Lp trnh cn bn

PHN 2

GII THIU V MT NGN NG LP TRNH NGN NG LP TRNH C

Chng 1 GII THIU V NGN NG C & MI TRNG TURBO C 3.0

Hc xong chng ny, sinh vin s nm c cc vn sau: - Tng quan v ngn ng lp trnh C. - Mi trng lm vic v cch s dng Turbo C 3.0.

I. TNG QUAN V NGN NG LP TRNH C

C l ngn ng lp trnh cp cao, c s dng rt ph bin lp trnh h thng cng vi Assembler v pht trin cc ng dng. Vo nhng nm cui thp k 60 u thp k 70 ca th k XX, Dennish Ritchie (lm vic ti phng th nghim Bell) pht trin ngn ng lp trnh C da trn ngn ng BCPL (do Martin Richards a ra vo nm 1967) v ngn ng B (do Ken Thompson pht trin t ngn ng BCPL vo nm 1970 khi vit h iu hnh UNIX u tin trn my PDP-7) v c ci t ln u tin trn h iu hnh UNIX ca my DEC PDP-11. Nm 1978, Dennish Ritchie v B.W Kernighan cho xut bn quyn Ngn ng lp trnh C v c ph bin rng ri n nay. Lc ban u, C c thit k nhm lp trnh trong mi trng ca h iu hnh Unix nhm mc ch h tr cho cc cng vic lp trnh phc tp. Nhng v sau, vi nhng nhu cu pht trin ngy mt tng ca cng vic lp trnh, C vt qua khun kh ca phng th nghim Bell v nhanh chng hi nhp vo th gii lp trnh ri cc cng ty lp trnh s dng mt cch rng ri. Sau , cc cng ty sn xut phn mm ln lt a ra cc phin bn h tr cho vic lp trnh bng ngn ng C v chun ANSI C cng c khai sinh t . Ngn ng lp trnh C l mt ngn ng lp trnh h thng rt mnh v rt mm do, c mt th vin gm rt nhiu cc hm (function) c to sn. Ngi lp trnh c th tn dng cc hm ny gii quyt cc bi ton m khng cn phi to mi. Hn th na, ngn ng C h tr rt nhiu php ton nn ph hp cho vic gii quyt cc bi ton k thut c nhiu cng thc phc tp. Ngoi ra, C cng cho php ngi lp trnh t nh ngha thm cc kiu d liu tru tng khc. Tuy nhin, iu m ngi mi va hc lp trnh C thng gp rc ri l hi kh hiu do s mm do ca C. D vy, C c ph bin kh rng ri v tr thnh mt cng c lp
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trnh kh mnh, c s dng nh l mt ngn ng lp trnh ch yu trong vic xy dng nhng phn mm hin nay. Ngn ng C c nhng c im c bn sau: o Tnh c ng (compact): C ch c 32 t kha chun v 40 ton t chun, nhng hu ht u c biu din bng nhng chui k t ngn gn. o Tnh cu trc (structured): C c mt tp hp nhng ch th ca lp trnh nh cu trc la chn, lp T cc chng trnh vit bng C c t chc r rng, d hiu. o Tnh tng thch (compatible): C c b tin x l v mt th vin chun v cng phong ph nn khi chuyn t my tnh ny sang my tnh khc cc chng trnh vit bng C vn hon ton tng thch. o Tnh linh ng (flexible): C l mt ngn ng rt uyn chuyn v c php, chp nhn nhiu cch th hin, c th thu gn kch thc ca cc m lnh lm chng trnh chy nhanh hn. o Bin dch (compile): C cho php bin dch nhiu tp tin chng trnh ring r thnh cc tp tin i tng (object) v lin kt (link) cc i tng li vi nhau thnh mt chng trnh c th thc thi c (executable) thng nht.

II. MI TRNG LP TRNH TURBO C

Turbo C l mi trng h tr lp trnh C do hng Borland cung cp. Mi trng ny cung cp cc chc nng nh: son tho chng trnh, dch, thc thi chng trnh Phin bn c s dng y l Turbo C 3.0.

II.1. Gi Turbo C
Chy Turbo C cng ging nh chy cc chng trnh khc trong mi trng DOS hay Windows, mn hnh s xut hin menu ca Turbo C c dng nh sau:

Dng trn cng gi l thanh menu (menu bar). Mi mc trn thanh menu li c th c nhiu mc con nm trong mt menu ko xung. Dng di cng ghi chc nng ca mt s phm c bit. Chng hn khi g phm F1 th ta c c mt h thng tr gip m ta c th tham kho nhiu thng tin b ch.
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Mun vo thanh menu ngang ta g phm F10. Sau dng cc phm mi tn qua tri hoc phi di chuyn vng sng ti mc cn chn ri g phm Enter. Trong menu ko xung ta li dng cc phm mi tn ln xung di chuyn vng sng ti mc cn chn ri g Enter. Ta cng c th chn mt mc trn thanh menu bng cch gi phm Alt v g vo mt k t i din ca mc (k t c mu sc khc vi cc k t khc). Chng hn chn mc File ta g Alt-F (F l k t i din ca File)

