BA Afzal Ul Ulama First Year

KANNUR UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION
First Year B.A (Afzal-ul-Ulama) in Arabic Degree
Common Course 2
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES, INDIAN CONSTITUTION AND SECULARISM

Lesson Prepared by:
KK.FAIZAL RAHEEMI,
RAHEEMI, M.A
Darul Ihsan
Kappana,
Nuchiyad. PO
Pin: 670705. Kannur Dist,

Mob: 9495169356.
E-mail: faizalraheemi@gmail.com
Unit 1 Environmental Studies:

Chapter 1 An introduction to Eco-system.

, *+) ' & %"#$
) ( % &6 4 ,& : ;& .%2 ;2> = %
?.
) E B CD A .+
A ) B CD ( ;GH , F ) ( 2I ;2 ,"#$.
B CD ) M ( K ) ( N ) " ( O C G
A2.
E+ :B CD 2I"#$ ;# %6=A E
T %C2 2 %2I# R ID Q" ND
+.
+ ;GH U V D ?D F:66
: ) E ; +I ;& BN"#$ H"#$ &D
: "#$.
& G "#$ & , BX 2A ;* ? M N :+ Z Y
;I+D ,& E ;: ;A X ] ?D %" )+ %: %
E OR ) : ) _ V N2:^ & _:.( ?GC& 2A
H N R %" 2A* ? M , ;& `^6
% "? ? %X ?GC RG &.%C UD ,
2
& Bb ? F"#$ N %C UD U % %#" X , % UB

6M ? D ,_.
&M XN d "G "#c ;A& F ) % &; X;D
X &; & , ( ,& ) ;GH )2 ( )& (10 :dIX ) :?D
M # ;& 2G ,6 ;& 2# ,= B .;& QN 2:
' " % Q) ( X (2019:A+&6 , H G ) :2N GQ
& ,M NCD X ' ;& QN 2: ( )M.(10 :
_ : D B: FM V X IH #$ & d#
M ; Î A b ) Y N"#$
; ) ;: ?2.
Qj U F ) ,+M ;D 6 + "#c +
2 X ) :?D 2: )( , ,= B#M .(30
V# F " 2 ^6 ;#M AD Q;+D
X ) :?D QN ^6;#M () .(32:Q
_ ^"D O C"#c G X ) :?D QN ^6 O C Gk
QN ^6 B;2 ( ) (33 :Q
: ) E ; A ;# ^ l m ;b B BN
l m ;b l m ;b& 26 n ,& ?D FN.
& ,& O C" ,DM ;kKGD ;D + %#,
,D) `XD &o# n .
)_ # , G E) " Eq O C p ,& jZ
VA B) ^ "#$.
;) ? F ) :%G E QN ^6 O C G k QN ^6B
;2 ( ) (33:Q
M &; A X U ?2N" ?D F"#$ )2 * ; R ) %:
,& QNM " G ? ( )M.(24:
3
B: X F) EM "#c 2 ,& ,C; U B?D %X

"#c ;: ; &= " m ,;& T; "#c N
I &; A V ,2 G& m2I mK ;& F2
+ "#$ ;& U6M ? % 2G ; ,& %M
&;U; , #$ 2 = + "#$.
X ) :%GH ? 2 ?DM _ ( )H ;2 (
)A 6 ( ) QN) ( QN#M2( 32 30 :
& ,] = ? M ^ 66M + .;&:
X ) :?D ,& 2:M ,6 Q; DQ; 6 :A& ;& 2:
; ( )#M(31-30 :
X %#+6 ) :?DM # ;& 2G ,6 ;& 2#,= B
( ) ' ;& QN 2: " % Q ) ( X = , VH # 2%2k
%V2# G ( ).(21-19 :A+
M ; Qb & , 2 BoD ;D#N 66MN
NZ ;2 & # ;2 B E) %GH % F A ?
E4 A E4 % E4 , %G )HUZ .%:

; ; d" ; o&+ ? H
6$ > &G 6$" d N & ,) I X %
4
D n Q 2j ,b+ .,6$

B GG+ :+ BID 2 6$ M `CN26
%2G2 & ,) BI .2
&; Q BID , Q .
Q BID" V QI.
BID)_ Q C Q.%G
BID Q b %G G.C
BIDH RG ".2
"#
"#$ 2 ,66M ,& BN& Ok #N "^ %

% 26 ,&A ; B %GH ,& F N ;2 )HU& ,%= ,& F
; ? ; %G % ?DZ ;G > B) ; ,& ,#"#$ jj
D ,M N + #"#$ $ Y4 ,#;M,
G ?D F :N
('& : ?D F %=$ ) :%G dGH A O#$
()) (56 : B CD %+ B F EKXM M,;&
Y"DA B +.
('& :^& ,& FM %=$ ) :?D %G,& B: ,#
M ) ( HG (30: &H F Xu QD # n+ C#^
I X F ) : 2: # ,& HM & QN2
n+ mD; & B6 _b) ( F.(26:
('& ) : M %=$ ) :?D %G UC# QM

6)( ;& Q (61: ) ?2 6 YT :( Q QN D.
M QD # V 2 $ $ "& B
H.
) E G; H N & M ,& BH D^&
K ?D F ,& BH D^& &H &
.
& X "#$ ;) nG) E " G"#$ % 6B
2 & Q;X d+D Q;: X ) :?D BG 2R GD 2+
; Q " M ( ) M ( 96:X + B ) :?D
?># %2+2& Z ) ( T.(97 :B+2
:
* +,
B :"#$ : %6$ & X ,"#$ N :%

C# T Y+ "#$ 2k : M&
> BN 2 ;IkIHT ;Gk ? %#_ RG QN
) :%G & ,M %2A kT Q>) ( QN#M.(38:
4M 2kN :6 " ?D F + X ) :?D D Q F
" ,& % A" M O C GA2 A AC
> 2( ).(18 :x+
& YA E); b2kN " : " :F + D ;#M Y+?D F
E.
6

23("*0 1 -. /
X "N Q V X ,; %.
:
4
&; o2? N R R % %& BN& %: B: F ? ?D F
? 2I m#I ? jM jZ X ) :?D & nH ,"
M H B;2 ] M ,M ( )R .(190:
X y6 ) :?D Q6 _ ) ( ?M) "& nH ( ) ) X &; (
) (3-1:?M) E M M jR ? BkD F :?D
^ n" G; z + ;2 B.
X X : X #N `+I dIRG `+I nT2
N N o2 RG N ".
X :C
6 BUD 2kN;#u&
c ?M_ Bk6
6 dUD ;& *H X
H ,= BBT F
X "N Q ) ,& B> D 2 BU o2 ( N X ) :?D

o2 Q &N , " M nH ,= F "? N X
X U& Q;: 2Z E z ( )M BX ) .(185:o# & ,"
M ,2D] )2 X 2Z ( )(101:O#

(5
o2 " Q? N # % b % ?D F :BX Q2 B& %#F
, ? ;6"#$ p .2T X ) :?DD Q ,& QN ^6 F
" & ,M p QN |6 G) ( 2T.(20:
& l BI) E l ,& Q2] &6 ,& ?D %X , ) :Q F)
nH" M V# " &HU %> QN XQN ^6
_ A & , EU + QN ^6;#M ( ) QN ^6 O C Gk
QN ^6 B;2 ( ) DR Q E U6 B D d #I+D F
"#$ o ( ) u& (34-32:Q RG Q# N FI
,& EN V4 N ,& ND NC"#$ o N.
&; ) N " Y^ ,& BN & , ^ % o nAD E E
. 2 %#
N 2 `K }G# 4_ `K xD Q
"#$ %HH QoN .%
& ,RG 6 6 ) ? "D ( B+2 6 X l"` ) 6 M ( Q2 F
?D &; > ? % # :;2 E#M ) #M ;& QN ;GH
(.
UD
;2
m&2
:;2 ) ^ B + 2^ D n
()(8:B+2
:;2 ) % "#$ + 2 ) . ) V# " QN
= %2 "D %& A= %2 ( ) % QN d2V V B^22M
8

