo Ankin ( Xt :Pd ) Hoc Ankaien ( Xt : Ni )tng ng: CnH2n-2 + H2 VD: C2H2 + H2
Pd / Ni,To

CnH2n (3)

Pd , T 0 Ni,T
0

C2H4 C4H8

C4H6 + H2 IV. Kracking AnKan: CnH2n+2 VD:

KRC

CxH2x+2 ( mch ngn hn )

KRC

+ CyH2y (Anken) (4)

CH4 + C3H6 C2H6 + C2H4 C4H8 + H2 V. Loi HX ( X = Cl , Br ) ra khi dn xut monohalogen cu Ankan tng ng

C4H10

CnH2n+1 X

KOH

Ru , T 0 Ru , T 0

CnH2n

+ KX + H2O

VD: CH2 - CH2 + KOH H Cl

CH2 = CH2 + KCl + H2O

iu ch AnKin
I. iu ch Axetylen : A. T than , vn CaC2 H2O CaCO3 C2H2
1000 C

Than
2000 C , (lui in)

500 C

than cc ( C )

CaO + CO2 CaC2 + CO ( Canxicacbua ) C2H2 + Ca(OH)2

CaO + 3C

CaC2 + 2H2O

Nhn xt : Axetylen iu ch theo cch ny thng ln nhiu tp cht nh H2S , NH3 , PH3 .......l nhng sn phm ph ca kh than cc v nha than
B.

t Metan :
1500 C , lm lnh nhanh h quang in

2CH4 C. t C v H2 :

C2H2

+ 3H2

2C + H2 D. t mui Axetylenua : Ag - C

C2H2 CH CH

C - Ag + 2HCL

CH + 2AgCl CH + 2CuCl

Cu - C C - Cu + 2HCL II. iu ch cc ng ng ca Axtylen: A. ehiro ha Ankan tng ng : CnH2n+2

B.

Xt ,P , To

CnH2n+2 + 2H2

i t dn xut ihalogen : H X C X C H R2 + 2KOH

ru,To

R1

R1 - C = C -R2 + 2KX + 2H2O

( cng thc tng qut th nht )