II.2. Son tho chng trnh mi

Mun son tho mt chng trnh mi ta chn mc New trong menu File (File >New) Trn mn hnh s xut hin mt vng trng cho ta son tho ni dung ca chng trnh. Trong qu trnh son tho chng trnh ta c th s dng cc phm sau: Cc phm xem thng tin tr gip: - F1: Xem ton b thng tin trong phn tr gip. - Ctrl-F1: Tr gip theo ng cnh (tc l khi con tr ang trong mt t no o, chng hn int m bn g phm Ctrl-F1 th bn s c c cc thng tin v kiu d liu int) Cc phm di chuyn con tr trong vng son tho chng trnh: Phm ngha Phm tt ( t hp phm) Enter a con tr xung dng Mi tn i ln a con tr ln hng trc Ctrl-E Mi tn i xung a con tr xung hng sau Ctrl-X Mi tn sang tri a con tr sang tri mt k t Ctrl-S Mi tn sang phi a con tr sang phi mt k t Ctrl-D End a con tr n cui dng Home a con tr n u dng PgUp a con tr ln trang trc Ctrl-R PgDn a con tr xung trang sau Ctrl-C a con tr sang t bn tri Ctrl-A a con tr sang t bn phi Ctrl-F Cc phm xo k t/ dng: Phm ngha Phm tt Delete Xo k t ti v tr con tr Ctrl-G BackSpace Di chuyn sang tri ng thi xo k t ng trc con tr Ctrl-H Xo mt dng cha con tr Ctrl-Y Xa t v tr con tr n cui dng Ctrl-Q-Y Xa k t bn phi con tr Ctrl-T Cc phm chn k t/ dng: Insert Thay i vit xen hay vit chng Ctrl-N Xen mt dng trng vo trc v tr con tr S dng khi : Khi l mt on vn bn chng trnh hnh ch nht c xc nh bi u khi l gc trn bn tri v cui khi l gc di bn phi ca hnh ch nht. Khi mt khi c xc nh (trn mn hnh khi c mu sc khc ch bnh thng) th ta c
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th chp khi, di chuyn khi, xo khi... S dng khi cho php chng ta son tho chng trnh mt cch nhanh chng. sau y l cc thao tc trn khi: Phm tt ngha Ctrl-K-B nh du u khi Ctrl-K-K nh du cui khi Ctrl-K-C Chp khi vo sau v tr con tr Ctrl-K-V Chuyn khi ti sau v tr con tr Ctrl-K-Y Xo khi Ctrl-K-W Ghi khi vo a nh mt tp tin Ctrl-K-R c khi (tp tin) t a vo sau v tr con tr Ctrl-K-H Tt/m khi Ctrl-K-T nh du t cha chon tr Ctrl-K-P In mt khi Cc phm, phm tt thc hin cc thao tc khc: Phm ngha Phm tt Ctrl-K-D, F10 Kch hot menu chnh Ctrl-K-Q F2 Lu chng trnh ang son vo a Ctrl-K-S F3 To tp tin mi Tab Di chuyn con tr mt khong ng thi y dng vn bn Ctrl-I ESC Hy b thao tc lnh Ctrl-U ng tp tin hin ti Alt-F3 Hin hp thoi tm kim Ctrl-Q-F Hin hp thoi tm kim v thay th Ctrl-Q-A Tm kim tip tc Ctrl-L V d: Bn hy g on chng trnh sau:
#include <stdio.h> #include<conio.h> int main () { char ten[50]; printf(Xin cho biet ten cua ban !); scanf(%s,ten); printf(Xin chao ban %s,ten); getch(); return 0; }

II.3. Ghi chng trnh ang son tho vo a

S dng File/Save hoc g phm F2. C hai trng hp xy ra: - Nu chng trnh cha c ghi ln no th mt hi thoi s xut hin cho php bn xc nh tn tp tin (FileName). Tn tp tin phi tun th quy cch t tn ca DOS v khng cn c phn m rng (s t ng c phn m rng l .C hoc .CPP s ni thm trong phn Option). Sau g phm Enter. - Nu chng trnh c ghi mt ln ri th n s ghi nhng thay i b sung ln tp tin chng trnh c.

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Ch : phng mt in trong khi son tho chng trinh thnh thong bn nn g phm F2. Quy tc t tn tp tin ca DOS: Tn ca tp tin gm 2 phn: Phn tn v phn m rng. o Phn tn ca tp tin phi bt u l 1 k t t a..z (khng phn bit hoa thng), theo sau c th l cc k t t a..z, cc k s t 0..9 hay du gch di (_), phn ny di ti a l 8 k t. o Phn m rng: phn ny di ti a 3 k t. V d: Ghi chng trnh va son tho trn ln a vi tn l CHAO.C

II.4. Thc hin chng trnh

thc hin chng trnh hy dng Ctrl-F9 (gi phm Ctrl v g phm F9). V d: Thc hin chng trnh va son tho xong v quan st trn mn hnh thy kt qu ca vic thc thi chng trnh sau g phm bt k tr li vi Turbo.

II.5. M mt chng trnh c trn a

Vi mt chng trnh c trn a, ta c th m n ra thc hin hoc sa cha b sung. m mt chng trnh ta dng File/Open hoc g phm F3. Sau g tn tp tin vo hp File Name hoc la chn tp tin trong danh sch cc tp tin ri g Enter. V d: M tp tin CHAO.C sau b sung c chng trnh mi nh sau:
#include <stdio.h> #include<conio.h> int main () { char ten[50]; printf(Xin cho biet ten cua ban !); scanf(%s,ten); printf(Xin chao ban %s\n ,ten); printf(Chao mung ban den voi Ngon ngu lap trinh C); getch(); return 0; }

Ghi li chng trnh ny (F2) v cho thc hin (Ctrl-F9). Hy so snh xem c g khc trc?

II.6. Thot khi Turbo C v tr v DOS (hay Windows)

Dng File/Exit hoc Alt-X.