>
&,
_
]
G
N
).(11-10:B+2
^6 :;2"#c F Q&M QM ) QN ^6 B;2

O C GA2 "^ EU & ,_ ] G ) ( )-12:B+2
.(13
& " m B QN D D NC HG . # ,& ?D2
V ) : Q; R 2 U %2 & ;2 2:H ( ) 2: ;& 2:
B^#2 & ;& #A ( ) U E j % ; Q&
NC ( )(35-33 :O
& O# ," ) ##M ) : Q d Q; 2GH # 2Q;& #
; N ( ) 2 ; ;2 & Q ; QU ;2 ( ) ; m&2 ;& QC &
NC ( ) (73-71:OND ) E ) & NC ( U YTNC
.% l+
= N 2 ^6; & % dGH 2 ? nG+D &; Q #
HM ) Z ? ~ B Q2 ;D ;k #& n.?D F
G ) :?D UD M QDN= QN QN# QD ) ( C ,
) (7:Q
) Eo2 ? N ; ; & O# ,"#$ & EN :N& %# O;
?:^ ?C ID l E # %ZD , %ZDV: B> %2O C
GA2 & ," > l BA ;#M A=M +# &,
M.
N O "#c ) ( E;G ) ;X
(.
B ^ "^ "#c ^ "#$ 2"#$ ) ) ,& QN nH

M ) ( :G ) (29: ,& QN ^6" & ,M ( %2 :
).(13:jA
9
* 1' -

Q %G %X ; ; o&+ ; b B"

&; X , +K .Q
& Q %G Q) X Qo2"#$ % X"#$ %"2 X"#$
%D6U % A X"#$ N %& nNM C^ " &
:,: +6 +N . $
X Qj &;G 6$ : C 6$ ? m :& z+ N
^ & B&M QN) ENM 4 & .C = Y"D
#]H QbD B CD n^ Xn^ X
,& QbD ; IX " 6 > &G+ BI B .#"#$
mX H % BN %G ,6$T ? I6 E %G ) ,
%G G % G); 6 %G >N .%
&U BI ,& E AD %G ) ; ( yb_ & : ,N
RG dj QN" 2 2 : .M
A#; I X ;NV X X I MX ...
;.
A#; x+ X+ $ Q+D I mXD2 +#
) ? " BI .( +
X A# ) ( & %G& , .
A#; V X V "X.
A#; X ; BI m E+# _ D qN
2 y &; N.
10
N X A# G2 ? IH; Qk; G ? ;
Y: K &;.
;A X A# & %D .
? HR) E+ M I ,& BH D X %G) Qo2
+ 6$; NU C G b+ q "
6.V x;2
? ) % BI %GN ( & BI B *G ID% Gj
) X ( )_.
& D & :%G& % G ;G;C , ;& d Y> X
> BH > ,& ;2 ; o2 ; +& ; C2.
=; ) EG X : ) K K (HU , # z }#
%++ A %XT NI# OG %"# z + R #RX
,2Db b ,# ,& ?D %Gb ) : GD QN"# F QN
( )"2 (29: ) :%X GD QN"# F QN ()"2 (29:%X
) :?D GD QN U? ;) ( NG (195 :& ,# ,b X ) :?D
bD ) 9 E %G ) (233: b YD =;
()G ) (282: N" D K ( )G.(231:
) E G N X ;2 X ?= kV: ;G >:Q;X B
b V G N$ ) 6b ' (
b V b > % ) % ( %2
b & G m N$.
B +b M m& ?#b ?M
B +b ^ & mb .
b V =M b .`HM
11
D " D ,K ; o ND . ;H

^ .C
6? Y: .m&2
) EG C , A ) ;DNM ( G ,& ;:
: ; d22X , Y# & , %G ,2+ ; dD.?= N
> B_ X ) b yD o+ ( X , "I# 2
RG R O H ,& QN ,& ;b RG 6 ,& ?D %X B> ,N #M:
) QN BI& X QN K QD)( %#M(119:
,& %X" BX ) :;"# ,& : , % QT ? + ,
N " %#u& V2H Q+ O: &" G B & % FK
4 &u _ 4 ) ( Q#M(145:
: Q+2>6 &6 , G & ) :?D %X , # QN
V2H Q+ B & % F 4 K & % Qj 4 F
) ( QG.(173:
: G & ,# C G : + I2 ; &: ,Qk
2 , & & , Q6 %G + IG.
G & I2 ; , G ) .( V , K?
$ ,KG) E ,& G ;& I B ., B CD ,
> G+ n IH ;& BH & Q;+I+ ? H
.
22N # G #I ,& V) " n ,& 6 ?
+ & , ; B+ m#IC N ,
;6N B6 ,& ,D bD m A.%
C) m A 6$; : & Y:D ;k;G A
AD &M & ,_ Q;D ? Au& ;G d" Q
B G , U bD].H
12
Chapter 2 Means of Preservation:

89

37#
-1> =<
Vk ? o&+ & ,6$ : AC 2 b^DM
V.
G# ) & ,RG ,& QN 2 Q; ^6 %GH ? F6 V
AC^bG& . :?D ) V# " &# % 2:HU
bH %2 2:HU& ,= B ^# 2X ;T B^2 #2:
2 V ;C % C 4o# ? E j j %2 &,
] QN G 2Z ( )#M.(99:
& O# ," G ) :?D ) 2: UC# = 4= B^2
V ^ %V ; C % C 4 E j jDR
%G I E &"D Y+ %# "& ( )#M(141:
&6 , H G ) :?D& ,M A mX 2: 2
2 B^# 2 4 " ?G ,& l ? ;b Bb#M B &,
_ ] G G ( ) (4:
13
&6 , H G %#+6 ) :?D ) V# " = %2 QN

"D %& A= %2 ( ) % QN d2V V B^22M B
> & ,_ ] G N ( )(11-10:B+2
ND X ) ?2> & ,RG 6 ,X QN =? I2 ? ;& %#
; & kV AC^b:
?5 I2 : .2 & ) :%X , E j ( j) ?D %X
& o2"#$ ? ) ( %T 2 # ( ) 2GG= QjM =;& 2#U& ) ( G
( ) 2 ) ( bX # )( ^# ) ( 4 nk&; ( ) QN
(32-24:O) ( QN#M
& o2` ,& B:) ED2 I2 2 2 Q;#MQ; ^D ,
.b
X ) :?D Q "# # ? M A &^2 % UD%2 B
Q;# Q;"#& I ( )" A(27:
&U= ? 2M BV ; Q.Q;X B Q; Q;#M
?5 : ) I2 A ( .) I X l2 6$
; % Q % BA Q6 ,& %RG & ,"u& 2 F
Y+ B : ?D A 26 ? F % F.Q6
X ?D %X #2 ) V B^22M V ) :
o# ? E j j)( %2#M #U& .(99: o2#? > m "2 m#
.B A
Eo2
X $ : E"D ,& ,TGV & ? YA& N$ ) ?
( M A2 ; &2 , 4 A=M.
14
"?
B0 8
M zZD 2 ) M ,& ? VDRG &; M

2;: + V & : ,M z+I.
:;2 E^C X O# X : 6 ? F % FQ" " : Q6
64 V U& T %2 B "# ; ." X % %
" Q" " : & : Q 64 % %2 B
X 6 X % %2 B" X % ;& %2 m d &; %
X E ) %IG2 ( %2 )HU ." X %
& , " :%? " G
d o2 :2 YND X I > V ? )H%
E j A # %& % ND Q AD %? V" BN& kN %2
j %& % ,.
B:+ ? ,2 % FX Q6 d 6 :6 ? F% F
U Q6 ,#G D A= YI# " : ;o ? I& G ; ? >D
&u ,& %I ,= B j 2 X V F." B:
, U : ,K %2 F : ) =A : ( &G:
D ) E = d# >D , & ,) ) &G , :
N ,: U4 ;2 B.
: X d j VH d 6 :^ G :, M
_2 D _K &G % :, = # 4! &G " :V
_ G& " ! ;26 d^ m E ;6 & .,^ ,
" D + V " ;2 %2% +
? _ " ? %"2_ .) X EC ".
15
&;) 2 E +I Bb AC) E;: #RG 2,

Q;DV? ^b M A ;2 nk ; d2D A B
;.x
$ & E 2" ,^ & ) ,M ( O# ? ,2F
%X Q6 " dX" & , u& "& Q 6 GD ?
." ;6& ;6
O2 z ? l+D ACX ) %#M z + ?
A2^ "#c " B %D ;& Q + m2
Yb2 ? mG2 ? Bo %# ~D ? B+ HR & ;6#
" _=D GD Bo V U %64 j B E4
U6M %2 B " D ;T ,& 2 B & Z 2 ) B
K %#M G n+^& ,& FM ? HR.n
2 G Q :z + & % AC kH %& 42 X
> Bo `^D+ 4 > B " & ~ , ,
I Kb G ]j b ? m2I ^` ? ;2
.BXM
(5 (
G ? o&+ 66M & o# ,6$ % z :%:

,6$X % mC : ,6$ M ;D >D
j.;D
? $ Y4 ,#;M ) M( jj GnH 66
; "#$ " _ I# RG QN.%D
) E G:,
16
: .?D F X V ) :B: dGH A O#$ (

))(56:
&H : #j %GH ,& ?D F X ) %#+6 ,& B: ,#M ( H
)G(30:
: >j M &" ? ?D %X , ) :y %# UC# QM
6) ( ;& Q (61 : ) :?2 6( Q YT QN D.
2 d# M ; o"&$ &; = % dGDmk
#M 6 " .
: 2 ); %2 IG" ? N ,# % y F"
# X %6 F? j ) Q ,& FM Q; U6 G
HX : ) ?D? j HX + Q X QN FE4 %
UC# QM 66& ;& Q D Qj E ) ( %(61:
&G , HR Q2 Q ?D F Q; %kR) Q"&$ & ,M ,
U G& Q; F N 2X " ? ?D ) :y QN:
H ,& QM " ( )M(74:
) Q? ) 6M M . : B6;)
A#G : QX ) : QN F) ( E4 %(61:
&G , ) HR y QG V ) G Q;#? C"&$ &,
M _ ERG GD& ) :%G %X ,& QN FT ( ) D
"& ( ) ) " & ,M +I ( )C(152-150:
A#) )+"&$ & , ,# 6 Y= F) > % F? & B
Q? F ED 6 E Q? X &Q;D ,
D Qo"&$ & ,MV2 ? ;) Q .?D FX ) E]
6 N :
) ? HX = Q X QN F E4 % IG2D N
V *"G "^D 2 = Q >D & ,M " ( )-84:
(85
17
: 6$ ,;2" & ,M .?= Y6U

;2 ,;2"&$ & ) :?D %X , "D & ,M ; E
&H) ( TM(56:
:;2 2 2 " ;2 )+ ;; C &,& ?D %X ,
` l ) :G&2 2 ,& %X _A+ # ;C ? F
& %X , Î ( ) ,& ?6 ?DM " &; ;_ + B"2
Y+ F" ( ) % BX nD F ;D)HV Q2;: %"+& Qj$ O ; (
)G(206-204:
> B_ ,& %X ; ) :" & ,M &" Y+ F " (
) k(64:
,& %X ) : G&2 "D Q; BX & ,M X +I +# # ( )
Q;# Q " C N ( )G(12-11:
;2 D F Y+ ) ?D" ( ) Y+ " ( &,
] " .G B yI %# " : &X ) ?6 IX , ?6
% Q:" + %6 F B yI F " ( )(81:O#
"&$ & ,M B C :"&$ Y^ DM zD
DX V26 & : 4 , +I BD
m&2.;D
B CD"&$ 2 I ?D F^ E % 2 N
? = % ? %D= ' ;2 ;p Dx
Bk+ Bkb Q GD=M HUDHM ADXM ?
b "X 24M ? G.
_ : X % ) =) 6 " BD
& ; Q;G6 C z D ) D nH
; Q ; Q Q;:ND ) V2 `K Q;2 Q" Q ? Qj$ ;.Q
18
. (:
: = %6$ M ) : (

: ,M 6^ X X & ) , ( ,2
&; M & ) ,+I ( ;#UM _ ; O ,
.; m2
) ( DHU ,6 z +2 " : ,;& K
." %
M ,M , &; 2 6 6 ? F
%=c ( ) Q6 ? M M D ,K ,+D ,+"#$
) ( M N # ; # ;& d2 &;
= A G &; 2 ) ( M :u &; #
V 4 AC X6 " N .C
X OX ? ,2 % F ?2 Q6 + q RG ,& QN
> .R & ) :?D %X , Q; RM 2 %2 & ;2 2:H
U ( ) (33:O %X ) % 2 ( ) ) (11: )
,+ ?D ? %#(39:dI&) ( X ,= B
=_ Qo ?2 ,6$ ; o&+ ; 2D ? B
6 H : ;DM V , I , G "#c
X o2& ) :?D"#$ ? ) ( %T 2 # ( ) 2GG= QjM =G
( ) & ) ( ;& 2#U 2 ) ( bX # ( ^# ) ( 4 nk&; ( )
QN(32-24:O) ( QN#M
2 X ) & Bb M ; z ,6$ ;& Y4
&; QoU > :I6 M ,K m6D %& XV
I #$.
N : V _ N :u ; ;#
+ ; +#_ + V X
19
) :?DD M &u ; 2V# V d d# B

;) ( x.(5:x+
N $ )_2 : ; " X &; 2M& +D

2 2 +D " N;) # 2 &;A #I , ?
+I G &; "& ,# ;2:
1 +I " & &; + .Y#: B
2 &DM V G , ;22 X d+K AD ,# ;
ND ? Y#: B UD; & . U B2 )k
N $ )_ Xu ,& m#IM m#I & V+
2 X X ) :?D 2V#U %& + = 2 m&2 ( ) (25: +:%X
) &U % = ( = ? 2I + ) %X2 m&2 ( = ?
2I .#
66 ? ,2 % F Q6 %kH= :X$ )E

M ,K l: ) H U&N ,;& 6$ ;Q
;: ? mACD ;I6 ;: ;#H.
X %&T B> %+I nD& %k2" %k B? %#
%+ % +#_ + B ) % ( 2 : 2
B G : m#I "C # "
bH _ & _ $ %#M ,& D) EyI %G %#M +
QN ,& ,+ ,& BH & %" ,+ z + " : `C
Ku& . d" ;#M " % ,;& D : .% N )HU ,C
B l Y;G ? YG _ $ % n Q
,X %+I+ I + ,& % " % G BGb V2D &,
V2b & ,+ I + ,& % .) ) YA
20
D " #I ,& %+:# "D : 2D &