II.7. S dng mt s lnh trn thanh menu

II.7.1. Cc lnh trn menu File (Alt -F) - Lnh New : Dng to mi mt chng trnh. Tn ngm nh ca chng trnh l NONAMEXX.C (XX l 2 s t 00 n 99). - Lnh Open : Dng m mt chng trnh c sn trn a sa cha, b sung hoc thc hin chng trnh
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. Khi tp tin c m th vn bn chng trnh c trnh by trong vng son tho; hp thoi Open nh sau:

Ni nhp tn file

Th mc hin hnh

Trong trng hp ta nhp vo tn tp tin cha tn ti th chng trnh c to mi v sau ny khi ta lu tr, chng trnh c lu vi tn . - Lnh Save : Dng lu chng trnh ang son tho vo a. - Lnh Save as... : Dng lu chng trnh ang son tho vi tn khc, hp thoi lu tp tin ang son vi tn khc nh sau:

Tn hin ti (tn c) Tn mi ( k c tn th mc)

- Lnh : Save All: Trong lc lm vic vi Turbo C, ta c th m mt lc nhiu chng trnh sa cha, b sung. Lnh Save All dng lu li mi thay i trn tt c cc chng trnh ang m y.. - Lnh Change Dir ... : Dng i th mc hin hnh

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Th mc hin hnh Chn th mc khc

- Lnh Print : Dng in chng trnh ang son tho ra my in. - Lnh Printer Setup ...: Dng thit t mt s thng s cho my in. - Lnh Dos Shell : Dng thot tm thi v Dos, tr li Turbo C ta nh EXIT. - Lnh Exit : Dng thot khi C. II.7.2. Cc lnh trn menu Edit (Alt -E) - Lnh Undo : Dng hy b thao tc son tho cui cng trn ca s son tho. - Lnh Redo : Dng phc hi li thao tc b Undo cui cng. - Lnh Cut : Dng xa mt phn vn bn c nh du khi, phn d liu b xa s c lu vo mt vng nh c bit gi l Clipboard. - Lnh Copy : Dng chp phn chng trnh c nh du khi vo Clipboard. - Lnh Paste : Dng dn phn chng trnh ang c lu trong Clipboard vo ca s ang son tho, bt u ti v tr ca con tr. - Lnh Clear : Dng xa phn d liu c nh du khi, d liu b xa khng c lu vo Clipboard. - Lnh Show clipboard : Dng hin th phn chng trnh ang c lu trong Clipboard trong mt ca s mi. II.7.3. Cc lnh trn menu Search (Alt -S) - Lnh Find ...: Dng tm kim mt cm t trong vn bn chng trnh. Nu tm thy th con tr s di chuyn n on vn bn trng vi cm t cn tm; hp thoi Find nh sau:

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Nhp cm t cn tm vo y

ngha cc la chn trong hp thoi trn nh sau: Case sentitive : Phn bit ch IN HOA vi ch in thng trong khi so snh cm t cn tm vi vn bn chng trnh. Whole word only: Mt on vn bn chng trnh trng vi ton b cm t cn tm th mi c xem l tm thy. Regular expression: Tm theo biu thc Global :Tm trn tt c tp tin. Forward : Tm n cui tp tin. Selected text: Ch tm trong khi vn bn c nh du. Backward: Tm n u tp tin. From cursor : Bt u t v tr con nhy. Entire scope: Bt u ti v tr u tin ca khi hoc tp tin. - Lnh Replace...: Dng tm kim mt on vn bn no , v t ng thay bng mt on vn bn khc, hp thoi replace nh sau:

Tm cc cm t Scanf v thay th bng scanf

- Lnh Search again : Dng thc hin li vic tm kim. - Cc lnh cn li trn menu Search, cc bn s tm hiu thm khi thc hnh trc tip trn my tnh. II.7.4. Cc lnh trn menu Run (Alt -R) - Lnh Run : Dng thc thi hay "chy" mt chng trnh. - Lnh Step over : Dng "chy" chng trnh tng bc. - Lnh Trace into : Dng chy chng trnh tng bc. Khc vi lnh Step over ch: Lnh Step over khng cho chng ta xem tng bc "chy" trong chng trnh con, cn lnh Trace into cho chng ta xem tng bc trong chng trnh con.
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- Cc lnh cn li, cc bn s tm hiu thm khi thc hnh trn my. II.7.5. Cc lnh trn menu Compile (Alt C) - Lnh Complie: Bin dch mt chng trnh. - Lnh Make , Build, : Cc lnh ny bn s tm hiu thm khi thc hnh trc tip trn my tnh. - Lnh Information : Dng hin th cc thng tin v chng trnh, Mode, mi trng .

II.7.6. Cc lnh trn menu Debug (Alt-D) Trn menu Debug bao gm mt s lnh gip ngi lp trnh "g ri" chng trnh . Ngi lp trnh s dng chc nng "g ri" khi gp mt s "li" v thut ton, s dng bin nh - Lnh Breakpoints: Dng t "im dng" trong chng trnh. Khi chng trnh thc thi n "im dng th n s dng li" . - Lnh Watch : Dng m mt ca s hin th kt qu trung gian ca mt bin nh no khi chy chng trnh tng bc. - Lnh Evaluate/Modify: Bn s tm hiu khi thc hnh trc tip trn my. II.7.7. Cc lnh trn menu Project (Alt- P) Trn menu Project bao gm cc lnh lin quan n d n nh : ng, m, thm , xa cc mc, II.7.8. Cc lnh trn menu Option (Alt -O) Trn menu Option bao gm cc lnh gip ngi lp trnh thit t mt s t chn khi chy chng trnh. Thng thng, ngi lp trnh khng cn phi thit t li cc t chn. - Lnh Compiler ...: Dng thit t li mt s thng s khi bin dch chng trnh nh hnh sau Phn trnh by di y thuc v 3 mc: Directories, Enviroment v Save; cc phn khc sinh vin t tm hiu. - Lnh Directories...: Dng t li ng dn tm n cc tp tin cn thit khi bin dch chng trnh nh hnh sau:

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Include directory: Th mc cha cc tp tin m chng ta mun a vo chng trnh (cc tp tin .h trong dng #include). Library directory : Th mc cha cc tp tin th vin ( cc tp tin .Lib) Output directory: Th mc cha cc tp tin i tng (c phn m rng l .OBJ), tp tin thc thi (.exe) khi bin dch chng trnh. Source directory: Th mc cha cc tp tin ngun (c phn m rng l .obj, .lib). - Lnh Environment: dng thit lp mi trng lm vic nh: Reference: Cc tham chiu. Editor: Mi trng son tho gm: to tp tin d phng khi c s chnh sa (create backup file), ch vit (insert mode), t ng tht u dng (indent), i mu t kha (Syntax highlighting) c bit, trong phn ny l thit lp phn m rng mc nh (Default Extension) ca tp tin chng trnh l C hay CPP (C Plus Plus: C++).