" &" + : B: " BG ;X# X ,.
X E4 + " : ,#V 6 ? F% F
Q6 %X n & 2 K X : 6 F
? % F EVA+ _G Q Q62 # X ;2 )^& B _X
? %D " ,X
X F : ^ ^ ? Y) G 2 " :;
2 " % ,;& K_ :# VA+ M
.
mACD 26&M ? #$ m&2 , F) Y?
I % &G %#U= , " : u& F %# I &%#U= ,
G " : u& F %# I .....&? ^ ) B
( ; Q BI Q# %# ? %2U& %?
X ,#u& %H % d# V %DR %K , ... D % ^ "....
; : ;G TC $ , %+ & MM
z +? $ # _ .
Y 2? $ ) nG+D % N ) N u $
6 X 2 " % %X " % ,;& K q "k.
?
GF
Bk6 , ; 6$ & ~ , : &o2 2 GG+
`X6$ ,& % o# `X &o2 M %& &o2&
& b& B X.%bk
Y ,& C6$ D D 2 " %#; " );& &o2
%6 " Q " & %G6$.
21
_ ; , " I " I 2A
& yID " ; Q Q + K M + M
" BK N & , %& B"D bM D , "Dc
B> DM %: %2 Q `#M : M#
X ) :?D; ) 2R Q X? I &"4 : QN QN? &n
"+ QN6 QN:? N ;T& 2: Q2 ( ) k (6:X ?
% F BG " : Q6 F ;T "
= +I )_ &o# :> N HM GX
) :?D) ( ;& _ j (4:j _^ &o# : A26
" B "D & " y AM +# & ,+I ) A6$(.
& _ = RG " &o2 2;G& ) :?D Y+ F Y+
; ( )G (222: ? ?2jX A" BG& . %& ) :: +
; Y+ F ; ( ) (108:
X ? ,2 % F " : Q6; = $ " %I# .y+ z
_ = d " ) E N+ Q;H ; n2 ,; Q ;
>4 2 B :Q " , &o2 $ "
?2 X ? ,2 % F &o2 Q6"#$ & ? "4 H
B"4 : : A A ? Y: " Q+ B | " ? n ,& Q" B6 B
" %& B %6" E ":
&o2 ?2 Q26M ,& Y4& H" Qo " Y4" ;
K Q " A b b MC26 & ,K ?
) Y& ?2+ lkK
&o2 " C " %N& = %
u b * $ # QGDpM _ 26.
&o2 ?2 d %D6&G& %2 ": Y+ B : F A Y+ YT Y
Y+ ò#o2& &o2 & QN2 ;CD ; "
22
&o2 ?2 n D B %& ?G )X R " : " &,

Q;XT" Q;2 % d:
, ,KX %2 FX : 6 ? F % F " :Q6 $ mb
6 6 = # TM n&; X : % F
"
" " ,C E+# :n % M :Z B A+
C Qo 6A2)G +#_.
, ,KX %2 FX : ? ,2 % F , dK " :Q6
;2" , :& ;6 6+ ; M n : &" ,
; ND ^2 & , "" & D A
, ,KX %2 F ,# :dX : F ,# ,b D ,"# ,G
V& ,22 = ,#G& % F 6 ? F % F " :Q6& B) &B
) M " n
& , X ,# :dX : = ,2 FX % m# " :V M
nT " "
,KX ;2 FX: 6 ? F % F ? :Q6Q" B
"#$ BG& B:G :) = X % 2DU# " :
_;# N2 _ ? `b +# )G
n H B ^D ? I " E " %++ " ,& VH
,KX %2 F d 6 :6 ? F % FG Q6 ,& " :"#$
6 %& BI k jj I X " X ;2 BI Bn & :
_ 6 F X " : ,& ^2 " ;2& D A %+2D ,C" n
jR A# ) E;: ,& 2 B: +I Q;k2)D Q +K.
= ,; X : ,CA m&& % B: G& n:
) &G d 6 :6 ? F % FG Q6 " :&A m n
2" % d 2" % d# BH " 2A E " ,& ,# "NX
;> :,Gj %D.
23
Ck ,K :;2 F 6 ? F % FX Q6 nH " : B"#

R ,2 ? 6 & BI k jj F F y6 F BF
6 FV nT A+ " = nT o "
N2 ?;# _D" > ) ," %#u& k jX
V 2 "X . : D X." ,C " :
, ,K %2 F ? ,2 % F 2 " :Q6n ,C B:
= I4 : & NC& EHU " % & % F E^ ".Q
& , "X :Q G" : d ,& YG :A= ,& 2A ;p ;Xn
ZD d# " "
? JG(" &IF:
& , ,K 2 F 6 QGD d# " G& A 6 ? F

% FU"& Q6 ;2 :% BG& G& dD ;#R ;& " :,# # "?DU& ...
X & .; ?I E^ " Q 26u %: y+~ %
" %++ " ,& VH X %# : *GD d#^ ". A
Q6 ? F % F U Q6) E "Z ;2I ? X
GD d# ò2D % ". A
& z + ? " A I ,& %&o#2 YA & . U6
6 ? % F ;2 Q6& G ;D E Q % +
? ; &X , .;D
6 Q 2: ,KX %2 F : #6 ? F % F :Q6 )^#
" ,& : # # ." ;o2# E ) Xy+ z :
24
/ + (":&I
,KX ;2 F 2 :6 ? F % F Y^ Q6

X ,& ^# " ? ~& A2X ; N Qj :"X % & :
V % %^& X " : V F BX B: %: Q ? & nI
" % E^ " Q ~ .%
K ? ,2 % F Q6 >+& Q; B ? M )G
Q; ? %"2 &o2 2 " ?G ;#M H : "
b ;o Q;D %: Q;2? ;: }HM VD G %
; 6 .QN
( M*
G,(
? o&+ K : ; %>+ QIX %>+ .

"? o&+ " #& %GH ? ?D F Q;;: G
NC =N ; o&+` ^ 4_
#"&$ & ,M.
G ?D F ) : "D & ,M ; ( )M(56:
X ,2 ?D6 Bk & ,& Q; A %C ,2j ) :2 =
F >D & ,M " ( )G(60:
X % y" & ) :%G R F >D & ,M " (
)M(74:
25
"&$ & ,M N X Y^ T zD ;k

D ;DT .;2 dD
N X =u 2 Qo C# BT GD C zD k bBbD
G.
= %b ?D F Y+.%
;) ND & ,RG Y+ ) F " ( ) k (64: ) Y+" (
G(65:
& _D , 2 , ,& F N ,
+D ? j : , E2 ^ , ,k,
,D2 ,& , ^ . :HR ?2 , V 2
, ,& D2 'kC+ , 6 +
nT2 ,& d#` G & , M + ,& , :;2
^ ,& 2 M ;# ^ B2 H m"# Q
;+D? j ? ] " C A >.
) G EIXu& ,& 2UDRG QN 2& E# :& ? 6
) E . 2G %2 %# do#G # ? ) N %k 2 *+%k
+ E;# E %D# %# : E= " % E X %;# E B_ "^
2"#$ ND % F %& % # ^6 m2 % F
B NG# Q & ,_ ) :?D %X F) nH" M V#
" &HU %> QN X QN ^6_ A & ,EU +
QN ^6;#M ( ) QN ^6 O C G k QN ^6 B;2( ) DRQ
E U6 B D d #I+D F ( ) ) (34-32:QD Q F
,& QN ^6" & ,M p # QN |6 G) ( 2T(20:
) ,& QN ^6" & ,M %2 : ,& %#_ ] G N (
).(13:jA
26
,
%# ? F> & `^ , & ,> %DR6.E

&6 , " ? %2D B+2> + # + ;2 x2 :
4G& ) :?D#M ;& QN ;GH m&2UD ;2 (
) ) (5:B+2 ,& QN#M & %# ,& QNG"# IH 2
C k6 ( )(66:B+2
?
& ," ? %2D ;"#> ) :?D %G D2 ) V# "

= %2 QN "D %& A= %2 ( ) % QN d2V V B^22M
B> & ,_ ] G N ()(11-10:B+2
& 2 ,+ ) :?D %G ; BI > B^22M

)^D N6 %2 2" X & ,_ ] G G ( )(67 :B+2
,& BH> + :# B+2 G %2 x2 ) :?D? _ ? B+2
)^D A D AC = ( ) Qj , B> &,N6
B6 _ ^ = ;# ^` = %& %# 2 & ,_ ] G
N ( )(69-68:B+2
&6 , G O ) :?D F ; QM 2 %2 & ;2 2:H
U ( ) 2: ;& 2: B^#2 & ;& #A ( ) U
E j % ; Q& NC ( )(35-33:O
27

,
& ," ) ;"# d (B+2? > +N ,& ;6 6M

,k# ; & ,A + X ) :?D ) ^6+
U T + %2:^"D ;#"D %2D _ %& H
& %bNCD QN ( )(14:B+2
(:
&5
& ,RG ? %2> ) :?D %X # 2V# +

&U % = 2 m&2 ( ) (25: +& ,] ? )
^ ) ,& ( + ,& C :2" N .# &,
RG ? %2> ) :?D %X # 2V#U %& + = m&2
2 ( ) (25: +& ,] ? ) ^ ) ,& ( +
,& C :2" N .#
V % n ? "D" , &; ) E] 6 " ." +
RG " IX ,X " G" Qo) E2 ,#DR ) :#G +
? 6 X & I ^# ? # %: X ,#DR& X % (
)& 6 ;o E 6 ) ( G# %(97-96:`;N
& , 2 ? 6 ^6XT % F X # ) :?D26
%.(12 :U6) ( G
28
( N'(
> _ yID %RG &6 4 , :"#c ^6 %# O C G

) "^ B"#c BM ,& % T mC" ? b
U E^"D F# X " C ? B GO C
^"D 2"#$X ) :?D QN ^6 O C G( k
) ) (33:Q QN ^6 B;2 O C GA2 "^ EU
& ,_ ] G G ( ).(12:B+2
( M*
G, ,
:
: Q %6$ & 2D , + ; ? %2 :
> +.#
26$ > +:;: #
M? : ;#2k O+D QUD; : K YA Y
; U;D B+ m"D ;#M ;G ,& IG % YD "D
o ? *bD"#$ ;2N& m bG.
;) d#; %: ?D F %DK T> %% G CH
V ;& B: > B XHM ) ;DV D , ; C
.6$
;A> : #j B> D ;# "#c ; IH
+# " ;2 "#U :+# ,2D ;Ku& K "#$
.%2 ,;2
;) : %:2 )+ QN K) E+# "G ;
; zK V2 "#$ 4 E.%##
29
F5 8
,
( /:
B GRG ? # " = C , l BD
V +2 # ? = BT V# ; F
6 6 ,& I CX2 Q;CX# #M & ) :?D %X ,X )E
# ; A C# Q; V# ;p d #
) Q6 ; F& Q;VA6 %# ( )#M(138:
&6 , BX ) : %G Q;TH O# QV# QN F &%2 QA
FR BX QN ? D F ( )(59:O#
& * 2 M

" 2 ? o&+ M ?= Y6U Y4.Y
_ % %XI "I BX " : > x ? F G
G : & > ,2X #." 2 ,2G Q
" "I BG Q & & ;G ;X " %U V F: BX " ;2 B:
6 F ;G X " : ) U& ;+; mG ;6." ; ,
> + ? X B + %X m2
: 2 = ? ? o&+ >
D ; z 2IX.
&K$? %> + ? o&+ ;& BN2kN
+ , y G H :2N ;.
& ,) ; 2 + 2D I ) ( }2GG , ; > B
> ) ^) I ; 6 :VDX V
l & , > M z B B;.,
30
*,
mk & ," ,& 2 ? o&+ X : ? ,2% F
%b Q6I#M ) = y ) % " : + ".
2 % %X )H B: .y ) ?b
?2 :z + % %#I " ?;# `b ? = m2
;#M ;2 "^& ;+ )& ; ^" % m A,2
= ;2 H 4.
6 , QN QX ? MH ,2 2 V ; m A
) E QGXHM ? " M 2 Bk
M.
P &*>0(
> _ % +M %X X = " :) EC" X := ;#

# X 2Z " : A Q#" X :X ;#" :
# ; ".
&; ? Q;;26 AC &U ;D | ;& .% m2
( M*
G,?I /
,'P
Q: , 6$ & , ? o&+ n6 ? %#
& #I ,' % ? o&+2: ^X +2
G#u& ;G^ Q ?D F ; ; N+.;;: ;;:
?N XRG ) ,M( B) :NND Q;# &nH ,
" MX ) : dGH 2) R) ( _#+6 T .(191:
31
N ,& A#I2 N& Z C l ? o&+#M

+# 4 G#.
& z ,6 ? F % F Q6) G & , : " :
N M QM X& ;G ;26M ;." Q
&;) z +2 C `C? GGX # RG QN ,
2kN +HM 4 ; X ;#2 :^ V D ,
4 l ;b * D RG : ;2 B >G .2 D F
) :?D & ,M %2A kT Q>,& 2T& QN
(
=,

N
)#M.(38:
& U 4 B 2 4 B+2 N2 . N 4 "4 #2
2 R.
d ,2 & M BU"D ) N ,&2u& ;GH ,& %#+6 F
.> = n^ Q ?D F
G # IX ,& ?D &6 , :
) ? : #& 2 2X ;& B B : 2j_
% n6G R % R ) ( BX.(40:
&6 , 2Z X U& ) :?D 2 % m2_ 22Uu& 2 :
#& 2 & ;& _6 B : 2j_ % n6G Q;2
( ) 2Z(27:
X ~&+ > : % # F" ,& % B +" 2B
: 2j ^X M ) ,2+# C+
V` +# ,& ' B ( :BX4 D2 2j
.?>#
(
? /' -,0 37#
d22X G) E+ 2 & 2;G& ,) BN ,6$ % , d+K ;)E
+# YA XG ?DZD.
32
BG#G& 2 & 2 ,;G 2+ " = 4 X " ,;2" :
? _ ; ;T ) d Q (m# ;2,;2D ? ;G6 %
? = m z + ;4 X d ) " : & ,
"; ? ) "..... : dD.(z +
&u ;G# VA m ? : : U y b ; p
`D ;#M D G# d K .%2 ,;2
&u ? & ,= B_ & B+ Q yM> j X %n#
% m2 .+ ;2 ; "Q
: ? %# % F Q6 & d2& 6 , &G)H " : ;
& ,#UN& " # ;#u ] ,& ,C D2 ; .
; z , 2 ; X# 2+ID " : " F " z Q ?
X %# :" N 2 = ." G
+ ; +D ; .; Y)D %#M (; nC ) GC ; b
b M ^ ;2 %= % M" + }Gp E
A b.
+ K %:) Q6 (%& , & , % %#M %:I "
K Q6 %:.%2 ?;#
,2G ? YA YN %" %G M %6 _ ... % Y)D
,= O B+; : _; Qk .Y)D %#M C
( M*
G, ?
; :> D2+ , ; "#$ + &)4 , ;k

X o2& ) :?D"#$ ? ) ( %T 2 # ( ) 2GG= QjM
= ) ( ;& 2#U& ) ( G 2 ( bX # ) ( ^# ) ( 4 nk&;
( ) QN.(34-32:O) ( QN#M
33
&;)N nH F2 2 Q;#M Q; ^D ,++ ,

U ;# , ,& ,;& + ,& Q; ;2.GG+
X %#+6 ?D ,& %DR^ n ? % #2 ) : Q; RM
2 U %2 & ;2 2:H ( ) 2: ;& 2: B^#
2 & ;& #A ( ) U E j % ; Q& NC (
).(35-33:O
&R , H do#M %#G ? & ,V m2 m F)
GD ,= B) "#$ & % A ; O#q x) " %2 p2
X :?D ) V# " &# % 2:HU %2 2:HU& ,= B
bH ^# %2 2X ;T B^2 #2: 2
V ;C % C 4o# ? E j j %2 & ,QN
] G 2Z ( )#.(99:
X 2 Î % %kI# %,= ,& %#
G M : 2 k +# " H # 2 %# "2
G# +6 ) :) nHM ; d2DM Q;"#
")(105 :O
) E> D2"#c &D , > Y Bo Bo o2B A
m&2> # #; # Q# ,D F YA ?D B GD
%#U= B: Q2 NC = ; %#+6 EN ; 2# ; ~&+#G#
"+; ,DZD ? ; u B ; mb& ; ;#_;D
)D : ;G# +I ;" V# B V
26 "# & ,;6; " , "$ ;# &n
26_ u& . B# Q_ G& # # ?D F #u& F
= FG.
ST2"& ?
Z ) %: z + 6 mX " :`C F ,& %62 ".
X ) 6 mX ,2 :z + && , ; Bo"
" B; > QkN n p ;& % F ,& %62.
34
& ,) %:D C? ? o&+A=M ;2=A