Mouse...: t chut. Colors: t mu. II.7.9. Cc lnh trn menu Window (Alt- W) Trn menu Window bao gm cc lnh thao tc n ca s nh: - Lnh Cascade : Dng sp xp cc ca s. - Lnh Close all : Dng ng tt c cc ca s. - Lnh Zoom: Dng phng to/ thu nh ca s. - Cc lnh Tile, Refresh display, Size/ Move, Next, Previous, Close, List...: Cc bn s tm hiu thm khi thc hnh trc tip trn my tnh. II.7.10. Cc lnh trn menu Help (Alt- H) Trn menu Help bao gm cc lnh gi tr gip khi ngi lp trnh cn gip mt s vn no nh: C php cu lnh, cch s dng cc hm c sn - Lnh Contents: Hin th ton b ni dung ca phn help.
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- Lnh Index : Hin th bng tm kim theo ch mc. - Cc lnh cn li, bn s tm hiu khi thc hnh trn my.

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Chng 2 CC THNH PHN C BN CA NGN NG C

Hc xong chng ny, sinh vin s nm c cc vn sau: B ch vit trong C. Cc t kha. Danh biu. Cc kiu d liu Bin v cc biu thc trong C. Cu trc ca mt chng trnh vit bng ngn ng lp trnh C

I. B CH VIT TRONG C
B ch vit trong ngn ng C bao gm nhng k t, k hiu sau: (phn bit ch in hoa v in thng): 26 ch ci latinh ln A,B,C...Z 26 ch ci latinh nh a,b,c ...z. 10 ch s thp phn 0,1,2...9. Cc k hiu ton hc: +, -, *, /, =, <, >, (, ) Cc k hiu c bit: :. , ; " ' _ @ # $ ! ^ [ ] { } ... Du cch hay khong trng.

Ii. Cc t kho trong c

T kha l cc t dnh ring (reserved words) ca C m ngi lp trnh c th s dng n trong chng trnh ty theo ngha ca tng t. Ta khng c dng t kha t cho cc tn ca ring mnh. Cc t kha ca Turbo C 3.0 bao gm: asm auto break case cdecl char class const continue _cs default delete do double _ds else enum _es extern _export far _fastcall float for friend goto huge if inline int interrupt _loadds long near new operator pascal private protected public register return _saveregs _seg short signed sizeof _ss static struct switch template this typedef union unsigned virtual void volatile while

Iii. Cp du ghi ch thch

Khi vit chng trnh i lc ta cn phi c vi li ghi ch v 1 on chng trnh no d nh v d iu chnh sau ny; nht l phn ni dung ghi ch phi
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khng thuc v chng trnh (khi bin dch phn ny b b qua). Trong ngn ng lp trnh C, ni dung ch thch phi c vit trong cp du /* v */. V d :
#include <stdio.h> #include<conio.h> int main () { char ten[50]; /* khai bao bien ten kieu char 50 ky tu */ /*Xuat chuoi ra man hinh*/ printf(Xin cho biet ten cua ban !); scanf(%s,ten); /*Doc vao 1 chuoi la ten cua ban*/ printf(Xin chao ban %s\n ,ten); printf(Chao mung ban den voi Ngon ngu lap trinh C); /*Dung chuong trinh, cho go phim*/ getch(); return 0; }

IV. CC KIU D LIU S CP CHUN TRONG C

Cc kiu d liu s cp chun trong C c th c chia lm 2 dng : kiu s nguyn, kiu s thc.

IV.1. Kiu s nguyn

Kiu s nguyn l kiu d liu dng lu cc gi tr nguyn hay cn gi l kiu m c. Kiu s nguyn trong C c chia thnh cc kiu d liu con, mi kiu c mt min gi tr khc nhau IV.1.1. Kiu s nguyn 1 byte (8 bits) Kiu s nguyn mt byte gm c 2 kiu sau: STT Kiu d liu Min gi tr (Domain) T 0 n 255 (tng ng 256 k t trong 1 unsigned char bng m ASCII) 2 char T -128 n 127 Kiu unsigned char: lu cc s nguyn dng t 0 n 255. => khai bo mt bin l kiu k t th ta khai bo bin kiu unsigned char. Mi s trong min gi tr ca kiu unsigned char tng ng vi mt k t trong bng m ASCII . Kiu char: lu cc s nguyn t -128 n 127. Kiu char s dng bit tri nht lm bit du. => Nu gn gi tr > 127 cho bin kiu char th gi tr ca bin ny c th l s m (?). IV.1.2. Kiu s nguyn 2 bytes (16 bits) Kiu s nguyn 2 bytes gm c 4 kiu sau: STT Kiu d liu Min gi tr (Domain) 1 enum T -32,768 n 32,767 2 unsigned int T 0 n 65,535
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3 short int T -32,768 n 32,767 4 int T -32,768 n 32,767 Kiu enum, short int, int : Lu cc s nguyn t -32768 n 32767. S dng bit bn tri nht lm bit du. => Nu gn gi tr >32767 cho bin c 1 trong 3 kiu trn th gi tr ca bin ny c th l s m. Kiu unsigned int: Kiu unsigned int lu cc s nguyn dng t 0 n 65535. IV.1.3. Kiu s nguyn 4 byte (32 bits) Kiu s nguyn 4 bytes hay cn gi l s nguyn di (long) gm c 2 kiu sau: STT Kiu d liu Min gi tr (Domain) 1 unsigned long T 0 n 4,294,967,295 2 long T -2,147,483,648 n 2,147,483,647 Kiu long : Lu cc s nguyn t -2147483658 n 2147483647. S dng bit bn tri nht lm bit du. => Nu gn gi tr >2147483647 cho bin c kiu long th gi tr ca bin ny c th l s m. Kiu unsigned long: Kiu unsigned long lu cc s nguyn dng t 0 n 4294967295