m# ;& A & mGD G "z+
4 ;#NG .;p
( M*
G, (
9
Q YAD , ; 2 :; o&+ B+ "#c
+ 2 X ) :?D 2: ) ( , ,= B#M.(30:
j "# 4 N2 G X n ;#M ?D FU 2
A ,& ;#M + M X ) :?D 2V#"
&HU %> QN X QN ^6_ A & , EU +QN ^6
;#M ( ) (32:Q
& Bb ? ?D F E B:=M b 2 }H=M
%#MU 2 & B> ; + b .) B:>
2 "+ `6q G) E Q2 & G ;2 kV:
& "# X )2 & .;D k b V D=M.
,2 N Q BG HV 2 B> > D2
> + .# = ? _ RG ) :%G 2V#" G &E2N6U
& ,M ( ) 2Z(18:
d#2kN +? ;6"#$ m"D 'D
+& ? Y: o&+ ? ) V2N O2 " %
> % &" E 4 ,& %K %;: 6$ & ,;6: %
GG ; +I 2G 2.
%# G :4 ? Q #N Q
:+ % ? G C & , _=D E ND 6
+ 2 Q;b l & , "N6 BG Q ?4
*G2 ;p jZ ;) EM ^& ;o+#.
35
? )* /(

) E;: :6$ zD ,;2 U Y66 z
> B &.%
X ,) EM z:C
" GD > : & , ) (X n" Bo
" ,& Q ) Qk ( ) A." %2 B" Qj
" ,& Q " %2 UK Qj Qk
" ,& Q Qk " %& B" 2A
" " % +" ,& Q
IG Q #I ,& z ? +# :+ C
; , 2 4 B 2 # = H j m6
X#) % ,^ z 2I N ;2
6 DX^ *2 HD , & ,+ "& ;& B
EjR + D % CND , H ? 6M
M k H yID , ? "#$ U %"#;.
FU7# (
2 6 ,& "A HR H ;6 6$ & , ^6 %E

IH> ;& X % m M .C
G %: ? ,2 % F " Q6 ,X UK
&G "D :%G& . :& , 6! X Q# : : ;# ? d2.
%DUC# QN+ 6 p %&Gj ?bG :j 6$ N # & , G2
& % N & , I N Q& _G& X " " N&
: 6 Q# " :++I : ;# ? d2 " ?2) :
IX YA N %& D Q" GH : % YA B nK
36
Y2A6$ ? : ;# . X B F :

d 66 ) F( G " :N6 %# X , & ,;
".
,2 $ & ,; ) ;(AD : + G & , 6
^ $ ? 6$ o+.
Unit 2 Indian constitution and Secularism:

Chapter 1 Democracy-Definition and General outlines

&(' 5 :
TF
G Q;D T ? ,2D ;# G T BN= ,=N
QN+" :$ QkX ,6 ? " " , QNM> G
XM &M . d+D) o2 : ,& ' %D: G
N6 Ì# V C M & , NM;2
+# H .' Qo d+D ,X HR # , D o# GT
37
) I , D , G T= ( . N ^6 yI GT

o# ` nK ?2 ,& QN+ G T ?2m ` m6
. G); T ?2M m6o# , % Z V , :" %
m A BN= ? BNXH : C? 66 &Gj XH##X
.66M
GT
Q
&;
?AD
2
'W *(
G & T :M? GC N---- ##

?2D2 > .QN ?2D ------ # ;) ND G" ?2D----- T
QN " YC " QN"%"2 YC
Demos+ kratia = Demoacratia
1 12&('
T
G T2 QN :M> G XM &M
?A B & , Q 6 .D ;"# 2 "D
? m A) E Q; B G2 4 ) E Q
?G ,&H : G T . 6
1 ? 1. 1G
, Q ~&+D ? IM> ? X ? ;D QN+

G6 " QM ,^ ,: m2XM BD =;.
38
1 '. (, *2
) E Q m2 IM> ;K XM &M

; . Qo) EG+ ,] G = # b "#$.
K G+ "Xq 6 &M ) EG+ > :;2
m A o Qo2., V+
K G+ Xq 2 &M :;2G .
K G+ Xq k2A &M :;2" G ,T
& Q+DG , A" #G.
K G+ Xq # &M :;2 BG2G NQ+D
VI2 ,2 .,G
K G+ IX Xq &M n :;2 BG >6
nH ; 2 nI+ ? Q " N.nk

D &N yIM> D X m
yIXM &M BNC D nG+D %# nX "
. ;2 D ) EN B C " C )2 kbG
nT2 BkGM ) N& 2 ( V " 2
) # N& 2 .( #
39

"
7'
&(':
T
D B=N N+ ? =; " 6 ? X .; YC
YD G T: : C"M 6 ^#
Q"GD"N ? " "6H" N " ) ."y &u > &G GT
X bD +:2 V+ ^ 6 QN+ % Z H2G# Q; 6
" " , ; " K " " K&"`^ G& .
"&2 "6 N T B H E ,C
2 > mAC m A" y ,& 6N G2 .2T)
BNC=N C"2 6 ? & TM CD &,
QG 66M .kC? H2 U N+ A 66 mD
A XM b ;# QG C #_ G bD T _.
^# + " d& yI ,N G &G>& :T "6Z
" 6^ YA %& # D b;GG+D YI &Gj G# ,
,& H , D^ N G# " &; .`22
>M 2 "#> 24 + ,d6
6 ? x;# GI T + D dj , &Gjm6
.4M
QN
;o
A
&d+
40
M
&('
T'&(
yI G %NC T ?G4$ ,& %+# Qj Q G 2j ,& GG

^ BX O G T o2 2jM; ? ;#? >M
; n2D , Q QN+ G .?T Ì# N6 m 2j
) & n Q; *G ,dI N) V: N Q V:+ X % X
#NIX$ & l o2G& : Q B ,2T 2j &,
dI + & , A . 2T 2j)^ G
X= Q;D ? dIH # 2 ,& Q;2^D. )
BNC QN+ G ,T) ,& % 2j ? " G GT
= G T . G2 " ?2 D V G " T ?GD
;D z +> )2G > ;p m C " o#M GT
" ,& X ".Q
? =N G;p T &; : , ; 2 GD , : && ,
G " BX BX . _D d#; A D "
#: " ) E; A & ,C , & QN+D d#
; & ,; 2 D , ; : N &D , .C
Qo G T ,& d # G # + " ? "
2 " . Qo N) " ? BI QGG &M.
6 X d # N " + 6$ & QX TD ,&Gj
6 ? G . & T ) E:QG
&N =
&N " N BkG&M 6 "2A 6M
.
41
&N "Z " C

&N 6 #G " #G
& G > B& Q+DG , A BG2
G N n .B
&('T
&,
,& : N Q o# 1900 G ,T , n b dI&n
,& N 2000 120 d# Q
D ; A %60 GT .
I &('
T' /5
m6D )^ Q G ,& TG BN= CG# , & ,? B

: " BN= B G ;b Y X " T jG .
d"D+ > + # = 6N# %: G ,& ,T
& .XC # ;TGX BX +:2 + d H 2
o2 dD ,^ o2 Ì# N XC? Q4
H & , N"& 4 G .T mD+ 6
H 6 & Qo , " G > + B +D D6 G6 T
" & ,& *GG dD ,+ > # Qo dN
G T IX " + ;2 QA# , &
ON : H2VM " _D ,& 6 & ,^ "2
42
"2 & G 2IX ,& D ? C

6 }X2D Qj_ ,& 2 .C + 1960 d#
? o o# G *G& Q6 T)N &u N6 4 Qd#
,& 'D =; ^# = NH .B+
Qo N 2D2: = D B> 6R 2A l
2 B> G&M " "+D G& 2nG+D +# d
V G T H G"2 .2000 o#M
G T ] > ?b dX V )2 .`XD
;) mXU l ) ,& "6 %: " BG? +) %& yI6
G T G BNC , m AC .) 2 >B
".

;#
"
&
&O"#
o#
:
)
(I
?&
; 2 &2: , Qo B CD 6R %= ,KG ;6 2; . 2 D B
? > 7000AD Q B" &"# C ,
# I D C2 ' # C ,& . *+; 2
+D; V: ` 2A N#6 , 6# #2A .,XC
; 2 ,#j , & , D z Q "N ;#N6
6 Y" 1,147,995,900N# 2008 D B+D D"
z " & d;X 2 lb+ M? ;= , Q,Q G
d#V A ; ? dX;K
43
# )# :;2; 2 6 #A"^ . ,& d#" V: n

,K BX ,# ;2 BG"D 1947 d& ; # 2
& , IX H 2C YD &,
.Q
G2
> 3'7 ?&

; X 2 d ;6 `2 X , ; " , ; D
#4 " ; K " ,#)# ? dI,& ;G6
^ C O O"4 1947.
H j BX 26 G6 dK; 26 " ;"# d2
; : " & ," 2 ;= C 1950 d4 X_
6 & BbG & , . bD X_ 6 QX + "
2T;2 : _ 6 QD ? # ;" %
:IX +D X , & ,T B G.,T
H ; nT 2 G T G ^# & , 1952 )2
_ + d:; ? 2: ^# OA2 ) ( ;6O H B
26 . D; 2 G ,& ,T.Q
>?
0=P:
2A ^# G , "Z" G =$ %: X
: ^# & , V ^# OA ,& C.
44
973#:
; " 2 # " 2X " = " #Vd+D #
= N+ )2 V ;kC# 2 ] "#N G
=Î D ) E; " ? "D 6 ." ,j
? Y#:_2;& 2G #V$ ^ GD ,
z + ;A XM .2I `+I A & ,;G" 2
; o G ^ ID & ,; 2k + k jj ,
GD 2 > jj` ID & ,;. 2
S0
?&
&,
;# ;G6 " ,# 1947 && , Ì# ? VD
X V;p ; 2 6 IX # & ,.Q
B+D; 2 D" & kX ,> " Q D> kX ,& #
> #N6 Q) & b ;# GT & ,.Q
,#j ;# q x2 & , Q I C ^' ] DN
& d &K$? _ & zj D ;#u m2I: ^
" b^2 " DN6 ,#j I V I H ^"D , &,
2b ) &K$? ,#j ;# Q^K X 6R ,& V
^ 2G " G d&I ^ C.T
? IIX &u ; o# x2D 2IX 2& " H H nX
d6_ o2 T nG+D & ,#$ V , m6D &,
A ;2N 2I ND = ,& ,2 Q.
45
& m ,"2 d2D; 66 2$ IX M) ;2N

GD "2 2IX ? .26 %6 ,
& A n d2N D :2N;" 2
nG+D d6A# &A , X2 T XM
2I :2NDI ) & bA2 ) A ,& %GG 2
D N XA 2 . &K? G& n6 Bd6
; NC Q4 2"N G" ;# " &D 6 &N
& =; :+? 6 E^ Y#A ._ &u ; N 2
^.:
"

BG

:2ND
X
yID
0=P ?&
:
o# ,& , ^#; % C 2 o2 ,# Q y

:% "k ? ?2 %#^# + = HR ?2 T 2
| ) & & ( 18 H % n+ ^# & ,; 2AD ,
? o# k Y^2 , y= ;2 B &.*G
DVM " 6V o2 66M ,& , ^#; 2) Y#A;#
G D B "k YC.N+
46
S0
?G "&?* 7
D; 2 G # N+ m T& dK;G6

6 m : B C IDM N+ G bz %2T
: & G ,6 " ; 2 = # G; : T
6 " G ~ BM ) ? H ?2 GD %
N+; 2); GG+D ; 2 o# ^} G ^# O H B
26 ,& :D; 2VM " 6 ;2 2T +,
CD & , ^# ZD ) E ^# ? BNCD.N+
?G ( &:
)^D ; # o# ;N+ 2& & ,o2 m ,#

" > B m YC Q6 QD N+ Ok; A &,
V Q6+ ,& Q OA ) " OA
,& C V ; G & , U GG+ 6k N+Ok
? QoM YD & ,o2 m & ,N+ &,
V & H #N , +K_ &# , ; BH D ;2
& B ,] H N B D B VGD # );D
) C % 6 ; 2 ) + " N+ V
N+ ? "j Y X ^ Qk , ?:
kX 1 V
47
kX 2
kX 3 mK C N V N
Nu N+ V #G mK 2D , & kX , V
> & , & ZC ^ :" N + X)
4 mK| K 97 N+ N b
ID #G & ^} mK & kX , > B ? o&+M
& ^} #G o# TC N+ + +I ZC
V A IX & , 4 mK66 |D ,
.K
kG C Q;D mK N N V
? " ;2 BN n+ X ,& #) I N+ V
6 ,& ,#G & , H BI ;2 B CD) E kG
K 47 ;2: # k2:H V H Q
^* IX ? G# Y#: A ;N &+I ? _
,o+D , N+ ,& V; " 2 G m6 " #
& ,> .mK

,(
8
GD N+; 2 N+ ? j CD

)2D kbX ? "D; ,& C V ,; C
N ; 2 CD "A ? n; OA2
) ( ;6> OA ,#C ) ( ;6 %:^` "A & ;2
z" I.
48
) 7(>* N( M
Q^# b BX ;6I YC = m B T

"2A| 26 18 E > n+$ I ^# #&,
C b 66M ;6 N }^C 2T 2
? 26 25 BXM N A bM ^2 550 ;6
b Q Q;2^# b 530 ^` C]H
nT2 N+ V N Ok; A =^ I
m A; 2 VA# ) & A# # ( U C 2 O ;> D
N ;6 " H , D N) E 2
G % %"# & ,& Y"+ dX B N
BX ;6 % ^ 26 O 6M.
N9 7
G b ^# ;6 %"k Yk#:$ %"k % Ok

%D": ;6+ %kb? 2 Ok j +
K N OkV+ + Q) Y: Ok C
? OA +# & % 4 , Yk#": Ok .OA
49
) 7 I(>* N*:( M
; X 2)^D = & N & N+ ; Q CD &,
? C " V Q) nT ;6 :
^` Z b bM _D ;6 : ;6 & ,
?#U M 26 30 b BN b 250 ;6 : Q;2
>b 238 B nT2 N+ VG Q; ^#
b A C " Y_ G ) ^# 4 ^#
= b C 2j Q HR Q;2 B Q; ^# Ok; A ?
6 A# Q;D Q;#N `^ ,& X A ] 2
^ : ? _ ON B Q ;6B ;6 :
OA Qk N A zj G 26 B %kb mb
b D ,? 6 & , dX ? Yk# Ok; A
6k ?2 %I2 QN+ ;6 :A %# Yk# ?D 6k; A
I Ok kGD ;6 : Y^2 b ;6 : %"k.%kb
50
KANNUR UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION
Model Question paper
First Year B.A (Afzal-ul-Ulama) in Arabic Degree

Common Course 2
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES, INDIAN CONSTITUTION AND SECULARISM
Time : 3Hrs.
Total weightage:30
:^, > 0 ( .