IV.2. Kiu s thc

Kiu s thc dng lu cc s thc hay cc s c du chm thp phn gm c 3 kiu sau: STT Kiu d liu Kch thc (Size) Min gi tr (Domain) 1 float 4 bytes T 3.4 * 10-38 n 3.4 * 1038 2 double 8 bytes T 1.7 * 10-308 n 1.7 * 10308 3 long double 10 bytes T 3.4 *10-4932 n 1.1 *104932 Mi kiu s thc trn u c min gi tr v chnh xc (s s l) khc nhau. Ty vo nhu cu s dng m ta c th khai bo bin thuc 1 trong 3 kiu trn. Ngoi ra ta cn c kiu d liu void, kiu ny mang ngha l kiu rng khng cha gi tr g c.

V. Tn v hng trong C
V.1 Tn (danh biu)
Tn hay cn gi l danh biu (identifier) c dng t cho chng trnh, hng, kiu, bin, chng trnh con... Tn c hai loi l tn chun v tn do ngi lp trnh t. Tn chun l tn do C t sn nh tn kiu: int, char, float,; tn hm: sin, cos... Tn do ngi lp trnh t t dng trong chng trnh ca mnh. S dng b ch ci, ch s v du gch di (_) t tn, nhng phi tun th quy tc: Bt u bng mt ch ci hoc du gch di. Khng c khong trng gia tn.
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Khng c trng vi t kha. di ti a ca tn l khng gii hn, tuy nhin ch c 31 k t u tin l c ngha. Khng cm vic t tn trng vi tn chun nhng khi ngha ca tn chun khng cn gi tr na. V d: tn do ngi lp trnh t: Chieu_dai, Chieu_Rong, Chu_Vi, Dien_Tich Tn khng hp l: Do Dai, 12A2,

V.2. Hng (Constant)

L i lng khng i trong sut qu trnh thc thi ca chng trnh. Hng c th l mt chui k t, mt k t, mt con s xc nh. Chng c th c biu din hay nh dng (Format) vi nhiu dng thc khc nhau. V.2.1 Hng s thc S thc bao gm cc gi tr kiu float, double, long double c th hin theo 2 cch sau: - Cch 1: S dng cch vit thng thng m chng ta s dng trong cc mn Ton, L, iu cn lu l s dng du thp phn l du chm (.); V d: 123.34 -223.333 3.00 -56.0 - Cch 2: S dng cch vit theo s m hay s khoa hc. Mt s thc c tch lm 2 phn, cch nhau bng k t e hay E Phn gi tr: l mt s nguyn hay s thc c vit theo cch 1. Phn m: l mt s nguyn Gi tr ca s thc l: Phn gi tr nhn vi 10 m phn m. V d: 1234.56e-3 = 1.23456 (l s 1234.56 * 10-3) -123.45E4 = -1234500 ( l -123.45 *104) V.2.2 Hng s nguyn S nguyn gm cc kiu int (2 bytes) , long (4 bytes) c th hin theo nhng cch sau. - Hng s nguyn 2 bytes (int) h thp phn: L kiu s m chng ta s dng thng thng, h thp phn s dng cc k s t 0 n 9 biu din mt gi tr nguyn. V d: 123 ( mt trm hai mi ba), -242 ( tr hai trm bn mi hai). - Hng s nguyn 2 byte (int) h bt phn: L kiu s nguyn s dng 8 k s t 0 n 7 biu din mt s nguyn. Cch biu din: 0<cc k s t 0 n 7> V d : 0345 (s 345 trong h bt phn) -020 (s -20 trong h bt phn) Cch tnh gi tr thp phn ca s bt phn nh sau: S bt phn : 0dndn-1dn-2d1d0 ( di c gi tr t 0 n 7) => Gi tr thp phn= d i * 8 i
i =0 n

0345=229 , 020=16
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- Hng s nguyn 2 byte (int) h thp lc phn: L kiu s nguyn s dng 10 k s t 0 n 9 v 6 k t A, B, C, D, E ,F biu din mt s nguyn. K t gi tr A 10 B 11 C 12 D 13 E 14 F 15 Cch biu din: 0x<cc k s t 0 n 9 v 6 k t t A n F> V d: 0x345 (s 345 trong h 16) 0x20 (s 20 trong h 16) 0x2A9 (s 2A9 trong h 16) Cch tnh gi tr thp phn ca s thp lc phn nh sau: S thp lc phn : 0xdndn-1dn-2d1d0 ( di t 0 n 9 hoc A n F) => Gi tr thp phn= d i *16 i
i =0 n

0x345=827 , 0x20=32 , 0x2A9= 681 - Hng s nguyn 4 byte (long): S long (s nguyn di) c biu din nh s int trong h thp phn v km theo k t l hoc L. Mt s nguyn nm ngoi min gi tr ca s int ( 2 bytes) l s long ( 4 bytes). V d: 45345L hay 45345l hay 45345 - Cc hng s cn li: Vit nh cch vit thng thng (khng c du phn cch gia 3 s) V d: 12 (mi hai) 12.45 (mi hai chm 45) 1345.67 (mt ba trm bn mi lm chm su mi by) V.2.3. Hng k t Hng k t l mt k t ring bit c vit trong cp du nhy n (). Mi mt k t tng ng vi mt gi tr trong bng m ASCII. Hng k t cng c xem nh tr s nguyn. V d: a, A, 0, 9 Chng ta c th thc hin cc php ton s hc trn 2 k t (thc cht l thc hin php ton trn gi tr ASCII ca chng) V.2.4. Hng chui k t Hng chui k t l mt chui hay mt xu k t c t trong cp du nhy kp (). V d: Ngon ngu lap trinh C, Khoa CNTT-DHCT, NVLinh-DVHieu Ch : 1. Mt chui khng c ni dung c gi l chui rng.