[ Weightage 4 ]
BI---------.1

V X ,; % --------Q" X .2
%"2 "#$ X % "#$ X Qo2 )Q ----------.3
N & m : ?---------6$ C .4
-------- 2 N+ m TG 2; D.5
-------6 M , : .6
-------2: ,& 2;.7
X %:= $ Z" G" ,------------.8
:/7'( 0
*(> ( .11
[ Weightage 2 ]
( YC QN ,G QN)

------- ,2D TG .1
( + , "#$)
------- +I ;& BN ; .2
( ,+)
y ) B C ,&--------.3
(k j " H ,k j 6)
BI --------"#$ ,&.4
51
.111
*(I +I :/*(I
] [ Weightage 8
.1 Q G T ,
.2 B CD
.3 ,& ,66M
.4 + m2 "#$ + 2
.5 G & ,# C .
.6; C . ,
.7 Q6 ; #4 D
.8V & X . N )
.iv / +I
*7'
b:
] [ Weightage 6
.1 G ,& T

.2 & ,$
Q.3 ,& %G
.4 AC ^b
.Vc + 8I =("
/:
b
] [ Weightage 10
X.1 " Q

.2 G T> +
.3 BU ,C
52
. 4 &o2 ; & ,6$ ~

.5 OAM ?# =Z%#
Q .6 %G
.7 ;D#N
`D.8 G T D
( (:SI
.1

5W"# - J7 .'e
.2 &('
T?&
-7 ,&(,.7 .J7.
53
54

BA Afzal Ul Ulama First Year

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

BA Afzal Ul Ulama First Year

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

KANNUR UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

First Year B.A (Afzal-ul-Ulama) in Arabic Degree

Pin: 670705. Kannur Dist,

Unit 1 Environmental Studies:

 & Bb ? F"#$ N %C UD U %   %#" X , % UB

B: X F) EM  "#c  2 ,& ,C; U  B?D %X

   

 D n  Q 2j ,b+ .,6$

"#$ 2  ,66M ,&  BN& Ok  #N "^  %

('& )  : M  %=$ ) :?D %G UC#  QM

 B :"#$  : %6$ & X ,"#$  N   :%

 X "N Q  V  X ,; %.

 X "N Q ) ,& B> D 2  BU o2 ( N  X ) :?D

 ^6  :;2"#c F   Q&M  QM ) QN ^6 B;2

B ^ "^ "#c ^  "#$  2"#$ ) ) ,&  QN nH

  Q %G  %X  ;   ; o&+ ; b B" 

D " D  , K ; o ND . ;H

Chapter 2 Means of Preservation:

&6 , H G %#+6 ) :?D ) V#  "    = %2 QN

M zZD 2 ) M ,&  ? VDR G  &;  M

&;) 2 E  +I  Bb AC) E;:  #R G 2,

  G ? o&+  66M & o# ,6$ % z  :%:

  : .?D F  X  V ) :B: dGH A O#$  (

  : 6$   ,;2" & ,M .?= Y6U

  :  = %6$    M ) :   (

) :?D D M  &u ; 2V#  V d  d# B

N $ )_2 : ; " X &; 2M&    +D

  66 ? ,2 % F Q6 %kH =  :X$  )E

D  " # I ,& %+: #  "D : 2 D  &

 &o2 ?2  n D  B %& ?G )X R  " :  "  &,

  Ck ,K :;2 F 6 ? F % FX Q6 nH " : B"# 

? J G(" &I F:

& ,  ,K 2 F  6  QGD d# " G& A 6 ? F

   ,KX  ;2 F  2 :6 ? F % F  Y^ Q6

 ? o&+ K : ; %>+ QIX    %>+ .

"&$ & ,M N X   Y ^  T zD   ;k

%# ? F>  & `^ , & ,>  %DR6.E

& ," ? %2D ;"#>  ) :?D %G D2 ) V#  "  

& 2 ,+   ) :?D %G ; BI >  B^22M

& ," ) ;"# d (B+2? >   +N  ,& ;6 6M

  & ,R G   ? %2>   ) :?D %X # 2V# +

>  _  y ID %R G &6 4 , :"#c ^6 %#  O C G

 & * 2 M  

>  _ % +M %X X =    " :) EC" X := ;#

 N ,& A#I2  N& Z   C  l ? o&+#M 

    ; :>  D2+ , ; "#$ + &)4 ,  ;k 

&;)N nH F2   2 Q;#M Q; ^D ,++ ,

& ,)   %:D  C?  ? o&+A=M  ;2=A 

?  )* /(

2 6 ,& "A HR H ;6   6$ & , ^6 %E

 Y2A 6$   ? : ;# .    X B  F :

Unit 2 Indian constitution and Secularism:

)  I , D ,  G T=  ( . N ^6  yI  GT

  G  & T      :M?   GC N---- ##

 1 ? 1. 1G

 , Q  ~&+D ? IM>  ? X ? ;D QN+

 1 '. (,  *2 

) E Q  m2  IM>   ;K XM &M 

 yI  G %NC T ?G 4$ ,& %+# Qj Q G 2j ,&  G G

&N   "Z  "  C

 m6D )^ Q  G ,& T G  BN=  CG# , & ,?  B

"2 & G   2IX  ,& D    ? C

& Bb ? F"#$ N %C UD U % %#" X , % UB

B: X F) EM "#c 2 ,& ,C; U B?D %X

D n Q 2j ,b+ .,6$

"#$ 2 ,66M ,& BN& Ok #N "^ %

('& ) : M %=$ ) :?D %G UC# QM

B :"#$ : %6$ & X ,"#$ N :%

X "N Q V X ,; %.

X "N Q ) ,& B> D 2 BU o2 ( N X ) :?D

^6 :;2"#c F Q&M QM ) QN ^6 B;2

B ^ "^ "#c ^ "#$ 2"#$ ) ) ,& QN nH

Q %G %X ; ; o&+ ; b B"

D " D ,K ; o ND . ;H

&6 , H G %#+6 ) :?D ) V# " = %2 QN

M zZD 2 ) M ,& ? VDRG &; M

&;) 2 E +I Bb AC) E;: #RG 2,

G ? o&+ 66M & o# ,6$ % z :%:

: .?D F X V ) :B: dGH A O#$ (

: 6$ ,;2" & ,M .?= Y6U

: = %6$ M ) : (

) :?DD M &u ; 2V# V d d# B

N $ )_2 : ; " X &; 2M& +D

66 ? ,2 % F Q6 %kH= :X$ )E

D " #I ,& %+:# "D : 2D &

&o2 ?2 n D B %& ?G )X R " : " &,

Ck ,K :;2 F 6 ? F % FX Q6 nH " : B"#

? JG(" &IF:

& , ,K 2 F 6 QGD d# " G& A 6 ? F

,KX ;2 F 2 :6 ? F % F Y^ Q6

? o&+ K : ; %>+ QIX %>+ .

"&$ & ,M N X Y^ T zD ;k

%# ? F> & `^ , & ,> %DR6.E

& ," ? %2D ;"#> ) :?D %G D2 ) V# "

& 2 ,+ ) :?D %G ; BI > B^22M

& ," ) ;"# d (B+2? > +N ,& ;6 6M

& ,RG ? %2> ) :?D %X # 2V# +

> _ yID %RG &6 4 , :"#c ^6 %# O C G

& * 2 M

> _ % +M %X X = " :) EC" X := ;#

N ,& A#I2 N& Z C l ? o&+#M

; :> D2+ , ; "#$ + &)4 , ;k

&;)N nH F2 2 Q;#M Q; ^D ,++ ,

& ,) %:D C? ? o&+A=M ;2=A

? )* /(

2 6 ,& "A HR H ;6 6$ & , ^6 %E

Y2A6$ ? : ;# . X B F :

) I , D , G T= ( . N ^6 yI GT

G & T :M? GC N---- ##

1 ? 1. 1G

, Q ~&+D ? IM> ? X ? ;D QN+

1 '. (, *2

) E Q m2 IM> ;K XM &M

yI G %NC T ?G4$ ,& %+# Qj Q G 2j ,& GG

&N "Z " C

m6D )^ Q G ,& TG BN= CG# , & ,? B

"2 & G 2IX ,& D ? C

# )# :;2; 2 6 #A"^ . ,& d#" V: n

> 3'7 ?&

& m ,"2 d2D; 66 2$ IX M) ;2N

o# ,& , ^#; % C 2 o2 ,# Q y

?G "&?* 7

D; 2 G # N+ m T& dK;G6

?G ( &:

)^D ; # o# ;N+ 2& & ,o2 m ,#

GD N+; 2 N+ ? j CD

Q^# b BX ;6I YC = m B T

G b ^# ;6 %"k Yk#:$ %"k % Ok

:^, > 0 ( .

BI---------.1

( YC QN ,G QN)

.1 G ,& T

X.1 " Q

. 4 &o2 ; & ,6$ ~