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2. Khi lu tr trong b nh, mt chui c kt thc bng k t NULL (\0: m Ascii l 0). 3. biu din k t c bit bn trong chui ta phi thm du \ pha trc. V d: Im a student phi vit I\m a student Day la ky tu dac biet phi vit Day la ky tu \dac biet\

VI. BIN V BIU THC

VI.1. Bin
Bin l mt i lng c ngi lp trnh nh ngha v c t tn thng qua vic khai bo bin. Bin dng cha d liu trong qu trnh thc hin chng trnh v gi tr ca bin c th b thay i trong qu trnh ny. Cch t tn bin ging nh cch t tn ni trong phn trn. Mi bin thuc v mt kiu d liu xc nh v c gi tr thuc kiu . VI.1.1. C php khai bo bin: <Kiu d liu> V d: Danh sch cc tn bin cch nhau bi du phy;
/*Ba bin a, b,c c kiu int*/ /*Bin chu_vi c kiu long*/ /*Bin nua_chu_vi c kiu float*/ /*Bin dien_tich c kiu double*/

int a, b, c; long int chu_vi; float nua_chu_vi; double dien_tich;

Lu : kt thc 1 lnh phi c du chm phy (;) cui lnh. VI.1.2. V tr khai bo bin trong C Trong ngn ng lp trnh C, ta phi khai bo bin ng v tr. Nu khai bo (t cc bin) khng ng v tr s dn n nhng sai st ngoi mun m ngi lp trnh khng lng trc (hiu ng l). Chng ta c 2 cch t v tr ca bin nh sau: a) Khai bo bin ngoi: Cc bin ny c t bn ngoi tt c cc hm v n c tc dng hay nh hng n ton b chng trnh (cn gi l bin ton cc). V d:
int i; float int main() { } /*Bien ben ngoai */ pi; /*Bien ben ngoai*/

b) Khai bo bin trong: Cc bin c t bn trong hm, chng trnh chnh hay mt khi lnh. Cc bin ny ch c tc dng hay nh hng n hm, chng trnh hay khi lnh cha n. Khi khai bo bin, phi t cc bin ny u ca khi lnh, trc cc lnh gn, V d 1:
#include <stdio.h> #include<conio.h> int bienngoai; /*khai bao bien ngoai*/ int main () { int j,i; /*khai bao bien ben trong chuong trinh chinh*/ clrscr(); i=1; j=2; bienngoai=3;

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printf("\n Gia7 tri cua i la %d",i); /*%d l s nguyn, s bit sau */ printf("\n Gia tri cua j la %d",j); printf("\n Gia tri cua bienngoai la %d",bienngoai); getch(); return 0; }

V d 2:
#include <stdio.h> #include<conio.h> int main () { int i, j; clrscr(); i=4; j=5; printf("\n Gia tri cua i la printf("\n Gia tri cua j la if(j>i) { int hieu=j-i; printf("\n Hieu so cua } else { int hieu=i-j printf("\n Gia tri cua } getch(); return 0; }

/*Bien ben trong*/ %d",i); %d",j); /*Bien ben trong */ j tru i la %d",hieu);

; /*Bien ben trong*/ i tru j la %d",hieu);

VI.2. Biu thc

Biu thc l mt s kt hp gia cc ton t (operator) v cc ton hng (operand) theo ng mt trt t nht nh. Mi ton hng c th l mt hng, mt bin hoc mt biu thc khc. Trong trng hp, biu thc c nhiu ton t, ta dng cp du ngoc n () ch nh ton t no c thc hin trc. V d: Biu thc nghim ca phng trnh bc hai: (-b + sqrt(Delta))/(2*a) Trong 2 l hng; a, b, Delta l bin. VI.2.1 Cc ton t s hc Trong ngn ng C, cc ton t +, -, *, / lm vic tng t nh khi chng lm vic trong cc ngn ng khc. Ta c th p dng chng cho a s kiu d liu c sn c cho php bi C. Khi ta p dng php / cho mt s nguyn hay mt k t, bt k phn d no cng b ct b. Chng hn, 5/2 bng 2 trong php chia nguyn. Ton t ngha + Cng Tr * Nhn / Chia
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% Chia ly phn d -Gim 1 n v ++ Tng 1 n v Tng v gim (++ & --) Ton t ++ thm 1 vo ton hng ca n v tr bt 1. Ni cch khc: x = x + 1 ging nh ++x x = x 1 ging nh x C 2 ton t tng v gim u c th tin t (t trc) hay hu t (t sau) ton hng. V d: x = x + 1 c th vit x++ (hay ++x) Tuy nhin gia tin t v hu t c s khc bit khi s dng trong 1 biu thc. Khi 1 ton t tng hay gim ng trc ton hng ca n, C thc hin vic tng hay gim trc khi ly gi tr dng trong biu thc. Nu ton t i sau ton hng, C ly gi tr ton hng trc khi tng hay gim n. Tm li: x = 10 y = ++x //y = 11 Tuy nhin: x = 10 x = x++ //y = 10 Th t u tin ca cc ton t s hc: ++ -- sau l * / % ri mi n + VI.2.2 Cc ton t quan h v cc ton t Logic tng chnh ca ton t quan h v ton t Logic l ng hoc sai. Trong C mi gi tr khc 0 c gi l ng, cn sai l 0. Cc biu thc s dng cc ton t quan h v Logic tr v 0 nu sai v tr v 1 nu ng. ngha Cc ton t quan h > Ln hn >= Ln hn hoc bng < Nh hn <= Nh hn hoc bng == Bng != Khc Cc ton t Logic && AND || OR ! NOT Bng chn tr cho cc ton t Logic: P q p&&q p||q 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
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Ton t

!p 1 1 0 0

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Cc ton t quan h v Logic u c u tin thp hn cc ton t s hc. Do mt biu thc nh: 10 > 1+ 12 s c xem l 10 > (1 + 12) v kt qu l sai (0). Ta c th kt hp vi ton t li vi nhau thnh biu thc nh sau: 10>5&&!(10<9)||3<=4 Kt qu l ng Th t u tin ca cc ton t quan h l Logic Cao nht: ! > >= < <= == != && Thp nht: || VI.2.3 Cc ton t Bitwise: Cc ton t Bitwise ni n kim tra, gn hay s thay i cc Bit tht s trong 1 Byte ca Word, m trong C chun l cc kiu d liu v bin char, int. Ta khng th s dng cc ton t Bitwise vi d liu thuc cc kiu float, double, long double, void hay cc kiu phc tp khc.

Ton t ngha & AND | OR ^ XOR ~ NOT >> Dch phi << Dch tri Bng chn tr ca ton t ^ (XOR) p q 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 VI.2.4 Ton t ? cng vi :

p^q 0 1 1 0

C c mt ton t rt mnh v thch hp thay th cho cc cu lnh ca IfThen-Else. C php ca vic s dng ton t ? l: E1 ? E2 : E3 Trong E1, E2, E3 l cc biu thc. ngha: Trc tin E1 c c lng, nu ng E2 c c lng v n tr thnh gi tr ca biu thc; nu E1 sai, E2 c c lng v tr thnh gi tr ca biu thc. V d:
X = 10 Y = X > 9 ? 100 : 200

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Th Y c gn gi tr 100, nu X nh hn 9 th Y s nhn gi tr l 200. on m ny tng ng cu trc if nh sau:

X = 10 if (X < 9) Y = 100 else Y = 200

VII.2.5 Ton t con tr & v * Mt con tr l a ch trong b nh ca mt bin. Mt bin con tr l mt bin c khai bo ring cha mt con tr n mt i tng ca kiu ch ra n. Ta s tm hiu k hn v con tr trong chng v con tr. y, chng ta s cp ngn gn n hai ton t c s dng thao tc vi cc con tr. Ton t th nht l &, l mt ton t quy c tr v a ch b nh ca h s ca n. V d: m = &count t vo bin m a ch b nh ca bin count. Chng hn, bin count v tr b nh 2000, gi s count c gi tr l 100. Sau cu lnh trn m s nhn gi tr 2000. Ton t th hai l *, l mt b sung cho &; y l mt ton t quy c tr v gi tr ca bin c cp pht ti a ch theo sau . V d: q = *m S t gi tr ca count vo q. By gi q s c gi tr l 100 v 100 c lu tr ti a ch 2000. VI.2.6 Ton t du phy , Ton t du , c s dng kt hp cc biu thc li vi nhau. Bn tri ca ton t du , lun c xem l kiu void. iu c ngha l biu thc bn phi tr thnh gi tr ca tng cc biu thc c phn cch bi du phy. V d: x = (y=3,y+1); Trc ht gn 3 cho y ri gn 4 cho x. Cp du ngoc n l cn thit v ton t du , c u tin thp hn ton t gn. VI.2.7 Xem cc du ngoc n v cp du ngoc vung l ton t Trong C, cp du ngoc n l ton t tng u tin ca cc biu thc bn trong n. Cc cp du ngoc vung thc hin thao tc truy xut phn t trong mng. VI.2.8 Tng kt v u tin Cao nht () [] ! ~ ++ -- (Kiu) * & */% +<< >> < <= > >= & ^
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Thp nht VI.2.9 Cch vit tt trong C

| && || ?: = += -= *= /= ,

C nhiu php gn khc nhau, i khi ta c th s dng vit tt trong C na. Chng hn: x = x + 10 c vit thnh x +=10 Ton t += bo cho chng trnh dch bit tng gi tr ca x ln 10. Cch vit ny lm vic trn tt c cc ton t nh phn (php ton hai ngi) ca C. Tng qut: (Bin) = (Bin) c th c vit: (Bin) (Ton t)= (Biu thc) (Ton t) (Biu thc)

VII. Cu trc caA mt chng trnh C

VII.1. Tin x l v bin dch
Trong C, vic dch (translation) mt tp tin ngun c tin hnh trn hai bc hon ton c lp vi nhau: - Tin x l. - Bin dch. Hai bc ny trong phn ln thi gian c ni tip vi nhau mt cch t ng theo cch thc m ta c n tng rng n c thc hin nh l mt x l duy nht. Ni chung, ta thng ni n vic tn ti ca mt b tin x l (preprocessor?) nhm ch r chng trnh thc hin vic x l trc. Ngc li, cc thut ng trnh bin dch hay s bin dch vn cn nhp nhng bi v n ch ra khi th ton b hai giai on, khi th li l giai on th hai. Bc tin x l tng ng vi vic cp nht trong vn bn ca chng trnh ngun, ch yu da trn vic din gii cc m lnh rt c bit gi l cc ch th dn hng ca b tin x l (destination directive of preprocessor); cc ch th ny c nhn bit bi chng bt u bng k hiu (symbol) #. Hai ch th quan trng nht l: - Ch th s gp vo ca cc tp tin ngun khc: #include - Ch th vic nh ngha cc macros hoc k hiu: #define Ch th u tin c s dng trc ht l nhm gp vo ni dung ca cc tp tin cn c (header file), khng th thiu trong vic s dng mt cch tt nht cc hm ca th vin chun, ph bin nht l: #include <stdio.h>

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Ch th th hai rt hay c s dng trong cc tp tin th vin (header file) c nh ngha trc v thng c khai thc bi cc lp trnh vin trong vic nh ngha cc k hiu nh l: #define NB_COUPS_MAX 100 #define SIZE 25

VII.2 Cu trc mt chng trnh C

Mt chng trnh C bao gm cc phn nh: Cc ch th tin x l, khai bo bin ngoi, cc hm t to, chng trnh chnh (hm main). Cu trc c th nh sau:
Cc ch th tin x l (Preprocessor directives) #include <Tn tp tin th vin> #define .

nh ngha kiu d liu (phn ny khng bt buc): dng t tn li cho mt kiu d liu no gi nh hay t 1 kiu d liu cho ring mnh da trn cc kiu d liu c. C php: typedef <Tn kiu c> <Tn kiu mi> V d: typedef int SoNguyen; // Kiu SoNguyen l kiu int Khai bo cc prototype (tn hm, cc tham s, kiu kt qu tr v, ca cc hm s ci t trong phn sau, phn ny khng bt buc): phn ny ch l cc khai bo u hm, khng phi l phn nh ngha hm. Khai bo cc bin ngoi (cc bin ton cc) phn ny khng bt buc: phn ny khai bo cc bin ton cc c s dng trong c chng trnh.

Chng trnh chnh phn ny bt buc phi c <Kiu d liu tr v> main() { Cc khai bo cc b trong hm main: Cc khai bo ny ch tn ti trong hm m thi, c th l khai bo bin hay khai bo kiu. Cc cu lnh dng nh ngha hm main return <kt qu tr v>; // Hm phi tr v kt qu } Ci t cc hm <Kiu d liu tr v> function1( cc tham s) { Cc khai bo cc b trong hm. Cc cu lnh dng nh ngha hm Lu : Mt s tp tin header thng dng: return <kt qu tr v>; } Trang 34

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Mt chng trnh C bt u thc thi t hm main (thng thng l t cu lnh u tin n cu lnh cui cng).

VII.3 Cc tp tin th vin thng dng

y l cc tp tin cha cc hm thng dng khi lp trinh C, mun s dng cc hm trong cc tp tin header ny th phi khai bo #include <Tn tp tin> phn u ca chng trnh 1) stdio.h: Tp tin nh ngha cc hm vo/ra chun (standard input/output). Gm cc hm in d liu (printf()), nhp gi tr cho bin (scanf()), nhn k t t bn phm (getc()), in k t ra mn hnh (putc()), nhn mt dy k t t bm phm (gets()), in chui k t ra mn hnh (puts()), xa vng m bn phm (fflush()), fopen(), fclose(), fread(), fwrite(), getchar(), putchar(), getw(), putw() 2) conio.h : Tp tin nh ngha cc hm vo ra trong ch DOS (DOS console). Gm cc hm clrscr(), getch(), getche(), getpass(), cgets(), cputs(), putch(), clreol(), 3) math.h: Tp tin nh ngha cc hm tnh ton gm cc hm abs(), sqrt(), log(). log10(), sin(), cos(), tan(), acos(), asin(), atan(), pow(), exp(), 4) alloc.h: Tp tin nh ngha cc hm lin quan n vic qun l b nh. Gm cc hm calloc(), realloc(), malloc(), free(), farmalloc(), farcalloc(), farfree(), 5) io.h: Tp tin nh ngha cc hm vo ra cp thp. Gm cc hm open(), _open(), read(), _read(), close(), _close(), creat(), _creat(), creatnew(), eof(), filelength(), lock(), 6) graphics.h: Tp tin nh nghacc hm lin quan n ha. Gm initgraph(), line(), circle(), putpixel(), getpixel(), setcolor(), Cn nhiu tp tin khc na.

VII.4 C php khai bo cc phn bn trong mt chng trnh C

VII.4.1. Ch th #include s dng tp tin th vin
C php:

#include <Tn tp tin> // Tn tp tin c t trong du <> hay #include Tn ng dn Menu Option ca Turbo C c mc INCLUDE DIRECTORIES, mc ny dng ch nh cc tp tin th vin c lu tr trong th mc no. Nu ta dng #include<Tn tp tin> th Turbo C s tm tp tin th vin trong th mc c xc nh trong INCLUDE DIRECTORIES. V d: include <stdio.h> Nu ta dng #includeTn ng dn th ta phi ch r tn u, tn th mc v tp tin th vin. V d: #includeC:\\TC\\math.h Trong trng hp tp tin th vin nm trong th mc hin hnh th ta ch cn a tn tp tin th vin. V d: #includemath.h. V d:
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#include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> #include math.h

VII.4.2. Ch th #define nh ngha hng s C php: #define <Tn hng> <Gi tr> V d: #define MAXINT 32767 VII.4.3. Khai bo cc prototype ca hm C php: <Kiu kt qu tr v> V d: Tn hm (danh sch i s)

long giaithua( int n); //Hm tnh giai tha ca s nguyn n double x_mu_y(float x, float y); /*Hm tnh x m y*/

VII.4.4. Cu trc ca hm bnh thng C php: <Kiu kt qu tr v> Tn hm (cc i s) { Cc khai bo v cc cu lnh nh ngha hm return kt qu; } V d:
int tong(int x, int y) /*Hm tnh tng 2 s nguyn*/ { return (x+y); } float tong(float x, float y) /*Hm tnh tng 2 s thc*/ { return (x+y); }

VII.4.5. Cu trc ca hm main Hm main chnh l chng trnh chnh, gm cc lnh x l, cc li gi cc hm khc. C php: <Kt qu tr v> main( i s) { Cc khai bo v cc cu lnh nh ngha hm return <kt qu>; } V d 1:
int main() { printf(Day la chuong trinh chinh); getch();

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return 0; }

V d 2:
int main() { int a=5, b=6,c; float x=3.5, y=4.5,z; printf(Day la chuong trinh chinh); c=tong(a,b); printf(\n Tong cua %d va %d la %d,a,b,c); z=tong(x,y); printf(\n Tong cua %f v %f l %f, x,y,z); getch(); return 0; }

VIII. BI TP
Bi 1: Biu din cc hng s nguyn 2 byte sau y di dng s nh phn, bt phn, thp lc phn a)12 b) 255 c) 31000 d) 32767 e) -32768 Bi 2: Biu din cc hng k t sau y di dng s nh phn, bt phn. a) A b) a c) Z d) z

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